Pontiac's War - Knowledge

711:. Following an Indian custom that carried important symbolic meaning, the French gave presents (such as guns, knives, tobacco, and clothing) to village chiefs, who distributed them to their people. The chiefs gained stature this way, enabling them to maintain the alliance with the French. The Indians regarded this as "a necessary part of diplomacy which involved accepting gifts in return for others sharing their lands." Amherst considered this to be bribery that was no longer necessary, especially as he was under pressure to cut expenses after the war. Many Indians regarded this change in policy as an insult and an indication the British looked upon them as conquered people rather than as allies. 126: 810:

Allegheny Mountains, although Pontiac appeared to embrace the idea by February 1763. At an emergency council meeting, he clarified his military support of the broad Seneca plan and worked to galvanize other tribes into the military operation he helped to lead, in direct contradiction to traditional Indian leadership and tribal structure. He achieved this coordination through the distribution of war belts, first to the northern Ojibwa and Ottawa near Michilimackinac, and then to the Mingo (Seneca) on the upper Allegheny River, the Ohio Delaware near Fort Pitt, and the more westerly Miami, Kickapoo, Piankashaw, and Wea peoples.

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involvement in the war. Indians in the Great Lakes region and the Illinois Country had not been greatly affected by white settlement, although they were aware of the experiences of tribes in the east. Dowd (2002) argues that most Indians involved in Pontiac's War were not immediately threatened with displacement by white settlers, and that historians have overemphasized British colonial expansion as a cause of the war. Dowd believes that the presence, attitude, and policies of the British Army, which the Indians found threatening and insulting, were more important factors.

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previous historians had overlooked that the Delaware chiefs who handled the blankets were in good health a month later; he believed the attempt to infect the Indians had been a "total failure." Dixon (2005) argued that if the scheme had been successful, the Indians would have broken off the siege of Fort Pitt, but they kept it up for weeks after receiving the blankets. Medical writers have expressed reservations about the efficacy of spreading smallpox through blankets and the difficulty of determining if the outbreak was intentional or naturally occurring.

1367: 1414:, "such an act, roughly equivalent to a European ambassador's urinating on a proposed treaty, had shocked and offended the gathered Indians." Bradstreet also claimed the Indians had accepted British sovereignty as a result of his negotiations, but Johnson believed this had not been fully explained to the Indians and that further councils would be needed. Bradstreet had successfully reinforced and reoccupied British forts in the region, but his diplomacy proved to be controversial and inconclusive. 1422:

return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Guyasuta and other leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into Indian families. Not all of the captives were present, so the Indians were compelled to surrender hostages as a guarantee that the other captives would be returned. The Ohio Indians agreed to attend a more formal peace conference with William Johnson, which was finalized in July 1765.

806:(2002), "Indians sought French intervention and not the other way around." Indian leaders frequently spoke of the imminent return of French power and the revival of the Franco-Indian alliance; Pontiac even flew a French flag in his village. Indian leaders apparently hoped to inspire the French to rejoin the struggle against the British. Although some French colonists and traders supported the uprising, the war was launched by American Indians for their own objectives. 524: 442:(1988) wrote that "Pontiac was only a local Ottawa war chief in a 'resistance' involving many tribes." Alternate titles for the war have been proposed, such as "Pontiac's War for Indian Independence," the "Western Indians' Defensive War" and "The Amerindian War of 1763." Historians generally continue to use "Pontiac's War" or "Pontiac's Rebellion," with some 21st-century scholars arguing that Pontiac's importance was underestimated by 20th-century historians. 1156:(1995) wrote that the smallpox blanket incident "has taken on legendary overtones as believers and nonbelievers continue to argue over the facts and their interpretation." Peckham (1947), Jennings (1988), and Nester (2000) concluded the attempt to deliberately infect Indians with smallpox was successful, resulting in numerous deaths that hampered the Indian war effort. Fenn (2000) argued that "circumstantial evidence" suggests the attempt was successful. 1137:, who was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt, Amherst wrote on about June 29, 1763: "Could it not be contrived to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet responded that he would try to spread smallpox to the Indians by giving them blankets that had been exposed to the disease. Amherst replied to Bouquet on July 16, endorsing the plan. 1468: 1220: 819: 1094: 764: 52: 1145:, the fort's militia commander, wrote in his journal that "we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect." Trent submitted an invoice to the British Army, writing that the items had been "taken from people in the Hospital to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians." The expense was approved by Ecuyer, and ultimately by General 1406:

outraged when they learned what Bradstreet had done. Gage rejected the treaty, believing that Bradstreet had been duped into abandoning his offensive in the Ohio Country. Gage may have been correct: the Ohio Indians did not return prisoners as promised in a second meeting with Bradstreet in September, and some Shawnees were trying to enlist French aid in order to continue the war.

695:. Amherst believed that, with France out of the picture, the Indians would have to accept British rule. He also believed the Indians were incapable of offering any serious resistance to the British Army. Therefore, of the 8,000 troops under his command in North America, only about 500 were stationed in the region where the war erupted. Amherst and officers such as Major 1450:, accordingly traveled to the Illinois country in the summer of 1765, and although he was injured along the way in an attack by Kickapoos and Mascoutens, he managed to meet and negotiate with Pontiac. While Charlot Kaské wanted to burn Croghan at the stake, Pontiac urged moderation and agreed to travel to New York, where he made a formal treaty with William Johnson at 515:, the British Crown began to implement policy changes to administer its vastly expanded American territory. The French had long cultivated alliances amongst indigenous polities, but the British post-war approach essentially treated the indigenous nations as conquered peoples. Before long, Native Americans found themselves dissatisfied with the British occupation. 1500:. People on both sides of the conflict had come to the conclusion that colonists and natives were inherently different and could not live with each other. According to Richter, the war saw the emergence of "the novel idea that all Native people were 'Indians,' that all Euro-Americans were 'Whites,' and that all on one side must unite to destroy the other." 672: 1333:, Gage's campaign, which had been designed by Amherst, prolonged the war for more than a year because it focused on punishing the Indians rather than ending the war. Gage's one significant departure from Amherst's plan was to allow William Johnson to conduct a peace treaty at Niagara, giving Indians an opportunity to "bury the hatchet." 620:. Like the Great Lakes tribes, these people had a long history of close relations with the French. Throughout the war, the British were unable to project military power into the Illinois Country, which was on the remote western edge of the conflict. The Illinois tribes were the last to come to terms with the British. 1025:. The soldiers watched the game, as they had done on previous occasions. The Indians hit the ball through the open gate of the fort, then rushed in and seized weapons that Indian women had smuggled into the fort. They killed about 15 of the 35-man garrison in the struggle; they later tortured five more to death. 1484:. The violence compelled approximately 4,000 settlers from Pennsylvania and Virginia to flee their homes. American Indian losses went mostly unrecorded, but it has been estimated at least 200 warriors were killed in battle, with additional deaths if germ warfare initiated at Fort Pitt was successful. 1421:

in the Ohio Country, within striking distance of a number of Indian villages. Treaties had been negotiated at Fort Niagara and Fort Detroit, so the Ohio Indians were isolated and, with some exceptions, ready to make peace. In a council which began on October 17, Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Indians

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As it turned out, officers at Fort Pitt had already attempted what Amherst and Bouquet were discussing, apparently without having been ordered by Amherst or Bouquet. During a parley at Fort Pitt on June 24, Captain Ecuyer gave representatives of the besieging Delawares two blankets and a handkerchief

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Colonists in western Pennsylvania fled to the safety of Fort Pitt after the outbreak of the war. Nearly 550 people crowded inside, including more than 200 women and children. Simeon Ecuyer, the Swiss-born British officer in command, wrote that "We are so crowded in the fort that I fear disease... the

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in North America, and the first war between Europeans and American Indians that did not end in complete defeat for the Indians. The Proclamation of 1763 ultimately did not prevent British colonists and land speculators from expanding westward, and so Indians found it necessary to form new resistance

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on August 12, he decided to negotiate a treaty with a delegation of Ohio Indians led by Guyasuta. Bradstreet exceeded his authority by conducting a peace treaty rather than a simple truce, and by agreeing to halt Bouquet's expedition, which had not yet left Fort Pitt. Gage, Johnson, and Bouquet were

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alliance. As restitution for the Devil's Hole ambush, the Senecas were compelled to cede the strategically important Niagara portage to the British. Johnson even convinced the Iroquois to send a war party against the Ohio Indians. This Iroquois expedition captured a number of Delawares and destroyed

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Other scholars have expressed doubts about whether the attempt was effective. McConnell (1992) argued the smallpox outbreak among the Indians preceded the blanket incident, with limited effect, since Indians were familiar with the disease and adept at isolating the infected. Ranlet (2000) wrote that

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Before the war, Amherst had dismissed the possibility that Indians would offer any effective resistance to British rule, but that summer he found the military situation becoming increasingly grim. He wrote the commander at Fort Detroit that captured enemy Indians should "immediately be put to death,

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The eighth and final fort to fall, it was surrounded by about 250 Ottawas, Ojibwas, Wyandots, and Senecas on June 19. After holding out for two days, the garrison of 30 to 60 men surrendered on the condition that they could return to Fort Pitt. The Natives agreed, but then took the soldiers captive,

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on July 31, 1763. The situation remained a stalemate at Fort Detroit, and Pontiac's influence among his followers began to wane. Groups of Indians began to abandon the siege, some of them making peace with the British before departing. Pontiac lifted the siege on October 31, 1763, convinced that the

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portrayed these attacks as a coordinated operation planned by Pontiac. Parkman's interpretation remains well known, but later historians argued there is no clear evidence the attacks were part of a master plan or overall "conspiracy." Rather than being planned in advance, modern scholars believe the

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and Tahaiadoris, were concerned about being surrounded by British forts. Similar war belts originated from Detroit and the Illinois Country. The Indians were not unified, and in June 1761, natives at Detroit informed the British commander of the Seneca plot. William Johnson held a large council with

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was displeased with Indians for taking up the bad habits of white men, and that the British posed a threat to their very existence. "If you suffer the English among you," said Neolin, "you are dead men. Sickness, smallpox, and their poison will destroy you entirely." It was a powerful message for a

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On May 7, Pontiac entered Fort Detroit with about 300 men carrying concealed weapons, hoping to take the stronghold by surprise. The British had learned of his plan, however, and were armed and ready. His strategy foiled, Pontiac withdrew after a brief council and, two days later, laid siege to the

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Middleton (2007) argues that Pontiac's vision, courage, persistence, and organizational abilities allowed him to activate an unprecedented coalition of Indian nations prepared to fight against the British. Tahaiadoris and Guyasuta originated the idea to gain independence for all Indians west of the

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Early historians believed French colonists had secretly instigated the war by stirring up the Indians to make trouble for the British. This belief was held by British officials at the time, but subsequent historians found no evidence of official French involvement in the uprising. According to Dowd

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It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French.... Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no

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warriors took up arms against their former British allies. The Cherokee war effort had failed due to a shortage of gunpowder; Amherst hoped future uprisings could be prevented by limiting its distribution. This created resentment and hardship because gunpowder and ammunition helped Indians provide

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In the Illinois Country, Weas, Kickapoos, and Mascoutens took the fort on June 1, 1763. They lured soldiers outside for a council, then took the 20-man garrison captive without bloodshed. These Indians had good relations with the British garrison, but emissaries from Pontiac had convinced them to

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who warned the commander they would burn it down. On May 16, 1763, a group of Wyandots gained entry under the pretense of holding a council, the same stratagem that had failed in Detroit nine days earlier. They seized the commander and killed 15 soldiers and a number of British traders, among the

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Land was also an issue in the coming of Pontiac's War. While the French colonists had always been relatively few, there seemed to be no end of settlers in the British colonies. Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio Country had been displaced by British colonists in the east, and this motivated their

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domination. Unlike the Great Lakes and Illinois Country tribes, Ohio tribes had no great attachment to the French regime, though they had fought as French allies in the previous war in an effort to drive away the British. They made a separate peace with the British with the understanding that the

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Pontiac's War has traditionally been portrayed as a defeat for the Indians, but scholars now usually view it as a military stalemate: while the Indians had failed to drive away the British, the British were unable to conquer the Indians. Negotiation and accommodation, rather than success on the

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who lived peacefully in small enclaves near white Pennsylvanian settlements. Prompted by rumors that a raiding party had been seen at the Susquehannock village of Conestoga Town, a group of 50 or more Paxton Boys rode there on December 14, 1763 and murdered the six individuals they found there.

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In 1765, the British decided that the occupation of the Illinois Country could only be accomplished by diplomatic means. As Gage commented to one of his officers, he was determined to have "none our enemy" among the Indian peoples, and that included Pontiac, to whom he now sent a wampum belt

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Bradstreet continued westward, unaware his unauthorized diplomacy was angering his superiors. He reached Fort Detroit on August 26, where he negotiated another treaty. In an attempt to discredit Pontiac, who was not present, Bradstreet chopped up a peace belt Pontiac had sent to the meeting.

1390:, was to travel by boat across Lake Erie and reinforce Detroit. Bradstreet was to subdue the Indians around Detroit before marching south into the Ohio Country. The second expedition, commanded by Colonel Bouquet, was to march west from Fort Pitt and form a second front in the Ohio Country. 1538:

The effects of Pontiac's War were long-lasting. Because the Proclamation officially recognized that indigenous people had certain rights to the lands they occupied, it has been called a Native American "Bill of Rights," and still informs the relationship between the Canadian government and

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Relations between British colonists and American Indians, which had been severely strained during the French and Indian War, reached a new low during Pontiac's War. According to Dixon (2005), "Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with

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The total loss of life resulting from Pontiac's War is unknown. About 400 British soldiers were killed in action and perhaps 50 were captured and tortured to death. George Croghan estimated that 2,000 settlers had been killed or captured, a figure sometimes repeated as 2,000 settlers

1535:. By forbidding colonists from trespassing on Indian lands, the British government hoped to avoid more conflicts like Pontiac's War. "The Royal Proclamation," writes Calloway (2006), "reflected the notion that segregation not interaction should characterize Indian-white relations." 592:

from the French in 1760, local Indians cautioned them that "this country was given by God to the Indians." When the first Englishman reached Fort Michilimackinac, Ojibwe chief Minavavana told him "Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us!"

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Also contributing to the outbreak of war was a religious awakening which swept through Indian settlements in the early 1760s. The movement was fed by discontent with the British as well as food shortages and epidemic disease. The most influential individual in this phenomenon was

663:, had become disaffected with the alliance. As early as 1761, Senecas began to send out war messages to the Great Lakes and Ohio Country tribes, urging them to unite in an attempt to drive out the British. When the war finally came in 1763, many Senecas were quick to take action. 1547:. According to Calloway, "Pontiac's Revolt was not the last American war for independence—American colonists launched a rather more successful effort a dozen years later, prompted in part by the measures the British government took to try to prevent another war like Pontiac's." 1543:. For British colonists and land speculators, however, the Proclamation seemed to deny them the fruits of victory—western lands—that had been won in the war with France. This created resentment, undermining colonial attachment to the Empire and contributing to the coming of the 1273:

The Paxton Boys then set their sights on the Moravian Lenape and Mohican, who had been brought to Philadelphia for protection. Several hundred Paxton Boys and their followers marched on Philadelphia in February 1764, but the presence of British troops and Philadelphia

1318:. Incidents such as these prompted the Pennsylvania Assembly, with the approval of Governor Penn, to reintroduce the scalp bounties offered during the French and Indian War, which paid money for every enemy Indian killed above the age of ten, including women. 1550:

For American Indians, Pontiac's War demonstrated the possibilities of pan-tribal cooperation in resisting Anglo-American colonial expansion. Although the conflict divided tribes and villages, the war also saw the first extensive multi-tribal resistance to

1182:. Although his force suffered heavy casualties, Bouquet fought off the attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 20, bringing the siege to an end. His victory at Bushy Run was celebrated by the British; church bells rang through the night in 870:

one of the soldiers, as was the custom in some Great Lakes Indian cultures. They directed their violence at the British and generally left French colonists alone. Eventually more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes joined the siege.

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battlefield, ultimately brought an end to the war. The Indians had won a victory of sorts by compelling the British government to abandon Amherst's policies and create a relationship with the Indians modeled on the Franco-Indian alliance.

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Although fighting in Pontiac's War began in 1763, rumors reached British officials as early as 1761 that discontented American Indians were planning an attack. Senecas of the Ohio Country (Mingos) circulated messages ("war belts" made of

1656:"However, in the light of contemporary knowledge, it remains doubtful whether hopes were fulfilled, given the fact that the transmission of smallpox through this kind of vector is much less efficient than respiratory transmission...." 1233:

The violence and terror of Pontiac's War convinced many Pennsylvanians that their government was not doing enough to protect them. This discontentment was manifested most seriously in an uprising led by a vigilante group known as the

1515:. The Proclamation, already in the works when Pontiac's War erupted, was hurriedly issued after news of the uprising reached London. Officials drew a boundary line between the British colonies and American Indian lands west of the 792:

The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Pontiac and quickly spread throughout the region. Eight British forts were taken; others, including Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt, were unsuccessfully besieged. Francis Parkman's

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expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years. The Natives were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict.

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Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal; the killing of prisoners, the targeting of civilians, and other atrocities were widespread. In an incident that became well-known and frequently debated, British officers at

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Amherst also began to restrict the amount of ammunition and gunpowder that traders could sell to Indians. While the French had always made these supplies available, Amherst did not trust Indians, particularly after the

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British Army would withdraw. But after the departure of the French, the British strengthened their forts rather than abandoning them, and so the Ohioans went to war in 1763 in another attempt to drive out the British.

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Additional Indian resentment came from Amherst's decision in February 1761 to cut back on gifts given to the Indians. Gift giving had been an integral part of the relationship between the French and the tribes of the

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the tribes at Detroit in September 1761, which provided a tenuous peace, but war belts continued to circulate. Violence finally erupted after the Indians learned in early 1763 of the imminent French cession of the

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strike. The warriors apologized to the commander for taking the fort, saying "they were Obliged to do it by the other Nations." In contrast with other forts, the Indians did not kill their captives at Ouiatenon.

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with whom they lived, traded, and intermarried. Great Lakes Indians were alarmed to learn they were under British sovereignty after the French loss of North America. When a British garrison took possession of

403:. The ruthlessness of the conflict was a reflection of a growing racial divide between indigenous peoples and British colonists. The British government sought to prevent further racial violence by issuing the 802:, inspiring discontented Indians to join the revolt. The attacks on British forts were not simultaneous: most Ohio Indians did not enter the war until nearly a month after Pontiac began the siege at Detroit. 1694: 1454:

on July 25, 1766. It was hardly a surrender: no lands were ceded, no prisoners returned, and no hostages were taken. Rather than accept British sovereignty, Kaské left British territory by crossing the

1647:"Deliberately trying to spread disease is despicable in whatever century it might take place, but the smallpox incident has been blown out of all proportion, given that it was likely a total failure." 891:

In 1763, before other British outposts had learned of Pontiac's siege at Detroit, Indians captured five small forts in attacks between May 16 and June 2. Additional attacks occurred up until June 19.

745:, known as the "Delaware Prophet," who called upon Indians to shun the trade goods, alcohol, and weapons of the colonists. Melding Christian doctrines with traditional Indian beliefs, Neolin said the 386:, attacked a number of British forts and settlements. Nine forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the region. Hostilities came to an end after 415:

The conflict is named after its most well-known participant, the Odawa leader named Pontiac. An early name for the war was the "Kiyasuta and Pontiac War," "Kiyasuta" being an alternate spelling for

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On August 1, 1763, most of the Indians broke off the siege at Fort Pitt to intercept 500 British troops marching to the fort under Colonel Bouquet. On August 5, these two forces met at the

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Although the military conflict essentially ended with the 1764 expeditions, Indians still called for resistance in the Illinois Country, where British troops had yet to take possession of

1282:, who had helped organize the defense, negotiated with the Paxton leaders and brought an end to the crisis. Afterwards, Franklin published a scathing indictment of the Paxton Boys. "If an 932:

first of about 100 traders who were killed in the early stages of the war. They ritually scalped the dead and burned the fort to the ground, as the Wyandots had threatened a year earlier.

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portage. Two companies sent from Fort Niagara to rescue the supply train were also defeated. More than 70 soldiers and teamsters were killed in these actions, which colonists dubbed the "

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fanaticism." Richter (2001) characterizes the Indian attempt to drive out the British, and the effort of the Paxton Boys to eliminate Indians from their midst, as parallel examples of

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took this fort around June 16, 1763. They killed the entire 12-man garrison, keeping the commander alive to write down the Seneca's grievances, then burned him at the stake.

703:, made little effort to conceal their contempt for Indians; those involved in the uprising frequently complained that the British treated them no better than slaves or dogs. 5715: 1629:

Amherst to Bouquet, July 16: "You will do well to inoculate the Indians by means of blankets, as well as every other method that can serve to extirpate this execrable race."

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Jacobs supported Parkman's thesis that Pontiac planned the war in advance, but objected to calling it a "conspiracy" because it suggested Indian grievances were unjustified.

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Indian raids on frontier settlements escalated in the spring and summer of 1764. The hardest hit colony was Virginia, where more than 100 settlers were killed. On May 26 in

1329:. In 1764, Gage sent two expeditions into the west to crush the rebellion, rescue British prisoners, and arrest the Indians responsible for the war. According to historian 282: 438:

In the 20th century, some historians argued that Parkman exaggerated the extent of Pontiac's influence in the conflict, so it was misleading to name the war after him.

1197:, one of the most important western forts, was not assaulted, but on September 14, 1763, at least 300 Senecas, Ottawas, and Ojibwas attacked a supply train along the 840:

on April 27, 1763, about 10 miles (15 km) southwest of Detroit. Using the teachings of Neolin to inspire his listeners, Pontiac convinced a number of Ottawas,

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Bouquet to Amherst, July 13: "I will try to inoculate the bastards with some blankets that may fall into their hands, and take care not to get the disease myself."

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had been adopted into Native families, their forced return often resulted in emotional scenes, as depicted in this engraving based on a painting by Benjamin West.

856:. On May 1, he visited the fort with 50 Ottawas to assess the strength of the garrison. According to a French chronicler, in a second council Pontiac proclaimed: 458:

You think yourselves Masters of this Country, because you have taken it from the French, who, you know, had no Right to it, as it is the Property of us Indians.

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Parkman's landmark 2-volume work, originally published in 1851, subsequently revised and often reprinted, has largely been supplanted by modern scholarship.

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Colonel Bouquet, delayed in Pennsylvania while mustering the militia, finally set out from Fort Pitt on October 3, 1764, with 1,150 men. He marched to the

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Dowd argues that Croghan's widely reported estimate "cannot be taken seriously" because it was a "wild guess" made while Croghan was far away in London.

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After receiving reinforcements, the British attempted to make a surprise attack on Pontiac's encampment. Pontiac was ready and defeated them at the

5984: 1638:"Neither Amherst nor Bouquet actually tried germ warfare. The attempt to disseminate smallpox took place at Fort Pitt independent of both of them." 1401:. Bradstreet felt that he did not have enough troops to subdue enemy Indians by force, and so when strong winds on Lake Erie forced him to stop at 974:. His head was cut off, brought into the fort, and thrown into the corporals bed. The nine-man garrison surrendered after the fort was surrounded. 275: 552:

did not go to war as a tribe: Some Ottawa leaders chose to do so, while other Ottawa leaders denounced the war and stayed clear of the conflict.

371:(1754–1763). Warriors from numerous nations joined in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. The war is named after 5372: 5954: 1386:

Having secured the area around Fort Niagara, the British launched two military expeditions into the west. The first expedition, led by Colonel

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emerged as the most strident anti-British leader in the region, temporarily surpassing Pontiac in influence. Kaské traveled as far south as

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The British government also came to the conclusion that colonists and Indians must be kept apart. On October 7, 1763, the Crown issued the

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suggesting peace talks. Pontiac had become less militant after hearing of Bouquet's truce with the Ohio country Indians. Johnson's deputy,

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Potawatomis captured the fort using the same method as at Sandusky. They seized the commander and killed most of the fifteen-man garrison.

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fort. He and his allies killed British soldiers and settlers they found outside of the fort, including women and children. They ritually

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In a famous council on April 27, 1763, Pontiac urged listeners to rise up against the British (19th century engraving by Alfred Bobbett)

5944: 655:, the influential Iroquois did not, as a group, participate in Pontiac's War because of their alliance with the British, known as the 548:

rather than centralized political powers; no individual chief spoke for an entire tribe, and no nations acted in unison. For example,

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A small blockhouse was the first to be taken. It had been built in 1761 by order of General Amherst, despite the objections of local

728:, the Superintendent of the Indian Department, warned Amherst of the danger of cutting back on presents and gunpowder, to no avail. 492:

in the United States, or the War of Conquest (French: Guerre de la Conquête) in French Canada, came to an end after British General

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The policies of General Jeffrey Amherst, a British hero of the Seven Years' War, helped to provoke Pontiac's War (oil painting by

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Major Gladwin, the fort's commander, did not reveal who warned him of Pontiac's plan; historians identify several possibilities.

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food for their families and skins for the fur trade. Many Indians believed the British were disarming them as a prelude to war.

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with about 2,000 Indians in attendance, primarily Iroquois. Although most Iroquois had stayed out of the war, Senecas from the

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war parties raided into Pennsylvania, taking captives and killing unknown numbers of settlers. Indians sporadically fired on

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The rumor of French instigation arose in part because French war belts from the Seven Years' War were still in circulation.

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In the decades before Pontiac's War, France and Great Britain participated in a series of wars in Europe that involved the

451: 5811: 5745: 4708: 691:, was in charge of administering policy towards American Indians, which involved military matters and regulation of the 5023: 4684: 4258: 684: 508: 493: 383: 200: 136: 6014: 5624: 4969: 4818: 4581: 4559: 4540: 4521: 4468: 4448: 4426: 4367: 4342: 4280: 4239: 4220: 4172: 4153: 4134: 4094: 3999: 1314:

occurred on July 26, when four Delaware warriors killed and scalped a school teacher and ten children in what is now

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and others attacked the fort on June 22, 1763, and kept it under siege throughout July. Meanwhile, Delaware and

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in North America to Great Britain. Most fighting in the North American theater of the war, generally called the

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The fifth fort to fall, it was the largest fort taken by surprise. On June 4, 1763, Ojibwas staged a game of

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Possibly the same Senecas that attacked Fort Venango, but most of the 12-man garrison escaped to Fort Pitt.

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movements. Beginning with conferences hosted by Shawnees in 1767, in the following decades leaders such as

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Indigenous people involved in Pontiac's War lived in a vaguely defined region of New France known as the

334: 537:("the upper country"), which was claimed by France until the Paris peace treaty of 1763. Natives of the 5288: 5216: 5156: 5005: 1504: 1303: 404: 5929: 5546: 4933: 4860: 4776: 4569: 3987: 1411: 1330: 1202: 1173: 643:. These people had migrated to the Ohio valley earlier in the century to escape British, French, and 329: 1238:, so-called because they were primarily from the area around the Pennsylvania village of Paxton (or 6004: 5799: 5612: 5558: 5444: 5432: 5402: 5144: 5035: 4836: 4830: 1397:

in early August 1764 with about 1,200 soldiers and a large contingent of Indian allies enlisted by

559:

consisted of three basic groups. The first group was composed of tribes of the Great Lakes region:

435:. Parkman's book was the definitive account of the war for nearly a century and is still in print. 396: 125: 4623: 4182:

Fenn, Elizabeth A. (2000). "Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst".

1358:, but otherwise the Iroquois did not contribute to the war effort as much as Johnson had desired. 1141:

that had been exposed to smallpox, hoping to spread the disease to the Indians and end the siege.

91:

Military stalemate; Native Americans concede British sovereignty but compel British policy changes

5763: 5697: 5534: 5498: 5300: 5276: 5234: 5107: 5095: 5017: 5011: 4794: 4127:

Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America

1540: 1259: 1059: 1005: 937: 376: 5384: 5077: 3992:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

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would attempt to forge confederacies that would revive the resistance efforts of Pontiac's War.

382:

The war began in May 1763 when Native Americans, alarmed by policies imposed by British General

5739: 5348: 5330: 5324: 5113: 5047: 4915: 4800: 4782: 1512: 1342: 1036: 512: 477: 186: 780:) calling for the tribes to form a confederacy and drive away the British. The Mingos, led by 5396: 4999: 4939: 4866: 1561: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1349:

valley had taken up arms against the British, and Johnson worked to bring them back into the

1239: 827: 541:

were from many different tribal nations. These tribes were linguistic or ethnic groupings of

489: 368: 309: 304: 4105: 427:

leader. The war became widely known as "Pontiac's Conspiracy" after the 1851 publication of

5793: 5582: 5528: 5456: 5378: 5366: 5162: 4921: 4842: 1267: 999: 956: 875: 831: 572: 319: 43: 8: 5667: 5480: 5438: 4891: 4758: 4679: 4053:

Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference

1544: 1398: 1179: 1169: 962: 481: 324: 4066: 4046:"Wampum at Niagara: The Royal Proclamation, Canadian Legal History, and Self Government" 5835: 5703: 5685: 5636: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5522: 5294: 5252: 5083: 5059: 5029: 4957: 4689: 4629: 4574:

The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815

4491: 4314: 4199: 1107: 1078: 985: 716: 580: 364: 314: 79: 4480:"The British, the Indians, and Smallpox: What Actually Happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?" 1258:

Pennsylvania officials placed the remaining 14 Susquehannock in protective custody in

970:

The fort commander Ensign Holmes was lured out by his Miami mistress and shot dead by

5853: 5847: 5757: 5618: 5564: 5420: 5071: 4993: 4963: 4854: 4659: 4577: 4555: 4536: 4517: 4464: 4444: 4422: 4403: 4363: 4338: 4276: 4254: 4235: 4216: 4168: 4149: 4130: 4111: 4090: 4056: 4032: 3995: 1814: 1524: 1456: 1402: 1379: 1355: 1279: 1072: 867: 533: 1044:

Three forts in the Ohio Country were taken in a second wave of attacks in mid-June.

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previously garrisoned by the French. Even before the war officially ended with the

439: 4273:

Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America'

1707: 1693:

Government of Canada. "In Defence of Their Homelands." Canada.ca, April 19, 2018.

1435: 1370:

Bouquet's negotiations are depicted in this 1765 engraving based on a painting by

221: 5769: 5709: 5648: 5642: 5570: 5450: 5354: 5336: 4987: 4909: 4436: 1418: 1387: 1247: 943: 750:

people whose world was being changed by forces that seemed beyond their control.

676: 609: 428: 181: 4443:(1994 reprint of 10th revised ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1270:

issued bounties for the ringleaders, but none of the Paxton Boys were arrested.

798:

uprising spread as word of Pontiac's actions at Detroit traveled throughout the

767:

Pontiac has often been imagined by artists, as in this 19th-century painting by

5949: 5901: 5630: 5552: 5510: 5504: 5492: 5180: 4736: 4674: 4290: 1447: 1394: 1350: 1322: 1153: 1129:, smaller strongholds linking Fort Pitt to the east, but they never took them. 979: 928: 861:

longer. Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it.

849: 656: 636: 576: 549: 468: 171: 130: 4251:

Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier

4146:

A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815

5923: 5907: 5883: 5781: 5775: 5673: 5041: 4927: 4897: 4669: 1371: 1346: 1286:

injures me," he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all

1243: 1198: 1142: 1134: 1133:

their extirpation being the only security for our future safety." To Colonel

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attempted to infect besieging Indians with blankets that had been exposed to

213: 204: 166: 106: 102: 4295:"The Nessus Shirt in the New World: Smallpox Blankets in History and Legend" 4027: 4010: 5751: 5594: 5468: 5119: 5089: 4872: 4730: 4377:

Middleton, Richard (2006). "Pontiac: Local Warrior or Pan Indian Leader?".

4036: 1557: 1451: 1194: 1183: 1122: 1030: 880: 853: 837: 746: 700: 660: 624: 589: 504: 387: 176: 161: 5414: 4390: 5871: 5516: 5312: 5246: 5053: 4903: 4644: 4441:

The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada

4249:

Jacobs, Wilbur R (1972). "Pontiac's War – A Conspiracy?".

1565: 1439: 1326: 1275: 1235: 1214: 1146: 1022: 601: 523: 260: 208: 4495: 4479: 883:

where he continued his efforts to rally resistance against the British.

497: 5318: 5240: 4951: 4788: 4232:

Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1763–1800

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War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire

845: 617: 568: 485: 149: 4318: 4294: 1325:, was recalled to London in August 1763 and replaced by Major General 1226:, a historically inaccurate lithograph published in John Wimer's 1841 5733: 5486: 5306: 1263: 1114: 918: 692: 613: 545: 51: 4213:

The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814

4195: 5462: 4649: 4633: 4419:"Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763 4335:

A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774

4310: 1665:

Nester later revises this number down to about 450 settlers killed.

1569: 1493: 1467: 1299: 1009: 781: 720: 644: 416: 400: 217: 4513:

Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America

4087:

The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America

1813:(Fourth ed.). Ontario: Oxford University Press. p. 125. 1219: 1093: 818: 3433: 2216: 1528: 1254: 1205:," the deadliest engagement for British soldiers during the war. 1118: 632: 542: 464: 379:, the most prominent of many indigenous leaders in the conflict. 3023: 879:

French would not come to his aid at Detroit, and removed to the

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Massacre of the Indians at Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763

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1763 conflict by Native Americans against the British in Canada

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in North America. The largest of these wars was the worldwide

3952: 3637: 3565: 3493: 3445: 3250: 1310:

in Pennsylvania were killed and their homes burned. The most

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General Amherst, held responsible for the uprising by the

671: 407:, which created a boundary between colonists and Natives. 3820: 3784: 3649: 3613: 3577: 3541: 3529: 3505: 3481: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3358: 3286: 3163: 3161: 3035: 2132: 2072: 2024: 1923: 1877: 1875: 1862: 1860: 605: 3964: 3808: 3736: 3685: 3673: 3625: 3589: 3553: 3517: 3469: 3310: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3134: 3098: 2962: 2960: 2801: 2750: 2687: 2675: 2543: 2348: 2192: 2156: 2144: 1983: 1947: 1832: 1830: 1745: 1743: 4484:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies

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in an effort to enlist French aid against the British.

4516:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3940: 3928: 3709: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3298: 3274: 3238: 3190: 3158: 3122: 2996: 2740: 2738: 2627: 2519: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2384: 2228: 2168: 1872: 1857: 4531:

Skaggs, David Curtis; Nelson, Larry L., eds. (2001).

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Approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) west of present

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The second group was made up of tribes from eastern

4533:

The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814

4400:

Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course, and Consequences

2861: 2735: 2723: 2567: 2555: 2420: 2312: 2288: 2108: 2096: 2036: 1911: 1811:

Indigenous Peoples within Canada: A Concise History

1713: 359:) was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of 2336: 1772: 1725: 1242:). The Paxton Boys turned their anger towards the 4535:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 2360: 1935: 5921: 4011:"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism" 1306:were killed. On June 14, about 13 settlers near 659:. However, the westernmost Iroquois nation, the 1708:https://nationsatwar.tv/conflicts/pontiacs-war/ 836:Pontiac spoke at a council on the banks of the 363:who were dissatisfied with British rule in the 1341:From July to August 1764, Johnson conducted a 1293: 1278:dissuaded them from committing more violence. 1193:This victory was followed by a costly defeat. 527:The main area of action in Pontiac's Rebellion 70:(3 years, 2 months and 4 weeks) 4716: 4609: 4167:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4148:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1163: 771:, but no actual portraits are known to exist. 276: 4355:"Introduction to the Bison Book Edition" of 1523:that stretched from the Appalachians to the 1354:abandoned Delaware and Shawnee towns in the 4008: 3328: 3316: 1434:from the French. A Shawnee war chief named 623:The third group consisted of tribes of the 4723: 4709: 4616: 4602: 4229: 4055:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 169–172. 3922: 290: 283: 269: 4576:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4397: 4376: 4362:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4351: 4337:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4332: 4234:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4215:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4026: 3814: 3655: 3643: 3571: 3499: 3451: 3256: 2951: 2756: 2597: 2402: 2258: 2186: 2138: 2030: 1994: 1953: 1929: 1796: 1266:on December 27 and killed them. Governor 4463:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4267: 4129:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 4084: 3986: 3910: 3886: 3862: 3838: 3742: 3703: 3439: 3232: 3152: 3140: 3104: 3056: 3029: 2717: 2585: 2282: 2126: 2054: 1965: 1881: 1808: 1466: 1365: 1218: 1092: 817: 813: 762: 753: 670: 583:. They had long been allied with French 522: 5985:Native American history of Pennsylvania 4509: 4458: 4435: 4253:. New York: Scribners. pp. 83–93. 4210: 4043: 3874: 3850: 3778: 3352: 3220: 3080: 3017: 2807: 2645: 2633: 2609: 2525: 2501: 2489: 2234: 1905: 1866: 1749: 1706:"Pontiac's War." Nations at War, 2020. 1459:with other French and Native refugees. 1302:, 15 colonists working in a field near 14: 5922: 4549: 4530: 4477: 4416: 4248: 4103: 3946: 3934: 3754: 3715: 3415: 3400: 3388: 3304: 3280: 3268: 3244: 3196: 3167: 3128: 3092: 3002: 2978: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2843: 2819: 2783: 2768: 2669: 2513: 2465: 2102: 2006: 1977: 1917: 1766: 1425: 1336: 5955:Rebellions against the British Empire 4704: 4597: 4568: 4554:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4289: 4124: 4107:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare 4089:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3898: 3826: 3802: 3790: 3679: 3667: 3619: 3607: 3583: 3547: 3535: 3511: 3487: 3463: 3427: 3364: 3340: 3292: 3208: 2966: 2927: 2855: 2831: 2795: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2657: 2621: 2549: 2477: 2453: 2441: 2414: 2390: 2378: 2354: 2318: 2294: 2246: 2222: 2198: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2018: 1893: 1836: 1719: 1471:Because many white children taken as 1262:, but the Paxton Boys broke into the 1101: 666: 503:British troops occupied forts in the 264: 5990:Native American history of Wisconsin 4982:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 4552:Warpaths: Invasions of North America 4181: 4162: 4143: 3970: 3958: 3766: 3730: 3691: 3631: 3595: 3559: 3523: 3475: 3376: 3184: 3116: 3068: 3041: 2990: 2939: 2915: 2867: 2744: 2729: 2573: 2561: 2537: 2429: 2366: 2342: 2330: 2306: 2270: 2210: 2114: 2042: 1941: 1851: 1781: 1734: 1374:. The Indian orator holds a belt of 886: 731: 452:Great Britain in the Seven Years War 5975:Native American history of Michigan 5965:Native American history of Illinois 4015:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 852:to join him in an attempt to seize 758: 689:commander-in-chief in North America 24: 5970:Native American history of Indiana 5940:Battles involving Native Americans 4685:Illinois in the American Civil War 4421:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 1361: 1097:Forts and battles of Pontiac's War 518: 25: 6026: 5945:Colonial American and Indian wars 4731:Colonial conflicts involving the 1378:, essential for diplomacy in the 410: 5995:First Nations history in Ontario 4299:The Journal of American Folklore 4104:Dembek, Zygmunt F., ed. (2007). 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 822:Pontiac takes up the war hatchet 124: 50: 5980:Native American history of Ohio 4807:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 4461:Pontiac and the Indian Uprising 4184:The Journal of American History 1605: 1596: 1587: 6010:1760s in the Thirteen Colonies 5960:Battles involving the Iroquois 4910:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 4352:McConnell, Michael N. (1994). 4333:McConnell, Michael N. (1992). 4110:. Government Printing Office. 1802: 1700: 1687: 1208: 68:April 27, 1763 – July 25, 1766 13: 1: 5307:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 5151:Castle Hill convict rebellion 1575: 1316:Franklin County, Pennsylvania 6000:Military history of Michigan 4163:Dowd, Gregory Evans (2002). 4144:Dowd, Gregory Evans (1992). 4009:Barras, V; Greub, G (2014). 2225:, pp. 36, 113, 179–183. 1681: 1462: 7: 4510:Richter, Daniel K. (2001). 4459:Peckham, Howard H. (1947). 4417:Nester, William R. (2000). 4398:Middleton, Richard (2007). 1294:British response, 1764–1766 255:civilian casualties unknown 10: 6031: 5824:Jewish revolt in Palestine 5469:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 5114:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 5006:American Revolutionary War 4379:Michigan Historical Review 4051:. In Asch, Michael (ed.). 3979: 1507:, an effort to reorganize 1505:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1212: 1167: 1164:Bushy Run and Devil's Hole 1105: 825: 449: 445: 405:Royal Proclamation of 1763 250:~4,000 civilians displaced 5658: 5595:Jameson Raid South Africa 5129: 4882: 4743: 4640: 4357:The Conspiracy of Pontiac 4230:Hinderaker, Eric (1997). 1152:Historian and folklorist 795:The Conspiracy of Pontiac 433:The Conspiracy of Pontiac 300: 240: 227: 194: 117: 60: 49: 41: 36: 6015:Native American genocide 5806:Arab revolt in Palestine 5403:Second Anglo-Burmese War 5145:Second Anglo-Maratha War 5036:Australian frontier wars 4085:Calloway, Colin (2006). 3961:, pp. 42–43, 91–93. 3466:, pp. 219–220, 228. 3442:, pp. 553, 617–220. 1809:Dickason, Olive (2022). 1580: 1228:Events in Indian History 18:Pontiac's Rebellion 5935:18th-century rebellions 5800:Second Mohmand campaign 5535:Third Anglo-Burmese War 5499:Second Anglo-Afghan War 5301:First Anglo-Burmese War 5277:Third Anglo-Maratha War 5108:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 5018:Second Anglo-Mysore War 5012:First Anglo-Maratha War 4550:Steele, Ian K. (1994). 4478:Ranlet, Philip (2000). 4402:. New York: Routledge. 4028:10.1111/1469-0691.12706 3329:Barras & Greub 2014 3317:Barras & Greub 2014 3032:, pp. 542, 809n11. 1410:According to historian 1149:, Amherst's successor. 1113:smallpox is among us." 1060:Waterford, Pennsylvania 484:, in which France lost 5740:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5625:First Mohmand campaign 5349:First Anglo-Afghan War 5048:Third Anglo-Mysore War 4211:Grenier, John (2005). 4044:Borrows, John (1997). 2456:, pp. 92–93, 100. 1476: 1383: 1343:treaty at Fort Niagara 1230: 1174:Battle of Devil's Hole 1098: 1037:Franklin, Pennsylvania 863: 823: 772: 680: 528: 513:Treaty of Paris (1763) 478:French and Indian Wars 460: 195:Commanders and leaders 5397:Second Anglo-Sikh War 5054:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 4940:French and Indian War 4391:10.1353/mhr.2006.0028 4125:Dixon, David (2005). 3769:, pp. 1557–1558. 3071:, pp. 1556–1557. 2612:, pp. 1:200–208. 2492:, pp. 1:186–187. 1562:Alexander McGillivray 1553:European colonization 1517:Appalachian Mountains 1509:British North America 1470: 1369: 1222: 1203:Devil's Hole Massacre 1096: 858: 828:Siege of Fort Detroit 821: 814:Siege of Fort Detroit 766: 754:Outbreak of war, 1763 674: 526: 490:French and Indian War 456: 450:Further information: 369:French and Indian War 248:~450 civilians killed 241:Casualties and losses 5559:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 5367:First Anglo-Sikh War 5343:Egyptian–Ottoman War 4275:. New York: Norton. 3757:, pp. vii, 172. 3271:, pp. 434, 438. 3044:, pp. 1555–156. 2081:, pp. xiv, 287. 1000:Fort Michilimackinac 876:Battle of Bloody Run 832:Battle of Bloody Run 717:"Cherokee Rebellion" 573:Algonquian languages 353:Pontiac's Conspiracy 335:Enoch Brown's school 253:200+ warriors killed 246:~450 soldiers killed 44:American Indian Wars 5812:Waziristan campaign 5746:Waziristan campaign 5439:Revolt of Rajab Ali 4916:War of Jenkins' Ear 4680:Illinois Mormon War 4624:Wars involving the 4072:on December 5, 2018 3994:. New York: Knopf. 3973:, pp. 264–266. 3877:, pp. 190–191. 3829:, pp. 305–309. 3793:, pp. 242–243. 3706:, pp. 76, 150. 3694:, pp. 253–254. 3646:, pp. 183–199. 3634:, pp. 217–219. 3622:, pp. 300–301. 3598:, pp. 162–165. 3586:, pp. 233–241. 3574:, pp. 201–205. 3562:, pp. 153–162. 3550:, pp. 227–232. 3538:, pp. 297–298. 3526:, pp. 155–158. 3514:, pp. 228–229. 3502:, pp. 199–200. 3490:, pp. 291–292. 3478:, pp. 151–153. 3454:, pp. 197–199. 3430:, pp. 222–224. 3367:, pp. 210–211. 3355:, pp. 224–225. 3295:, pp. 154–155. 3259:, pp. 195–196. 3235:, pp. 447–448. 3095:, pp. 114–115. 3083:, pp. 144–145. 2906:, pp. 101–102. 2696:, pp. 111–112. 2684:, pp. 109–110. 2648:, pp. 119–120. 2552:, pp. 276–277. 2540:, pp. 105–113. 2504:, pp. 108–110. 2357:, pp. 279–285. 2285:, pp. 468–471. 2261:, pp. 163–164. 2201:, pp. 157–158. 2165:, pp. 248–255. 2153:, pp. 240–245. 2129:, pp. 626–632. 1545:American Revolution 1426:Treaty with Pontiac 1399:Sir William Johnson 1337:Fort Niagara treaty 1180:Battle of Bushy Run 1170:Battle of Bushy Run 963:Fort Wayne, Indiana 895: 726:Sir William Johnson 357:Pontiac's Rebellion 5686:Bambatha Rebellion 5601:Anglo-Zanzibar War 5589:Chitral Expedition 5523:Anglo-Egyptian War 5295:Anglo-Ashanti wars 5000:Lord Dunmore's War 4958:Anglo-Cherokee War 4867:King William's War 4690:Illinois Coal Wars 4630:Illinois Territory 4359:by Francis Parkman 2249:, pp. 256–58. 1519:, creating a vast 1477: 1384: 1356:Susquehanna Valley 1231: 1108:Siege of Fort Pitt 1102:Siege of Fort Pitt 1099: 1079:Erie, Pennsylvania 986:Lafayette, Indiana 894: 824: 773: 719:of 1761, in which 681: 667:Amherst's policies 581:Iroquoian language 555:The tribes of the 529: 509:Great Lakes region 365:Great Lakes region 80:Great Lakes region 5917: 5916: 5848:Malayan Emergency 5758:Malabar rebellion 5619:Siege of Malakand 5565:Anglo-Manipur War 5421:Anglo-Persian War 4970:Anglo-Spanish War 4922:King George's War 4843:King Philip's War 4819:Anglo-Spanish War 4698: 4697: 4660:Illinois Campaign 4634:State of Illinois 4409:978-0-415-97913-9 4269:Jennings, Francis 4117:978-0-16-087238-9 4062:978-0-7748-0581-0 3889:, pp. 96–98. 3682:, p. 305n70. 3155:, p. 447n26. 3059:, p. 809n11. 2954:, pp. 98–99. 2882:, pp. 95–97. 2846:, pp. 90–91. 2822:, pp. 88–89. 2672:, pp. 77–78. 2600:, pp. 68–73. 2516:, pp. 83–90. 2468:, pp. 46–47. 2444:, pp. 87–88. 2405:, pp. 33–46. 2393:, pp. 85–87. 2333:, pp. 82–83. 2309:, pp. 76–77. 2273:, pp. 70–75. 2213:, pp. 63–69. 2189:, pp. 96–99. 2177:, pp. 85–89. 1896:, p. 303n21. 1820:978-0-19-902848-1 1525:Mississippi River 1457:Mississippi River 1403:Fort Presque Isle 1380:Eastern Woodlands 1280:Benjamin Franklin 1091: 1090: 1073:Fort Presque Isle 887:Small forts taken 732:Land and religion 600:, which included 419:, an influential 343: 342: 259: 258: 113: 112: 16:(Redirected from 6022: 5866:Cyprus Emergency 5692:Maritz rebellion 5680:Tibet expedition 5613:Benin Expedition 5433:Indian Rebellion 5427:Second Opium War 5409:Eureka Rebellion 5385:British Honduras 5361:New Zealand Wars 4946:Seven Years' War 4892:Queen Anne's War 4725: 4718: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4626:Illinois Country 4618: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4565: 4546: 4527: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4474: 4454: 4437:Parkman, Francis 4432: 4413: 4394: 4373: 4348: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4286: 4264: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4190:(4): 1552–1580. 4178: 4159: 4140: 4121: 4100: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4065:. Archived from 4050: 4040: 4030: 4005: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2810:, p. 1:271. 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2141:, pp. 5–20. 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2033:, pp. 1–32. 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1785: 1779: 1770: 1764: 1753: 1747: 1738: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1521:"Indian Reserve" 1498:ethnic cleansing 1432:Fort de Chartres 1393:Bradstreet left 896: 893: 789:to the British. 769:John Mix Stanley 759:Planning the war 598:Illinois Country 496:captured French 482:Seven Years' War 472: 440:Francis Jennings 361:Native Americans 295: 285: 278: 271: 262: 261: 129: 128: 82:of North America 62: 61: 54: 34: 33: 21: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6005:1760s in Canada 5920: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5854:Kenya Emergency 5660: 5654: 5649:Second Boer War 5643:Boxer Rebellion 5571:Pahang Uprising 5451:Ambela campaign 5373:Río de la Plata 5355:First Opium War 5337:Aden Expedition 5169:Río de la Plata 5131: 5125: 5096:Irish Rebellion 4988:First Carib War 4884: 4878: 4801:Confederate War 4795:Irish Rebellion 4745: 4739: 4729: 4699: 4694: 4636: 4622: 4590: 4584: 4562: 4543: 4524: 4500: 4498: 4471: 4451: 4429: 4410: 4370: 4345: 4323: 4321: 4291:Mayor, Adrienne 4283: 4261: 4242: 4223: 4196:10.2307/2567577 4175: 4156: 4137: 4118: 4097: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4002: 3982: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3923:Hinderaker 1997 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307:, pp. 2–3. 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187:, p. 1554. 3183: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119:, p. 1557. 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1956:, pp. 2–3. 1952: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1932:, p. xiii. 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1908:, p. 107n. 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1873: 1865: 1858: 1854:, p. 1558. 1850: 1843: 1839:, p. xiii. 1835: 1828: 1821: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1773: 1765: 1756: 1748: 1741: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1513:Treaty of Paris 1465: 1428: 1419:Muskingum River 1388:John Bradstreet 1364: 1362:Two expeditions 1339: 1304:Fort Cumberland 1296: 1217: 1211: 1176: 1168:Main articles: 1166: 1110: 1104: 944:Niles, Michigan 938:Fort St. Joseph 889: 834: 826:Main articles: 816: 761: 756: 734: 699:, commander at 685:Jeffrey Amherst 677:Joshua Reynolds 669: 579:, who spoke an 521: 519:Tribes involved 494:Jeffrey Amherst 474: 462: 454: 448: 429:Francis Parkman 413: 384:Jeffrey Amherst 351:(also known as 346: 345: 344: 339: 296: 291: 289: 254: 249: 247: 236:~3,500 warriors 233:~3,000 soldiers 220: 216: 207: 203: 201:Jeffrey Amherst 187:Illinois people 182:Kickapoo people 137:Native American 123: 101:Portage around 97: 83: 69: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6028: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5794:Barzani revolt 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5631:Tirah campaign 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5541:Central Africa 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5511:First Boer War 5508: 5502: 5496: 5493:Anglo-Zulu War 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5181:Froberg mutiny 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4861:Williamite War 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4737:British Empire 4728: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4675:Black Hawk War 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4570:White, Richard 4566: 4560: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4507: 4490:(3): 427–441. 4475: 4469: 4456: 4449: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4408: 4395: 4374: 4368: 4349: 4343: 4330: 4311:10.2307/541734 4305:(427): 54–77. 4287: 4281: 4265: 4260:978-0806119359 4259: 4246: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4179: 4173: 4160: 4154: 4141: 4135: 4122: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4082: 4061: 4041: 4021:(6): 497–502. 4006: 4000: 3988:Anderson, Fred 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3949:, p. 247. 3939: 3937:, p. 234. 3927: 3925:, p. 156. 3915: 3903: 3901:, p. 246. 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3853:, p. 210. 3843: 3831: 3819: 3815:McConnell 1994 3807: 3805:, p. 289. 3795: 3783: 3781:, p. 322. 3771: 3759: 3747: 3745:, p. 446. 3735: 3733:, p. 142. 3720: 3718:, p. 280. 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3670:, p. 302. 3660: 3658:, p. 189. 3656:Middleton 2007 3648: 3644:Middleton 2007 3636: 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 242. 3600: 3588: 3576: 3572:McConnell 1992 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3500:McConnell 1992 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3452:McConnell 1992 3444: 3432: 3420: 3418:, p. 194. 3405: 3403:, p. 176. 3393: 3391:, p. 173. 3381: 3379:, p. 137. 3369: 3357: 3345: 3343:, p. 196. 3333: 3331:, p. 499. 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3283:, p. 438. 3273: 3261: 3257:McConnell 1992 3249: 3247:, p. 112. 3237: 3225: 3223:, p. 170. 3213: 3201: 3199:, p. 430. 3189: 3172: 3170:, p. 428. 3157: 3145: 3143:, p. 541. 3133: 3131:, p. 431. 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 542. 3097: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3020:, p. 226. 3007: 3005:, p. 130. 2995: 2993:, p. 130. 2983: 2971: 2969:, p. 151. 2956: 2952:Middleton 2007 2944: 2942:, p. 128. 2932: 2930:, p. 149. 2920: 2918:, p. 127. 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2870:, p. 126. 2860: 2858:, p. 122. 2848: 2836: 2834:, p. 121. 2824: 2812: 2800: 2798:, p. 119. 2788: 2773: 2761: 2759:, p. 167. 2757:McConnell 1992 2749: 2747:, p. 125. 2734: 2732:, p. 139. 2722: 2720:, p. 538. 2710: 2708:, p. 114. 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2660:, p. 109. 2650: 2638: 2636:, p. 116. 2626: 2624:, p. 108. 2614: 2602: 2598:Middleton 2007 2590: 2588:, p. 126. 2578: 2576:, p. 160. 2566: 2564:, p. 121. 2554: 2542: 2530: 2528:, p. 105. 2518: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2480:, p. 104. 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2432:, p. 105. 2419: 2417:, p. 276. 2407: 2403:Middleton 2007 2395: 2383: 2381:, p. 272. 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2259:McConnell 1992 2251: 2239: 2237:, p. 170. 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2187:Middleton 2007 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2139:McConnell 1992 2131: 2119: 2117:, p. 168. 2107: 2095: 2093:, p. 260. 2083: 2071: 2069:, p. 256. 2059: 2057:, p. 453. 2047: 2045:, p. 216. 2035: 2031:Middleton 2006 2023: 2021:, p. 131. 2011: 2009:, p. 235. 1999: 1997:, p. 182. 1995:McConnell 1992 1982: 1970: 1968:, p. 442. 1958: 1954:Middleton 2006 1946: 1934: 1930:McConnell 1994 1922: 1910: 1898: 1886: 1871: 1869:, p. 208. 1856: 1841: 1826: 1819: 1801: 1799:, p. 202. 1797:Middleton 2007 1786: 1784:, p. 275. 1771: 1769:, p. 279. 1754: 1752:, p. 239. 1739: 1737:, p. 117. 1724: 1722:, p. 158. 1712: 1699: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1464: 1461: 1448:George Croghan 1427: 1424: 1395:Fort Schlosser 1363: 1360: 1351:Covenant Chain 1338: 1335: 1323:Board of Trade 1312:notorious raid 1295: 1292: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1165: 1162: 1154:Adrienne Mayor 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1087:killing many. 1084: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1021:with visiting 1015: 1012: 1002: 996: 995: 991: 988: 982: 980:Fort Ouiatenon 976: 975: 968: 965: 959: 953: 952: 949: 946: 940: 934: 933: 925: 922: 916: 910: 909: 906: 903: 900: 888: 885: 815: 812: 800:pays d'en haut 787:pays d'en haut 760: 757: 755: 752: 747:Master of Life 733: 730: 709:pays d'en haut 687:, the British 668: 665: 657:Covenant Chain 653:pays d'en haut 557:pays d'en haut 539:pays d'en haut 534:pays d'en haut 520: 517: 469:George Croghan 455: 447: 444: 412: 411:Naming the War 409: 367:following the 341: 340: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 298: 297: 288: 287: 280: 273: 265: 257: 256: 251: 243: 242: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 225: 224: 211: 197: 196: 192: 191: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 172:Wyandot people 169: 164: 159: 153: 147: 133: 131:British Empire 120: 119: 115: 114: 111: 110: 109:to the British 99: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 78: 76: 72: 71: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6027: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5930:Pontiac's War 5928: 5927: 5925: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5782:Ikhwan revolt 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5229:Spice Islands 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187:Santo Domingo 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4976:Pontiac's War 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928:Carnatic Wars 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4898:Tuscarora War 4896: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:Winnebago War 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Pontiac's War 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4583:0-521-42460-7 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4561:0-19-508223-0 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4542:0-87013-569-4 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4523:0-674-00638-0 4519: 4515: 4514: 4508: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4470:0-8143-2469-X 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:0-8032-8733-X 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4428:0-275-96770-0 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4369:0-8032-8733-X 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4344:0-8032-8238-9 4340: 4336: 4331: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4282:0-393-30640-2 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4241:0-521-66345-8 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4222:0-521-84566-1 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4174:0-8018-7079-8 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4155:0-8018-4609-9 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4136:0-8061-3656-1 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4096:0-19-530071-8 4092: 4088: 4083: 4076:September 24, 4068: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 4001:0-375-40642-5 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3913:, p. 91. 3912: 3911:Calloway 2006 3907: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3887:Calloway 2006 3883: 3876: 3871: 3865:, p. 77. 3864: 3863:Calloway 2006 3859: 3852: 3847: 3841:, p. 76. 3840: 3839:Calloway 2006 3835: 3828: 3823: 3817:, p. xv. 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3743:Jennings 1988 3739: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3704:Calloway 2006 3700: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3440:Anderson 2000 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3233:Jennings 1988 3229: 3222: 3217: 3211:, p. 57. 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153:Jennings 1988 3149: 3142: 3141:Anderson 2000 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3105:Anderson 2000 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3057:Anderson 2000 3053: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3030:Anderson 2000 3026: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2981:, p. 92. 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2894:, p. 99. 2893: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2786:, p. 86. 2785: 2780: 2778: 2771:, p. 44. 2770: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2718:Anderson 2000 2714: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2586:Calloway 2006 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2345:, p. 34. 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2321:, p. 83. 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2297:, p. 78. 2296: 2291: 2284: 2283:Anderson 2000 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2127:Anderson 2000 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2055:Anderson 2000 2051: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1980:, p. 93. 1979: 1974: 1967: 1966:Jennings 1988 1962: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1884:, p. 92. 1883: 1882:Calloway 2006 1878: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1586: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541:First Nations 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1474: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436:Charlot Kaské 1433: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1412:Richard White 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Benjamin West 1368: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347:Genesee River 1344: 1334: 1332: 1331:Fred Anderson 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244:Susquehannock 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:Niagara Falls 1196: 1191: 1190:praised him. 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143:William Trent 1138: 1136: 1135:Henry Bouquet 1130: 1128: 1127:Fort Ligonier 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1095: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1054:Fort Le Boeuf 1052: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035:Near present 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006:Mackinaw City 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 992: 989: 987: 983: 981: 978: 977: 973: 969: 966: 964: 960: 958: 955: 954: 950: 947: 945: 941: 939: 936: 935: 930: 926: 923: 920: 917: 915: 914:Fort Sandusky 912: 911: 907: 905:Sacking Date 904: 901: 898: 897: 892: 884: 882: 877: 872: 869: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 833: 829: 820: 811: 807: 803: 801: 796: 790: 788: 783: 779: 770: 765: 751: 748: 744: 738: 729: 727: 722: 718: 712: 710: 704: 702: 698: 697:Henry Gladwin 694: 690: 686: 678: 673: 664: 662: 658: 654: 649: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 627:: Delawares ( 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 544: 540: 536: 535: 525: 516: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 473: 470: 467:diplomat, to 466: 459: 453: 443: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 408: 406: 402: 398: 392: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349:Pontiac's War 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 299: 294: 293:Pontiac's War 286: 281: 279: 274: 272: 267: 266: 263: 252: 245: 244: 239: 235: 232: 231: 226: 223: 222:Charlot Kaské 219: 215: 212: 210: 206: 205:Henry Bouquet 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 167:Seneca people 165: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 140: 138: 134: 132: 127: 122: 121: 116: 108: 104: 103:Niagara Falls 100: 95: 94: 90: 87: 86: 81: 77: 74: 73: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 40: 37:Pontiac's War 35: 30: 19: 5752:Iraqi Revolt 5607:Matabeleland 5583:North Borneo 5577:Matabeleland 5529:Saskatchewan 5331:Upper Canada 5325:Lower Canada 5283:Persian Gulf 5199:Persian Gulf 5139:Newfoundland 5120:Polygar Wars 5090:Kandyan Wars 5042:Nootka Sound 4975: 4654: 4591: 4573: 4551: 4532: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4487: 4483: 4460: 4440: 4418: 4399: 4382: 4378: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4334: 4322:. Retrieved 4302: 4298: 4272: 4250: 4231: 4212: 4187: 4183: 4164: 4145: 4126: 4106: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4067:the original 4052: 4018: 4014: 3991: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3875:Richter 2001 3870: 3858: 3851:Richter 2001 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3779:Peckham 1947 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3353:Peckham 1947 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3221:Peckham 1947 3216: 3204: 3192: 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3081:Grenier 2005 3076: 3064: 3037: 3025: 3018:Peckham 1947 2998: 2986: 2974: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2808:Parkman 1870 2803: 2791: 2764: 2752: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2646:Peckham 1947 2641: 2634:Peckham 1947 2629: 2617: 2610:Parkman 1870 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2526:Peckham 1947 2521: 2509: 2502:Peckham 1947 2497: 2490:Parkman 1870 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2369:, p. 6. 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2235:Borrows 1997 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2105:, p. 1. 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1944:, p. 7. 1937: 1925: 1920:, p. x. 1913: 1906:Peckham 1947 1901: 1889: 1867:Richter 2001 1810: 1804: 1750:Peckham 1947 1715: 1702: 1689: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1558:Joseph Brant 1549: 1537: 1502: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1452:Fort Ontario 1444: 1429: 1416: 1408: 1392: 1385: 1340: 1320: 1308:Fort Loudoun 1297: 1287: 1283: 1272: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1195:Fort Niagara 1192: 1184:Philadelphia 1177: 1158: 1151: 1139: 1131: 1123:Fort Bedford 1111: 1031:Fort Venango 890: 881:Maumee River 873: 868:cannibalized 864: 859: 854:Fort Detroit 838:Ecorse River 835: 808: 804: 799: 794: 791: 786: 774: 739: 735: 713: 708: 705: 701:Fort Detroit 682: 661:Seneca tribe 652: 651:Outside the 650: 625:Ohio Country 622: 595: 590:Fort Detroit 584: 571:, who spoke 556: 554: 538: 532: 530: 505:Ohio Country 502: 475: 461: 457: 437: 432: 414: 393: 388:British Army 381: 356: 352: 348: 347: 330:Devil's Hole 305:Fort Detroit 292: 177:Miami people 162:Mingo people 158:Anishinaabek 152:Anishinaabek 146:Anishinaabek 135: 118:Belligerents 42:Part of the 29: 5872:Suez Crisis 5770:Transjordan 5674:West Africa 5651:(1899–1902) 5645:(1898–1901) 5637:Six-Day War 5585:(1894–1905) 5573:(1891–1895) 5553:Mashonaland 5517:Mahdist War 5457:Shimonoseki 5387:(1847–1901) 5297:(1824–1901) 5265:Cape Colony 5163:Cape Colony 5122:(1799–1805) 5116:(1799–1803) 5104:(1798–1800) 5092:(1796–1818) 5066:Cape Colony 5056:(1793–1806) 5038:(1788–1934) 4934:Nova Scotia 4904:Yamasee War 4875:(1694–1700) 4849:Child's War 4837:2nd Tangier 4831:1st Tangier 4827:(1655–1739) 4777:Saint Kitts 4755:(1593–1603) 4665:War of 1812 4645:Beaver Wars 4501:January 13, 4385:(2): 1–32. 4324:January 15, 3947:Steele 1994 3935:Steele 1994 3755:Nester 2000 3716:Nester 2000 3416:Nester 2000 3401:Nester 2000 3389:Nester 2000 3305:Dembek 2007 3281:Ranlet 2000 3269:Ranlet 2000 3245:Nester 2000 3197:Ranlet 2000 3168:Ranlet 2000 3129:Ranlet 2000 3093:Nester 2000 3003:Nester 2000 2979:Nester 2000 2904:Nester 2000 2892:Nester 2000 2880:Nester 2000 2844:Nester 2000 2820:Nester 2000 2784:Nester 2000 2769:Nester 2000 2670:Nester 2000 2514:Jacobs 1972 2466:Nester 2000 2103:Skaggs 2001 2007:Steele 1994 1978:Jacobs 1972 1918:Nester 2000 1767:Nester 2000 1566:Blue Jacket 1440:New Orleans 1327:Thomas Gage 1276:associators 1236:Paxton Boys 1215:Paxton Boys 1209:Paxton Boys 1188:King George 1147:Thomas Gage 846:Potawatomis 618:Piankashaws 569:Potawatomis 546:communities 310:Point Pelee 209:Thomas Gage 96:Territorial 5924:Categories 5776:Pink's War 5668:Somaliland 5505:Basutoland 5259:Guadeloupe 5241:Xhosa Wars 5223:Seychelles 5205:Guadeloupe 5193:Martinique 5060:Rohilkhand 5024:Gold Coast 4994:Rohilkhand 4952:Bengal War 4789:Pequot War 3899:Dixon 2005 3827:White 1991 3803:White 1991 3791:Dixon 2005 3680:White 1991 3668:White 1991 3620:White 1991 3608:Dixon 2005 3584:Dixon 2005 3548:Dixon 2005 3536:White 1991 3512:Dixon 2005 3488:White 1991 3464:Dixon 2005 3428:Dixon 2005 3365:Dixon 2005 3341:Dixon 2005 3293:Dixon 2005 3209:Mayor 1995 2967:Dixon 2005 2928:Dixon 2005 2856:Dixon 2005 2832:Dixon 2005 2796:Dixon 2005 2706:Dixon 2005 2694:Dixon 2005 2682:Dixon 2005 2658:Dixon 2005 2622:Dixon 2005 2550:White 1991 2478:Dixon 2005 2454:Dixon 2005 2442:Dixon 2005 2415:White 1991 2391:Dixon 2005 2379:White 1991 2355:White 1991 2319:Dixon 2005 2295:Dixon 2005 2247:White 1991 2223:White 1991 2199:Dixon 2005 2175:Dixon 2005 2163:White 1991 2151:White 1991 2091:White 1991 2079:White 1991 2067:White 1991 2019:Dixon 2005 1894:Dixon 2005 1837:Dixon 2005 1720:Dixon 2005 1576:References 1511:after the 957:Fort Miami 614:Mascoutens 486:New France 320:Bloody Run 150:Potawatomi 139:Coalition 5908:Falklands 5904:(1963–67) 5898:(1962–66) 5892:(1962–90) 5880:(1962–76) 5868:(1955–59) 5862:(1954–59) 5856:(1952–60) 5850:(1948–60) 5844:(1946–50) 5836:Indonesia 5832:(1945–46) 5830:Indochina 5826:(1944–48) 5814:(1936–39) 5808:(1936–39) 5796:(1931–32) 5790:(1930–31) 5784:(1927–30) 5766:(1922–24) 5764:Kurdistan 5748:(1919–20) 5724:(1916–17) 5704:Nyasaland 5700:(1914–15) 5694:(1914–15) 5682:(1903–04) 5676:(1901–02) 5670:(1900–20) 5633:(1897–98) 5627:(1897–98) 5609:(1896–97) 5579:(1893–94) 5543:(1886–89) 5519:(1881–99) 5513:(1880–81) 5507:(1880–81) 5501:(1879–80) 5489:(1875–76) 5475:Abyssinia 5471:(1866–71) 5465:(1864–65) 5453:(1863–64) 5445:Kagoshima 5441:(1857–58) 5435:(1857–59) 5429:(1856–60) 5423:(1856–57) 5417:(1854–56) 5415:Åland War 5399:(1848–49) 5375:(1845–50) 5369:(1845–46) 5363:(1845–72) 5357:(1839–42) 5351:(1839–42) 5345:(1839–41) 5333:(1837–38) 5327:(1837–38) 5321:(1831–33) 5315:(1831–32) 5309:(1828–32) 5303:(1824–26) 5279:(1817–18) 5255:(1814–16) 5249:(1812–15) 5243:(1811–79) 5237:(1810–11) 5217:Mauritius 5189:(1808–09) 5171:(1806–07) 5147:(1803–05) 5110:(1798–99) 5080:(1795–96) 5074:(1795–96) 5050:(1789–92) 5026:(1781–82) 5020:(1779–84) 5014:(1775–82) 5008:(1775–83) 4996:(1773–74) 4990:(1769–73) 4984:(1765–71) 4978:(1763–66) 4972:(1762–63) 4960:(1758–61) 4954:(1756–65) 4948:(1756–63) 4942:(1754–63) 4936:(1749–55) 4930:(1746–63) 4924:(1744–48) 4918:(1740–42) 4912:(1722–25) 4906:(1715–17) 4900:(1711–15) 4894:(1702–13) 4869:(1688–97) 4863:(1688–91) 4851:(1686–90) 4845:(1675–78) 4821:(1654–60) 4815:(1654–67) 4809:(1649–53) 4803:(1641–53) 4791:(1634–38) 4761:(1609–46) 3971:Dowd 2002 3959:Dowd 1992 3767:Fenn 2000 3731:Dowd 2002 3692:Dowd 2002 3632:Dowd 2002 3596:Dowd 2002 3560:Dowd 2002 3524:Dowd 2002 3476:Dowd 2002 3377:Dowd 2002 3185:Fenn 2000 3117:Fenn 2000 3069:Fenn 2000 3042:Fenn 2000 2991:Dowd 2002 2940:Dowd 2002 2916:Dowd 2002 2868:Dowd 2002 2745:Dowd 2002 2730:Dowd 2002 2574:Dowd 2002 2562:Dowd 2002 2538:Dowd 2002 2430:Dowd 2002 2367:Dowd 2002 2343:Dowd 1992 2331:Dowd 2002 2307:Dowd 2002 2271:Dowd 2002 2211:Dowd 2002 2115:Dowd 2002 2043:Dowd 2002 1942:Dowd 2002 1852:Fenn 2000 1782:Dowd 2002 1735:Dowd 2002 1682:Citations 1527:and from 1494:genocidal 1463:Aftermath 1268:John Penn 1264:workhouse 1260:Lancaster 1115:Delawares 1019:stickball 919:Lake Erie 902:Location 693:fur trade 610:Kickapoos 585:habitants 500:in 1760. 397:Fort Pitt 325:Bushy Run 315:Fort Pitt 105:ceded by 5896:Malaysia 5818:Ethiopia 5716:Peshawar 5481:Manitoba 5463:Duar War 4759:Virginia 4650:Fox Wars 4572:(1991). 4496:27774278 4439:(1870). 4293:(1995). 4271:(1988). 4037:24894605 3990:(2000). 1570:Tecumseh 1473:captives 1300:Maryland 1248:Moravian 1246:and the 1083:June 19 1077:Present 1064:June 18 1058:Present 1041:June 16 1010:Michigan 1004:Present 961:Present 942:Present 929:Wyandots 908:Details 782:Guyasuta 721:Cherokee 683:General 679:, 1765). 645:Iroquois 637:Wyandots 633:Shawnees 543:anarchic 498:Montréal 463:Nimwha, 417:Guyasuta 401:smallpox 228:Strength 218:Guyasuta 75:Location 5890:Sarawak 5842:Sarawak 5734:Nigeria 5722:Mohmand 5710:Nigeria 5661:century 5319:Malacca 5313:Jamaica 5271:Algiers 5211:Reunion 5157:Surinam 5132:century 5078:Grenada 5072:Jamaica 4964:Jamaica 4885:century 4825:Jamaica 4753:Ireland 4746:century 4733:English 4204:2567577 3980:Sources 1529:Florida 1288:Indians 1255:Mohican 1240:Paxtang 1119:Shawnee 1046:Senecas 1014:June 4 990:June 1 967:May 27 948:May 25 924:May 16 842:Ojibwas 565:Ojibwes 561:Ottawas 550:Ottawas 465:Shawnee 446:Origins 377:Pontiac 375:leader 214:Pontiac 107:Senecas 98:changes 5910:(1982) 5886:(1962) 5884:Brunei 5874:(1956) 5838:(1945) 5820:(1943) 5802:(1935) 5778:(1925) 5772:(1923) 5760:(1921) 5754:(1920) 5742:(1919) 5736:(1918) 5730:(1917) 5728:Quebec 5718:(1915) 5712:(1915) 5706:(1915) 5688:(1906) 5639:(1899) 5621:(1897) 5615:(1897) 5603:(1896) 5597:(1896) 5591:(1895) 5567:(1891) 5561:(1891) 5555:(1890) 5549:(1888) 5547:Hazara 5537:(1885) 5531:(1885) 5525:(1882) 5495:(1879) 5483:(1870) 5477:(1868) 5459:(1864) 5447:(1863) 5411:(1854) 5405:(1852) 5393:(1848) 5391:Ceylon 5381:(1847) 5379:Canton 5339:(1839) 5291:(1823) 5289:Guiana 5285:(1819) 5273:(1816) 5267:(1815) 5261:(1815) 5231:(1810) 5225:(1810) 5219:(1810) 5213:(1810) 5207:(1810) 5201:(1809) 5195:(1809) 5183:(1807) 5177:(1807) 5165:(1806) 5159:(1804) 5153:(1804) 5141:(1800) 5098:(1798) 5086:(1795) 5084:Ceylon 5068:(1795) 5062:(1794) 5044:(1789) 5032:(1786) 5002:(1774) 4966:(1762) 4857:(1687) 4839:(1664) 4833:(1662) 4813:Acadia 4797:(1641) 4785:(1628) 4783:Quebec 4779:(1626) 4773:(1622) 4767:(1612) 4765:Swally 4632:, and 4580: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4494: 4467: 4447: 4425: 4406: 4366: 4341: 4319:541734 4317: 4279: 4257: 4238: 4219: 4202: 4171: 4152: 4133: 4114: 4093: 4059: 4035: 3998: 1817: 1568:, and 1533:Quebec 1482:killed 1376:wampum 1284:Indian 1251:Lenape 1186:, and 972:Miamis 921:shore 850:Hurons 848:, and 778:wampum 743:Neolin 641:Mingos 639:, and 629:Lenape 616:, and 602:Miamis 577:Hurons 575:, and 567:, and 471:, 1768 421:Seneca 156:Ojibwe 88:Result 5950:Odawa 5788:Tirah 5698:Tochi 5487:Perak 5253:Nepal 5175:Egypt 5102:Malta 5030:Assam 4873:Ghana 4771:Ormuz 4492:JSTOR 4315:JSTOR 4200:JSTOR 4070:(PDF) 4049:(PDF) 1581:Notes 1023:Sauks 899:Fort 425:Mingo 373:Odawa 144:Odawa 5902:Aden 5878:Oman 5860:Oman 5659:20th 5235:Java 5130:19th 4883:18th 4855:Siam 4744:17th 4578:ISBN 4556:ISBN 4537:ISBN 4518:ISBN 4503:2021 4465:ISBN 4445:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4404:ISBN 4364:ISBN 4339:ISBN 4326:2021 4277:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4236:ISBN 4217:ISBN 4169:ISBN 4150:ISBN 4131:ISBN 4112:ISBN 4091:ISBN 4078:2018 4057:ISBN 4033:PMID 3996:ISBN 1815:ISBN 1695:Link 1253:and 1172:and 1125:and 830:and 606:Weas 507:and 65:Date 5247:USA 4387:doi 4307:doi 4303:108 4192:doi 4023:doi 1531:to 1290:?" 631:), 431:'s 355:or 5926:: 4628:, 4488:67 4486:. 4482:. 4383:32 4381:. 4313:. 4301:. 4297:. 4198:. 4188:86 4186:. 4031:. 4019:20 4017:. 4013:. 3723:^ 3408:^ 3175:^ 3160:^ 3049:^ 3010:^ 2959:^ 2776:^ 2737:^ 2422:^ 1985:^ 1874:^ 1859:^ 1844:^ 1829:^ 1789:^ 1774:^ 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Index