446:
71:
3868:
3552:
1630:
112:
102:
607:
64:
3508:
2718:. The Caliph took the name al-Mustansir Billah. Though the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo during the Mamluk era legitimated the sovereignty of the Mamluks' Sultans, the Caliphs were actually powerless. However, contrary to the Ayyubids who were to some degree dependent on the Abbasid Chaliph in Baghdad, the fact that the Chaliph lived in Cairo gave the Mamluks independency and full freedom of action.
2806:, he was the deputy of the Sultan in Damascus. During the reign of Qalawun, Sunqur al-Ashqar proclaimed himself a Sultan while in Damascus, taking the royal name al-Malik al-Kamil. Sunqur al-Ashqar fought a few battles against Sultan Qalawun's Emirs but was pardoned later after he joined Qalawun's army against the Mongols.
2739:
In 1262, during the reign of Sultan
Baibars, many Tartars from the Golden Horde tribe escaped from Hulagu to Egypt and were followed later by other Tartars. Baibars welcomed the Tartars and employed them in the army. They had their own army unit which was called al-Firqah al-Wafidiyah (the arrivals
708:
Mamluks: The core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into
Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks (Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local
2744:(arriving Tartars) were free men and the Mamluk system did not apply to them. Baibars resided the Tartars in Cairo and gave them various official posts. The largest group of Tartars immigrated to Egypt in 1296 during the reign of Sultan
2828:
The Black Death probably began in
Central Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from the pandemic is estimated at 75 million people; there were an estimated 25-50 million deaths in
315:. While several Bahri Mamluk sultans tried to establish hereditary dynasties through their sons, these attempts were ultimately unsuccessful, with the role of sultan often passing on to another powerful Mamluk.
2594:
461:
steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication and horsemanship of the Arabs. In 1260 the
Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the
722:: Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service; they were well regarded forces.
5175:
4908:
5165:
2587:
4874:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
247:
222:
2711:
2790:
was a prominent emir and one of the most devoted Bahri emirs since the days of Sultan
Baibars. He was taken prisoner by the Armenians and was freed in exchange for
2580:
673:
The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349 Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to
4901:
101:
2642:
There is another theory about the origin of the name which states that they were called 'Bahariyya' because they came by sea or from over sea.
1629:
4458:
2990:
Jo Van
Steenbergen, "The Mamluk Sultanate as a military patronage state: Household politics and the case of the Qalāwūnid Bayt (1279-1382)."
2714:
only in religious matters after a few
Bedouins witnessed Fariskurbefore the supreme judge of Egypt that he was the son of the Abbasid Caliph
2613:
3485:
Idem in
English: History of Egypt, by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954.
453:. "In the paintings the facial cast of these Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored".
4894:
4843:
3825:
2697:
Qutuz was assassinated near al-Salihiyah, Egypt. Those murdered him were emir Badr ad-Din Baktut, emir Ons and emir
Bahadir al-Mu'izzi.
2748:
who was himself of Mongol origin. They resided at the district of al-Hisiniyah in Cairo and many of their women married Mamluk Emirs.
426:
The
Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were indirectly helped by the
4876:
3540:
2879:
2651:
After the al-Rodah citadel was built, As-Salih took up residence there with his Mamluks. Later, the Mamluk sultans lived at the
633:
married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included
111:
3138:
3111:
3015:
2975:
2948:
2916:
2889:
4917:
5035:
3488:
Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266,
2965:
1461:
4566:
3518:
5150:
3493:
3464:
1507:
692:. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up an era where the sultanate was controlled by the
17:
1315:
5170:
4167:
2843:
2271:
837:
4619:
3512:
445:
4838:
4453:
3867:
2340:
2333:
1067:
473:. The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern
5160:
4501:
3533:
2799:
5145:
4387:
650:
2684:
The victory of the Mamluks against the Mongols brought an end to the Ayyubid's claim in Egypt and the
716:
Al-Halqa: These primarily free born professional forces were also directly under the sultan's command.
5140:
3128:
3101:
2795:
2715:
501:
493:
4215:
2707:
2618:
2535:
2181:
2160:
540:
Caliph with only 250 men to attempt to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated
133:
3469:
Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895.
3459:
Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996,
4243:
4187:
3934:
3930:
3770:
3588:
3583:
2791:
2623:
2189:
654:
545:
375:
formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517 in
5135:
4993:
4480:
3838:
3815:
3630:
3526:
2486:
2351:
2152:
743:
704:
On a general level, the military during the Bahri dynasty can be divided into several aspects:
587:
277:
2906:
5089:
4710:
4664:
4272:
3153:
Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Taking of Aleppo's Castle by the Mongols and new events in the Levant.
2608:
2065:
1217:
1165:
1090:
575:
481:, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan
70:
5101:
4863:
3926:
3645:
3600:
1839:
1484:
1434:
1384:
1246:
597:
567:
408:
8:
4604:
4223:
3848:
3670:
2319:
1929:
1338:
1292:
474:
462:
4933:
4599:
4448:
4421:
3655:
3548:
2775:
2436:
2307:
533:
497:
4886:
5155:
4975:
4969:
4945:
4939:
4740:
4659:
4412:
4159:
3833:
3745:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3675:
3615:
3489:
3460:
3134:
3107:
3011:
2971:
2944:
2912:
2885:
2295:
2061:
1992:
1361:
630:
619:
435:
5005:
4987:
4957:
4705:
4685:
4463:
4239:
4227:
4219:
4207:
4183:
4175:
4163:
4144:
4097:
3999:
3962:
3853:
3790:
3785:
3750:
3700:
3625:
3605:
3565:
2787:
2728:
2413:
2283:
2106:
2009:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1875:
1830:
1821:
1804:
1119:
618:
The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299, but were again defeated in 1303 in the
594:
590:
571:
541:
366:
292:
117:
4695:
3595:
3252:
Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/Year 675H- Al-Malik Al-Zahir entering land of the Roum
508:. In 1261, after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in
5059:
5029:
4999:
4859:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
4541:
4518:
4491:
4231:
4203:
4199:
4171:
4140:
4077:
4034:
4017:
3843:
3805:
3740:
3725:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3620:
3610:
3578:
3005:
2938:
2839:
2500:
2472:
2170:
1983:
1974:
1956:
1893:
1866:
1857:
985:
346:
300:
268:
227:
45:
657:. Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected
63:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5023:
4853:
4750:
4730:
4624:
4609:
4574:
4475:
4247:
4235:
4211:
4191:
4152:
4101:
4062:
3967:
3957:
3876:
3810:
3795:
3775:
3760:
3755:
3730:
3715:
3635:
3573:
3556:
2762:
2669:
2656:
2493:
2092:
2082:
1965:
1947:
1938:
1884:
1848:
1642:
1618:
1580:
1530:
1411:
775:
730:
681:
513:
458:
412:
404:
354:
322:
3482:, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
626:
who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322.
532:
settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars. He defeated the Mongols at the
345:
means 'of the river', referring to the location of their original barracks on
5129:
5065:
5053:
5041:
5017:
4786:
4776:
4579:
4468:
4367:
4322:
4195:
4117:
4113:
4083:
4027:
4012:
3977:
3884:
3800:
3780:
3765:
2856:
2765:
in 1266. The Principality of Antioch was destroyed by Sultan Baibars in 1268.
2652:
2560:
2549:
2399:
2142:
1741:
1600:
868:
693:
353:) in Cairo, at the citadel of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid sultan
330:
329:
lineage. After 1382/1390, they were succeeded by a second Mamluk regime, the
240:
79:
442:
became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.
4765:
4551:
4179:
4121:
4105:
4067:
3919:
3889:
2523:
2235:
2202:
2131:
1696:
623:
611:
549:
380:
325:
origin. Fourteen of eighteen sultans between 1279 and 1390 belonged to the
4755:
4407:
4352:
4057:
3987:
2174:
1660:
685:
674:
553:
334:
308:
153:
3270:
Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Soldiers entering the land of the Armenians
469:
and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day
5113:
5107:
4735:
4700:
4556:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4397:
3735:
3479:
3444:
2816:
2511:
2460:
2387:
2247:
1194:
794:
al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-Salihi
658:
457:
The Mamluks were powerful cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the
4362:
2967:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
2259:
4981:
4963:
4781:
4760:
4725:
4720:
4669:
4629:
4614:
4584:
4487:
4438:
4347:
4109:
4022:
3982:
3903:
3899:
2741:
2375:
2223:
2047:
2023:
1795:
1705:
719:
388:
129:
4770:
606:
504:
and ransomed. Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of
5047:
5011:
4951:
4812:
4745:
4690:
4639:
4594:
4443:
4417:
4392:
4342:
4317:
4134:
3947:
3911:
3895:
3428:
2803:
2745:
2448:
2117:
2019:
1732:
1669:
1008:
642:
634:
415:
the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt. She married the
407:
died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir
319:
303:. The members of the Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (
2037:
423:
and abdicated, Aybak becoming Sultan. He ruled from 1250 to 1257.
4921:
4822:
4802:
4715:
4332:
4327:
4307:
4260:
4129:
4047:
3992:
3972:
3952:
3942:
3907:
2758:
2424:
2211:
1786:
1750:
1714:
1687:
1678:
1651:
1044:
954:
729:
tribes, but also on different occasions also different groups of
726:
564:
537:
489:
478:
431:
427:
400:
311:, with the most powerful among them taking the role of sultan in
92:
2688:. Ayyubid Emirs recognized the Mamluk Sultan as their sovereign.
4848:
4807:
4589:
4546:
4496:
4357:
4312:
4302:
4286:
4280:
4265:
4255:
4091:
4052:
4042:
4007:
3507:
2685:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1604:
1557:
689:
466:
416:
384:
372:
304:
3007:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
2940:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
2757:
Cilician Armenia was devastated by Sultan Baibars's commander
622:. The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the
5077:
4817:
4402:
4337:
4072:
2673:
2363:
2051:
2033:
1723:
1269:
1142:
899:
806:
710:
638:
579:
557:
529:
509:
505:
482:
439:
420:
376:
312:
296:
143:
2881:
The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture
4858:
4634:
3045:
Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 647H - Death of as-Sailih Ayyub
662:
646:
600:
583:
517:
470:
3303:
Al-Maqrizi, p. 51, 121, 127, 131-133, 145/vol. 2
2774:
Baibars defeated both the Seljuks and the Mongols at the
3216:
Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Murder of al-Malik al-Nasir Yusuf
2992:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
4916:
3383:
3381:
5176:
14th-century disestablishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
4844:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
684:
was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the
800:الملک المعز عز الدین أیبک الترکمانی الجاشنکیر الصالحی
500:, who was later definitely defeated, captured in the
4295:
3378:
3236:
3234:
282:
5166:
13th-century establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
3231:
1633:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
677:, which is said to have killed many inhabitants.
5127:
2905:Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (2017).
548:from the Crusaders. In addition, he fought the
3010:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 76–80.
2943:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 76–80.
2904:
560:for the first time, before his death in 1277.
4902:
3534:
2855:Interruption in the rule of Bahri dynasty by
2706:Sultan Baibars recognized the Sovereignty of
2588:
512:, and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the
4877:State with limited international recognition
3453:The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings
3126:
3099:
2815:Sultan Baibars sent his first emissaries to
2798:who was captured during the invasion of the
977:
959:
946:
934:
922:
904:
891:
873:
860:
842:
829:
811:
798:
780:
767:
37:
2908:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
4909:
4895:
3541:
3527:
3443:
2970:. University of Texas Press. p. 111.
2802:in 1266. During the reign of Baibars' son
2595:
2581:
110:
3449:Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk
2614:Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
516:in Palestine until they finally captured
434:in 1258, which effectively destroyed the
3824:
3133:. New York : Rizzoli. p. 162.
3106:. New York : Rizzoli. p. 148.
3084:Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Years 647H - 655H
3003:
2936:
737:
699:
605:
444:
3433:Tarīkh al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar
3427:
3294:Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 697H.
3004:Bosworth, C. E. (1996). "The Mamluks".
2937:Bosworth, C. E. (1996). "The Mamluks".
2740:unite). Throughout the Mamluk era, the
449:Enthroned Prince. Probably Egypt 1334.
14:
5128:
3366:Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 702H
3357:Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 699H
3348:Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 690H
2963:
2819:the ruler of the Golden Horde in 1261
4890:
3522:
3333:Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ 688HYear
2932:
2930:
2928:
2877:
1603:took over the Mamluk Sultanate under
556:; he also extended Muslim power into
523:
492:was one of the Mamluk commanders who
593:from the Crusaders in 1289. His son
3069:Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz, p. 327/vol.3
1426:Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali Nasir-ad-Din
978:
960:
947:
935:
923:
905:
892:
874:
861:
843:
830:
812:
799:
781:
768:
603:, the last Crusader city, in 1291.
272:
38:
24:
2925:
1628:
763:al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil
25:
5187:
3500:
2997:
586:. After the Mongol threat passed
318:The Bahri Mamluks were of mostly
299:from 1250 to 1382, following the
3866:
3550:
3506:
3387:Shayyal, p. 187/vol. 2
3315:Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Year 688H
3285:Shayyal, p. 138/vol. 2
3228:Shayyal, p. 144/vol. 2
2911:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 579.
576:defeated another Mongol invasion
287:), sometimes referred to as the
245:
220:
100:
69:
62:
4849:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
3420:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3324:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3261:
3243:
3222:
3201:
3192:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3120:
3093:
3072:
3063:
3054:
2849:
2832:
2822:
2809:
2781:
2768:
2751:
2733:
2721:
2700:
2691:
2678:
2662:
2645:
1186:Sultan Al-Muzaffar Al-Jashankir
496:against the Crusade knights of
3447:(1969). Bohn, Henry G. (ed.).
3127:Ettinghausen, Richard (1977).
3100:Ettinghausen, Richard (1977).
3033:
3024:
2984:
2957:
2898:
2871:
2636:
1430:الناصر أبو المعالی ناصر الدین
680:In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan
394:
13:
1:
4839:Organization of Turkic States
3081:Al-Maqrizi pp. 444-494. vol/1
2865:
2788:Shams ad-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar
1619:History of the Turkic peoples
973:Sultan Al-Sa'id Nasir-ad-Din
568:defeated a rebellion in Syria
3414:Al-Maqrizi, pp.140-142/vol.5
3087:Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 646H
3048:Ibn Taghri/vol.6 - Year 639H
27:Egyptian dynasty (1250–1382)
7:
3474:The Mamluk Military Society
3437:Concise History of Humanity
3396:Shayyal, pp. 187–188 /vol.2
2964:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015).
2800:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2425:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
2272:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
1610:
1576:سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور
645:potentates, as well as the
283:
10:
5192:
2655:which was situated on the
2032:Chief gods and goddesses:
1111:Al-Adil Al-Turki Al-Mughli
741:
668:
544:and in 1268 he recaptured
419:(commander in chief) Emir
364:
360:
4929:
4872:
4831:
4795:
4678:
4652:
4565:
4517:
4510:
4431:
4380:
3875:
3864:
3564:
2884:. ABC-CLIO. p. 170.
2796:Hethum I, King of Armenia
2453:11th century–13th century
1412:Salah-ad-Din bin Muhammad
769:الملکہ عصمہ الدین أم خلیل
291:, were the rulers of the
199:
195:
185:
175:
171:
163:
159:
149:
139:
125:
109:
88:
59:
54:
32:
5151:Middle Eastern dynasties
4454:Timeline of the Göktürks
3336:Shayyal, 168/vol. 2
3198:Al-Maqrizi, p. 519/vol.1
3060:Al-Maqrizi, p.405/vol. 1
3042:Al-Maqrizi, p. 441/vol.1
2629:
2619:Egypt in the Middle Ages
2536:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
2182:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
2161:Western Turkic Khaganate
2107:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1599:Following As-Saleh, the
1476:Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Ma'ali
733:and other settled Arabs.
725:Other levies: Primarily
578:in 1281 that was led by
4984:(970–11th/12th century)
3273:Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
3255:Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
3240:Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
3183:Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1
2878:Shoup, John A. (2017).
2842:under Sultan Al-Ashraf
2712:Abbasid Caliph in Cairo
2624:List of Sunni dynasties
2190:Second Turkic Khaganate
1190:سلطان المظفرالجاشنکیر
979:سلطان السعید ناصر الدین
284:al-Mamalik al-Baḥariyya
77:Flags according to the
5171:1382 disestablishments
4168:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2352:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2153:First Turkic Khaganate
1634:
1376:Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali
1195:Rukn-ad-Din Baibars II
744:List of Mamluk sultans
615:
454:
333:, who were largely of
187:• Disestablished
4665:Proto-Turkic language
4296:Extinct Turkic groups
3318:Shayyal, p. 165/vol.2
3210:Shayyal, p. 132/vol.2
3171:Shayyal, p.126/vol.2
3162:Shayyal, p. 123/vol.2
2994:56.2 (2013): 189–217.
2609:Black Sea slave trade
2461:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
2093:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
1632:
1581:Salah-ad-Din Hajji II
1531:Salah-ad-Din Hajji II
1485:Zayn-ad-Din Shaban II
1462:Salah-ad-Din Muhammad
1218:Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
1166:Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
1115:العادل الترکی المغلی
1091:Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad
986:Muhammad Barakah Khan
955:Rukn-ad-Din Baibars I
742:Further information:
738:List of Bahri Sultans
700:Military organization
609:
448:
91:Personal insignia of
5114:Hashemites of Jordan
4864:World Turks Qurultai
3515:at Wikimedia Commons
3405:Shayyal, p.194/vol.2
3375:Shayyal, p. 141/vol2
2844:Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa
1585:صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی
1535:صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی
1489:زین الدین شعبان ثانی
1435:Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan
1385:Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan
1339:Sayf-ad-Din Shaban I
1247:Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr
1120:Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha
1009:Badr-al-Din Solamish
838:Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa
451:Maqamat of al-Hariri
409:al-Muazzam Turanshah
5161:1250 establishments
5068:(16th–19th century)
5062:(15th–19th century)
5014:(11th–12th century)
4966:(10th–11th century)
4605:Karachay-Cherkessia
3030:Shayyal, 110/vol.2
2341:Eastern Kara-Khanid
2334:Western Kara-Khanid
2320:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1480:الأشرف أبو المعالی
1362:Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I
1343:سیف الدین شعبان اول
1293:Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
1143:Husam-ad-Din Lachin
1068:Salah-ad-Din Khalil
1045:Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun
665:. He died in 1341.
475:Mediterranean basin
463:Battle of Ain Jalut
177:• Established
5108:Hashemites of Iraq
4796:Traditional sports
4600:Kabardino-Balkaria
4220:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
2776:battle of Elbistan
2708:Abu al-Qasim Ahmad
2437:Khwarazmian Empire
2308:Karluk Yabgu State
2046:Epics and heroes:
1635:
1605:Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
1558:Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
1416:صلاح الدین بن محمد
1380:الناصر أبو المعالی
1366:سیف الدین حاجی اول
1353:Sultan Al-Muzaffar
1320:عماد الدین إسماعیل
1316:Imad-ad-Din Ismail
887:Sultan Al-Muzaffar
616:
574:in 1280, and also
534:battle of Elbistan
524:Tatars and Mongols
502:Battle of Fariskur
498:Louis IX of France
455:
399:In 1250, when the
34:State of the Turks
5146:African dynasties
5123:
5122:
4918:Islamic dynasties
4884:
4883:
4660:Old Turkic script
4648:
4647:
4459:Timeline 500–1300
4376:
4375:
3862:
3861:
3721:Kipchak languages
3676:Karamanli Turkish
3511:Media related to
3455:]. AMS Press.
3213:Ibn Taghri/ vol.7
3186:Ibn Taghri/ vol.7
3140:978-0-8478-0081-0
3113:978-0-8478-0081-0
3017:978-1-4744-6462-8
2977:978-0-292-76190-2
2950:978-1-4744-6462-8
2918:978-1-119-06857-0
2891:978-1-4408-4041-8
2605:
2604:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2512:Qarlughid Kingdom
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2376:Pecheneg Khanates
2369:
2357:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2296:Oghuz Yabgu State
2289:
2277:
2265:
2260:Türgesh Khaganate
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2194:
2186:
2165:
2157:
2123:
2098:
2073:
2072:
2000:
1999:
1812:
1811:
1623:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1563:
1554:
1536:
1527:
1513:
1504:
1490:
1481:
1467:
1458:
1440:
1431:
1417:
1408:
1390:
1381:
1367:
1358:
1344:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1298:
1289:
1275:
1266:
1252:
1251:سیف الدین أبو بکر
1243:
1223:
1214:
1200:
1191:
1171:
1162:
1148:
1139:
1125:
1116:
1096:
1087:
1073:
1064:
1050:
1049:سیف الدین قلاوون
1041:
1036:
1028:
1014:
1005:
991:
982:
964:
951:
939:
927:
918:Sultan Abul-Futuh
909:
900:Sayf ad-Din Qutuz
896:
878:
865:
847:
834:
816:
803:
785:
772:
631:Al-Nasir Muhammad
620:Battle of Shaqhab
610:Territory of the
494:defended Mansurah
485:on the way home.
436:Abbasid caliphate
337:origin. The name
281:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
233:
232:
134:Abbasid Caliphate
18:Qalawunid dynasty
16:(Redirected from
5183:
5141:Mamluk Sultanate
4911:
4904:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4706:Tibetan Buddhism
4686:Turkic mythology
4567:Autonomous areas
4519:Sovereign states
4515:
4514:
4293:
4292:
4275:
4250:
4147:
4124:
4086:
4037:
4002:
3963:Crimean Karaites
3937:
3914:
3870:
3822:
3821:
3701:Khorasani Turkic
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3456:
3440:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3265:
3259:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3097:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2875:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:Nominal rule of
2836:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2794:the son of King
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2737:
2731:
2729:al-Ashraf Khalil
2725:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2564:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2414:Sultanate of Rum
2403:
2391:
2388:Ghaznavid Empire
2379:
2367:
2355:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2284:Uyghur Khaganate
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2212:Khazar Khaganate
2192:
2184:
2163:
2155:
2121:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:Pre-14th century
2060:Major concepts:
2015:
2014:
2010:Turkic Mythology
1827:
1826:
1822:Turkic Languages
1805:Crimean Karaites
1742:Cherniye Klobuki
1648:
1647:
1622:pre–14th century
1621:
1615:
1614:
1607:in 1389–90 C.E.
1584:
1575:
1562:سیف الدین برقوق
1561:
1552:
1534:
1525:
1511:
1502:
1488:
1479:
1465:
1456:
1438:
1429:
1415:
1406:
1388:
1379:
1365:
1356:
1342:
1333:
1319:
1310:
1296:
1287:
1284:Sultan Al-Nasir
1273:
1270:Ala-ad-Din Kujuk
1264:
1250:
1241:
1221:
1212:
1199:رکن الدین بیبرس
1198:
1189:
1169:
1160:
1147:حسام الدین لاچین
1146:
1137:
1124:زین الدین کتبغا
1123:
1114:
1094:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1059:Sultan Al-Ashraf
1048:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1013:بدر الدین سُلامش
1012:
1003:
989:
981:
980:
976:
963:
962:
958:
950:
949:
945:
938:
937:
933:
926:
925:
924:سلطان ابو الفتوح
921:
908:
907:
903:
895:
894:
890:
877:
876:
872:
864:
863:
859:
856:Sultan Al-Mansur
846:
845:
841:
833:
832:
828:
825:Sultan Al-Ashraf
815:
814:
810:
807:Izz-ad-Din Aybak
802:
801:
797:
784:
783:
779:
771:
770:
766:
748:
747:
572:Sunqur al-Ashqar
570:that was led by
542:Cilician Armenia
367:Mamluk Sultanate
293:Mamluk Sultanate
286:
276:
274:
273:المماليك البحرية
249:
248:
237:
236:
224:
223:
217:
216:
201:
200:
118:Mamluk Sultanate
114:
104:
96:
73:
66:
49:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
4925:
4915:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4827:
4791:
4674:
4644:
4561:
4542:Northern Cyprus
4506:
4492:Altai Mountains
4427:
4372:
4291:
4271:
4216:North Macedonia
4158:
4139:
4096:
4082:
4078:Siberian Tatars
4033:
4018:Khorasani Turks
3998:
3925:
3894:
3871:
3858:
3820:
3741:Ottoman Turkish
3661:Karachay-Balkar
3560:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3503:
3498:
3476:. London, 1979.
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2935:
2926:
2919:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2840:Ayyubid dynasty
2837:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2716:Al-Zahir Billah
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2667:
2663:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2601:
2572:
2571:
2501:Tughlaq dynasty
2473:Delhi Sultanate
2171:Tokhara Yabghus
2132:Tiele (Gaoche)
2097:202 BCE–13th CE
2085:
2075:
2074:
2018:Belief system:
2012:
2002:
2001:
1957:Karachay-Balkar
1824:
1814:
1813:
1645:
1613:
1583:
1574:
1572:Sultan As-Saleh
1560:
1551:
1533:
1524:
1522:Sultan As-Saleh
1510:
1501:
1487:
1478:
1466:صلاح الدین محمد
1464:
1455:
1439:بدر الدین الحسن
1437:
1428:
1414:
1405:
1403:Sultan As-Saleh
1389:بدر الدین الحسن
1387:
1378:
1364:
1355:
1341:
1332:
1330:Sultan Al-Kamil
1318:
1309:
1307:Sultan As-Saleh
1297:شھاب الدین أحمد
1295:
1286:
1272:
1263:
1249:
1240:
1227:
1222:ناصر الدین محمد
1220:
1211:
1197:
1188:
1175:
1170:ناصر الدین محمد
1168:
1159:
1145:
1136:
1122:
1113:
1100:
1095:ناصر الدین محمد
1093:
1084:
1072:صلاح الدین خلیل
1070:
1061:
1047:
1037:
1029:
1011:
1002:
988:
975:
961:رکن الدین بیبرس
957:
940:
928:
902:
889:
871:
858:
844:مظفر الدین موسی
840:
827:
809:
796:
778:
765:
751:Regnal name(s)
746:
740:
702:
671:
526:
514:Crusader states
465:in present-day
397:
369:
363:
301:Ayyubid dynasty
246:
228:Ayyubid dynasty
221:
188:
178:
121:
105:
98:
90:
84:
75:
74:
67:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5116:(1921–present)
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Turkic Academy
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Khalwati order
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4731:Bektashi Order
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Karakalpakstan
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4575:Altai Republic
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4476:Nomadic empire
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4244:Western Thrace
4150:
4149:
4148:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Crimean Tatars
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Siberian Tatar
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3502:
3501:External links
3499:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3457:
3441:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3230:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3139:
3119:
3112:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3023:
3016:
2996:
2983:
2976:
2956:
2949:
2924:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2831:
2821:
2808:
2780:
2767:
2763:Battle of Mari
2750:
2732:
2720:
2699:
2690:
2677:
2670:Shajar al-Durr
2661:
2657:Muqattam Hills
2644:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2494:Khalji dynasty
2490:
2487:Mamluk dynasty
2480:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2455:
2449:Kerait Khanate
2444:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1643:Turkic peoples
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:علاء الدین علی
1508:Ala-ad-Din Ali
1505:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1407:سلطان الصالح
1399:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1313:
1311:سلطان الصالح
1303:
1302:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1274:علاء الدین کجک
1267:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1006:
1004:سلطان العادل
1000:Sultan Al-Adil
996:
995:
992:
983:
969:
968:
965:
952:
914:
913:
910:
897:
883:
882:
879:
869:Nur ad-Din Ali
866:
852:
851:
848:
835:
821:
820:
817:
804:
790:
789:
786:
776:Shajar al-Durr
773:
759:
758:
755:
754:Personal name
752:
739:
736:
735:
734:
723:
717:
714:
701:
698:
670:
667:
655:king of France
651:king of Aragon
525:
522:
413:Shajar al-Durr
405:as-Salih Ayyub
396:
393:
362:
359:
355:as-Salih Ayyub
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
243:
234:
231:
230:
225:
213:
212:
207:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
127:
123:
122:
115:
107:
106:
99:
86:
85:
76:
68:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5188:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:Bahri dynasty
5134:
5133:
5131:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4878:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:Organizations
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4787:Vattisen Yaly
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Bashkortostan
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4469:Turkification
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4084:Baraba Tatars
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Common Turkic
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3816:Western Yugur
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Crimean Tatar
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3544:
3539:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3513:Bahri dynasty
3509:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3494:977-02-5975-6
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:977-241-175-X
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:Arab painting
3123:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:Arab painting
3096:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2858:
2857:Burji dynasty
2852:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2653:Cairo Citadel
2648:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2561:Ottoman State
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:Bahri dynasty
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2400:Seljuk Empire
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:Sabiri People
2200:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:Burji dynasty
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:سلطان المظفر
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1334:سلطان الکامل
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1288:سلطان الناصر
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:محمد برکہ خان
987:
984:
974:
971:
970:
966:
956:
953:
943:
942:Al-Bunduqdari
931:
919:
916:
915:
911:
906:سیف الدین قطز
901:
898:
888:
885:
884:
880:
875:نور الدین علی
870:
867:
862:سلطان المنصور
857:
854:
853:
849:
839:
836:
826:
823:
822:
818:
813:عز الدین أیبک
808:
805:
795:
792:
791:
787:
777:
774:
764:
761:
760:
756:
753:
750:
749:
745:
732:
728:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
707:
706:
705:
697:
695:
694:Burji Mamluks
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
613:
608:
604:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
588:he recaptured
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:and sent the
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
368:
358:
356:
352:
349:in the Nile (
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Burji Mamluks
328:
324:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Bahri dynasty
285:
279:
270:
266:
265:Bahri Mamluks
244:
242:
241:Burji Mamluks
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
198:
194:
190:
184:
180:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:circa 1317 AD
119:
113:
108:
103:
97:
94:
87:
82:
81:
80:Catalan Atlas
72:
65:
58:
53:
47:
31:
19:
5074:(1560s–1690)
4766:Qalandariyya
4741:Christianity
4552:Turkmenistan
4490: /
4481:Turco-Mongol
3920:Azerbaijanis
3473:
3472:Ayalon, D.:
3452:
3448:
3436:
3432:
3421:Bibliography
3410:
3401:
3392:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3326:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3263:
3245:
3224:
3203:
3194:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3129:
3122:
3102:
3095:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3035:
3026:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2966:
2959:
2939:
2907:
2900:
2880:
2873:
2851:
2834:
2824:
2811:
2783:
2770:
2753:
2735:
2723:
2702:
2693:
2680:
2664:
2647:
2638:
2559:
2548:
2534:
2524:Golden Horde
2522:
2510:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2339:
2332:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2236:Kangar Union
2234:
2222:
2210:
2201:
2168:
2141:
2130:
2116:
2105:
2091:
1598:
1591:second reign
1590:
1571:
1548:
1540:
1526:سلطان الصالح
1521:
1498:
1475:
1452:
1445:second reign
1444:
1425:
1402:
1394:
1375:
1352:
1329:
1306:
1283:
1260:
1237:
1229:
1208:
1185:
1178:Second reign
1177:
1156:
1133:
1110:
1102:
1081:
1063:سلطان الاشرف
1058:
1038:As-Salehi -
1030:
1022:
999:
972:
941:
929:
917:
893:سلطان المظفر
886:
855:
831:سلطان الاشرف
824:
793:
762:
703:
679:
672:
628:
624:Golden Horde
617:
612:Golden Horde
562:
527:
487:
456:
450:
425:
398:
381:North Africa
370:
350:
342:
338:
326:
317:
288:
264:
262:
210:Succeeded by
209:
204:
89:
78:
39:دولة الأتراك
5110:(1921–1958)
5104:(1805–1952)
5098:(1726–1834)
5092:(1704–1831)
5086:(1697–1842)
5080:(1649–1850)
5056:(1382–1517)
5050:(1376–1843)
5044:(1250–1382)
5038:(1234–1262)
5032:(1171–1341)
5026:(1127–1250)
5020:(1104–1154)
5008:(1024–1080)
4756:Malamatiyya
4408:Pan-Turkism
4388:Grey Wolves
4353:Oghuz Turks
4273:Afghanistan
4058:Qarai Turks
3988:Karakalpaks
3756:Sakha/Yakut
3646:Fuyü Gïrgïs
3601:Azerbaijani
3429:Abu al-Fida
2659:near Cairo.
2175:Turk Shahis
2122:71 BC–?? AD
1840:Azerbaijani
1661:Oghuz Turks
1541:first reign
1443:1354–1361 (
1395:first reign
1393:1347–1351 (
1230:Third reign
1103:first reign
675:Black Death
554:Hashshashin
395:Development
351:Nahr al-Nil
347:Roda Island
205:Preceded by
154:Sunni Islam
5130:Categories
5002:(990–1096)
4996:(990–1085)
4990:(990–1081)
4972:(909–1171)
4960:(890–1004)
4948:(750–1258)
4736:Burkhanism
4701:Aiyy Faith
4620:Nakhchivan
4557:Uzbekistan
4537:Kyrgyzstan
4532:Kazakhstan
4527:Azerbaijan
4398:Burkhanism
4224:Montenegro
4188:Dodecanese
3849:Old Uyghur
3834:Old Turkic
3736:Old Turkic
3671:Karakalpak
3480:Ibn Taghri
3445:Al-Maqrizi
2866:References
2817:Berke Khan
2248:Turk Shahi
1930:Karakalpak
1566:1382–1389
1516:1376–1382
1493:1363–1376
1470:1361–1363
1420:1351–1354
1370:1346–1347
1347:1345–1346
1324:1342–1345
1278:1341–1342
1255:1340–1341
1174:1299–1309
1151:1297–1299
1128:1294–1297
1099:1293–1294
1076:1290–1293
1053:1279–1290
994:1277–1279
967:1260–1277
948:البندقداری
912:1259–1260
881:1257–1259
850:1250–1252
819:1250–1257
788:1250–1250
686:Circassian
659:Alexandria
643:Abyssinian
430:' sack of
383:, and the
365:See also:
335:Circassian
309:manumitted
132:under the
83:of c. 1375
5036:Lu'lu'ids
5006:Mirdasids
4994:Marwanids
4988:Numayrids
4982:Jarrahids
4978:(935–969)
4976:Ikhsidids
4964:Hadhabani
4958:Hamdanids
4954:(868–905)
4942:(661–750)
4936:(632–661)
4934:Rashiduns
4782:Zahediyeh
4777:Safaviyya
4726:Bayramiye
4721:Batiniyya
4696:Shamanism
4679:Religions
4670:Turkology
4630:Tatarstan
4615:Khakassia
4585:Chuvashia
4511:Locations
4488:Tian Shan
4464:Migration
4439:Turkestan
4422:Hungarian
4413:Turkesism
4110:Kryashens
4098:Astrakhan
4023:Krymchaks
3983:Karachays
3904:Telengits
3900:Kumandins
3826:Alphabets
3656:Ili Turki
3566:Languages
2846:1250–1254
2761:upon the
2742:Wafidiyya
2668:See also
2565:1299–1922
2540:1250–1517
2528:1242–1502
2516:1224–1266
2477:1206–1526
2465:1136–1225
2441:1077–1231
2429:1067–1239
2404:1037–1194
2224:Xueyantuo
2066:Grey wolf
2048:Ergenekon
2024:Shamanism
1796:Krymchaks
1706:Kutrigurs
1499:Al-Mansur
1453:Al-Mansur
1261:Al-Ashraf
1238:Al-Mansur
1226:1309–1340
1134:Al-Mansur
1023:Al-Mansur
731:Turkomans
720:Wafidiyya
661:with the
635:Bulgarian
520:in 1291.
389:Near East
327:Qalawunid
278:romanized
150:Religion
130:Sultanate
95:from 1260
55:1250–1382
5156:Kipchaks
5102:Alawiyya
5048:Bahdinan
5030:Ayyubids
5012:Artuqids
5000:Uqaylids
4970:Fatimids
4952:Tulunids
4946:Abbasids
4940:Umayyads
4746:Hurufism
4691:Tengrism
4640:Xinjiang
4595:Gagauzia
4444:Mongolia
4418:Turanism
4393:Kemalism
4381:Politics
4343:Kipchaks
4323:Göktürks
4318:Dughlats
4172:Bulgaria
4160:Abkhazia
4135:Turkmens
4118:Nağaybäk
3948:Bashkirs
3912:Tubalars
3896:Chelkans
3890:Altaians
3844:Cyrillic
3746:Pecheneg
3711:Krymchak
3616:Chagatai
3589:Southern
3584:Northern
2804:Solamish
2746:Kitbugha
2392:963–1186
2380:860–1091
2368:856–1335
2356:848–1036
2324:840–1212
2300:750–1055
2276:743–1035
2216:618–1048
2143:Göktürks
2118:Dingling
2020:Tengrism
1993:Krymchak
1733:Kipchaks
1670:Saragurs
1611:See also
1549:Al-Zahir
1503:المنصور
1457:المنصور
1242:المنصور
1209:Al-Nasir
1157:Al-Nasir
1138:المنصور
1082:Al-Nasir
1027:المنصور
930:Al-Zahir
782:شجر الدر
682:Hajji II
653:and the
598:captured
582:outside
488:In 1250
343:Bahriyya
5096:Jalilis
5090:Mamluks
5084:Shihabs
5060:Harfush
5024:Zengids
4922:Mashriq
4823:Chovgan
4803:Kyz kuu
4716:Alevism
4653:Studies
4449:History
4432:Origins
4363:Türgesh
4333:Khazars
4328:Karluks
4308:Bulgars
4283:(Sakha)
4261:Uyghurs
4240:Tunisia
4228:Romania
4208:Lebanon
4176:Croatia
4164:Algeria
4153:Turkish
4145:Iranian
4130:Tofalar
4102:Chinese
4063:Qashqai
4048:Naimans
3993:Kazakhs
3973:Dolgans
3958:Chuvash
3953:Chulyms
3943:Balkars
3935:Georgia
3931:Armenia
3908:Teleuts
3885:Afshars
3877:Peoples
3854:Persian
3791:Turkmen
3786:Turkish
3751:Qashqai
3706:Kipchak
3626:Chuvash
3606:Bashkir
2829:Europe.
2759:Qalawun
2710:as the
2312:756–940
2288:744–840
2264:699–766
2252:665-850
2240:659–750
2228:628–646
2193:682–744
2185:581–650
2164:581–657
2156:552–581
1921:Qasgqai
1912:Chuvash
1903:Bashkir
1876:Turkmen
1831:Turkish
1787:Dolgans
1751:Uyghurs
1715:Karluks
1688:Bulgars
1679:Utigurs
1652:Onogurs
1553:الظاہر
1265:الأشرف
1213:الناصر
1161:الناصر
1086:الناصر
1040:الصالحی
1031:Al-Alfi
727:Bedouin
669:Decline
629:Sultan
614:in 1389
591:Tripoli
565:Qalawun
563:Sultan
550:Seljuks
546:Antioch
538:Abbasid
490:Baibars
479:Baibars
432:Baghdad
428:Mongols
403:sultan
401:Ayyubid
373:Mamluks
361:History
320:Kipchak
305:mamluks
280::
164:History
140:Capital
93:Baybars
5072:Ridwan
5018:Burids
4924:region
4813:Kokpar
4808:Jereed
4771:Rifaʽi
4761:Qadiri
4590:Crimea
4547:Turkey
4497:Otuken
4358:Shatuo
4348:K'o-sa
4313:Cumans
4303:Bulaqs
4287:Yugurs
4281:Yakuts
4266:Uzbeks
4256:Tuvans
4232:Serbia
4204:Kosovo
4200:Israel
4184:Cyprus
4141:Afghan
4114:Mishar
4092:Tatars
4053:Nogais
4043:Kumyks
4028:Kyrgyz
4013:Khalaj
4008:Khakas
3978:Gagauz
3806:Uyghur
3726:Kyrgyz
3696:Khazar
3691:Khalaj
3686:Khakas
3681:Kazakh
3666:Karaim
3651:Gagauz
3641:Dolgan
3621:Chulym
3611:Bulgar
3574:Afshar
3559:topics
3557:Turkic
3492:
3463:
3439:].
3137:
3110:
3014:
2974:
2947:
2915:
2888:
2686:Levant
1984:Karaim
1975:Gagauz
1894:Kyrgyz
1867:Uyghur
1858:Kazakh
1778:Yakuts
1769:Kumyks
1760:Tatars
1589:1389 (
1539:1382 (
1035:الالفی
936:الظاہر
757:Reign
690:Barquq
649:, the
641:, and
639:Indian
595:Khalil
552:, and
530:Tatars
467:Israel
459:Turkic
417:Atabeg
411:, and
385:Levant
323:Turkic
307:) and
269:Arabic
167:
126:Status
46:Arabic
42:
5078:Baban
5066:Soran
5054:Burji
5042:Bahri
4818:Jigit
4711:Islam
4625:Sakha
4403:Jadid
4338:Kimek
4248:Yemen
4236:Syria
4212:Libya
4192:Egypt
4180:Crete
4122:Volga
4106:Lipka
4073:Shors
4068:Salar
4035:China
4000:China
3811:Uzbek
3796:Tuvan
3776:Tatar
3761:Salar
3731:Nogai
3716:Kumyk
3636:Cuman
3579:Altai
3451:[
3435:[
2674:Aybak
2630:Notes
2364:Qocho
2062:Sheka
2052:Asena
2038:Ülgen
2034:Kayra
1966:Tuvan
1948:Kumyk
1939:Sakha
1885:Tatar
1849:Uzbek
1724:Kimek
1697:Sabir
1301:1342
1203:1309
1017:1279
711:Amirs
688:Emir
580:Abaqa
558:Nubia
528:Many
510:Cairo
506:Egypt
483:Qutuz
440:Cairo
421:Aybak
377:Egypt
339:Bahri
313:Cairo
297:Egypt
144:Cairo
4635:Tuva
4502:Oğuz
4368:Uzes
4196:Iraq
3927:Iran
3801:Urum
3781:Tofa
3766:Shor
3596:Äynu
3490:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2727:See
2672:and
2064:and
2050:and
2036:and
2022:and
663:Nile
647:pope
601:Acre
584:Homs
518:Acre
471:Iraq
371:The
263:The
191:1382
181:1250
116:The
4920:in
4270:in
4157:in
4032:in
3997:in
3924:in
2792:Leo
341:or
295:of
5132::
4246:,
4242:,
4238:,
4234:,
4230:,
4226:,
4222:,
4218:,
4214:,
4210:,
4206:,
4202:,
4198:,
4194:,
4190:,
4186:,
4182:,
4178:,
4174:,
4170:,
4166:,
4162:,
4143:,
4120:,
4116:,
4112:,
4108:,
4104:,
4100:,
3933:,
3929:,
3910:,
3906:,
3902:,
3898:,
3431:.
3380:^
3233:^
2927:^
2177:)
2173:,
1593:)
1543:)
1447:)
1397:)
1232:)
1180:)
1105:)
1033:-
1025:–
944:-
932:-
920:–
713:).
696:.
637:,
477:.
438:.
391:.
379:,
357:.
275:,
271::
4910:e
4903:t
4896:v
4879:.
4773:*
4424:)
4420:(
3542:e
3535:t
3528:v
3143:.
3116:.
3020:.
2980:.
2953:.
2921:.
2894:.
2778:.
2596:e
2589:t
2582:v
2169:(
1228:(
1176:(
1101:(
387:—
267:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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