724:. There are also less "rational" reasons for overspecifying hardware which quite often come into play: departments wastefully using up budgets in order to retain their current budget levels for next year; and uncertainty about the future, or lack of technical knowledge, or lack of care and attention, when choosing PC specifications. Taking all these factors into account, thin clients may bring the most substantial savings, as only the servers are likely to be substantially "gold-plated" and/or "future-proofed" in the thin client model.
288:
1947:
391:
the client storage if any). It can also be a portion of the client RAM. This write cache can be persistent or volatile. When volatile, all the data that has been written by a specific client to the virtual disk are dismissed when said client is rebooted, and yet, user data can remain persistent if recorded in user (roaming) profiles or home folders (that are stored on remote servers). The two major commercial products (the one from
20:
1120:
604:(physically transferring the data over the network) and contention latencies (waiting for the server to process other nodes' requests before yours) can lead to an unacceptable degradation in performance compared to using local drives, depending on the nature of the application and the capacity of the network infrastructure and the server.
172:(such as ordinary personal computers) and centralized computing, using central storage for efficiency, but not requiring centralized processing, and making efficient use of the powerful processing power of even the slowest of contemporary CPUs, which would tend to sit idle for much of the time under the centralized computing model.
1153:
478:
made during operation (due to user action, worms, viruses, etc.) can be either wiped out when the power is removed (if the image is copied to a local RAM disk) such as
Windows XP Embedded remote boot or prohibited entirely (if the image is a network filesystem). This allows use in public access areas
493:
Modern diskless nodes can share the very same disk image, using a 1:N relationship (1 disk image used simultaneously by N diskless nodes). This makes it very easy to install and maintain software applications: The administrator needs to install or maintain the application only once, and the clients
390:
This third approach makes it easier to use client OS than having a complete disk image in RAM or using a read-only file system. In this approach, the system uses some "write cache" that stores every data that a diskless node has written. This write cache is usually a file, stored on a server (or on
540:
which allow hot-adding of storage without any interruption. Further, it means that losses of disk drives to mechanical or electrical failure—which are statistically highly probable events over a timeframe of years, with a large number of disks involved—are often both less likely to happen (because
368:
In the third approach, disk operations are virtualized and are actually translated into a network protocol. The data that is usually stored in a disk drive are then stored in virtual disks files homed on a server. The disk operations such as requests to read/write disk sectors are translated into
730:
is not much of an issue for thin clients, which are likely to remain useful for the entirety of their replacement cycle - one to four years, or even longer - as the burden is on the servers. There are issues when it comes to diskless nodes, as the processing load is potentially much higher, thus
716:
and elaborate audio support are not usually provided. Of course, a diskless node can also be purchased with a cheap CPU and minimal multimedia support, if suitable. Thus, cost savings may be smaller than they first appear for some organizations. However, many large organizations habitually buy
648:
load of diskless nodes is distributed. Each user gets its own processing isolated environment, barely affecting other users in the network, as long as their workload is not filesystem-intensive. Thin clients rely on the central server for the processing and thus require a fast server. When the
597:(i.e. capacity) will also be used in a diskless model, compared to a fat client model. This does not necessarily mean that a higher capacity network infrastructure will need to be installed—it could simply mean that a higher proportion of the existing network capacity will be used.
612:
Another example of a situation where a diskless node would be useful is in a possibly hazardous environment where computers are likely to be damaged or destroyed, thus making the need for inexpensive nodes, and minimal hardware a benefit. Again, thin clients can also be used here.
142:, in which all significant processing happens remotely, on the server—the only software that runs on a thin client is the "thin" (i.e. relatively small and simple) client software, which handles simple input/output tasks to communicate with the user, such as drawing a
1115:, Flaherty, James E. & Abrahams, Alan, "Remote bootstrapping a node over communication link by initially requesting remote storage access program which emulates local disk to load other programs", published 1992-09-08, assigned to
321:
boot ROM. Diskless network booting is commonly a built-in feature of desktop and laptop PCs intended for business use, since it can be used on an otherwise disk-booted standard desktop computer to remotely run diagnostics, to install software, or to apply a
473:
With essentially a single OS image for an array of machines (with perhaps some customizations for differences in hardware configurations among the nodes), installing software and maintaining installed software can be more efficient. Furthermore, any
738:
potentially, since much data is simply read by the server and processed there, and only transferred to the client in small pieces, as and when needed for display. Also, transferring graphical data to the display is usually more suited for efficient
494:
can get the new application as soon as they boot off the updated image. Disk image sharing is made possible because they use the write cache: No client competes for any writing in a shared disk image, because each client writes to its own cache.
731:
meaning more consideration is required when purchasing. Thin client networks may require significantly more powerful servers in the future, whereas a diskless nodes network may in future need a server upgrade, a client upgrade, or both.
356:
In the second approach, the kernel of the OS is loaded, and part of the system's memory is configured as a large RAM disk, and then the remainder of the OS image is fetched and loaded into the RAM disk. This is the implementation that
447:
product line: Windows 95 OSR2 and
Windows 98 were supported by Qualystem and Lanworks, Windows NT was supported by APCT and Ardence (called VenturCom at that time), and Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista/Windows 7 are supported by
490:(with the help of appropriate software) can be configured to download and reinstall their operating systems on (e.g.) a nightly basis, with extra work compared to using shared disk image that diskless nodes boot off.
317:(BOOTP) network protocols are commonly used to find a server with files for booting the device. Standard full-size desktop PCs are able to be network-booted in this manner with an add-on network card that includes a
677:
can be added. By contrast, thin clients are typically very small, sealed boxes with no possibility for internal expansion, and limited or non-existent possibility for external expansion. Even if e.g. a
497:
All the modern diskless nodes systems can also use a 1:1 Client-to-DiskImage relationship, where one client "owns" one disk image and writes directly into said disk image. No write cache is used then.
751:, or user data. In many typical application scenarios, both total bandwidth consumption and "burst" consumption would be expected to be less for an efficient thin client, than for a diskless node.
649:
central server is busy and slow, both kinds of clients will be affected, but thin clients will be slowed completely, whereas diskless nodes will only be slowed when accessing data on the server.
586:
Indeed, user data may be much more significant in size and may be accessed far more frequently than operating systems and programs in some environments, so moving to a diskless model will not
95:
Advantages of diskless nodes can include lower production cost, lower running costs, quieter operation, and manageability advantages (for example, centrally managed software installation).
632:
Both thin client and diskless node architectures employ diskless clients which have advantages over fat clients (see above), but differ with regard to the location of processing.
373:
Image
Manager, Ardence, VHD Central Management System and various "boot over iSCSI" products. This third approach differs from the first approach because what is remote is not a
541:
there are typically fewer disk drives that can fail) and less likely to cause interruption (because they would likely be part of RAID arrays). This also means that the nodes
1148:, Abdous, Arave; Demortain, Stephane & Dalongvile, Didier, "Remote booting of an operating system by a network", published 1996-11-19, assigned to
567:
Large numbers of nodes making demands on the same server simultaneously can slow down everyone's experience. However, this can be mitigated by installing large amounts of
686:
attached to a thin client, the thin client software might not support peripherals beyond the basic input and output devices - for example, it may not be compatible with
564:
However, this storage efficiency can come at a price. As often happens in computing, increased storage efficiency sometimes comes at the price of decreased performance.
165:
and text terminals can both require powerful central processing facilities in the servers, in order to perform all significant processing tasks for all of the clients.
504:
The administrator makes a copy of the shared disk image that he/she wants to update (this can be done easily because the disk image file is opened only for reading)
302:
284:
in many modern computers can be configured to locate a server and begin the bootup process automatically, without the need to insert bootable media.
1194:
1034:
475:
329:
After the bootstrapping process has been initiated, as described above, bootstrapping will take place according to one of three main approaches.
882:
858:
369:
corresponding network requests and processed by a service or daemon running on the server side. This is the implementation that is used by
575:
performance), by adding more servers (which distributes the I/O workload), or by adding more disks to a RAID array (which distributes the
829:
510:
The administrator makes any modification to the disk image (for instance install a new software application, apply patches or hotfixes)
804:
1255:
1006:
981:
528:
The use of central disk storage also makes more efficient use of disk storage. This can cut storage costs, freeing up capital to
443:), APCT and Xtreamining Technology have developed and marketed software products aimed to remote-boot newer versions of the
381:) and that the client OS is not aware that it is not running off a hard disk. This is why this approach is sometimes named "
1209:
958:
717:
hardware with a higher than necessary specification to meet the needs of particular applications and uses, or to ensure
1170:. 7th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. Archived from
659:-rich applications that would be bandwidth intensive if fully served. For example, diskless nodes are well suited for
1162:
1068:
908:
507:
The administrator boots a diskless node in 1:1 mode (unshared mode) from the copy of the disk image he/she just made
80:
may either just mean diskless node, or it may be used in a more particular sense to mean a diskless node which runs
1264:
933:
407:
client OS use such write caches. The Citrix product cannot use persistent write cache, but VHD and HP product can.
1972:
1102:
486:
However, it is not necessary to implement network booting to achieve either of the above advantages - ordinary
1951:
1116:
794:
page 166, Managing NFS and NIS, By Mike Eisler, Ricardo
Labiaga, Hal Stern, O'Reilly Media, Inc., Jul 1, 2001
776:
771:
334:
318:
310:
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client-server network to some extent, since, of course, fat clients also use servers to store user data.
1048:
1695:
1145:
1112:
1085:
Proceedings of the twenty-second SIGCSE technical symposium on
Computer science education - SIGCSE '91
886:
338:
617:
1932:
1743:
1355:
1241:
127:
123:
1568:
138:, but do not store data persistently—that task is handed off to a server. This is distinct from
1705:
1620:
1405:
868:
616:
Diskless machines may also consume little power and make little noise, which implies potential
1077:
837:
153:
A collective term encompassing both thin client computing, and its technological predecessor,
106:
locally—again, for manageability reasons. However, these are not diskless nodes if they still
1915:
1888:
1748:
1710:
1653:
1477:
601:
342:
180:
158:
103:
1087:. Twenty-second SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education. pp. 199–204.
483:) or in schools etc., where users might wish to experiment or attempt to "hack" the system.
272:. In some cases, removable storage may be used to initiate the bootstrap process, such as a
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1643:
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568:
537:
131:
85:
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8:
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may be created to store temporary files locally.) This approach is sometimes called the "
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1920:
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The administrator shutdowns the diskless node that was using the disk image in 1:1 mode
314:
102:
are used in a similar configuration, with some or all applications stored remotely but
56:
1908:
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154:
135:
99:
1783:
1766:
1546:
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1133:
1088:
883:"HP Networking: switches, routers, wired, wireless, HP TippingPoint Security – HP®"
748:
740:
621:
68:
52:
341:
is loaded into memory and then the rest of the operating system is accessed via a
1903:
1893:
1883:
1720:
1700:
1612:
1412:
1385:
718:
713:
687:
449:
392:
273:
269:
48:
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The diskless nodes use the shared disk image (1:N) as soon as they are rebooted.
1852:
1482:
1455:
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691:
440:
396:
147:
117:
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on thin clients, since processing requirements on the client are minimal, and
1966:
1867:
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1635:
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1504:
1395:
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1335:
1276:
1233:
1190:
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695:
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The operating system (OS) for a diskless node is loaded from a server, using
456:
which had previously acquired
Qualystem) and Citrix Systems (which acquired
1898:
1831:
1800:
1673:
1668:
1521:
1516:
1360:
660:
1171:
1093:
1658:
1590:
1429:
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1345:
1325:
1210:"Management of Diskless Windows 2000 and XP Stations from a Linux Server"
1149:
912:
761:
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553:
374:
298:
287:
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185:
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139:
89:
40:
937:
1805:
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674:
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546:
529:
500:
Making a modification in a shared disk image is usually made this way:
416:
Windows 3.x and
Windows 95 OSR1 supported Remote Boot operations, from
378:
323:
225:
204:
196:
169:
143:
111:
44:
353:
root" technique when used with Linux or Unix client operating systems.
1927:
1793:
1778:
1600:
1575:
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with no hard drives supplied, which means the usual large variety of
480:
425:
358:
346:
1137:
66:
Diskless nodes (or computers acting as such) are sometimes known as
1715:
1648:
1526:
1509:
1450:
1340:
579:
I/O workload). In any case this is also a problem which can affect
281:
1625:
1595:
1499:
1039:
702:
635:
457:
453:
432:
417:
370:
293:
107:
19:
1555:
1007:"RAM Boot Using SDI in Windows XP Embedded with Service Pack 1"
297:
book-size LAN station was an early diskless system based on an
1228:
404:
24:
1160:
669:
Diskless nodes are typically ordinary personal computers or
571:
on the server (which speeds up read operations by improving
431:
Third party software vendors such as
Qualystem (acquired by
399:) that allow the deployment of Diskless Nodes that can boot
118:
Distinction between diskless nodes and centralized computing
909:"Explanation of How Windows NT Server 4.0 Remoteboot Works"
533:
436:
934:"DEC Pathworks Remote Boot Workstations Under Windows 3.1"
1144:
679:
1132:(Report). Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge.
468:
63:, if its disks are unused and network booting is used.)
532:
in more reliable, modern storage technologies, such as
655:. Diskless nodes have advantages over thin clients in
98:
In many universities and in some large organizations,
663:
because the rendering is local, lowering the latency.
559:
1195:
Operating systems support for the Desk Area
Network
168:Diskless nodes can be seen as a compromise between
1161:Lee, Edward K.; Thekkath, Chandramohan A. (1996).
1076:Foster, Louis A.; Hughes, Noramn L. (March 1991).
600:Finally, the combination of network data transfer
333:In the first approach (used, for example, by the
16:Computer workstation operated without disk drives
1964:
1130:A Workstation Architecture to Support Multimedia
1111:
516:The administrator shares the modified disk image
859:"Windows 95: Server-Based Setup for Windows 95"
627:
590:cause a noticeable degradation in performance.
545:are less likely to have hardware failures than
1263:
703:Advantages of thin clients over diskless nodes
636:Advantages of diskless nodes over thin clients
463:
1249:
1188:
1065:Diskless Workstations in a Local Area Network
1075:
982:"Deploying Windows XP Embedded Remote Boot"
979:
552:Diskless nodes share these advantages with
1256:
1242:
998:
875:
263:
1092:
973:
926:
901:
851:
824:
822:
411:
797:
743:and optimisation technologies (see e.g.
286:
18:
1078:"Making Files Real With a Virtual Disk"
1071:, department of Electrical Engineering.
1032:
936:. support.microsoft.com. Archived from
911:. support.microsoft.com. Archived from
536:which support redundant operation, and
1965:
1127:
819:
523:
245:Local general-purpose processing used
1237:
1212:(Press release). 2004. Archived from
469:Software installation and maintenance
23:A Sun-2/50 diskless workstation from
1128:Hayter, Mark David (November 1993).
1067:(License of Science in Technology).
1062:
1004:
885:. h17007.www1.hp.com. Archived from
276:, or other bootable media such as a
980:Chamberlain, Mark (February 2004).
951:
607:
345:connection to the server. (A small
301:processor and produced by Taiwan's
13:
1035:"File Servers versus Disk Servers"
736:less network bandwidth consumption
560:Performance of centralized storage
319:Universal Network Device Interface
59:. (A computer may also be said to
14:
1984:
1221:
1069:Helsinki University of Technology
809:Windows Embedded Developer Center
1946:
1945:
1164:Petal: Distributed Virtual Disks
1227:Network Block Device home page
963:APCT - Advanced PC Technologies
830:"VHD Central Management System"
377:but actually a disk device (or
805:"Remote Boot Feature Overview"
788:
747:) than transferring arbitrary
620:and makes them ideal for some
309:For network auto-booting, the
1:
1117:Digital Equipment Corporation
1026:
777:Preboot Execution Environment
772:Diskless Remote Boot in Linux
653:Better multimedia performance
335:Linux Terminal Server Project
311:Preboot Execution Environment
43:or personal computer without
1005:Syed, Saad (November 2002).
628:Comparison with thin clients
385:" or "Network Virtual Disk".
7:
1229:http://nbd.sourceforge.net/
1012:Microsoft Developer Network
987:Microsoft Developer Network
755:
464:Comparison with fat clients
150:or waiting for user input.
10:
1989:
1696:Personal digital assistant
734:Thin client networks have
280:, CD or DVD. However, the
157:(which are text-only), is
1941:
1876:
1845:
1822:
1757:
1729:
1634:
1611:
1554:
1545:
1438:
1378:
1371:
1291:
1284:
1275:
435:), LanWorks (acquired by
395:, and the other one from
326:to the local hard drive.
1197:(Report). Archived from
834:Xtreaming Technology Inc
782:
439:), Ardence (acquired by
424:NT Servers and even DEC
92:computing architecture.
1933:Wireless sensor network
1063:Kari, Hannu H. (1989).
264:Principles of operation
126:, thus using their own
122:Diskless nodes process
1706:Portable data terminal
618:environmental benefits
412:Diskless Windows nodes
306:
61:act as a diskless node
28:
1973:Diskless workstations
1889:Information appliance
1711:Portable media player
1654:Handheld game console
1094:10.1145/107004.107039
1033:Maroney, Tim (1987).
538:storage area networks
290:
181:Centralized computing
159:centralized computing
22:
1664:Mobile data terminal
1644:Electronic organizer
1316:Intelligent terminal
767:Network block device
365:remote boot feature.
88:remotely, as in the
37:diskless workstation
1047:(4). Archived from
710:hardware is cheaper
524:Centralized storage
363:Windows XP Embedded
361:has chosen for its
1921:Computer-on-module
1779:Digital wristwatch
1581:Mobile workstation
1351:Video game console
1311:Internet appliance
667:Peripheral support
343:network filesystem
315:Bootstrap Protocol
307:
303:Flytech Technology
29:
1960:
1959:
1909:Rugged smartphone
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1495:Small form factor
1321:Interactive kiosk
1193:(July 24, 1996).
1140:. UCAM-CL-TR-319.
864:Microsoft TechNet
595:network bandwidth
401:Microsoft Windows
383:Virtual Hard Disk
261:
260:
69:network computers
1980:
1949:
1948:
1784:Calculator watch
1767:Activity tracker
1552:
1551:
1376:
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1123:
1119:
1108:
1096:
1082:
1072:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1021:
1020:
1015:. Archived from
1002:
996:
995:
990:. Archived from
977:
971:
970:
965:. Archived from
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
889:on 22 March 2014
879:
873:
872:
867:. Archived from
855:
849:
848:
846:
845:
836:. Archived from
826:
817:
816:
811:. Archived from
801:
795:
792:
741:data compression
722:(see next point)
688:graphics tablets
642:Distributed load
622:computer cluster
608:Other advantages
452:(which acquired
175:
174:
53:operating system
47:, which employs
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
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1977:
1963:
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1894:Microcontroller
1884:Embedded system
1872:
1841:
1810:
1753:
1725:
1721:Ultra-mobile PC
1630:
1607:
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1367:
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1201:
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1174:
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1138:10.48456/tr-319
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1024:
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978:
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828:
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802:
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728:Future proofing
719:future proofing
714:3D acceleration
705:
692:digital cameras
638:
630:
610:
562:
526:
471:
466:
450:Hewlett-Packard
414:
409:
393:Hewlett-Packard
274:USB flash drive
270:network booting
266:
193:Dataless node
183:
120:
84:, but not all,
49:network booting
17:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
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1406:Personal super
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1301:Arcade cabinet
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1265:Computer sizes
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1223:
1222:External links
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:on 2010-02-10.
1206:
1204:on 2003-10-21.
1191:McAuley, Derek
1186:
1158:
1142:
1125:
1109:
1103:
1073:
1060:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1019:on 2012-10-13.
997:
994:on 2012-05-15.
972:
969:on 2001-02-22.
950:
925:
900:
874:
871:on 2006-11-24.
850:
818:
815:on 2008-04-23.
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682:device can be
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624:applications.
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476:system changes
470:
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441:Citrix Systems
413:
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397:Citrix Systems
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207:used for data
200:
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190:Diskless node
188:
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155:text terminals
119:
116:
74:hybrid clients
15:
9:
6:
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1336:Smart speaker
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1306:Diskless node
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1189:Leslie, Ian;
1187:
1177:on 2011-04-01
1173:
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1051:on 2006-04-28
1050:
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959:"AbsolutBoot"
954:
940:on 2014-03-23
939:
935:
929:
915:on 2014-03-23
914:
910:
904:
888:
884:
878:
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866:
865:
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840:on 2014-03-23
839:
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745:NX technology
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137:
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110:from a local
109:
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101:
96:
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87:
83:
79:
78:Hybrid client
75:
71:
70:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:diskless node
26:
21:
1916:Single-board
1801:Smartglasses
1744:Programmable
1669:Mobile phone
1522:Blade server
1361:Microconsole
1356:Home console
1305:
1214:the original
1202:(Postscript)
1199:the original
1179:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1163:
1084:
1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1044:
1038:
1017:the original
1010:
1000:
992:the original
985:
975:
967:the original
962:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
928:
917:. Retrieved
913:the original
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
877:
869:the original
862:
853:
842:. Retrieved
838:the original
833:
813:the original
808:
799:
790:
735:
727:
721:
709:
683:
671:workstations
666:
661:video gaming
652:
645:
641:
631:
615:
611:
599:
592:
587:
585:
580:
576:
566:
563:
554:thin clients
551:
542:
527:
499:
496:
492:
485:
472:
430:
415:
389:
328:
308:
292:
267:
228:used for OS
167:
163:Thin clients
152:
140:thin clients
121:
97:
94:
86:applications
81:
77:
73:
67:
65:
60:
51:to load its
36:
32:
30:
1659:Handheld PC
1591:Subnotebook
1569:Convertible
1430:Workstation
1423:Home server
1346:Thin client
1326:Rich client
762:Thin client
675:peripherals
588:necessarily
547:fat clients
534:RAID arrays
375:file system
305:circa 1991.
299:Intel 80286
278:floppy disk
226:hard drives
205:hard drives
186:Thin client
170:fat clients
90:thin client
45:disk drives
41:workstation
1806:Smart ring
1794:Sportwatch
1789:Smartwatch
1772:Smart band
1749:Scientific
1731:Calculator
1691:Palmtop PC
1684:Smartphone
1621:Detachable
1446:All-in-one
1396:Industrial
1293:Appliances
1181:2009-07-21
1146:US 5577210
1113:US 5146568
1104:0897913779
1055:2007-07-23
1027:References
944:2014-03-22
919:2014-03-22
844:2014-03-22
684:physically
657:multimedia
646:processing
543:themselves
379:raw device
324:disk image
197:Fat client
144:dialog box
112:hard drive
1928:Smartdust
1863:Minisuper
1858:Mainframe
1837:Supermini
1601:Smartbook
1576:Cloudbook
1478:Pizza box
1372:Computers
1331:Simulator
1150:Bull S.A.
602:latencies
481:libraries
479:(such as
428:servers.
426:Pathworks
420:servers,
359:Microsoft
313:(PXE) or
1967:Category
1952:Category
1824:Midrange
1759:Wearable
1739:Graphing
1716:Siftable
1649:E-reader
1636:Handheld
1586:Notebook
1527:Blade PC
1510:Stick PC
1490:Portable
1473:Deskside
1456:Tabletop
1401:Personal
1341:Smart TV
893:22 March
756:See also
749:programs
696:scanners
593:Greater
577:physical
347:RAM disk
282:firmware
136:software
104:executed
1679:Feature
1626:Phablet
1596:Netbook
1500:Mini PC
1468:Desktop
1461:Surface
1439:By size
1269:classes
1040:MacTech
573:caching
458:Ardence
454:Neoware
445:Windows
433:Neoware
422:Windows
418:NetWare
371:Neoware
337:), the
294:Carry-I
148:display
146:on the
134:to run
55:from a
39:) is a
1950:
1904:Rugged
1877:Others
1701:Pocket
1674:Camera
1613:Tablet
1564:2-in-1
1556:Laptop
1547:Mobile
1418:Server
1413:Public
1386:Gaming
1379:By use
1285:Static
1155:
1122:
1101:
530:invest
339:kernel
224:Local
203:Local
57:server
27:series
1868:Super
1846:Large
1483:Tower
1451:Panel
1277:Micro
1175:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1081:(PDF)
783:Notes
405:Linux
25:Sun-2
1899:Nano
1853:Grid
1832:Mini
1517:Rack
1505:Plug
1391:Home
1267:and
1099:ISBN
895:2014
708:The
644:The
437:3Com
291:The
257:Yes
254:Yes
251:Yes
240:Yes
237:Yes
219:Yes
130:and
124:data
108:boot
82:some
35:(or
1134:doi
1089:doi
694:or
680:USB
581:any
569:RAM
488:PCs
460:).
403:or
351:NFS
248:No
234:No
231:No
216:No
213:No
210:No
184:or
132:RAM
128:CPU
100:PCs
72:or
1969::
1097:.
1083:.
1043:.
1037:.
1009:.
984:.
961:.
861:.
832:.
821:^
807:.
690:,
556:.
549:.
161:.
114:.
76:.
31:A
1257:e
1250:t
1243:v
1184:.
1136::
1107:.
1091::
1058:.
1045:3
947:.
922:.
897:.
847:.
698:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
