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information to allow the PXE client to continue with its booting process. This non-intrusive approach allows setting a PXE environment without touching the configuration of an already working DHCP server. The proxyDHCP service may also run on the same host as the standard DHCP service but even in this case they are both two independently run and administered applications. Since two services cannot use the same port 67/UDP on the same host, the proxyDHCP runs on port 4011/UDP. The proxyDHCP approach has proved to be extremely useful in a wide range of PXE scenarios going from corporate to home environments.
438:
environment. These protocols include the Simple
Network Protocol (SNP), the PXE Base Code Protocol (PXE), and the Boot Integrity Services Protocol (BIS). Today in a PXE environment the client architecture detection is rarely based on the identifiers originally included with the PXE v2.1 specification. Instead, each computer that will be booting from the network should have set DHCP option 93 to indicate the client's architecture. This enables a PXE server to know (at boot time) the exact architecture of the client from the first network boot packet.
612:. A NetBoot client uses BSDP to dynamically acquire resources that enable it to boot a suitable operating system. BSDP is crafted on top of DHCP using vendor-specific information to provide the additional NetBoot functionality not present in standard DHCP. The protocol is implemented in client firmware. At boot time, the client obtains an IP address via DHCP then discovers boot servers using BSDP. Each BSDP server responds with boot information consisting of:
36:
393:
designed to prevent easily adding the additional parameters and rules required to support a PXE environment. For this reason the PXE standard developed the concept of DHCP redirection or "proxyDHCP". The idea behind a proxyDHCP is to split the PXE DHCP requirements in two independently run and administered server units:
385:
334:
DHCP is used to provide the appropriate client network parameters and specifically the location (IP address) of the TFTP server hosting, ready for download, the initial bootstrap program (NBP) and complementary files. To initiate a PXE bootstrap session the DHCP component of the client's PXE firmware
339:
a DHCPDISCOVER packet containing PXE-specific options to port 67/UDP (DHCP server port); it asks for the required network configuration and network booting parameters. The PXE-specific options identify the initiated DHCP transaction as a PXE transaction. Standard DHCP servers (non PXE enabled) will
392:
The PXE Client/Server environment was designed so it can be seamlessly integrated with an already in place DHCP and TFTP server infrastructure. This design goal presented a challenge when dealing with the classic DHCP protocol. Corporate DHCP servers are usually subject to strict policies that are
343:
After parsing a PXE enabled DHCP server DHCPOFFER, the client will be able to set its own network IP address, IP Mask, etc., and to point to the network located booting resources, based on the received TFTP Server IP address and the name of the NBP. The client next transfers the NBP into its own
275:
and is described in the specification published by Intel and SystemSoft. PXE version 2.0 was released in
December 1998, and the update 2.1 was made public in September 1999. The PXE environment makes use of several standard client‑server protocols including DHCP and TFTP (now defined by the 1992
437:
specification extending the PXE functionality to all EFI/UEFI environments. Current
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification 2.4A, Section 21 Network Protocols — SNP, PXE, and BIS defines the protocols that provide access to network devices while executing in the UEFI boot services
588:
All the above-mentioned projects, when they are able to boot/install more than one OS, work under a "Boot
Manager - Boot Loader" paradigm. The initial NBP is a Boot Manager able to retrieve its own configuration and deploy a menu of booting options. The user selects a booting option and an OS
322:
PXE ROMs. Standardization, small size of PXE firmware images and their low use of resources are some of the primary design goals, allowing the client side of the PXE standard to be identically implemented on a wide variety of systems, ranging from powerful client computers to resource-limited
638:
created a non-overlapping extension of the PXE environment with their Boot
Information Negotiation Layer (BINL). BINL is implemented as a server service and it is a key component of their Remote Installation Services (RIS) and Windows Deployment Services (WDS) strategies. It includes certain
412:
In a DHCP plus proxyDHCP server environment the PXE client initially broadcasts a single PXE DHCPDISCOVER packet and receives two complementary DHCPOFFERs; one from the regular non PXE enabled DHCP server and a second one from the proxyDHCP server. Both answers together provide the required
243:
layer (at the device to be bootstrapped via PXE) providing a hardware independent standardized way to interact with the surrounding network booting environment. In this case the availability and subjection to standards are a key factor required to guarantee the network boot process system
133:
626:
The client chooses an operating system from the list and sends a message to the server indicating its selection. The selected boot server responds supplying the boot file and boot image, and any other information needed to download and execute the selected operating system.
639:
preparation processes and a network protocol that could be somehow considered a
Microsoft-crafted DHCP extension. BINL is a Microsoft proprietary technology that uses PXE standard client firmware. Currently there is not a publicly available BINL specification.
308:
links, has been initially mitigated by the TFTP Blocksize Option RFC 2348 published in May 1998, and later by the TFTP Windowsize Option RFC 7440 published in
January 2015, allowing potentially larger payload deliveries and thus improving throughput.
317:
The PXE environment relies on a combination of industry-standard
Internet protocols, namely UDP/IP, DHCP and TFTP. These protocols have been selected because they are easily implemented in the client's NIC firmware, resulting in standardized
340:
be able to answer with a regular DHCPOFFER carrying networking information (i.e. IP address) but not the PXE specific parameters. A PXE client will not be able to boot if it only receives an answer from a non PXE enabled DHCP server.
364:). The small OS executive loads its own network drivers and TCP/IP stack. At this point, the remaining instructions required to boot or install a full OS are provided not over TFTP, but using a robust transfer protocol (such as
483:
offering their own ROMs. While Intel based ROMs have been implementing the client side of the PXE standard for more than 20 year some users were willing to trade extra features for stability and PXE standard conformance.
259:
to discover its own IP address, the address of a TFTP server, and the name of an NBP to be loaded into memory and executed. BOOTP implementation difficulties, among other reasons, eventually led to the development of the
352:), and finally boots from it. NBPs are just the first link in the boot chain process and they generally request via TFTP a small set of complementary files in order to get running a minimalistic OS executive (i.e.
264:
standard RFC 2131 (DHCP) published in 1997. The pioneering TFTP/BOOTP/DHCP approach fell short, as at the time, it did not define the required standardized client side of the provisioning environment.
1121:
In modern data centers, administrators rarely install new software via removable media such as DVDs. Instead, administrators rely on PXE (Preboot eXecution
Environment) booting to image servers.
468:(NIC) that provided a PXE Option ROM. Today the client PXE code is directly included within the NIC's own firmware or as part of the UEFI firmware on the motherboard.
1421:
492:
PXE acceptance since v2.1 has been ubiquitous; today it is virtually impossible to find a network card without PXE firmware on it. The availability of inexpensive
276:
published RFC 1350). Within the PXE schema the client side of the provisioning equation is an integral part of the PXE standard and it is implemented either as a
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PXE was conceived considering several system architectures. The version 2.1 of the specification defined architecture identifiers for six system types, including
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568:
In regard to NBP development there are several projects implementing Boot
Managers able to offer boot menu extended features, scripting capabilities, etc.:
288:
code. This distinctive firmware layer makes available at the client the functions of a basic Universal Network Device Interface (UNDI), a minimalistic
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One of the first attempts in this regard was bootstrap loading using TFTP standard RFC 906, published in 1984, which established the 1981 published
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module included in their Product Development Kit (PDK), the open source world has produced over the years non-standard derivative projects like
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53:
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100:
72:
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300:(APIs) used by the NBP when needing to interact with the services offered by the server counterpart of the PXE environment. TFTP's low
251:(TFTP) standard RFC 783 to be used as the standard file transfer protocol for bootstrap loading. It was followed shortly after by the
604:(BSDP) specification. BSDP v0.1 was initially published by Apple in August 1999 and its last v1.0.8 was published in September 2010.
79:
504:, etc.) has made PXE the fastest method available for installing an operating system on a client when competing against the classic
215:(UEFI) standard. In modern data centers, PXE is the most frequent choice for operating system booting, installation and deployment.
86:
2098:
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appropriate software images, with appropriate configuration parameters, both retrieved at boot time from one or more network
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a software assembly, retrieved from a network, on PXE-enabled clients. On the client side it requires only a PXE-capable
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Even when the original client PXE firmware has been written by Intel and always provided at no cost as a linkable IA32
239:. Additionally, the Network Bootstrap Program (NBP) which is initially downloaded and run must be built using a client
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dependent Boot Loader is downloaded and run in order to continue with the selected specific booting procedure.
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433:. Despite this apparent lack of completeness Intel has recently decided to widely support PXE within the new
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1615:
1406: – The Preboot Execution Environment specification v2.1 published by Intel & SystemSoft
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1418: – Internet-Draft 00 of the PXE Client/Server Protocol included in the PXE specification
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1622:
1198:
1140:
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Options for the Intel Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE)
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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Options for the Intel Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE)
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1500:
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472:
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185:
46:
449:; the need for options supporting PXE within the new DHCP protocol has been addressed in 2010.
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305:
235:. This goal requires a client to use a set of pre-boot services, based on industry standard
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8:
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2011:
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stack, a Preboot (DHCP) client module and a TFTP client module, together forming the PXE
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1412: – The Boot Integrity Services specification v1.0 published by Intel
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has come up with a very similar network boot approach under the umbrella of the
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1107:
The Policy Driven Data Center with ACI: Architecture, Concepts, and Methodology
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705:
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Since the beginning of computer networks, there has been a persistent need for
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Over the years several major projects have included PXE support, including:
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196:(NIC), and uses a small set of industry-standard network protocols such as
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The proxyDHCP server providing TFTP server IP address and name of the NBP
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The concept behind the PXE originated in the early days of protocols like
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The Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) was introduced as part of the
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The client's currently selected operating system image (if defined)
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240:
2179:
1919:
1898:
1849:
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1668:
1462:
1168:"Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) Specification - Version 2.1"
609:
526:
189:
24:
2232:
1961:
1926:
534:
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361:
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The original PXE client firmware extension was designed as an
169:
132:
2225:
2077:
1933:
1905:
1884:
1290:
T. Huth; J. Freimann; V. Zimmer; D. Thaler (September 2010).
1087: – PXE-based deployment for Microsoft Windows
955:
T. Huth; J. Freimann; V. Zimmer; D. Thaler (September 2010).
430:
422:
272:
255:
standard RFC 951 (BOOTP), published in 1985, which allowed a
208:
397:
The classic DHCP server providing IP address, IP mask, etc.
2170:
2163:
2132:
1954:
1608:
1585:
1578:
582:
578:
480:
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457:
442:
434:
369:
285:
281:
212:
1378:"NetBoot 2.0: Boot Server Discovery Protocol (BSDP) v1.08"
1354:"NetBoot 2.0: Boot Server Discovery Protocol (BSDP) v0.1"
1069:(SDI) – primarily with Microsoft products
509:
297:
160:
1339:
505:
715:
1199:"Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification"
1134:"Wired for Management Baseline - Version 2.0 Release"
464:(PC) was originally made PXE-capable by installing a
166:
163:
157:
154:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
883:
348:(RAM) using TFTP, possibly verifies it (i.e. UEFI
1424: – A catalogue of PXE error codes
2320:
211:/DHCP/TFTP, and as of 2015 it forms part of the
1228:. Intel Corporation. 2014-02-02. Archived from
1173:. Intel Corporation. 1999-09-20. Archived from
1139:. Intel Corporation. 1998-12-18. Archived from
642:
1834:
1057: – Apple network boot protocol
1443:
648:
684:
429:. However, PXE v2.1 only completely covered
1252:
1191:
923:
716:Bill Croft; John Gilmore (September 1985).
2045:
1450:
1436:
1253:M. Johnston (June 2006). S. Venaas (ed.).
997:
924:M. Johnston (June 2006). S. Venaas (ed.).
767:
630:
616:A list of bootable operating system images
184:.) specification describes a standardized
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1162:
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1013:
970:
935:
895:
843:
779:
727:
696:
660:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1457:
1098:
831:
383:
131:
1104:
1075: – UEFI network booting
592:
2321:
1370:
1283:
1246:
1157:
1126:
406:only to PXE identified booting clients
19:For an episode of the animated series
2359:Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1431:
1346:
1105:Avramov, Lucien (December 31, 2014).
1073:Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1051: – diskless computers
213:Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1223:"UEFI PXE Boot Performance Analysis"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1416:Intel Preboot Execution Environment
1332:
835:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
562:System Center Configuration Manager
262:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
13:
619:The default operating system image
523:All the major Linux distributions.
298:application programming interfaces
16:Standard for booting from a server
14:
2370:
1397:
884:G. Malkin; A. Harkin (May 1998).
304:, especially when used over high-
1519:
284:extension or current devices in
150:
34:
1383:. Apple Corporation. 2010-09-17
1359:. Apple Corporation. 2003-12-02
1298:Internet Engineering Task Force
1293:DHCPv6 Options for Network Boot
1055:Boot Service Discovery Protocol
1006:Internet Engineering Task Force
963:Internet Engineering Task Force
958:DHCPv6 Options for Network Boot
416:
69:"Preboot Execution Environment"
45:needs additional citations for
771:THE TFTP PROTOCOL (REVISION 2)
652:THE TFTP PROTOCOL (REVISION 2)
608:included a system tool called
602:Boot Server Discovery Protocol
379:
249:Trivial File Transfer Protocol
1:
2157:Preboot Execution Environment
1762:Run-Time Abstraction Services
1092:
487:
142:Preboot eXecution Environment
1616:MultiProcessor Specification
688:Bootstrap Loading using TFTP
643:IETF standards documentation
555:Microsoft Deployment Toolkit
542:Remote Installation Services
466:network interface controller
194:network interface controller
7:
2329:Computer network technology
2187:Remote Initial Program Load
1784:Common Firmware Environment
1109:. Cisco Press. p. 43.
1085:Windows Deployment Services
1061:Remote Initial Program Load
1041:
998:P. Masotta (January 2015).
649:K. R. Sollins (June 1981).
549:Windows Deployment Services
399:to all booting DHCP clients
218:
10:
2375:
1776:Hybrid firmware bootloader
1517:
719:BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP)
685:R. Finlayson (June 1984).
312:
148:(most often pronounced as
18:
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2203:
2146:
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2062:
2055:
2021:
1989:
1825:Comparison of bootloaders
1807:
1775:
1660:
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1538:
1528:
1469:
1259:. Network Working Group.
930:. Network Working Group.
890:. Network Working Group.
838:. Network Working Group.
774:. Network Working Group.
722:. Network Working Group.
691:. Network Working Group.
655:. Network Working Group.
136:A high-level PXE overview
768:K. Sollins (July 1992).
445:, DHCP has evolved into
388:DHCP vs proxyDHCP Server
180:, often called PXE Boot/
1713:Phoenix SecureCore UEFI
1067:System Deployment Image
832:R. Droms (March 1997).
631:Descendant environments
257:diskless client machine
1001:TFTP Windowsize Option
864:. Updated by RFC
800:. Updated by RFC
677:Obsoleted by RFC
389:
325:single-board computers
278:Network Interface Card
137:
1340:"Etherboot/gPXE Wiki"
916:. Obsoletes RFC
887:TFTP Blocksize Option
794:Internet Standard 33.
387:
135:
2334:Networking standards
2032:EFI system partition
1998:GUID Partition Table
1948:Windows Boot Manager
1818:Bootloader unlocking
1630:Legacy Plug and Play
1554:Open-source firmware
1547:Proprietary firmware
744:Updated by RFC
593:Sibling environments
346:random-access memory
269:Wired for Management
54:improve this article
2039:BIOS boot partition
2012:Apple Partition Map
1843:Acronis OS Selector
1683:American Megatrends
860:Obsoletes RFC
796:Obsoletes RFC
441:With the advent of
2300:Power-on self-test
2005:Master boot record
1328:Proposed Standard.
1204:. UEFI. 2013-12-02
1036:Proposed Standard.
993:Proposed Standard.
473:object code format
390:
253:Bootstrap Protocol
244:interoperability.
227:systems which can
140:In computing, the
138:
2339:Network protocols
2316:
2315:
2142:
2141:
1990:Partition layouts
1985:
1984:
1969:Plop Boot Manager
1771:
1770:
1410:BIS specification
1404:PXE specification
912:Updates RFC
462:personal computer
331:(SoC) computers.
237:network protocols
188:environment that
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937:10.17487/RFC4578
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897:10.17487/RFC2348
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845:10.17487/RFC2131
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781:10.17487/RFC1350
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729:10.17487/RFC0951
709:
700:
698:10.17487/RFC0906
673:
664:
662:10.17487/RFC0783
496:hardware (NICs,
494:Gigabit Ethernet
329:system-on-a-chip
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1835:Implementations
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1515:
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1499:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1465:
1456:
1422:PXE error codes
1400:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:. Etherboo.org.
1338:
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1333:
1288:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1238:
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1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
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1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1044:
910:Draft Standard.
858:Draft Standard.
742:Draft Standard.
645:
633:
606:Mac OS X Server
595:
514:USB flash drive
490:
419:
382:
315:
221:
153:
149:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2372:
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2314:
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2311:
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2303:
2296:
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2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2246:
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2240:
2239:
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2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
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2174:
2167:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
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2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2112:
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2105:
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2102:
2088:
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2074:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1987:
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1983:
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1972:
1965:
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1951:
1944:
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1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
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1874:
1867:
1860:
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1829:
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1805:
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1801:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1773:
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1700:
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1605:
1598:
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1526:
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1518:
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1497:
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1488:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1455:
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1447:
1440:
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1426:
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1419:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1398:External links
1396:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1345:
1331:
1282:
1279:Informational.
1245:
1214:
1190:
1156:
1125:
1116:978-1587144905
1115:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1049:Diskless nodes
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
995:
952:
950:Informational.
921:
881:
829:
784:. STD 33.
765:
713:
682:
644:
641:
632:
629:
624:
623:
620:
617:
594:
591:
586:
585:
576:
566:
565:
558:
552:
545:
538:
524:
516:alternatives.
489:
486:
456:for the IA-32
418:
415:
410:
409:
402:
381:
378:
314:
311:
220:
217:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
21:Adventure Time
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2371:
2360:
2357:
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2255:
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2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
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2202:
2195:
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2184:
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2177:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
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2149:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
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2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
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2054:
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2013:
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1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
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1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:BootX (Linux)
1868:
1865:
1864:BootX (Apple)
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
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1812:
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1792:
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1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
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1691:
1687:
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1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1648:
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1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:Open Firmware
1599:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1555:
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1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1379:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1235:on 2014-08-08
1231:
1224:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1180:on 2013-11-02
1176:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1146:on 2017-02-22
1142:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:(RIPL or RPL)
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
994:
989:
986:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
959:
953:
951:
946:
943:
938:
933:
929:
928:
922:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
898:
893:
889:
888:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
846:
841:
837:
836:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
787:
782:
777:
773:
772:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
730:
725:
721:
720:
714:
712:
707:
704:
699:
694:
690:
689:
683:
680:
676:
671:
668:
663:
658:
654:
653:
647:
646:
640:
637:
628:
621:
618:
615:
614:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
590:
584:
580:
577:
575:
571:
570:
569:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
531:HPE Integrity
528:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
407:
403:
400:
396:
395:
394:
386:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:, or a basic
355:
351:
347:
341:
338:
332:
330:
326:
321:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:framework by
270:
265:
263:
258:
254:
250:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:client–server
183:
179:
174:
147:
143:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2204:ROM variants
2156:
2148:Network boot
2126:Raspberry Pi
1892:systemd-boot
1385:. Retrieved
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1348:
1334:
1327:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1255:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1193:
1182:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1148:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1128:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1035:
1000:
992:
957:
949:
926:
909:
886:
857:
834:
793:
770:
741:
718:
710:
687:
674:
651:
634:
625:
596:
587:
567:
518:
491:
470:
451:
440:
420:
417:Availability
411:
405:
398:
391:
358:Linux kernel
342:
333:
316:
266:
246:
222:
206:
181:
177:
145:
141:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
20:
2258:ROM hacking
2194:Wake-on-LAN
1857:BootManager
1809:Bootloaders
1079:Wake-on-LAN
380:Integration
350:Secure Boot
2323:Categories
2293:Instant-on
2279:Devicetree
2119:Bus Pirate
2023:Partitions
1791:Das U-Boot
1676:Award BIOS
1593:Video BIOS
1571:Interfaces
1387:2014-04-04
1363:2014-04-04
1239:2014-04-04
1208:2014-04-04
1184:2014-02-08
1150:2014-02-08
1093:References
560:Microsoft
547:Microsoft
540:Microsoft
488:Acceptance
454:Option ROM
337:broadcasts
327:(SBC) and
302:throughput
182:pixie boot
80:newspapers
2265:ROM image
2056:Utilities
1913:OpeniBoot
1755:Kickstart
1748:LinuxBoot
1741:Libreboot
1706:InsydeH2O
1697:AMI Aptio
1637:AlphaBIOS
1470:Processes
1316:2070-1721
1024:2070-1721
981:2070-1721
636:Microsoft
572:Syslinux
537:hardware.
427:DEC Alpha
354:WindowsPE
320:footprint
2349:Firmware
2307:EDL mode
2286:Fastboot
2251:Boot ROM
2111:Hardware
2099:Heimdall
2085:UEFITool
2071:flashrom
2063:Software
1941:SYSLINUX
1878:GNU GRUB
1734:Coreboot
1727:OpenBIOS
1531:firmware
1529:Booting
1459:Firmware
1300:(IETF).
1042:See also
1008:(IETF).
965:(IETF).
711:Unknown.
675:Unknown.
574:PXELINUX
498:switches
241:firmware
219:Overview
110:May 2021
2243:Related
2180:NetBoot
1920:RedBoot
1899:loadlin
1850:Barebox
1690:AMIBIOS
1669:SeaBIOS
1508:Android
1478:Windows
1463:booting
610:NetBoot
527:OpenVMS
502:routers
460:, so a
313:Details
306:latency
233:servers
94:scholar
25:Preboot
2233:EEPROM
2133:ft2232
2046:/boot/
1962:Yaboot
1927:rEFInd
1314:
1113:
1022:
979:
564:(SCCM)
535:x86-64
512:, and
447:DHCPv6
362:initrd
318:small-
280:(NIC)
225:client
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
23:, see
2226:EPROM
2078:fwupd
1934:rEFIt
1906:NTLDR
1885:iBoot
1539:Types
1501:Linux
1381:(Doc)
1357:(Doc)
1233:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1202:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1081:(WOL)
598:Apple
557:(MDT)
551:(WDS)
544:(RIS)
431:IA-32
423:IA-64
372:, or
273:Intel
209:BOOTP
190:boots
178:pixie
101:JSTOR
87:books
2354:BIOS
2219:PROM
2171:iPXE
2164:gPXE
2092:Odin
1976:MILO
1955:xOSL
1798:ARCS
1609:ACPI
1586:BIOS
1579:UEFI
1461:and
1323:5970
1312:ISSN
1274:4578
1111:ISBN
1031:7440
1020:ISSN
988:5970
977:ISSN
945:4578
918:1783
914:1350
905:2348
878:6842
876:and
874:5494
870:4361
866:3396
862:1541
853:2131
826:2349
824:and
822:2348
818:2347
814:1785
810:1784
806:1783
802:1782
789:1350
762:5494
760:and
758:1542
754:1532
750:1497
746:1395
679:1350
583:iPXE
579:gPXE
533:and
481:iPXE
477:gPXE
458:BIOS
443:IPv6
435:UEFI
425:and
370:CIFS
366:HTTP
286:UEFI
282:BIOS
229:boot
202:TFTP
200:and
198:DHCP
73:news
2212:ROM
1651:SFI
1644:SRM
1623:APM
1320:RFC
1302:doi
1271:RFC
1261:doi
1028:RFC
1010:doi
985:RFC
967:doi
942:RFC
932:doi
902:RFC
892:doi
850:RFC
840:doi
798:783
786:RFC
776:doi
737:951
734:RFC
724:doi
706:906
703:RFC
693:doi
670:783
667:RFC
657:doi
529:on
510:DVD
376:).
374:NFS
290:UDP
146:PXE
56:by
2325::
1492:NT
1485:9x
1318:.
1310:.
1296:.
1269:.
1159:^
1119:.
1026:.
1018:.
1004:.
983:.
975:.
961:.
940:.
900:.
872:,
868:,
848:.
820:,
816:,
812:,
808:,
804:,
756:,
752:,
748:,
732:.
701:.
665:.
508:,
506:CD
500:,
368:,
294:IP
204:.
170:iː
144:,
1451:e
1444:t
1437:v
1390:.
1366:.
1325:.
1304::
1276:.
1263::
1242:.
1211:.
1187:.
1153:.
1033:.
1012::
990:.
969::
947:.
934::
920:.
907:.
894::
880:.
855:.
842::
828:.
791:.
778::
764:.
739:.
726::
708:.
695::
681:.
672:.
659::
581:/
479:/
408:.
401:.
360:+
292:/
173:/
167:s
164:k
161:ɪ
158:p
155:ˈ
152:/
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
