98:
235:
765:
1536:
1076:
1088:
1673:
40:
226:. It is over 200 km from the originally accepted position. Due to constant motion of the pack ice, no permanent structure can exist at this pole. As of February 2021, McNeill said that, as far as he could ascertain, no one had reached the new position of the Northern Pole of Inaccessibility - certainly not from the last landfall across the ocean's surface. It remains an important scientific transect.
254:. A variety of coordinate locations have been given for this pole. The discrepancies are due to the question of whether the "coast" is measured to the grounding line or the edges of ice shelves, the difficulty of determining the location of the "solid" coastline, the movement of ice sheets and improvements in the accuracy of survey data over the years, as well as possible topographical errors.
1791:"traditional" Eurasian PIA in Crane & Crane, 1987. Rees using the same method updated the arctic PIA by over 200 kilometers. Barnes, which improved upon the method and the dataset used, was able to improve the GC & L South American PIA by 50 kilometers, showing that bad coastline data caused an error of 57 kilometers in their reported PIA-to-coast distance.
673:. The team reached the old abandoned station on 19 January 2007, rediscovering the forgotten statue of Lenin left there by the Soviets some 48 years previously. The team found that only the bust on top of the building remained visible; the rest was buried under the snow. The explorers were picked up from the spot by a plane from
1770:
Finally, an optimization algorithm must be developed. Several works use the 2007 adaptive grid method of Garcia-Castellanos and
Lombardo. In this method, a rectangular grid of, e.g., 21×21 points is created. Each point's distance from the coastline is determined and the point farthest from the coast
396:
Using recent datasets and cross-confirmation between the adaptive gridding and B9-Hillclimbing methods discussed below, Rees et al. (2021) identify two poles of inaccessibility for
Antarctica: an "outer" pole defined by the edge of Antarctica's floating ice shelves and an "inner" pole defined by the
1663:
went from coastal Chile to the South
American Pole of Inaccessibility, becoming the first adventurers to go from the nearest coastline to the pole by foot. In 2019, it was discovered that there is a second South American pole of inaccessibility to the north, its position varying greatly between the
1790:
To date there has been no meta-study of the various works, and the algorithms and datasets they use. However, successive works have compared themselves with previous calculations and claimed improvement. For example, the GC & L article from 2007 was able to find hundred-kilometer errors in the
749:
As mentioned above, due to improvements in technology and the position of the continental edge of
Antarctica being debated, the exact position of the best estimate of the pole of inaccessibility may vary. However, for the convenience of sport expeditions, a fixed point is preferred, and the Soviet
653:
and ended at
Progress Base after more than 4,500 km (2,800 mi). This was the fastest polar journey ever achieved without mechanical aid, with an average rate of around 90 km (56 mi) per day and a maximum of 311 km (193 mi) per day, using kites as their power source.
807:
and is the place in the ocean that is farthest from land. It represents the solution to the "longest swim" problem. The problem entails finding such a place in the world ocean where, if a person fell overboard while on a ship at sea, they would be as far away from any land in any direction as
75:
is the farthest (or most difficult to reach) location in a given landmass, sea, or other topographical feature, starting from a given boundary, relative to a given criterion. A geographical criterion of inaccessibility marks a location that is the most challenging to reach according to that
609:, updated that year by the British Antarctic Survey. The team continued their journey towards the second southern pole of inaccessibility, the one that accounts for the ice shelves as well as the continental land, and they were the first expedition to reach it, on 14 December 2005, at
88:
from the shore. In these cases, a pole of inaccessibility is the center of a maximally large circle that can be drawn within an area of interest only touching but not crossing a coastline. Where a coast is imprecisely defined, the pole will be similarly imprecise.
1762:
must be determined for calculating distances between coastlines and potential Poles. Some works tended to project data onto planes or perform spherical calculations; more recently, other works have used different algorithms and high-performance computing with
844:, Antarctica) to the south. The exact coordinates of Point Nemo depend on what the exact coordinates of these three islands are, since the nature of the "longest swim" problem means that the ocean point is equally far from each.
1775:. A more recent method from 2019, B9-Hillclimbing by Barnes, uses a polyhedron in 3D space to find initial points evenly spaced by 100 kilometers. These points are then grouped; the more "unique" points are subject to
1771:
identified. The grid is then recentered on this point and shrunk by some factor. This process iterates until the grid becomes very small (e.g. at 100-meter precision). Some authors claim this method could sink into a
1463:
Coincidentally, the continental and oceanic poles of inaccessibility have a similar radius; the
Eurasian poles EPIA1 and EPIA2 are about 178 km (111 mi) closer to the ocean than the oceanic pole is to land.
1755:(OSM) planet dumps. The GSHHG claims 500-meter precision for 90% of identifiable coastal features, while the volunteer-build OSM give no such guarantee but nevertheless "have characteristics suggesting accuracy".
1012:
in 1992. In 2022, Lukatela recalculated the coordinates of Point Nemo using OpenStreetMap data as well as Google Maps data in order to compare those results with the coordinates he first calculated using
1053:" because hundreds of decommissioned satellites, space stations, and other spacecraft have been made to fall there upon re-entering the atmosphere, to lessen the risk of hitting inhabited locations or
612:
572:
5396:
1614:
112:
at a distance farthest from any landmass. The original position was wrongly believed to lie at 84°3′N 174°51′W. It is not clear who first defined this point, but it may have been Sir
1687:
8010:
440:
400:
1114:
847:
The area is so remote that, since no regular marine or air traffic routes are within 400 kilometres (250 mi), sometimes the closest human beings are astronauts aboard the
5330:
569:, Juan Manuel Viu, and Ignacio Oficialdegui, members of the Spanish Transantarctic Expedition, reached for the first time in history the southern pole of inaccessibility at
356:
169:
5138:
665:, embarked on an expedition to be the first to reach the historic pole of inaccessibility location without direct mechanical assistance, using a combination of traditional
304:
1562:
4867:
4303:
4241:
914:
4491:
264:
1387:, located respectively at 2,510±10 km (1,560±6 mi) and 2,514±7 km (1,562±4 mi) from the oceans. These points lie in a close triangle about the
701:
517:
5018:
1325:
as part of the oceans, and a 2007 study proposes two other locations as the ones farther from any ocean (within the uncertainty of coastline definition): EPIA1
97:
965:
1799:
Poles of
Inaccessibility, as determined by some authors, are listed in the table below. This list is incomplete and may not capture all works done to date.
1034:. The novel was a childhood favorite of Lukatela's, and such, he named it after Captain Nemo. The general area plays a major role in the 1928 short story "
497:
258:
5355:
5384:
1400:
1108:
border. It is also the furthest possible point on land from the ocean, given that
Eurasia (or even merely Asia alone) is the largest continent on Earth.
5228:
1020:
The point and the areas around it have attracted literary and cultural attention, and the point itself has become known as Point Nemo, a reference to
1787:) for the farthest distance, accelerated by a 3D Cartesian point cloud. Rees (2021) shows that the two methods agree with each other to meter level.
1002:
5056:
43:
Map of distance to the nearest coastline (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main
4552:
1177:
812:, and is equally distant from the three closest land vertices which are each roughly 2,688 km (1,670 mi) away. Those vertices are
1241:
4897:
1281:
7172:
5495:
3866:
3658:
3398:
2670:
2618:
2358:
2306:
2046:
4074:
3970:
3814:
3710:
3554:
3502:
3346:
3294:
2930:
2826:
2774:
2462:
2410:
2098:
6133:
4126:
4022:
3242:
3138:
2982:
2254:
1942:
1890:
4207:
ArcGIS personnel wrote a 2015 page with their calculations based on a flat Earth. The results are too inaccurate to be included here.
3086:
3762:
3606:
2514:
2150:
5326:
5303:
4621:
3918:
3450:
2878:
2722:
2566:
2202:
155:
in 2013. McNeill launched his own, unsuccessful attempt to reach the new position in 2006, while measuring the depth of sea-ice for
8553:
5768:
4246:
3034:
1838:
33:
5776:
1599:. The pole was marked in 2021 with a marker that represents the 7 Lakota Values and the four colors of the Lakota Medicine Wheel.
8128:
7134:
5547:
4988:
4586:
17:
4807:
3190:
1420:
7725:
7323:
6911:
5110:
1457:
1030:
779:
861:
8517:
4875:
4460:
4334:
4966:
6463:
7328:
1994:
1359:
1328:
8619:
8411:
8092:
7914:
7804:
7573:
6162:
6111:
5424:
1479:
904:
blocks nutrients from reaching the area, and being so far from land it gets little nutrient run-off from coastal waters.
5277:
4989:"ExWeb interview Sebastian Copeland and Eric McNair-Landry (part 1/2): The battle of body and gear across 2 South Poles"
7862:
7443:
7382:
5022:
4837:
738:
southern pole of inaccessibility. They were the first to do so without resupply or mechanical support, departing from
554:. A second Russian team returned there in 1967. Today, a building still remains at this location, marked by a bust of
7885:
4556:
1391:, a significant historical gateway to migration between the East and West. EPIA2 is located near a settlement called
649:. Both achievements took place within an ambitious pioneer crossing of the eastern Antarctic Plateau that started at
140:
8614:
8609:
8604:
7963:
1524:
858:
of Point Nemo – the point on the surface of the Earth that is diametrically opposite of it – is located at roughly
5296:"43° 40' 52"N 87° 19' 52" E Geographic Center of Asia – The Heart of Asia (亚洲之心) – Xinjiang (新疆), China"
8194:
8180:
8154:
7991:
5962:
5488:
5218:
4417:
Rees, Gareth; Headland, Robert; Scambos, Ted; Haran, Terry (2014). "Finding the Arctic pole of inaccessibility".
485:
6885:
5346:"The Turner Twins on trekking to the Green Pole, avoiding disaster and 'fields of plastic stretching for miles'"
5345:
566:
8017:
7987:
6330:
6320:
5904:
5606:
4613:
4483:
1111:
Earlier calculations suggested that it is 2,645 km (1,644 mi) from the nearest coastline, located at
746:
to complete the first East/West crossing of
Antarctica through both poles, over 4,000 km (2,500 mi).
489:
350:
206:, 1,008 km (626 mi) from the three closest landmasses: It is 1,008 km from the nearest land, on
144:
7628:
5451:
1724:
920 km (570 mi) from the nearest coastline, approximately 161 km (100 miles) west-northwest of
7790:
7300:
6433:
1219:
147:
to re-establish the position using modern GPS and satellite technology. This was published as a paper in the
5446:
124:
came very close to reaching what was then considered to be the position by dogsled, but by his own account,
7699:
7585:
7428:
6474:
5935:
5703:
1405:
4722:
Barnes, Richard (2019). "Optimal orientations of discrete global grids and the Poles of
Inaccessibility".
234:
8147:
7769:
7603:
7544:
7498:
5727:
5616:
848:
136:
5441:
8507:
7232:
7206:
7199:
6650:
6551:
6543:
6526:
6144:
5690:
5542:
5481:
4236:
1014:
152:
128:, did not make it due to the flow of sea ice. In 1986, an expedition of Soviet polar scientists led by
6939:
5166:"Determining the Areas and Geographical Centers of Pacific Ocean and its Northern and Southern Halves"
1093:
Distance to the sea in Asia, showing the two candidate locations for Eurasian pole of inaccessibility.
8330:
7940:
7636:
7435:
7220:
7102:
6905:
6787:
6638:
6487:
6425:
6412:
6285:
6011:
5663:
5468:
4927:
4371:
1764:
1747:
Poles are calculated with respect to a particular coastline dataset. Currently used datasets are the
1164:
4560:
764:
8480:
8071:
8065:
7983:
7857:
7642:
7368:
7244:
7094:
6982:
6766:
1512:
907:
To the west the region of the South Pacific Ocean is also the site of the geographic center of the
739:
650:
5782:
4905:
8210:
7363:
7237:
7157:
6666:
6493:
5695:
5350:
4617:
1224:
8485:
8051:
5983:
1776:
1744:
As detailed below, several factors determine how a pole is calculated using computer modeling.
1548:
752:
7318:
8490:
8459:
8264:
8217:
8116:
7920:
7839:
7782:
7531:
7525:
7375:
7333:
7295:
7275:
6870:
6645:
6481:
6391:
6373:
6290:
6261:
6251:
6139:
6076:
5850:
1681:
481:
6531:
4928:"Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07"
4364:
105:
The northern pole of inaccessibility, sometimes known as the Arctic pole, is located on the
8344:
8336:
8279:
7867:
7731:
7657:
7649:
7449:
7389:
7348:
6961:
6952:
6823:
6818:
6722:
6586:
6343:
6305:
5912:
5682:
5650:
5594:
5574:
5392:
60:
7712:
6117:
6100:
5469:
Team N2i successfully conquer the Pole of Inaccessibility by foot and kite on 19th Jan '07
8:
8465:
8387:
7852:
7775:
7691:
7472:
7464:
7413:
7053:
7011:
6506:
6469:
6358:
6122:
5992:
5795:
5600:
5295:
4609:
4231:
1784:
1556:
1535:
1456:) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a
1050:
1035:
809:
160:
6105:
5463:
5250:
5084:
480:
The southern pole of inaccessibility is far more remote and difficult to reach than the
8186:
8078:
8059:
7623:
7598:
7140:
7034:
6998:
6974:
6865:
6712:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6579:
6557:
6536:
6417:
6407:
6154:
6042:
5970:
5643:
5634:
5626:
5537:
5517:
5436:
4789:
4739:
4526:
4434:
4326:
1733:
1453:
1007:
901:
695:
4996:
4808:"Spaniards reach the 'second' South Pole of Inaccessibility – still no trace of Lenin"
4582:
1751:(Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database) as well as
1075:
239:
8558:
8364:
8358:
8314:
8299:
8228:
8200:
8108:
8045:
7955:
7927:
7907:
7845:
7753:
7717:
7591:
7558:
7551:
7504:
7486:
7403:
7152:
7021:
6969:
6875:
6828:
6756:
6745:
6457:
6447:
6439:
6335:
6325:
6236:
6231:
6214:
6180:
6047:
6034:
5855:
5761:
5719:
5714:
5504:
5173:
5165:
4815:
4793:
4743:
4530:
4438:
4383:
4375:
4226:
4221:
1759:
1411:
1057:. The International Space Station (ISS) is planned to crash into Point Nemo in 2031.
687:
493:
52:
4330:
4304:"Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth"
1046:, although this story was written 66 years before the identification of Point Nemo.
8575:
8307:
7999:
7879:
7705:
7678:
7618:
7493:
7423:
7408:
7147:
7076:
7071:
7045:
7040:
6922:
6845:
6798:
6565:
6385:
6350:
6246:
6241:
6175:
6089:
5871:
5863:
5749:
5669:
5621:
5611:
5584:
4779:
4731:
4522:
4426:
4318:
1660:
908:
821:
501:
223:
219:
207:
4735:
4452:
8565:
8512:
8497:
8403:
8398:
8322:
8287:
8223:
8122:
8037:
8004:
7736:
7519:
7511:
7480:
7396:
7356:
7110:
7066:
7006:
6930:
6900:
6895:
6855:
6833:
6781:
6717:
6707:
6658:
6380:
6365:
6218:
6187:
6149:
5899:
5827:
5821:
5744:
5709:
5569:
5223:
4956:
1388:
1039:
959:
855:
841:
257:
The point commonly referred to as the pole of inaccessibility is the site of the
211:
7088:
5139:"Point Nemo is the most remote oceanic spot – yet it's still awash with plastic"
5051:
8539:
8522:
8475:
8434:
8424:
8393:
8252:
8242:
8134:
8084:
7949:
7899:
7872:
7817:
7613:
7608:
7457:
7310:
7164:
7126:
7083:
7016:
6990:
6944:
6917:
6890:
6860:
6803:
6761:
6751:
6631:
6624:
6521:
6501:
6313:
6273:
6204:
6000:
5975:
5930:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5840:
5835:
5809:
5789:
5557:
1215:
947:
674:
555:
251:
113:
4784:
4767:
4430:
4387:
4322:
1087:
437:, 1,590.4 km (988.2 mi) from the ocean, and the Inner pole to be at
59:
are 250 km (160 mi) apart; thick lines 1,000 km (620 mi).
8598:
8502:
8444:
8439:
8429:
8379:
8374:
8350:
8294:
8171:
8165:
8160:
7759:
7670:
7663:
7418:
7213:
7192:
7060:
6838:
6808:
6776:
6771:
6608:
6514:
6397:
6192:
6005:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5845:
5754:
5589:
5177:
4359:
4141:
4128:
4089:
4076:
4037:
4024:
3985:
3972:
3933:
3920:
3881:
3868:
3829:
3816:
3777:
3764:
3725:
3712:
3673:
3660:
3621:
3608:
3569:
3556:
3517:
3504:
3465:
3452:
3413:
3400:
3361:
3348:
3309:
3296:
3257:
3244:
3205:
3192:
3153:
3140:
3101:
3088:
3049:
3036:
2997:
2984:
2945:
2932:
2893:
2880:
2841:
2828:
2789:
2776:
2737:
2724:
2685:
2672:
2633:
2620:
2581:
2568:
2529:
2516:
2477:
2464:
2425:
2412:
2373:
2360:
2321:
2308:
2269:
2256:
2217:
2204:
2165:
2152:
2113:
2100:
2061:
2048:
2009:
1996:
1957:
1944:
1905:
1892:
1853:
1840:
1780:
1772:
1752:
1725:
1703:
1689:
1630:
1616:
1608:
1578:
1564:
1544:
1494:
1481:
1435:
1422:
1374:
1361:
1343:
1330:
1297:
1283:
1257:
1243:
1193:
1179:
1130:
1116:
980:
967:
951:
929:
916:
876:
863:
829:
813:
794:
781:
717:
703:
678:
658:
628:
614:
588:
574:
533:
519:
456:
442:
416:
402:
372:
358:
320:
306:
280:
266:
185:
171:
129:
121:
85:
48:
5371:"A Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database"
5370:
1652:
8533:
8527:
8139:
8103:
7969:
7796:
7746:
7685:
7539:
7227:
7178:
7028:
6850:
6813:
6793:
6734:
6268:
6256:
6199:
6127:
6028:
5925:
5919:
5816:
5804:
5677:
5655:
5579:
5532:
4845:
4534:
1672:
1552:
1025:
955:
837:
833:
817:
106:
8570:
8470:
8418:
8236:
8023:
7811:
7186:
7118:
6880:
6739:
6702:
6602:
6594:
6402:
5738:
5019:"Image: guinness_book_records_team_n2i_antarctic_ec1.jpg, (539 × 791 px)"
4484:"North Pole 2010: Expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility Is Postponed"
1656:
1520:
1449:
1152:
1021:
943:
670:
662:
215:
1460:
was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.
8369:
8272:
8256:
8098:
8031:
7932:
7341:
7290:
7250:
6572:
6298:
6226:
6168:
5561:
5529:
1322:
1171:
1105:
1100:
The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (EPIA) is located in northwestern
894:
743:
666:
342:
247:
39:
5199:
4513:
Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (15 October 2013). "A New Race to Earth's End".
7891:
6728:
6280:
6063:
4838:"Spaniards reach South Pole of Inaccessibility – but where is Lenin?"
4216:
1539:
The North-West portion of the North American Pole of Inaccessibility.
1168:
1043:
682:
346:
132:
claimed to reach the original position by foot during a polar night.
77:
68:
5473:
5427:
5251:"International Space Station to crash down to Earth in January 2031"
1736:, about 30 km (19 mi) to the southwest of both locations.
768:
Location of Point Nemo in relation to three closest coastline points
7823:
5254:
4961:
4766:
Rees, Gareth; Gerrish, Laura; Fox, Adrian; Barnes, Richard (2021).
1659:, 1,504 km (935 mi) from the nearest coastline. In 2017,
1516:
1156:
1054:
825:
397:
grounding lines of these sheets. They find the Outer pole to be at
117:
109:
81:
56:
55:, and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin
44:
8450:
7830:
6095:
6071:
6059:
1729:
1507:, 1,814 km (1,127 mi) from the coast, near the town of
750:
station has been used for this role. This has been recognized by
6617:
4379:
4302:
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007).
349:
of 3,718 m (12,198 ft). Using different criteria, the
6696:
6021:
1473:
1229:
1151:, approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of the city of
1081:
Proposed continental pole of inaccessibility at 46°17′N 86°40′E
890:
559:
163:
team were thwarted again by the poor condition of the sea ice.
5219:"This Is Where the International Space Station Will Go to Die"
1559:, 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline at
76:
criterion. Often it refers to the most distant point from the
6082:
1748:
1160:
1101:
238:
The old Soviet Pole of Inaccessibility Station, revisited by
4366:
Across the Top of the World: The Last Great Journey on Earth
1001:
Point Nemo was first identified by Croatian survey engineer
477:, 1,179.4 km (732.8 mi) from the grounding lines.
5278:"FAQ: The International Space Station 2022 Transition Plan"
900:
Point Nemo is relatively lifeless; its location within the
897:, roughly 50 km (30 miles) SSE of the town of Shubarkuduk.
640:
British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility
600:
British Antarctic Survey-accredited Pole of Inaccessibility
156:
4931:
4301:
4242:
List of mainland settlements that are inaccessible by road
1803:
Poles of inaccessibility as calculated by various authors
1611:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is in Brazil at
1278:, about 20 km (12 mi) to the west, and Suluk at
5114:
4553:"Catalogue of Russian Antarctic Meteorological data 1994"
4456:
1508:
1214:, about 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, Xazgat
246:
The southern pole of inaccessibility is the point on the
5078:
5076:
5074:
4870:[Reached the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility].
4416:
1684:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is located at
7287:
1060:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5111:"The Place Furthest from Land is Known as Point Nemo"
5071:
509:
5327:"Marking the North American Pole of Inaccessibility"
4765:
1642:
Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America
1547:, the continental pole of inaccessibility is on the
120:
in 1927. He was finally successful in 1928. In 1968
5037:
1794:
1321:However, the previous pole location disregards the
1042:, as holding the location of the fictional city of
772:The oceanic pole of inaccessibility, also known as
229:
92:
4363:
1555:about 11 km (7 mi) north of the town of
759:
341:). This lies 1,301 km (808 mi) from the
698:and partner Eric McNair-Laundry also reached the
8596:
5170:International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography
4844:. ExplorersWeb. 12 December 2012. Archived from
4814:. ExplorersWeb. 15 December 2005. Archived from
4585:. International Polar Heritage Committee. 2016.
4546:
4544:
1715:Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia
5057:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1167:. The nearest settlements to this location are
5172:. Research India Publications. p. 25-31.
4874:(in Spanish). 13 December 2005. Archived from
4768:"Finding Antarctica's Pole of Inaccessibility"
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4583:"Historic Sites & Monuments in Antarctica"
1318:, about 10 km (6.2 mi) to the east.
5489:
5385:"Centre of Australia, States and Territories"
4868:"Alcanzado el Polo Sur de la Inaccesibilidad"
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4541:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
116:, who wished to traverse the Arctic Ocean by
84:from the shore, or the farthest point into a
5368:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
4800:
4512:
4453:"Explorer set for historic Arctic adventure"
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4200:Claimed; actually 1449.9471 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
4191:Claimed; actually 1629.7740 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
1142:Proposed Continental Pole of Inaccessibility
657:On 4 December 2006, Team N2i, consisting of
5021:. Team n2i. 19 January 2007. Archived from
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4182:Claimed; actually 915.6601 in GSHHG v2.3.6.
5496:
5482:
5288:
5133:
5131:
4636:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
261:mentioned below, which was constructed at
5324:
5095:
4783:
4258:
1739:
468:Antarctia's Inner Pole of Inaccessibility
428:Antarctia's Outer Pole of Inaccessibility
8554:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5343:
5197:
5082:
4750:
4607:
4247:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1671:
1534:
763:
756:for Team N2i's expedition in 2006–2007.
233:
96:
38:
34:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
32:For the Antarctic research station, see
8129:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5216:
5128:
4920:
4550:
4401:
4358:
14:
8597:
5108:
4951:
4949:
4724:International Journal of Digital Earth
4721:
4589:from the original on 29 September 2007
4481:
1031:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
562:, and protected as a historical site.
7273:
5515:
5503:
5477:
5362:
5358:from the original on 10 January 2018.
4969:from the original on 22 November 2016
1590:Pole of Inaccessibility North America
80:, implying the farthest point into a
5399:from the original on 31 October 2016
5369:Wessel, Paul; Walter, Smith (2016).
5275:
4494:from the original on 13 October 2016
1476:, the pole of inaccessibility is at
1417:Elsewhere in Xinjiang, the location
1061:Continental poles of inaccessibility
384:South Pole of Inaccessibility (SPRI)
332:South Pole of Inaccessibility (IPHC)
197:North Pole of Inaccessibility (NPRI)
7915:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6112:Norse colonization of North America
5344:Paterson, Rosie (30 October 2017).
5083:Lukatela, Hrvoje (September 2022).
4946:
1049:The wider area is also known as a "
691:, a Russian polar research vessel.
24:
7444:United States Exploring Expedition
5333:from the original on 13 July 2021.
5276:Bock, Michael (11 February 2022).
4957:"UK team makes polar trek history"
4527:10.1038/scientificamerican1113-16a
4482:Becker, Kraig (10 February 2010).
4370:. New York: G. P. Putnam. p.
2079:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L6). Erroneous.
1676:Australian Pole of Inaccessibility
954:lies further north-west where the
661:, Rupert Longsdon, Rory Sweet and
565:On 11 December 2005, at 7:57 UTC,
25:
8631:
8518:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7886:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5414:
5231:from the original on 16 June 2016
5217:Stirone, Shannon (13 June 2016).
4557:World Meteorological Organization
2131:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1+L5). Erroneous.
141:National Snow and Ice Data Center
8412:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7805:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5325:Henderson, Kyle (13 July 2021).
5306:from the original on 2 June 2016
4624:from the original on 28 May 2016
4463:from the original on 27 May 2006
1795:List of poles of inaccessibility
1602:
1530:
1525:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1086:
1074:
250:continent most distant from the
230:Southern pole of inaccessibility
101:Northern pole of inaccessibility
93:Northern pole of inaccessibility
5377:
5337:
5318:
5269:
5243:
5210:
5191:
5157:
5109:Davies, Ella (5 October 2016).
5011:
4981:
4890:
4860:
4830:
4194:
4185:
4176:
1448:in the southwestern suburbs of
950:. The geographic center of the
760:Oceanic pole of inaccessibility
729:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
545:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
498:Pole of Inaccessibility Station
486:3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition
4995:. 5 March 2012. Archived from
4614:Scott Polar Research Institute
4601:
4575:
4506:
4475:
4445:
4352:
1234:
1223:
490:International Geophysical Year
351:Scott Polar Research Institute
145:Scott Polar Research Institute
13:
1:
7791:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7726:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
7274:
4736:10.1080/17538947.2019.1576786
4488:theadventureblog.blogspot.com
4397:– via Internet Archive.
4311:Scottish Geographical Journal
4252:
1664:two coastline datasets used.
292:Pole of Inaccessibility (WMO)
259:Soviet Union research station
8148:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
7964:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7770:French Antarctic Expeditions
7700:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
7586:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5704:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
5302:. Confluence. 22 June 2006.
5163:
2608:Geoscience Australia (2014)
1667:
567:Ramón Hernando de Larramendi
496:, established the temporary
7:
7233:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6912:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5777:Andrée's balloon expedition
5452:GPX (secondary coordinates)
4210:
3861:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
3809:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
3757:Pacific Ocean (Point Nemo)
1515:and close to the country's
849:International Space Station
510:
484:. On 14 December 1958, the
126:Across the Top of the World
10:
8636:
8620:Polar regions of the Earth
6434:Franklin's lost expedition
6134:Christian IV's expeditions
5516:
4610:"Polar Information Sheets"
4237:Land and water hemispheres
1157:Xinjiang Autonomous Region
1065:
1015:Digital Chart of the World
996:
301:(though some sources give
153:Cambridge University Press
139:asked scientists from The
31:
8251:
7982:
7569:
7309:
7286:
7282:
7269:
6788:Great Northern Expedition
6682:
6464:Rae–Richardson expedition
6213:
6058:
5664:British Arctic Expedition
5556:
5528:
5524:
5511:
5447:GPX (primary coordinates)
5422:Map all coordinates using
5198:Lukatela, Hrvoje (2022).
4785:10.1017/S0032247421000620
4431:10.1017/S003224741300051X
4323:10.1080/14702540801897809
1467:
851:when it passes overhead.
808:possible. It lies in the
505:
166:The new position lies at
8072:British Antarctic Survey
8066:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7311:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5430:Download coordinates as:
4608:Headland, R. K. (1996).
1765:ellipsoidal calculations
1513:Central African Republic
930:47.411667°S 177.379167°E
832:) to the northeast; and
820:atoll (an island of the
776:, is located at roughly
740:Novolazarevskaya Station
651:Novolazarevskaya Station
8615:Geography of the Arctic
8610:Geography of Antarctica
8605:Extreme points of Earth
8548:Pole of inaccessibility
8211:Antarctic Treaty System
6552:2nd Grinnell expedition
5085:"Point Nemo, revisited"
4618:University of Cambridge
4551:Danilov, A. I. (1994).
1458:monument to this effect
73:pole of inaccessibility
18:Pole of Inaccessibility
5052:"Where is Point Nemo?"
4490:. The Adventure Blog.
1777:numerical optimization
1740:Methods of calculation
1728:. The nearest town is
1677:
1549:Pine Ridge Reservation
1540:
935:-47.411667; 177.379167
769:
753:Guinness World Records
492:research work, led by
243:
102:
64:
8218:Transglobe Expedition
8117:Operation Deep Freeze
7526:Challenger expedition
6392:Coppermine expedition
5913:Drifting ice stations
5464:How to calculate PIAs
5442:GPX (all coordinates)
1675:
1538:
1436:43.68111°N 87.33111°E
767:
694:On 27 December 2011,
629:83.84361°S 65.72500°E
589:82.88722°S 55.07500°E
482:geographic South Pole
353:locates this pole at
237:
159:. In 2010 he and his
100:
42:
5393:Geoscience Australia
4459:. 20 February 2006.
3882:49.0273°S 123.4345°W
3830:49.0031°S 123.3920°W
3726:43.4370°N 102.0101°W
3674:43.3764°N 102.0111°W
3414:47.7347°S 100.0547°E
2686:23.1948°S 132.1727°E
2634:23.1732°S 132.2759°E
2374:85.8015°N 176.1423°E
2322:85.7911°N 176.2386°E
2114:78.2633°S 103.6340°E
2062:77.3963°S 105.3855°E
1165:Gurbantünggüt Desert
1028:from the 1870 novel
795:48.8767°S 123.3933°W
742:on their way to the
511:polyus nedostupnosti
61:Mollweide projection
8388:South magnetic pole
7054:Brusilov expedition
6163:Danish colonization
5601:North magnetic pole
5164:Tan, Arjun (2021).
4965:. 20 January 2007.
4878:on 10 November 2016
4515:Scientific American
4232:Geographical centre
4138: /
4090:10.7342°S 59.2126°W
4086: /
4034: /
3986:14.3902°S 56.9922°W
3982: /
3930: /
3887:-49.0273; -123.4345
3878: /
3835:-49.0031; -123.3920
3826: /
3774: /
3722: /
3670: /
3618: /
3570:18.2645°S 46.7003°E
3566: /
3518:18.3382°S 46.6663°E
3514: /
3462: /
3410: /
3362:47.6319°S 99.9677°E
3358: /
3310:76.0305°N 40.3902°W
3306: /
3258:75.9660°N 40.4239°W
3254: /
3202: /
3150: /
3098: /
3046: /
2998:44.6740°N 83.9694°E
2994: /
2946:44.3184°N 82.1144°E
2942: /
2890: /
2842:45.4435°N 88.3172°E
2838: /
2790:45.3413°N 88.2483°E
2786: /
2734: /
2682: /
2630: /
2578: /
2526: /
2478:24.1923°N 43.3728°W
2474: /
2426:24.1851°N 43.3704°W
2422: /
2370: /
2318: /
2266: /
2214: /
2162: /
2110: /
2058: /
2036:Soviet site (1958)
2006: /
1954: /
1902: /
1850: /
1804:
1785:simulated annealing
1699: /
1626: /
1574: /
1491: /
1432: /
1371: /
1340: /
1293: /
1253: /
1189: /
1126: /
1051:spacecraft cemetery
1036:The Call of Cthulhu
977: /
926: /
877:48.8767°N 56.6067°E
873: /
840:, off the coast of
810:South Pacific Ocean
800:-48.8767; -123.3933
791: /
713: /
634:-83.84361; 65.72500
624: /
594:-82.88722; 55.07500
584: /
558:that faces towards
529: /
506:полюс недоступности
452: /
412: /
368: /
316: /
276: /
181: /
29:Geographic location
8079:Operation Windmill
8060:Operation Highjump
7035:Rusanov expedition
6940:A. E. Nordenskiöld
6684:North East Passage
6488:McClure expedition
4908:on 11 January 2009
4898:"Ramón Larramendi"
4159:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
4142:5.0537°S 65.5487°W
4095:-10.7342; -59.2126
4038:6.3248°S 63.1885°W
4003:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3991:-14.3902; -56.9922
3899:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3731:43.4370; -102.0101
3691:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3679:43.3764; -102.0111
3535:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3419:-47.7347; 100.0547
3275:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3171:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
3154:52.6552°N 1.5641°W
3102:52.0141°N 0.9640°W
2963:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2807:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2691:-23.1948; 132.1727
2651:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2639:-23.1732; 132.2759
2582:23.033°S 132.167°E
2495:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2391:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
2270:85.802°N 176.149°E
2119:-78.2633; 103.6340
2067:-77.3963; 105.3855
1958:5.6589°N 26.1295°E
1923:GSHHG v2.3.6 (L1)
1906:5.6413°N 26.1533°E
1802:
1734:Northern Territory
1678:
1541:
1441:43.68111; 87.33111
1399:(قىزىلقۇم) in the
1395:in a region named
902:South Pacific Gyre
893:region of western
770:
696:Sebastian Copeland
681:and taken back to
244:
242:on 19 January 2007
186:85.800°N 176.150°W
135:In 2005, explorer
103:
65:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8046:Operation Tabarin
7908:Far Eastern Party
7754:Nimrod Expedition
7265:
7264:
7261:
7260:
6824:M. Pronchishcheva
6746:Siberian Cossacks
6215:Northwest Passage
5548:Research stations
5505:Polar exploration
5257:. 3 February 2022
4934:on 16 August 2011
4227:Geographical pole
4222:Extremes on Earth
4172:
4171:
4147:-5.0537; -65.5487
4043:-6.3248; -63.1885
3575:-18.2645; 46.7003
3523:-18.3382; 46.6663
3367:-47.6319; 99.9677
3315:76.0305; -40.3902
3263:75.9660; -40.4239
2483:24.1923; -43.3728
2431:24.1851; -43.3704
2379:85.8015; 176.1423
2327:85.7911; 176.2386
2218:83.610°S 53.720°E
2166:83.904°S 64.890°E
2010:82.100°S 54.967°E
1760:distance function
1412:Burultokay County
1401:Karamgay Township
1298:46.250°N 86.833°E
1258:46.333°N 86.367°E
1194:46.567°N 85.967°E
1131:46.283°N 86.667°E
958:begin, west from
836:(near the larger
718:82.100°S 54.967°E
688:Akademik Fyodorov
534:82.100°S 54.967°E
494:Yevgeny Tolstikov
457:83.610°S 53.720°E
417:83.904°S 64.890°E
373:85.833°S 65.783°E
321:83.100°S 54.967°E
281:82.100°S 54.967°E
122:Sir Wally Herbert
53:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
8627:
8093:Ronne Expedition
7578:
7572:
7436:Dumont d'Urville
7284:
7283:
7271:
7270:
6819:V. Pronchishchev
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5093:
5092:
5080:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:. Archived from
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4904:. Archived from
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4848:on 21 March 2008
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4818:on 14 April 2016
4804:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4763:
4748:
4747:
4719:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4559:. Archived from
4548:
4539:
4538:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4414:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4369:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4333:. Archived from
4308:
4299:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4165:B9-Hillclimbing
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4121:South America 2
4113:B9-Hillclimbing
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4069:South America 2
4061:B9-Hillclimbing
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4017:South America 1
4009:B9-Hillclimbing
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3965:South America 1
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3905:B9-Hillclimbing
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3853:B9-Hillclimbing
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3778:48.89°S 123.45°W
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3749:B9-Hillclimbing
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3697:B9-Hillclimbing
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:43.46°N 101.97°W
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3593:B9-Hillclimbing
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3541:B9-Hillclimbing
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3437:B9-Hillclimbing
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3385:B9-Hillclimbing
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3333:B9-Hillclimbing
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3281:B9-Hillclimbing
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3177:B9-Hillclimbing
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:52.6552; -1.5641
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3125:B9-Hillclimbing
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:52.0141; -0.9640
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3021:B9-Hillclimbing
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:44.6740; 83.9694
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2969:B9-Hillclimbing
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:44.3184; 82.1144
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2865:B9-Hillclimbing
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:45.4435; 88.3172
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2813:B9-Hillclimbing
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:45.3413; 88.2483
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2709:B9-Hillclimbing
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2657:B9-Hillclimbing
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:-23.033; 132.167
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:23.17°S 132.27°E
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2501:B9-Hillclimbing
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2449:B9-Hillclimbing
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2397:B9-Hillclimbing
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2345:B9-Hillclimbing
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2241:B9-Hillclimbing
2235:ADDv7.2 "Inner"
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2189:B9-Hillclimbing
2183:ADDv7.2 "Outer"
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2137:B9-Hillclimbing
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2085:B9-Hillclimbing
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1981:B9-Hillclimbing
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1929:B9-Hillclimbing
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1805:
1801:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:23.17°S 132.27°E
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1661:the Turner Twins
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:43.36°N 101.97°W
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1409:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1090:
1078:
1055:maritime traffic
1011:
992:
991:
989:
988:
987:
982:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
941:
940:
938:
937:
936:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
909:water hemisphere
888:
887:
885:
884:
883:
882:48.8767; 56.6067
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
824:) to the north;
822:Pitcairn Islands
806:
805:
803:
802:
801:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
737:
736:
734:
733:
732:
730:
725:
724:
719:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
648:
647:
645:
644:
643:
641:
636:
635:
630:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
608:
607:
605:
604:
603:
601:
596:
595:
590:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:
553:
552:
550:
549:
548:
546:
541:
540:
535:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
513:
507:
476:
475:
473:
472:
471:
469:
464:
463:
458:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
436:
435:
433:
432:
431:
429:
424:
423:
418:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
392:
391:
389:
388:
387:
385:
380:
379:
374:
369:
366:
365:
364:
361:
340:
339:
337:
336:
335:
333:
328:
327:
322:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
300:
299:
297:
296:
295:
293:
288:
287:
282:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
224:Ellesmere Island
220:Severnaya Zemlya
208:Henrietta Island
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
198:
193:
192:
191:85.800; -176.150
187:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
21:
8635:
8634:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8580:
8255:
8247:
8123:McMurdo Station
7992:Modern research
7990:
7978:
7713:O. Nordenskjöld
7576:
7570:
7565:
7481:Ross expedition
7305:
7278:
7257:
6686:
6678:
6219:Northern Canada
6217:
6209:
6062:
6054:
5560:
5552:
5520:
5507:
5502:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5395:. 15 May 2014.
5383:
5382:
5378:
5367:
5363:
5342:
5338:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5224:Popular Science
5215:
5211:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5119:
5117:
5107:
5096:
5081:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4902:Tierras Polares
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4764:
4751:
4720:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4549:
4542:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4415:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4340:on 29 June 2014
4337:
4306:
4300:
4259:
4255:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4020:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3938:
3936:
3934:14.05°S 56.85°W
3932:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3783:-48.89; -123.45
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3470:
3468:
3466:18.33°S 46.67°E
3464:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2898:
2896:
2894:44.29°N 82.19°E
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2742:
2740:
2738:45.28°N 88.14°E
2736:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2457:Atlantic Ocean
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2405:Atlantic Ocean
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2275:85.802; 176.149
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2223:-83.610; 53.720
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2171:-83.904; 64.890
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2015:-82.100; 54.967
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1963:5.6589; 26.1295
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1911:5.6413; 26.1533
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1815:
1797:
1742:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1631:14.05°S 56.85°W
1629:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1533:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1389:Dzungarian Gate
1379:
1377:
1375:45.28°N 88.14°E
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1344:44.29°N 82.19°E
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1068:
1063:
1040:H. P. Lovecraft
1005:
1003:Hrvoje Lukatela
999:
985:
983:
981:4.97°S 158.75°W
979:
976:
971:
968:
966:
964:
963:
960:Starbuck Island
934:
932:
928:
925:
920:
917:
915:
913:
912:
881:
879:
875:
872:
867:
864:
862:
860:
859:
842:Marie Byrd Land
799:
797:
793:
790:
785:
782:
780:
778:
777:
762:
728:
726:
723:-82.100; 54.967
722:
720:
716:
715:
712:
707:
704:
702:
700:
699:
677:base, flown to
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
626:
623:
618:
615:
613:
611:
610:
599:
597:
593:
591:
587:
586:
583:
578:
575:
573:
571:
570:
544:
542:
539:-82.100; 54.967
538:
536:
532:
531:
528:
523:
520:
518:
516:
515:
467:
465:
462:-83.610; 53.720
461:
459:
455:
454:
451:
446:
443:
441:
439:
438:
427:
425:
422:-83.904; 64.890
421:
419:
415:
414:
411:
406:
403:
401:
399:
398:
383:
381:
378:-85.833; 65.783
377:
375:
371:
370:
367:
362:
359:
357:
355:
354:
331:
329:
326:-83.100; 54.967
325:
323:
319:
318:
315:
310:
307:
305:
303:
302:
291:
289:
286:-82.100; 54.967
285:
283:
279:
278:
275:
270:
267:
265:
263:
262:
232:
212:De Long Islands
196:
194:
190:
188:
184:
183:
180:
175:
172:
170:
168:
167:
95:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8633:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8590:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8540:Vostok Station
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8491:Cherry-Garrard
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8331:Southern Cross
8327:
8326:
8325:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8261:
8259:
8253:Farthest South
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8226:
8214:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8168:
8163:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8075:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8014:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7950:Ross Sea party
7946:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7911:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7815:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7780:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7750:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7644:Southern Cross
7637:Southern Cross
7633:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7581:
7579:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7502:
7496:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7383:Bellingshausen
7373:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7280:
7279:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7242:
7230:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6692:
6690:
6688:Russian Arctic
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6504:
6499:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6460:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6445:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6130:
6125:
6123:Snæbjörn galti
6120:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6025:
6018:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5916:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5675:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5558:Farthest North
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5522:
5521:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:External links
5413:
5411:
5410:
5376:
5361:
5336:
5317:
5300:confluence.org
5287:
5268:
5242:
5209:
5190:
5156:
5127:
5094:
5070:
5036:
5025:on 14 May 2016
5010:
4999:on 29 May 2016
4980:
4945:
4919:
4889:
4859:
4829:
4799:
4749:
4730:(7): 803–816.
4635:
4600:
4574:
4563:on 13 May 2016
4540:
4505:
4474:
4444:
4400:
4360:Herbert, Wally
4351:
4317:(3): 227–233.
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:Barnes (2019)
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4116:Barnes (2019)
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:OpenStreetMap
4105:
4102:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:Barnes (2019)
4062:
4059:
4056:
4055:OpenStreetMap
4053:
4050:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:Barnes (2019)
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3960:Garcia (2007)
3958:
3957:Adaptive Grid
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3939:-14.05; -56.85
3914:
3913:South America
3910:
3909:
3908:Barnes (2019)
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3856:Barnes (2019)
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:OpenStreetMap
3845:
3842:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:Garcia (2007)
3802:
3801:Adaptive Grid
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:Barnes (2019)
3750:
3747:
3744:
3743:OpenStreetMap
3741:
3738:
3706:
3705:North America
3702:
3701:
3700:Barnes (2019)
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3654:
3653:North America
3650:
3649:
3648:Garcia (2007)
3646:
3645:Adaptive Grid
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3627:43.46; -101.97
3602:
3601:North America
3598:
3597:
3596:Barnes (2019)
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:OpenStreetMap
3585:
3582:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:Barnes (2019)
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:Garcia (2007)
3490:
3489:Adaptive Grid
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3440:Barnes (2019)
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:Barnes (2019)
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:OpenStreetMap
3377:
3374:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:Barnes (2019)
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:OpenStreetMap
3325:
3322:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:Barnes (2019)
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:Garcia (2007)
3230:
3229:Adaptive Grid
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3206:76.50°N 41.0°W
3186:
3182:
3181:
3180:Barnes (2019)
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3134:
3133:Great Britain
3130:
3129:
3128:Barnes (2019)
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:OpenStreetMap
3117:
3114:
3082:
3081:Great Britain
3078:
3077:
3076:Garcia (2007)
3074:
3073:Adaptive Grid
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3050:52.65°N 1.56°W
3030:
3029:Great Britain
3026:
3025:
3024:Barnes (2019)
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:OpenStreetMap
3013:
3010:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:Barnes (2019)
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:Garcia (2007)
2918:
2917:Adaptive Grid
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2868:Barnes (2019)
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:OpenStreetMap
2857:
2854:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2816:Barnes (2019)
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2764:Garcia (2007)
2762:
2761:Adaptive Grid
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:Barnes (2019)
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:OpenStreetMap
2701:
2698:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:Barnes (2019)
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:Garcia (2007)
2554:
2553:Adaptive Grid
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2535:-23.17; 132.27
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:Barnes (2019)
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:Barnes (2019)
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:OpenStreetMap
2441:
2438:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:Barnes (2019)
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:Barnes (2019)
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:OpenStreetMap
2337:
2334:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:Adaptive Grid
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:Barnes (2019)
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:Barnes (2019)
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:? Traditional
2025:
2022:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1984:Barnes (2019)
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:OpenStreetMap
1973:
1970:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:Barnes (2019)
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1880:Garcia (2007)
1878:
1877:Adaptive Grid
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1854:5.65°N 26.17°E
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1793:
1741:
1738:
1709:-23.17; 132.27
1669:
1666:
1636:-14.05; -56.85
1604:
1601:
1584:43.36; -101.97
1532:
1529:
1495:5.65°N 26.17°E
1469:
1466:
1303:46.250; 86.833
1263:46.333; 86.367
1235:Xiàzīgài xiāng
1199:46.567; 85.967
1136:46.283; 86.667
1092:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
998:
995:
986:-4.97; -158.75
948:Bounty Islands
761:
758:
556:Vladimir Lenin
252:Southern Ocean
231:
228:
114:Hubert Wilkins
94:
91:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8632:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
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2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:Distance from
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:hill climbing
1778:
1774:
1773:local minimum
1768:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:OpenStreetMap
1750:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:Alice Springs
1721:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1610:
1609:South America
1603:South America
1600:
1596:
1558:
1554:
1551:in southwest
1550:
1546:
1545:North America
1537:
1531:North America
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1475:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:Ürümqi County
1451:
1445:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1353:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1275:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1089:
1077:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1004:
994:
990:
961:
957:
953:
952:Pacific Ocean
949:
945:
939:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
886:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Easter Island
828:(adjacent to
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:Pandora Islet
811:
804:
775:
766:
757:
755:
754:
747:
745:
741:
735:
697:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:Progress Base
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Henry Cookson
655:
652:
646:
606:
568:
563:
561:
557:
551:
512:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
434:
394:
390:
352:
348:
344:
338:
298:
260:
255:
253:
249:
241:
236:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
203:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
130:Dmitry Shparo
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
99:
90:
87:
86:body of water
83:
79:
74:
70:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Great Britain
46:
41:
35:
27:
19:
8547:
8546:
8534:Pole of Cold
8532:
8458:
8449:
8417:
8410:
8386:
8357:
8343:
8337:Borchgrevink
8329:
8316:
8301:
8281:
8266:
8235:
8216:
8209:
8193:
8179:
8170:
8153:
8146:
8127:
8115:
8091:
8077:
8070:
8058:
8044:
8030:
8016:
8009:
7970:
7962:
7948:
7941:
7939:
7921:
7913:
7906:
7893:
7884:
7846:
7838:
7829:
7822:
7810:
7803:
7789:
7777:Pourquoi-Pas
7776:
7768:
7760:
7752:
7747:Orcadas Base
7745:
7737:
7724:
7718:C. A. Larsen
7706:
7698:
7684:
7677:
7664:
7656:
7650:Borchgrevink
7643:
7635:
7592:
7584:
7559:C. A. Larsen
7552:
7533:
7524:
7506:
7488:
7479:
7466:
7451:
7442:
7429:
7390:
7376:
7369:
7350:
7335:
7245:
7238:
7221:
7214:
7200:
7185:
7171:
7158:
7133:
7119:
7117:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7059:
7052:
7033:
6999:
6997:
6983:
6981:
6963:
6953:
6951:
6931:
6929:
6910:
6786:
6744:
6727:
6695:
6659:
6657:
6637:
6636:
6616:
6615:
6601:
6588:
6573:
6559:
6550:
6537:
6508:
6496:Investigator
6495:
6486:
6462:
6449:
6441:
6432:
6419:
6390:
6367:
6352:
6337:
6307:
6292:
6262:
6181:
6161:
6132:
6128:Erik the Red
6110:
6088:
6081:
6038:submersibles
6035:
6029:Arktika 2007
6027:
6020:
6013:
6010:
5994:
5985:
5982:
5963:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5918:
5911:
5887:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5862:
5828:
5826:
5797:
5794:
5783:S. A. Andrée
5775:
5762:
5737:
5729:
5726:
5702:
5684:
5671:
5662:
5644:
5635:
5633:
5599:
5429:
5428:
5421:
5401:. Retrieved
5388:
5379:
5364:
5351:Country Life
5349:
5339:
5320:
5308:. Retrieved
5299:
5290:
5281:
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5222:
5212:
5204:lukatela.com
5203:
5200:"Point Nemo"
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5169:
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5143:The Guardian
5142:
5118:. Retrieved
5089:lukatela.com
5088:
5061:. Retrieved
5055:
5027:. Retrieved
5023:the original
5013:
5001:. Retrieved
4997:the original
4993:ExplorersWeb
4992:
4983:
4971:. Retrieved
4960:
4936:. Retrieved
4932:the original
4922:
4910:. Retrieved
4906:the original
4901:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4876:the original
4871:
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4846:the original
4842:ThePoles.com
4841:
4832:
4820:. Retrieved
4816:the original
4812:ThePoles.com
4811:
4802:
4778:(e40): 1–6.
4775:
4772:Polar Record
4771:
4727:
4723:
4626:. Retrieved
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4561:the original
4518:
4514:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4487:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4447:
4422:
4419:Polar Record
4418:
4391:. Retrieved
4365:
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4314:
4310:
4206:
4196:
4187:
4178:
3211:76.50; -41.0
3055:52.65; -1.56
2899:44.29; 82.19
2743:45.28; 88.14
2596:not claimed
2353:Arctic Pole
2301:Arctic Pole
2296:Rees (2014)
2249:Arctic Pole
2244:Rees (2021)
2192:Rees (2021)
1798:
1789:
1769:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1679:
1606:
1553:South Dakota
1542:
1471:
1462:
1416:
1396:
1393:K̂as K̂îr Su
1392:
1380:45.28; 88.14
1349:44.29; 82.19
1320:
1233:
1110:
1099:
1048:
1029:
1026:Captain Nemo
1019:
1000:
956:Line Islands
906:
899:
853:
846:
838:Siple Island
834:Maher Island
818:Ducie Island
773:
771:
751:
748:
693:
686:
656:
564:
479:
395:
256:
245:
165:
149:Polar Record
148:
134:
125:
107:Arctic Ocean
104:
72:
66:
26:
8237:Lake Vostok
8187:Tryoshnikov
8109:Schlossbach
8000:Christensen
7942:James Caird
7863:E. R. Evans
7629:Dobrowolski
7599:de Gerlache
7301:Expeditions
7187:Aviaarktika
7141:Samoylovich
7012:Kolomeitsev
6906:Middendorff
6866:Gedenshtrom
6286:I. Fyodorov
6048:Chilingarov
5936:E. Fyodorov
5543:Expeditions
5403:10 November
5310:10 November
5235:10 November
5029:10 November
5003:10 November
4973:10 November
4912:10 November
4882:10 November
4852:10 November
4822:10 November
4628:10 November
4593:10 November
4567:10 November
4498:10 November
4467:10 November
4344:10 November
4156:1,476.4901
4145: /
4104:1,467.2206
4093: /
4052:1,511.6636
4041: /
4000:1,490.5321
3989: /
3951:GSHHS 1996
3937: /
3896:2,704.7991
3885: /
3873:123°26′04″W
3844:2,701.1721
3833: /
3821:123°23′31″W
3795:GSHHS 1996
3781: /
3740:1,643.7562
3729: /
3717:102°00′36″W
3688:1,639.6549
3677: /
3665:102°00′40″W
3639:GSHHS 1996
3625: /
3573: /
3549:Madagascar
3521: /
3497:Madagascar
3483:GSHHS 1996
3469: /
3445:Madagascar
3428:1,943.3848
3417: /
3405:100°03′17″E
3376:1,940.8913
3365: /
3313: /
3261: /
3223:GSHHS 1996
3209: /
3157: /
3105: /
3067:GSHHS 1996
3053: /
3012:2,505.2134
3001: /
2960:2,509.9685
2949: /
2911:GSHHS 1996
2897: /
2856:2,509.9536
2845: /
2804:2,513.9415
2793: /
2755:GSHHS 1996
2741: /
2689: /
2677:132°10′22″E
2637: /
2625:132°16′33″E
2605:Planar map
2585: /
2547:GSHHS 1996
2533: /
2492:2,033.5187
2481: /
2440:2,033.8849
2429: /
2388:1,007.6777
2377: /
2365:176°08′32″E
2336:1,008.9112
2325: /
2313:176°14′19″E
2287:GSHHG 2014
2273: /
2261:176°08′56″E
2221: /
2197:Antarctica
2169: /
2145:Antarctica
2128:1,273.2928
2117: /
2105:103°38′02″E
2093:Antarctica
2076:1,136.2129
2065: /
2053:105°23′08″E
2041:Antarctica
2013: /
1989:Antarctica
1972:1,815.4150
1961: /
1920:1,814.5158
1909: /
1871:GSHHS 1996
1859:5.65; 26.17
1857: /
1822:Projection
1816:coast (km)
1707: /
1657:Mato Grosso
1634: /
1582: /
1521:South Sudan
1500:5.65; 26.17
1498: /
1439: /
1404: [
1378: /
1347: /
1301: /
1261: /
1197: /
1134: /
1104:, near the
1022:Jules Verne
1006: [
984: /
944:New Zealand
933: /
921:177°22′45″E
880: /
798: /
721: /
671:kite skiing
667:man hauling
663:Paul Landry
632: /
592: /
537: /
460: /
420: /
376: /
324: /
284: /
216:Arctic Cape
189: /
161:Ice Warrior
137:Jim McNeill
8599:Categories
8460:Terra Nova
8365:Shackleton
8308:J. C. Ross
8267:Resolution
8257:South Pole
8032:New Swabia
7956:Mackintosh
7928:Shackleton
7847:Terra Nova
7840:Terra Nova
7574:Heroic Age
7534:Challenger
7494:J. C. Ross
7404:Bransfield
7336:Resolution
7251:icebreaker
7215:Chelyuskin
6956:expedition
6934:Expedition
6876:Matyushkin
6834:Kh. Laptev
6829:Chelyuskin
6723:Heemskerck
6713:Chancellor
6708:Willoughby
6703:Koch boats
6646:Stefansson
6580:McClintock
6544:Inglefield
6386:J. C. Ross
6293:Resolution
6145:Cunningham
6043:Sagalevich
5732:expedition
5691:Stephenson
5651:C. F. Hall
5638:expedition
5612:J. C. Ross
5575:Heemskerck
5562:North Pole
5261:3 February
4521:(16): 16.
4388:1023774535
4253:References
4133:65°32′55″W
4081:59°12′45″W
4078:10°44′03″S
4029:63°11′19″W
3977:56°59′32″W
3974:14°23′25″S
3870:49°01′38″S
3818:49°00′11″S
3714:43°26′13″N
3662:43°22′35″N
3561:46°42′01″E
3558:18°15′52″S
3509:46°39′59″E
3506:18°20′18″S
3402:47°44′05″S
3353:99°58′04″E
3350:47°37′55″S
3301:40°23′25″W
3298:76°01′50″N
3289:Greenland
3249:40°25′26″W
3246:75°57′58″N
3237:Greenland
3185:Greenland
3142:52°39′19″N
3090:52°00′51″N
2989:83°58′10″E
2986:44°40′26″N
2977:Eurasia 2
2937:82°06′52″E
2934:44°19′06″N
2925:Eurasia 2
2873:Eurasia 2
2833:88°19′02″E
2830:45°26′37″N
2821:Eurasia 1
2781:88°14′54″E
2778:45°20′29″N
2769:Eurasia 1
2717:Eurasia 1
2674:23°11′41″S
2665:Australia
2622:23°10′24″S
2613:Australia
2561:Australia
2509:Australia
2469:43°22′22″W
2466:24°11′32″N
2417:43°22′13″W
2414:24°11′06″N
2362:85°48′05″N
2310:85°47′28″N
2258:85°48′07″N
2209:53°43′12″E
2206:83°36′36″S
2157:64°53′24″E
2154:83°54′14″S
2102:78°15′48″S
2050:77°23′47″S
1949:26°07′46″E
1897:26°09′12″E
1828:Reference
1713: (
1653:Arenápolis
1640: (
1588: (
1427:87°19′52″E
1424:43°40′52″N
1397:K̂îzîlk̂um
1356:and EPIA2
1323:Gulf of Ob
1307: (
1267: (
1203: (
1140: (
1106:Kazakhstan
918:47°24′42″S
895:Kazakhstan
786:123°23.6′W
774:Point Nemo
744:South Pole
727: (
638: (
619:65°43′30″E
616:83°50′37″S
598: (
576:82°53′14″S
543: (
466: (
447:53°43′12″E
444:83°36′36″S
426: (
407:64°53′24″E
404:83°54′14″S
382: (
343:South Pole
330: (
290: (
195: (
51:, and the
45:landmasses
8559:Tolstikov
8345:Discovery
8315:HMS
8300:HMS
8282:Adventure
8280:HMS
8265:HMS
8201:Tolstikov
7922:Endurance
7707:Antarctic
7692:Drygalski
7665:Discovery
7658:Discovery
7619:Arctowski
7532:HMS
7505:HMS
7499:Abernethy
7487:HMS
7465:USS
7452:Vincennes
7450:USS
7430:Astrolabe
7370:San Telmo
7351:Adventure
7349:HMS
7334:HMS
7329:Kerguelen
7291:Continent
7276:Antarctic
7153:Urvantsev
7111:Vilkitsky
6964:Jeannette
6962:USS
6954:Jeannette
6918:Weyprecht
6896:Pakhtusov
6846:Chichagov
6839:D. Laptev
6782:Permyakov
6757:Stadukhin
6752:Perfilyev
6729:Mangazeya
6667:H. Larsen
6632:Rasmussen
6587:HMS
6558:USS
6507:HMS
6494:HMS
6458:Collinson
6448:HMS
6440:HMS
6418:HMS
6366:HMS
6351:HMS
6336:HMS
6321:Mackenzie
6308:Discovery
6306:HMS
6291:HMS
6263:Discovery
6242:Frobisher
6205:Rasmussen
6118:Gunnbjörn
6064:Greenland
5993:USS
5984:USS
5856:Ellsworth
5798:Roosevelt
5728:Nansen's
5685:Discovery
5683:HMS
5670:HMS
5617:Abernethy
5585:Marmaduke
5389:ga.gov.au
5178:0973-2667
5063:1 January
4938:16 August
4794:239011407
4744:134622203
4439:140637055
4425:: 86–91.
4393:19 August
4217:Antipodes
4130:5°03′13″S
4026:6°19′29″S
3584:264.0657
3532:259.5957
3431:GSHHG L1
3324:474.2257
3272:471.9905
3168:108.0925
3145:1°33′51″W
3116:114.4462
3093:0°57′50″W
2700:921.9290
2648:925.4459
2232:1,179.40
2180:1,590.36
1946:5°39′32″N
1894:5°38′29″N
1811:Location
1682:Australia
1668:Australia
1205:Hoxtolgay
1169:Hoxtolgay
1163:, in the
1155:, in the
889:, in the
868:56°36.4′E
865:48°52.6′N
783:48°52.6′S
683:Cape Town
579:55°4′30″E
347:elevation
248:Antarctic
222:, and on
78:coastline
69:geography
8571:A. Fuchs
8528:V. Fuchs
8508:McKinley
8471:E. Evans
8430:Bjaaland
8425:Amundsen
8375:Marshall
8288:Furneaux
8140:V. Fuchs
8104:E. Ronne
8099:F. Ronne
8038:Ritscher
7892:SY
7880:Filchner
7824:Framheim
7818:Amundsen
7624:Racoviță
7609:Amundsen
7604:Lecointe
7473:Ringgold
7467:Porpoise
7357:Furneaux
7193:Shevelev
7148:Begichev
7127:Amundsen
7089:Nagórski
7067:Brusilov
7061:Sv. Anna
6975:Melville
6945:Palander
6901:Tsivolko
6861:Sannikov
6856:Billings
6799:Chirikov
6718:Barentsz
6660:St. Roch
6651:Bartlett
6625:Amundsen
6609:Sverdrup
6509:Resolute
6398:Franklin
6326:Kotzebue
6193:Sverdrup
6176:Scoresby
6150:Lindenov
6001:Plaisted
5986:Nautilus
5931:Shirshov
5905:Belyakov
5900:Baydukov
5874:Nautilus
5836:Amundsen
5796:SS
5755:Sverdrup
5750:Johansen
5720:Brainard
5715:Lockwood
5570:Barentsz
5397:Archived
5356:Archived
5331:Archived
5304:Archived
5255:BBC News
5229:Archived
4967:Archived
4962:BBC News
4872:Barrabes
4622:Archived
4587:Archived
4535:24283006
4492:Archived
4461:Archived
4380:70136800
4362:(1971).
4331:55876083
4211:See also
3769:123°27′W
3613:101°58′W
2599:SF53-13
2573:132°10′E
2521:132°16′E
1819:Dataset
1758:Next, a
1694:132°16′E
1569:101°58′W
1523:and the
1517:tripoint
1216:Township
972:158°45′W
856:antipode
826:Motu Nui
345:, at an
240:Team N2i
118:aircraft
110:pack ice
82:landmass
57:isolines
8576:Messner
8523:Hillary
8503:Balchen
8451:Polheim
8445:Wisting
8323:Crozier
8295:Weddell
8273:J. Cook
8243:Kapitsa
8224:Fiennes
8166:Klenova
8135:Hillary
8085:Ketchum
8011:BANZARE
7986:·
7831:Polheim
7797:Shirase
7783:Charcot
7593:Belgica
7512:Crozier
7424:Morrell
7419:Weddell
7397:Lazarev
7342:J. Cook
7296:History
7246:Arktika
7222:Krassin
7207:Voronin
7179:Schmidt
7165:Ushakov
7104:Vaygach
7072:Albanov
7041:Rusanov
7022:Kolchak
7017:Matisen
6991:Makarov
6970:De Long
6871:Wrangel
6851:Lyakhov
6804:Malygin
6762:Dezhnev
6589:Pandora
6560:Advance
6527:Kennedy
6522:Belcher
6515:Kellett
6502:McClure
6426:Beechey
6420:Blossom
6413:Simpson
6381:Crozier
6374:Hoppner
6331:J. Ross
6299:J. Cook
6247:Gilbert
6140:J. Hall
6106:Ingólfr
6096:Naddodd
6090:Vikings
6077:Brendan
6072:Pytheas
6060:Iceland
6014:Arktika
6006:Herbert
5971:Badygin
5941:Krenkel
5926:Papanin
5895:Chkalov
5881:Wilkins
5846:Wisting
5790:F. Cook
5696:Markham
5656:Bessels
5645:Polaris
5636:Polaris
5607:J. Ross
5590:Carolus
5538:History
5183:18 July
5149:24 July
5120:24 July
4372:177–178
3954:Sphere
3925:56°51′W
3922:14°03′S
3798:Sphere
3766:48°53′S
3642:Sphere
3610:43°28′N
3486:Sphere
3457:46°40′E
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3197:41°00′W
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3038:52°39′N
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2885:82°11′E
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2726:45°17′N
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2001:54°58′E
1998:82°06′S
1937:Africa
1885:Africa
1874:Sphere
1845:26°10′E
1833:Africa
1825:Method
1730:Papunya
1691:23°10′S
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1621:56°51′W
1618:14°03′S
1566:43°22′N
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1486:26°10′E
1366:88°08′E
1363:45°17′N
1335:82°11′E
1332:44°17′N
1288:86°50′E
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1248:86°22′E
1245:46°20′N
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1184:85°58′E
1181:46°34′N
1121:86°40′E
1118:46°17′N
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997:History
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708:54°58′E
685:on the
524:54°58′E
502:Russian
363:65°47′E
360:85°50′S
311:54°58′E
271:54°58′E
210:in the
176:176°9′W
173:85°48′N
8486:Bowers
8481:Wilson
8440:Hassel
8435:Helmer
8404:Mackay
8394:Mawson
8359:Nimrod
8317:Terror
8302:Erebus
8229:Burton
8024:Rymill
7900:Mawson
7894:Aurora
7873:Lashly
7858:Wilson
7761:Nimrod
7738:Scotia
7545:Murray
7520:Cooper
7507:Terror
7489:Erebus
7458:Wilkes
7409:Palmer
7377:Vostok
7324:Bouvet
7248:-class
7228:Gakkel
7096:Taymyr
7077:Konrad
7046:Kuchin
6984:Yermak
6891:Lavrov
6809:Ovtsyn
6794:Bering
6772:Ivanov
6735:Hudson
6697:Pomors
6674:Cowper
6639:Karluk
6538:Isabel
6532:Bellot
6482:Austin
6450:Terror
6442:Erebus
6338:Griper
6314:Clerke
6274:Baffin
6257:Hudson
6188:Nansen
6101:Garðar
6022:Barneo
5889:ANT-25
5865:Italia
5841:Nobile
5810:Henson
5769:Amedeo
5745:Nansen
5710:Greely
5580:Hudson
5518:Arctic
5176:
4792:
4742:
4533:
4437:
4386:
4378:
4329:
4162:WGS84
4110:WGS84
4058:WGS84
4006:WGS84
3948:1,517
3902:WGS84
3850:WGS84
3792:2,690
3746:WGS84
3694:WGS84
3636:1,639
3590:WGS84
3538:WGS84
3434:WGS84
3382:WGS84
3330:WGS84
3278:WGS84
3174:WGS84
3122:WGS84
3041:1°34′W
3018:WGS84
2966:WGS84
2908:2,510
2862:WGS84
2810:WGS84
2752:2,514
2706:WGS84
2654:WGS84
2570:23°2′S
2498:WGS84
2446:WGS84
2394:WGS84
2342:WGS84
2290:WGS84
2284:1,008
2238:WGS84
2186:WGS84
2134:WGS84
2082:WGS84
2024:1,301
1978:WGS84
1926:WGS84
1868:1,814
1842:5°39′N
1483:5°39′N
1474:Africa
1468:Africa
1450:Ürümqi
1269:Xazgat
1232::
1230:pinyin
1222::
1153:Ürümqi
1044:R'lyeh
1017:data.
969:4°58′S
891:Aktobe
705:82°6′S
675:Vostok
560:Moscow
521:82°6′S
308:83°6′S
268:82°6′S
8566:Crary
8513:Dufek
8476:Oates
8466:Scott
8399:David
8380:Adams
8351:Barne
8172:Mirny
8161:Somov
7971:Quest
7868:Crean
7853:Scott
7732:Bruce
7686:Gauss
7679:Gauss
7553:Jason
7540:Nares
7414:Davis
7391:Mirny
7364:Smith
7319:Roché
7239:Lenin
7159:Sadko
7084:Wiese
7029:Sedov
7000:Zarya
6923:Payer
6886:Litke
6881:Anjou
6814:Minin
6777:Vagin
6767:Popov
6740:Poole
6595:Young
6408:Dease
6353:Hecla
6344:Parry
6269:Bylot
6252:Davis
6227:Cabot
6200:Peary
6182:Jason
6169:Egede
6083:Papar
5995:Skate
5976:Wiese
5956:NP-37
5949:NP-36
5829:Norge
5817:Sedov
5805:Peary
5763:Jason
5678:Nares
5672:Alert
5627:Hayes
5595:Parry
5533:Ocean
4790:S2CID
4740:S2CID
4435:S2CID
4338:(PDF)
4327:S2CID
4307:(PDF)
1808:Pole
1749:GSHHG
1557:Allen
1519:with
1408:]
1309:Suluk
1238:) at
1161:China
1102:China
1038:" by
1010:]
942:near
911:, at
514:) at
214:, at
8498:Byrd
8419:Fram
8370:Wild
8052:Marr
8018:BGLE
8005:Byrd
7933:Wild
7812:Fram
7614:Cook
7135:AARI
7120:Maud
7007:Toll
6932:Vega
6618:Gjøa
6603:Fram
6566:Kane
6403:Back
6368:Fury
6359:Lyon
6281:Munk
5920:NP-1
5822:Byrd
5739:Fram
5730:Fram
5622:Kane
5405:2016
5312:2016
5282:NASA
5263:2022
5237:2016
5185:2022
5174:ISSN
5151:2019
5122:2019
5065:2023
5031:2016
5005:2016
4975:2016
4940:2011
4914:2016
4884:2016
4854:2016
4824:2016
4630:2016
4595:2016
4569:2016
4531:PMID
4500:2016
4469:2010
4395:2024
4384:OCLC
4376:LCCN
4346:2016
3480:260
3220:469
3064:108
2544:928
1225:夏孜盖乡
1172:Town
854:The
669:and
488:for
157:NASA
143:and
71:, a
8195:3rd
8181:2nd
8155:1st
7988:IGY
7984:IPY
6574:Fox
6470:Rae
6036:Mir
6012:NS
5437:KML
5115:BBC
4780:doi
4732:doi
4523:doi
4519:309
4457:BBC
4427:doi
4319:doi
4315:123
1680:In
1607:In
1543:In
1509:Obo
1472:In
1174:at
1159:of
1024:'s
962:at
946:'s
218:on
67:In
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