337:"The Court has to determine whether the relationship of the contras to the United States Government was such that it would be right to equate the contras, for legal purposes, with an organ of the United States Government, or as acting on behalf of that Government. The Court considers that the evidence available to it is insufficient to demonstrate the total dependence of the contras on United States aid. A partial dependency, the exact extent of which the Court cannot establish, may be inferred from the fact that the leaders were selected by the United States, and from other factors such as the organisation, training and equipping of the force, planning of operations, the choosing of targets and the operational support provided. There is no clear evidence that the United States actually exercised such a degree of control as to justify treating the contras as acting on its behalf."
257:, Reagan dismissed the entire controversy as "much ado about nothing". Shortly thereafter, a White House spokesman said Reagan had approved the Inspector General's report recommending discipline of several mid-level officials. Five mid-level CIA employees received punishments ranging from written reprimands to suspension without pay for "poor judgment and lapses in oversight" because of the manual. In 1987, it was found that Casey blocked any punishment of the two senior CIA officials involved with producing and distributing the manual, including one,
221:. It was printed in ninety pages under the pseudonym Tayacán in late 1983. Chamorro objected to two portions in the document, namely the sections on hiring professional criminals for special jobs and killing colleagues to create martyrs for the cause. He arranged for these two pages to be physically torn out from 2000 copies. However, 5000 copies were printed, so some commentators have reasoned that some copies were distributed with these sections intact.
798:
289:
146:
261:, who after initially denying that he had anything to do with the manual, admitted he was "fully responsible" for the document. In closed testimony to a congressional committee, Casey reportedly declared, "There's no reason to discipline them for one little slip-up." Under political pressure to remove Clarridge from his role, he was promoted to chief of the CIA's European operations.
340:"Having reached the above conclusion, the Court takes the view that the contras remain responsible for their acts, in particular the alleged violations by them of humanitarian law. For the United States to be legally responsible, it would have to be proved that that State had effective control of the operations in the course of which the alleged violations were committed."
282:
selective use of armed force for PSYOP effect. ... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA , but extensive precautions must ensure that the people "concur" in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among
273:
demonstrators into clashes with the authorities, to provoke riots or shootings, which lead to the killing of one or more persons, who will be seen as the martyrs; this situation should be taken advantage of immediately against the
Government to create even bigger
136:
found that the publication of this manual had "encouraged acts ... contrary to general principles of humanitarian law." However, the CIA claimed that the purpose of the manual was to "moderate" the extreme violence already being used by the
Contras.
233:
official stated privately that the manual had been written by an "overzealous" independent low-level employee under contract to the CIA. Further, the manual had not been cleared for publication, was "clearly against the law", and that it violated
946:
manual, several thousand which were produced, was distributed ordering political assassinations, hiring of criminals and other forms of terrorism. Some of it was excised; but the part dealing with political terrorism was continued. (p.
173:, who oversaw the writing of the manual, claimed in his 2009 book that John Kirkpatrick was brought in to prepare a course for the Contras on how to interact with the civilian population and outline the
177:, and that he also produced a manual consisting of this curriculum material. Kirkpatrick based his work off of existing US Army manuals, particularly 1968 Green Beret lesson plans used at the
269:
The manual recommended "selective use of violence for propagandistic effects" and to "neutralize" (i.e., kill) government officials. Nicaraguan
Contras were taught to:
247:
1027:
1017:
178:
1022:
292:
1007:
873:
1037:
925:
448:
897:
585:
106:
on
October 15, 1984. The ninety-page book of instructions focused mainly on how "Armed Propaganda Teams" could build political support in
366:
49:
How "Armed
Propaganda Teams" could build political support in Nicaragua for the Contra cause through deceit, intimidation, and violence
254:
356:
856:
828:
771:
530:
157:
The manual was written in
October 1983 by a CIA contract employee who used the alias John Kirkpatrick, who "was a U.S. Army
973:
918:
738:
675:
414:
624:
326:, and disseminating it to contra forces, has encouraged the commission by them of acts contrary to general principles of
962:
927:
Case
Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)
450:
Case
Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)
397:
708:
350:
1042:
939:
931:
462:
454:
327:
306:
127:
322:
The ICJ statements included: "Finds that the United States of
America, by producing in 1983 a manual entitled
361:
478:
415:"Torture 101: The Case Against the United States for Atrocities Committed by School of the Americas Alumni"
202:
95:
311:
132:
881:
250:. Reagan stated that "whoever is guilty , we will deal with that situation and they will be removed."
594:
522:
330:; but does not find a basis for concluding that any such acts which may have been committed are
761:
846:
818:
235:
230:
804:
385:
102:, who were involved in a civil war with the Nicaraguan government. It was revealed by the
8:
1032:
319:
for this case was disputed by the United States, an issue that has never been resolved.
515:
174:
958:
935:
852:
824:
767:
526:
458:
393:
192:
158:
331:
1012:
746:
683:
103:
258:
201:
Collaborators on developing the manual included CIA Contra coordinator Ray Doty,
170:
166:
977:
479:"International Law PSCI 0236 > International Law PSCI 0236 > Introduction"
426:
218:
206:
1001:
243:
239:
123:
704:
316:
115:
334:
to the United States of
America as acts of the United States of America."
169:, working under contract to the CIA's International Activities Division."
712:
582:
The source does not specify enough to be certain, but this may have been
162:
803:
217:
The manual was written in English, and then translated into Spanish by
196:
763:
See It/Shoot It: The Secret History of the CIA's Lethal Drone Program
107:
119:
797:
288:
145:
955:
Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992
848:
Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977-1992
390:
Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992
238:
banning political assassinations. On October 18, 1984, President
99:
521:. Latina/O and Latin American Studies. South End Press. p.
625:"Header text for Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare"
551:
549:
111:
283:
the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.
638:
953:
Leogrande, William M. (1 February 2000). "Peace Offensive".
739:"Casey spared top officials of discipline for Contra manual"
546:
566:
564:
583:
186:
974:"Military Training Manuals, Latin America Working Group"
655:
653:
561:
253:
In a news conference on November 7, the day after his
650:
957:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 363.
753:
392:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 363.
514:
709:"Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration"
179:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
999:
593:. US Government Printing Office. Archived from
324:Operaciones sicolĂłgicas en guerra de guerrillas
90:Operaciones sicolĂłgicas en guerra de guerrillas
816:
711:. Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from
644:
555:
17:Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare
806:Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare
618:
616:
443:
441:
439:
437:
298:
246:to initiate an investigation by the agency's
88:
83:Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare
1028:Publications of the United States government
587:Psychological Operations: U.S. Army Doctrine
187:US Department of the Army (September 1967).
1018:Psychological warfare handbooks and manuals
622:
817:Clarridge, Duane R.; Diehl, Digby (2009).
613:
584:US Department of the Army (21 June 1968).
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
434:
406:
367:United States involvement in regime change
971:
952:
844:
820:A Spy For All Seasons: My Life in the CIA
699:
697:
695:
693:
682:: 764 A2. 19 October 1984. Archived from
570:
384:
183:Armed Psyop: Implicit and Explicit Terror
732:
730:
676:"U.S. Orders Probe of CIA Terror Manual"
144:
1023:Guerrilla warfare handbooks and manuals
801:
766:. Yale University Press. p. 1814.
670:
668:
495:
357:U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals
185:(April 1968), and Field Manual 30–104,
1008:Central Intelligence Agency operations
1000:
851:. University of North Carolina Press.
759:
736:
703:
690:
419:Dickinson Journal of International Law
412:
388:(1 February 2000). "Peace Offensive".
212:
727:
659:
512:
471:
305:The manual was one of the issues the
224:
181:, the Green Berets' Lesson Plan 643,
665:
189:Handbook on Aggressor Insurgent War
161:specialist, with experience in the
151:Handbook on Aggressor Insurgent War
13:
790:
413:Kepner, Timothy J. (Spring 2001).
14:
1054:
1038:Nicaragua–United States relations
993:
623:Groggy Dice (21 September 2008).
191:. US Government Printing Office.
796:
737:Roland, Neil (8 February 1987).
287:
874:"Cold War Episode 18: Backyard"
680:Facts on File World News Digest
209:, Noel Ortiz, and Laura Ortiz.
932:International Court of Justice
811:. Central Intelligence Agency.
576:
455:International Court of Justice
378:
307:International Court of Justice
128:International Court of Justice
94:) was a manual written by the
1:
907:. 21 October 1984. p. C6
517:Washington's War on Nicaragua
372:
362:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
315:1986 ICJ 1 case. The court's
278:The manual also recommended:
236:Reagan's 1981 Executive Order
140:
110:for the Contra cause through
351:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
122:. The manual also discussed
7:
343:
264:
205:director of communications
203:Nicaraguan Democratic Force
96:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
1059:
743:United Press International
645:Clarridge & Diehl 2009
556:Clarridge & Diehl 2009
312:Nicaragua v. United States
300:Nicaragua v. United States
133:Nicaragua v. United States
898:"The CIA's murder manual"
98:(CIA) for the Nicaraguan
71:
63:
53:
45:
37:
29:
21:
845:LeoGrande, W.M. (2009).
293:Full text at Wikisource
149:Cover of the US Army's
309:(IJC) analyzed in the
285:
276:
154:
89:
1043:Nicaraguan Revolution
760:Fuller, C.J. (2017).
425:: 487. Archived from
386:LeoGrande, William M.
280:
271:
242:ordered CIA Director
231:Reagan administration
148:
884:on February 10, 2006
600:on 11 September 2016
213:Publication history
18:
919:HTML transcription
715:on August 21, 2006
513:Sklar, H. (1988).
255:reelection victory
225:Political reaction
175:rule of engagement
155:
16:
858:978-0-8078-9880-2
830:978-1-4391-8847-7
773:978-0-300-22767-3
610:Field Manual 33-1
532:978-0-89608-295-3
248:Inspector General
159:counterinsurgency
79:
78:
64:Publication place
1050:
989:
987:
985:
980:on June 13, 2006
976:. Archived from
968:
949:
916:
914:
912:
902:
893:
891:
889:
880:. Archived from
869:
867:
865:
841:
839:
837:
812:
810:
802:Tayacán (1983).
800:
785:
784:
782:
780:
757:
751:
750:
745:. Archived from
734:
725:
724:
722:
720:
707:(June 9, 2004).
701:
688:
687:
672:
663:
657:
648:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
620:
611:
609:
607:
605:
599:
592:
580:
574:
568:
559:
553:
544:
543:
541:
539:
520:
510:
493:
492:
490:
489:
475:
469:
468:
445:
432:
430:
410:
404:
403:
382:
328:humanitarian law
291:
200:
104:Associated Press
92:
55:Publication date
25:John Kirkpatrick
19:
15:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1047:
998:
997:
996:
983:
981:
972:Lisa Haugaard.
965:
942:
924:
910:
908:
905:Washington Post
900:
896:
887:
885:
872:
863:
861:
859:
835:
833:
831:
793:
791:Further reading
788:
778:
776:
774:
758:
754:
749:on 31 May 2006.
735:
728:
718:
716:
702:
691:
686:on 31 May 2006.
674:
673:
666:
658:
651:
643:
639:
629:
627:
621:
614:
603:
601:
597:
590:
581:
577:
569:
562:
554:
547:
537:
535:
533:
511:
496:
487:
485:
477:
476:
472:
465:
447:
446:
435:
411:
407:
400:
383:
379:
375:
346:
303:
267:
259:Duane Clarridge
227:
215:
171:Duane Clarridge
167:Phoenix Program
143:
56:
12:
11:
5:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
995:
994:External links
992:
991:
990:
969:
963:
950:
940:
922:
894:
870:
857:
842:
829:
814:
792:
789:
787:
786:
772:
752:
726:
689:
664:
662:, p. 182.
649:
647:, p. 291.
637:
612:
575:
573:, p. 364.
571:LeoGrande 2009
560:
558:, p. 243.
545:
531:
494:
483:middlebury.edu
470:
463:
433:
429:on 2012-10-12.
405:
398:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
345:
342:
302:
297:
266:
263:
226:
223:
219:Edgar Chamorro
214:
211:
207:Edgar Chamorro
142:
139:
124:assassinations
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
33:Edgar Chamorro
31:
27:
26:
23:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
979:
975:
970:
966:
964:0-8078-4857-3
960:
956:
951:
948:
943:
937:
933:
930:. The Hague:
929:
928:
923:
920:
906:
899:
895:
883:
879:
875:
871:
860:
854:
850:
849:
843:
832:
826:
822:
821:
815:
809:
807:
799:
795:
794:
775:
769:
765:
764:
756:
748:
744:
740:
733:
731:
714:
710:
706:
705:Bovard, James
700:
698:
696:
694:
685:
681:
677:
671:
669:
661:
656:
654:
646:
641:
626:
619:
617:
596:
589:
588:
579:
572:
567:
565:
557:
552:
550:
534:
528:
524:
519:
518:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
484:
480:
474:
466:
460:
456:
453:. The Hague:
452:
451:
444:
442:
440:
438:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
401:
399:0-8078-4857-3
395:
391:
387:
381:
377:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:
348:
347:
341:
338:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
313:
308:
301:
296:
294:
290:
284:
279:
275:
270:
262:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
244:William Casey
241:
240:Ronald Reagan
237:
232:
222:
220:
210:
208:
204:
198:
194:
190:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
147:
138:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
85:
84:
74:
70:
67:United States
66:
62:
58:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
954:
945:
926:
909:. Retrieved
904:
888:February 18,
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
877:
862:. Retrieved
847:
834:. Retrieved
823:. Scribner.
819:
805:
777:. Retrieved
762:
755:
747:the original
742:
717:. Retrieved
713:the original
684:the original
679:
640:
628:. Retrieved
602:. Retrieved
595:the original
586:
578:
536:. Retrieved
516:
486:. Retrieved
482:
473:
449:
431:Footnote 105
427:the original
422:
418:
408:
389:
380:
349:
339:
336:
323:
321:
317:jurisdiction
310:
304:
299:
286:
281:
277:
272:
268:
252:
228:
216:
188:
182:
156:
150:
131:
116:intimidation
87:
82:
81:
80:
163:Vietnam War
1033:Dirty wars
1002:Categories
941:9210708261
660:Sklar 1988
488:2006-09-05
464:9210708261
373:References
274:conflicts.
197:B01FB7EDW2
141:Authorship
30:Translator
984:April 14,
719:April 14,
332:imputable
108:Nicaragua
59:Late 1983
934:. 2000.
911:25 April
864:25 April
836:25 April
779:25 April
630:25 April
604:25 April
538:25 April
457:. 2000.
344:See also
265:Contents
120:violence
38:Language
1013:Contras
100:Contras
46:Subject
41:English
961:
938:
855:
827:
808:
770:
529:
461:
396:
195:
153:(1967)
126:. The
118:, and
112:deceit
22:Author
901:(PDF)
598:(PDF)
591:(PDF)
165:-era
130:case
72:Pages
986:2006
959:ISBN
947:178)
936:ISBN
913:2017
890:2006
866:2017
853:ISBN
838:2017
825:ISBN
781:2017
768:ISBN
721:2006
632:2017
606:2017
540:2017
527:ISBN
459:ISBN
394:ISBN
193:ASIN
878:CNN
523:177
1004::
944:.
903:.
876:.
741:.
729:^
692:^
678:.
667:^
652:^
615:^
563:^
548:^
525:.
497:^
481:.
436:^
423:19
421:.
417:.
295:.
229:A
114:,
75:90
988:.
967:.
921:)
917:(
915:.
892:.
868:.
840:.
813:.
783:.
723:.
634:.
608:.
542:.
491:.
467:.
402:.
199:.
86:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
