4638:
808:. This difference yields exactly the same numerical value and signature of the Doppler shift measured in the Pioneer experiment. However, this explanation requires the thermal effects be a small percentage of the total, in contradiction to the many studies that estimate it to be the bulk of the effect.
3935:
A lengthy survey of several years of debate by the authors of the original 1998 paper documenting the anomaly. The authors conclude, "Until more is known, we must admit that the most likely cause of this effect is an unknown systematic. (We ourselves are divided as to whether 'gas leaks' or 'heat' is
306:
to stay aligned with Earth. Spacecraft like the
Voyagers acquire small and unpredictable changes in speed as a side effect of the frequent attitude control firings. This 'noise' makes it impractical to measure small accelerations such as the Pioneer effect; accelerations as large as 10 m/s would
421:
If the
Pioneer anomaly had been a gravitational effect due to some long-range modifications of the known laws of gravity, it did not affect the orbital motions of the major natural bodies in the same way (in particular those moving in the regions in which the Pioneer anomaly manifested itself in its
404:
passed its Saturn encounter. However, the most recent analysis states: "Figure 2 is strongly suggestive that the previously reported "onset" of the
Pioneer anomaly may in fact be a simple result of mis-modeling of the solar thermal contribution; this question may be resolved with further analysis of
839:
Further analysis of the retrieved
Pioneer data. This includes not only the data that was first used to detect the anomaly, but additional data that until recently was saved only in older, inaccessible computer formats and media. This data was recovered in 2006, converted to more modern formats, and
763:
satellites refutes that simple gravity modification is the cause of the
Pioneer anomaly. The precession of the longitudes of perihelia of the solar planets or the trajectories of long-period comets have not been reported to experience an anomalous gravitational field toward the Sun of the magnitude
413:
Before the thermal recoil explanation became accepted, other proposed explanations fell into two classes—"mundane causes" or "new physics". Mundane causes include conventional effects that were overlooked or mis-modeled in the initial analysis, such as measurement error, thrust from gas leakage, or
3519:
Antonio Fernández-Rañada and
Alfredo Tiemblo-Ramos propose "an explanation of the Pioneer anomaly that is a refinement of a previous one and is fully compatible with the cartography of the solar system. It is based on the non-equivalence of the atomic time and the astronomical time that happens to
726:
over eight years. This could be mapped on to a clock acceleration theory, which meant all clocks would be changing in relation to a constant acceleration: in other words, that there would be a non-uniformity of time. Moreover, for such a distortion related to time, Anderson's team reviewed several
669:
The possibility of observational errors, which include measurement and computational errors, has been advanced as a reason for interpreting the data as an anomaly. Hence, this would result in approximation and statistical errors. However, further analysis has determined that significant errors are
391:
First, the anomaly has an apparent annual periodicity and an apparent Earth sidereal daily periodicity with amplitudes that are formally greater than the error budget. However, the same paper also states this problem is most likely not related to the anomaly: "The annual and diurnal terms are very
857:
mission—its RTG is mounted close to the spacecraft body, so thermal radiation from it, bouncing off the spacecraft, will produce a systematic thrust of a not-easily predicted magnitude, as large or larger than the
Pioneer effect. However, it was hoped that despite any large systematic bias
244:
Starting in 1998, there were suggestions that the thermal recoil force was underestimated, and perhaps could account for the entire anomaly. However, accurately accounting for thermal forces was hard, because it needed telemetry records of the spacecraft temperatures and a detailed thermal model,
124:. If the excess radiation and attendant radiation pressure were pointed in a general direction opposite the Sun, the spacecraft's velocity away from the Sun would be decreasing at a rate greater than could be explained by previously recognized forces, such as gravity and trace friction due to the
248:
One by one these objections were addressed. Many of the old telemetry records were found, and converted to modern formats. This gave power consumption figures and some temperatures for parts of the spacecraft. Several groups built detailed thermal models, which could be checked against the known
673:
The effect is so small that it could be a statistical anomaly caused by differences in the way data were collected over the lifetime of the probes. Numerous changes were made over this period, including changes in the receiving instruments, reception sites, data recording systems and recording
131:
By 2012, several papers by different groups, all reanalyzing the thermal radiation pressure forces inherent in the spacecraft, showed that a careful accounting of this explains the entire anomaly; thus the cause is mundane and does not point to any new phenomenon or need to update the laws of
2439:
779:, and such a trajectory-dependent theory could account for the different accelerations apparently acting on the orbiting planets and the Pioneer craft on their escape trajectories. A possible terrestrial test for evidence of a different model of modified inertia has also been proposed.
290:
The
Pioneers were uniquely suited to discover the effect because they have been flying for long periods of time without additional course corrections. Most deep-space probes launched after the Pioneers either stopped at one of the planets, or used thrusting throughout their mission.
95:
over a period of ten years. The two spacecraft were launched in 1972 and 1973. The anomalous acceleration was first noticed as early as 1980 but not seriously investigated until 1994. The last communication with either spacecraft was in 2003, but analysis of recorded data continues.
350:. This increases the acceleration caused by the radiation forces because they are acting on less mass. This change in acceleration allows the radiation forces to be measured independently of any gravitational acceleration. Comparing cruise and Saturn-orbit results shows that for
820:, which has been observed in other spacecraft. Although the circumstances are very different (planet flyby vs. deep space cruise), the overall effect is similar—a small but unexplained velocity change is observed on top of a much larger conventional gravitational acceleration.
132:
physics. The most detailed analysis to date, by some of the original investigators, explicitly looks at two methods of estimating thermal forces, concluding that there is "no statistically significant difference between the two estimates and that once the thermal
379:, and given the uncertainties, the acceleration appears consistent with thermal radiation as the source of the non-gravitational forces measured. The measured acceleration is slowly decreasing as would be expected from the decreasing thermal output of the RTG.
199:—small compared to their distance from the Sun, but still statistically significant. This apparent discrepancy grew over time as the measurements were repeated, suggesting that whatever was causing the anomaly was still acting on the spacecraft.
270:
has the most detailed analysis to date, the explanation based on thermal recoil force has the support of other independent research groups, using a variety of computational techniques. Examples include "thermal recoil pressure is not the cause of the
265:
that explained the anomaly. The work explored the effect of the thermal recoil force on
Pioneer 10, and concluded that "once the thermal recoil force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains." Although the paper by Turyshev
395:
Second, the value of the anomaly measured over a period during and after the
Pioneer 11 Saturn encounter had a relatively high uncertainty and a significantly lower value. The Turyshev, et al. 2012 paper compared the thermal analysis to the
706:
background 'gravitational potential'. The increased gravitational potential would then accelerate cosmological time. It was proposed that this particular effect causes the observed deviation from predicted trajectories and velocities of
99:
Various explanations, both of spacecraft behavior and of gravitation itself, were proposed to explain the anomaly. Over the period from 1998 to 2012, one particular explanation became accepted. The spacecraft, which are surrounded by an
614:(see modified inertia below). Likewise, the anomaly does not appear in the orbits of Neptune's moons, challenging the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly may be an unconventional gravitational phenomenon based on range from the Sun.
799:
that is not Minkowski flat. In this model of spacetime manifold, light moves uniformly with respect to the conformal cosmological time whereas physical measurements are performed with the help of atomic clocks that count the
392:
likely different manifestations of the same modeling problem. Such a modeling problem arises when there are errors in any of the parameters of the spacecraft orientation with respect to the chosen reference frame."
562:
and Toth claims to rule out the cosmological connection by considering rather conventional sources whereas other scientists provided a disproof based on the physical implications of cosmological models themselves.
430:
and their satellites undermined the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly is a phenomenon of gravitational origin. However, others believed that our knowledge of the motions of the outer planets and dwarf planet
175:
maneuvers to track Earth in its orbit, leaving them on a long "cruise" phase through the outer Solar System. During this period, both spacecraft were repeatedly contacted to obtain various measurements on their
3828:
Anderson, J D.; Laing, P. A.; Lau, E. L.; Liu, A. S.; Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G. (1998). "Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration".
4437:
387:
There are two features of the anomaly, as originally reported, that are not addressed by the thermal solution: periodic variations in the anomaly, and the onset of the anomaly near the orbit of Saturn.
435:
was still insufficient to disprove the gravitational nature of the Pioneer anomaly. The same authors ruled out the existence of a gravitational Pioneer-type extra-acceleration in the outskirts of the
3036:
Turyshev, Slava G., John D. Anderson, Philip A. Laing, Eunice L. Lau, Anthony S. Liu, and Michael Martin Nieto (1999). "The apparent anomalous, weak, long-range acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11."".
727:
models in which time distortion as a phenomenon is considered. They arrived at the "clock acceleration" model after completion of the review. Although the best model adds a quadratic term to defined
191:
environment. When these effects were taken into account, along with all other known effects, the calculated position of the Pioneers did not agree with measurements based on timing the return of the
79:'s gravity. Upon very close examination of navigational data, the spacecraft were found to be slowing slightly more than expected. The effect is an extremely small acceleration towards the Sun, of
232:
for both spacecraft. If the positions of the spacecraft were predicted one year in advance based on measured velocity and known forces (mostly gravity), they were actually found to be some
3944:
divided into sections such as primary references, attempts at explanation, proposals for new physics, possible new missions, popular press, and so on. A sampling of these are shown here:
1541:
Turyshev, S. G.; Toth, V. T.; Ellis, J.; Markwardt, C. B. (2011). "Support for temporally varying behavior of the Pioneer anomaly from the extended Pioneer 10 and 11 Doppler data sets".
787:
Another theoretical explanation was based on a possible non-equivalence of the atomic time and the astronomical time, which could give the same observational fingerprint as the anomaly.
2232:
3073:
354:, almost all the unmodelled acceleration was due to radiation forces, with only a small residual acceleration, much smaller than the Pioneer acceleration, and with opposite sign.
835:) were deliberately disposed of in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn respectively at the ends of their missions. This leaves several remaining options for further research:
322:. These spacecraft indicate a similar effect, although for various reasons (such as their relative proximity to the Sun) firm conclusions cannot be drawn from these sources. The
1872:
André G. C. Guerra, Frederico Francisco, Paulo J. S. Gil, and Orfeu Bertolami (June 16, 2017). "Estimating the thermally induced acceleration of the New Horizons spacecraft".
249:
temperatures and powers, and allowed a quantitative calculation of the recoil force. The longer span of navigational records showed the acceleration was in fact decreasing.
213:
When all known forces acting on the spacecraft were taken into consideration, a very small but unexplained force remained. It appeared to cause an approximately constant
187:
of the solar medium by its effect on the spacecraft's motion. In the outer Solar System this effect would be easily calculable, based on ground-based measurements of the
332:
as well as thrusters for attitude control, and during cruise could rely for long periods on the reaction wheels alone, thus enabling precision measurements. It also had
245:
neither of which was available at the time. Furthermore, all thermal models predicted a decrease in the effect with time, which did not appear in the initial analysis.
690:. Later, with the Doppler shifted signal confirmed, the team again speculated that one explanation may lie with new physics, if not some unknown systemic explanation.
1743:
Turyshev, S. G.; Nieto, M. M.; Anderson, J. D. (2005). "A Route to Understanding of the Pioneer Anomaly". In Chen, P.; Bloom, E.; Madejski, G.; Petrosian, V. (eds.).
796:
548:
471:
1604:
Bertolami, O.; Francisco, F.; Gil, P. J. S.; Páramos, J. (2012). "The Contribution of Thermal Effects to the Acceleration of the Deep-Space Pioneer Spacecraft".
755:. Given the low accelerations placed on the spacecraft while in the outer Solar System, MOND may be in effect, modifying the normal gravitational equations. The
518:
195:
being sent back from the spacecraft. These consistently showed that both spacecraft were closer to the inner Solar System than they should be, by thousands of
1431:
Bertolami, O.; Francisco, F.; Gil, P. J. S.; Páramos, J. (2008). "Thermal analysis of the Pioneer anomaly: A method to estimate radiative momentum transfer".
3639:
2375:
Iorio, L. (2009). "Can the Pioneer Anomaly be Induced by Velocity-Dependant Forces? Tests in the Outer Regions of the Solar System with Planetary Dynamics".
3778:
2597:
2464:
751:
proposed that the force of gravity deviates from the traditional Newtonian value to a very different force law at very low accelerations on the order of
3885:
Anderson, J D.; Laing, P. A.; Lau, E. L.; Liu, A. S.; Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G. (2002). "Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11".
1262:
Katz, J. I. (1999). "Comment on "Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses data, of an apparent anomalous, weak, long-range acceleration"".
823:
The Pioneer spacecraft are no longer providing new data (the last contact was on 23 January 2003) and other deep-space missions that might be studied (
570:—this is known both from conventional theory and by direct measurement. This does not necessarily interfere with paths new physics can take with
3985:
Theory establishes a gravitational connection between the unexplained periastron advance observed in two binary star systems and the Pioneer anomaly.
2542:
1376:
Turyshev, S. G; Toth, V. T.; Kellogg, L.; Lau, E.; Lee, K. (2006). "A study of the pioneer anomaly: new data and objectives for new investigation".
202:
As the anomaly was growing, it appeared that the spacecraft were moving more slowly than expected. Measurements of the spacecraft's speed using the
4504:
3057:
1925:
1858:
610:. However, this acceleration does not show up in the orbits of the outer planets, so any generic gravitational answer would need to violate the
1118:
Turyshev, S. G.; Toth, V. T.; Kinsella, G.; Lee, S.-C.; Lok, S. M.; Ellis, J. (2012). "Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly".
3035:
183:
Because the spacecraft were flying with almost no additional stabilization thrusts during their "cruise", it is possible to characterize the
849:
spacecraft to Pluto is spin-stabilised for long intervals, and there were proposals to use it to investigate the anomaly. It was known that
1746:
698:
Clock acceleration was an alternate explanation to anomalous acceleration of the spacecraft towards the Sun. This theory took notice of an
3081:
2117:
Iorio, L.; Giudice, G. (2006). "What do the orbital motions of the outer planets of the Solar System tell us about the Pioneer anomaly?".
426:, which states that all objects are affected the same way by gravity. It was therefore argued that increasingly accurate measurements and
1825:
4548:
3991:
2377:
1378:
899:
The Pioneer Explorer Collaboration was formed to study the Pioneer Anomaly and has hosted three meetings (2005, 2007, and 2008) at
2519:
371:
sunward, somewhat larger than the effect on Pioneer. Modelling of thermal effects indicates an expected sunward acceleration of
3062:"As stated before, we believe the most plausible explanation of the anomaly is systematics, such as radiant heat or gas leaks".
1781:
2431:
1023:
333:
298:
flew a mission profile similar to the Pioneers, but were not spin stabilized. Instead, they required frequent firings of their
3803:
3714:
2351:
900:
658:
105:
112:. If, due to the design of the spacecraft, more heat is emitted in a particular direction by what is known as a radiative
4499:
4456:
2960:
343:
arrived at Saturn, it shed a large fraction of its mass from the fuel used in the insertion burn and the release of the
4476:"Exposing PseudoAstronomy, Episode 110: Solar System Mysteries "Solved" by PseudoScience, Part 2 – The Pioneer Anomaly"
236:
closer to the sun at the end of the year. This anomaly is now believed to be accounted for by thermal recoil forces.
116:, then the spacecraft would accelerate slightly in the direction opposite of the excess emitted radiation due to the
566:
Gravitationally bound objects such as the Solar System, or even the Milky Way, are not supposed to partake of the
795:
Another proposed explanation of Pioneer anomaly is that the background spacetime is described by a cosmological
670:
not likely because seven independent analyses have shown the existence of the Pioneer anomaly as of March 2010.
171:. Although the spacecraft included thrusters, after the planetary encounters they were used only for semiannual
3951:
756:
4356:
3647:
4541:
4255:
4196:
4081:
4048:
Dittus, H.; et al. (Pioneer Explorer Collaboration) (2005). "A Mission to Explore the Pioneer Anomaly".
3240:
2861:
1999:
1871:
960:
4637:
4429:
1676:
61:. The apparent anomaly was a matter of much interest for many years but has been subsequently explained by
1207:
Murphy, E. M. (1999). "A Prosaic explanation for the anomalous accelerations seen in distant spacecraft".
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3483:
772:
744:
303:
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336:(RTGs) mounted close to the spacecraft body, radiating kilowatts of heat in hard-to-predict directions.
3586:
2810:
2271:
4513:
1062:"High precision thermal modeling of complex systems with application to the flyby and Pioneer anomaly"
4151:
3949:
Reardon, A. C. (2011). "Gravitational Analysis of V541 Cygni, DI Herculis, and the Pioneer anomaly".
2755:
2700:
2642:
2269:
Standish, E. M. (2008). "Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides: testing alternate gravitational theories".
728:
567:
555:
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992:
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4723:
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4341:
2538:"Does the Neptunian system of satellites challenge a gravitational origin for the Pioneer anomaly?"
2175:
Iorio, L. (2007). "Can the Pioneer anomaly be of gravitational origin? A phenomenological answer".
228:
3475:
2859:
Lachièze-Rey, M. (2007). "Cosmology in the solar system: the Pioneer effect is not cosmological".
3831:
3613:
3413:
2968:
2230:
Iorio, L. (2007). "Jupiter, Saturn and the Pioneer anomaly: a planetary-based independent test".
2119:
1942:
Anderson, J. D.; et al. (2002). "Study of the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11".
1606:
1543:
1486:
Toth, V. T.; Turyshev, S. G. (2009). "Thermal recoil force, telemetry, and the Pioneer anomaly".
1317:
Scheffer, L. (2003). "Conventional forces can explain the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10".
1264:
1209:
1120:
261:
4253:
Brownstein, J. R.; Moffat, J. W. (2006). "Gravitational solution to the Pioneer 10/11 anomaly".
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Anderson, J. D.; Turyshev, S. G.; Nieto, M. M. (2002). "A mission to test the Pioneer anomaly".
3775:"Conference on The Pioneer Anomaly - Observations, Attempts at Explanation, Further Exploration"
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uneven heat radiation. The "new physics" explanations proposed revision of our understanding of
282:." and "It is shown that the whole anomalous acceleration can be explained by thermal effects".
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Newer spacecraft have used spin stabilization for some or all of their mission, including both
2462:
Fienga, A.; Laskar, J.; Kuchynka, P.; Leponcin-Lafitte, C.; Manche, H.; Gastineau, M. (2010).
554:
connection, but this is now believed to be of no particular significance. In fact the latest
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4713:
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1852:
1841:"Effects of radioisotope thermoelectric generator on dynamics of the New Horizons spacecraft"
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627:
611:
423:
415:
299:
125:
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Nieto, M. M.; Anderson, J. D. (2005). "Using Early Data to Illuminate the Pioneer Anomaly".
3964:
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2834:
1997:
Nieto, M. M.; Anderson, J. D. (2005). "Using early data to illuminate the Pioneer anomaly".
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907:, Switzerland, to discuss the anomaly, and discuss possible means for resolving the source.
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A dedicated mission has also been proposed. Such a mission would probably need to surpass
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from the RTG, the 'onset' of the anomaly at or near the orbit of Saturn might be observed.
427:
210:
was less than expected, which meant that the Pioneers had slowed down more than expected.
8:
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can also be interpreted as a modification of inertia, perhaps due to an interaction with
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3295:"Directly measured limit on the interplanetary matter density from Pioneer 10 and 11"
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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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Because the "Pioneer anomaly" does not show up as an effect on the planets, Anderson
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spacecraft are escaping the Solar System but are slowing under the influence of the
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Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G. (2004). "Finding the Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly".
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presently known form). Hence a gravitational explanation would need to violate the
172:
4417:
4079:
Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S.G. (2004). "Finding the origin of the Pioneer anomaly".
3800:"The Pioneer Explorer Collaboration: Investigation of the Pioneer Anomaly at ISSI"
3724:
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2999:
926:
is a summarized term derived from the source or sources used for this sub-section.
180:, providing valuable information long after their initial missions were complete.
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4475:
4466:
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2916:"The Effect of Cosmological Expansion on Self-Gravitating Ensembles of Particles"
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2751:"Testing Gravity in the Outer Solar System: Results from Trans-Neptunian Objects"
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521:
295:
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would have the same problem that precluded good data from the cruise portion of
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3238:) gravity: Evidence against the co-variant resolution of the Pioneer anomaly".
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1975:
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571:
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498:
329:
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2208:
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4494:
Shows number of publications about the Pioneer anomaly on arXiv.org, by year.
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3752:
3719:
3165:"The modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) and its implications for new physics"
2062:
Tangen, K. (2007). "Could the Pioneer anomaly have a gravitational origin?".
1181:
939:
817:
776:
599:
344:
275:
30:
4457:"The Pioneer Anomaly, a 30-Year-Old Cosmic Mystery, May Be Resolved At Last"
4746:
4619:
4614:
4408:
3452:
3108:
Rañada, A. F. (2005). "The Pioneer anomaly as acceleration of the clocks".
3007:
2310:. The Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting. Vol. 11. pp. 2558–2560.
1729:
1645:
1582:
1159:
1098:
1061:
845:
587:
436:
359:
58:
3799:
3530:
Kopeikin, S. M. (2012). "Celestial Ephemerides in an Expanding Universe".
3411:
Ignatiev, A. Yu. (2007). "Is violation of Newton's second law possible?".
4756:
4609:
4604:
4165:
3362:
3313:
3183:
2714:
805:
801:
639:
607:
603:
188:
177:
4147:"Can Minor Planets be Used to Assess Gravity in the Outer Solar System?"
2696:"Can Minor Planets Be Used to Assess Gravity in the Outer Solar System?"
1789:
Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics
1710:
4751:
4696:
4689:
748:
715:
709:
635:
113:
62:
41:
35:
4269:
4210:
4095:
4062:
4005:
3901:
3845:
3514:
3427:
3124:
3042:
2982:
2875:
2824:
2316:
2292:
2191:
2133:
2078:
2013:
1958:
1756:
1392:
1333:
1278:
1223:
974:
4773:
4624:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4571:
4346:
3591:
3164:
2308:
The Lense–Thirring Effect and the Pioneer Anomaly: Solar System Tests
722:
From their data, Anderson's team deduced a steady frequency drift of
642:. However, the measured densities are too small to cause the effect.
196:
168:
136:
force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains."
3074:"Pioneer Anomaly Project Update: A Letter From the Project Director"
2461:
4185:
4146:
4139:
Further elaboration on a dedicated mission plan (restricted access)
2944:
2915:
2789:
2750:
2734:
2695:
1886:
876:
816:
It is possible, but not proven, that this anomaly is linked to the
731:, the team encountered problems with this theory. This then led to
207:
4526:
4342:"The Problem with Gravity: New Mission Would Probe Strange Puzzle"
3681:
3546:
3497:
3254:
2769:
2656:
2556:
2478:
2391:
2246:
1819:"Deep-Space Navigation: a Tool to Investigate the Laws of Gravity"
1791:. International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics. Archived from
1690:
1620:
1557:
1502:
1447:
1134:
1080:
790:
184:
152:
91:, which is equivalent to a reduction of the outbound velocity by
3346:
Milgrom, M. (1999). "The Modified Dynamics as a vacuum effect".
2961:"Progress in Lunar Laser Ranging Tests of Relativistic Gravity"
1782:"The non-gravitational accelerations of the Cassini spacecraft"
760:
654:
590:
is not accounted for in the current model for several reasons.
133:
121:
117:
2110:
4438:"March 2009: Is there something we don't know about gravity?"
1028:
1024:"Pioneer Anomaly Solved By 1970s Computer Graphics Technique"
887:
883:
may provide insights if the anomaly's cause is gravitational.
432:
382:
164:
1603:
1430:
278:
but likely resolves the anomalous acceleration observed for
3617:
904:
631:
357:
The non-gravitational acceleration of the deep space probe
3587:"NASA Baffled by Unexplained Force Acting on Space Probes"
1540:
650:
214:
76:
4377:
Hellemans, A. (October 2005). "A Force to Reckon With".
3520:
have the same observational fingerprint as the anomaly."
1839:
G. D. Rogers, S. H. Flanigan, and D. Stanbridge (2014).
3293:
Nieto, M. M.; Turyshev, S. G.; Anderson, J. D. (2005).
2959:
Williams, J. G.; Turyshev, S. G.; Boggs, D. H. (2004).
2531:
2529:
1117:
924:
non-uniform time in relation to a constant acceleration
733:
non-uniform time in relation to a constant acceleration
2638:"How Well do We Know the Orbits of the Outer Planets?"
1375:
686:
speculated that this would be interesting if this was
155:
and Jupiter/Saturn respectively. Both spacecraft were
3988:
3292:
2958:
2170:
2168:
1742:
529:
506:
452:
4309:
Musser, G. (December 1998). "Pioneering Gas Leak?".
2913:
2526:
1779:
664:
400:
only. The Pioneer anomaly was unnoticed until after
239:
3884:
3827:
3779:
Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity
3663:"New Horizons and the Onset of the Pioneer Anomaly"
2598:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
2465:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
1016:
408:
2803:
2368:
2165:
1055:
1053:
1051:
542:
512:
465:
285:
4500:"TPS Enables Study of Mysterious Pioneer Anomaly"
4145:Page, J. F.; Dixon, D. S.; Wallin, J. F. (2005).
2749:Wallin, J. F.; Dixon, D. S.; Page, G. L. (2007).
2694:Page, G. L.; Dixon, D. S.; Wallin, J. F. (2006).
2636:Page, G. L.; Wallin, J. F.; Dixon, D. S. (2009).
2543:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1059:
767:
738:
4786:
4252:
2806:"Cosmological effects in the local static frame"
2432:"Gravity tests with INPOP planetary ephemerides"
1780:Di Benedetto, M.; Iess, L.; Roth, D. C. (2009).
4144:
3476:"Parametric invariance and the Pioneer anomaly"
2748:
2693:
2635:
2223:
1665:
1663:
1048:
3103:
3101:
3099:
791:Celestial ephemerides in an expanding universe
598:It is possible that deceleration is caused by
4542:
4193:
4078:
3473:
1996:
957:
602:forces from unidentified sources such as the
485:) is numerically quite close to the product (
428:modelling of the motions of the outer planets
57:10 mi) on their trajectories out of the
3056:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2858:
2116:
1924:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1857:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1747:Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics
1669:
1660:
1534:
1485:
661:(RTGs) have been thought as possible cause.
29:, was the observed deviation from predicted
4418:"Gravity theory dispenses with dark matter"
3096:
2689:
2687:
811:
764:capable of describing the Pioneer anomaly.
586:It has been viewed as possible that a real
4549:
4535:
4432:) theory claims to predict Pioneer anomaly
3162:
2914:Noerdlinger, P. D.; Petrosian, V. (1971).
888:Meetings and conferences about the anomaly
797:Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
383:Potential issues with the thermal solution
206:demonstrated the same thing: the observed
4454:
4376:
4268:
4227:
4209:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4112:
4094:
4061:
4022:
4004:
3992:International Journal of Modern Physics D
3900:
3879:The original paper describing the anomaly
3844:
3698:
3680:
3545:
3496:
3426:
3379:
3361:
3330:
3312:
3253:
3221:
3182:
3123:
3041:
2981:
2943:
2933:
2874:
2843:
2833:
2823:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2620:
2610:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2487:
2477:
2390:
2378:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2333:
2315:
2245:
2190:
2132:
2077:
2030:
2012:
1957:
1937:
1935:
1885:
1755:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1619:
1556:
1501:
1446:
1424:
1391:
1379:International Journal of Modern Physics D
1370:
1368:
1332:
1277:
1222:
1133:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1097:
1079:
991:
973:
4435:
3940:The ISSI meeting above has an excellent
3529:
3410:
3071:
2684:
2268:
1941:
1826:Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
1316:
896:in 2004 to discuss the Pioneer anomaly.
4473:
4354:
3948:
3792:
3345:
2590:
4787:
4308:
4047:
3748:"Lost asteroid clue to Pioneer puzzle"
3339:
3222:Exirifard, Q. (2010). "Constraints on
3107:
2429:
2061:
1990:
1932:
1845:Advances in the Astronautical Sciences
1365:
1206:
1106:
659:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
334:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
68:caused by the spacecraft's heat loss.
45:spacecraft after they passed about 20
4530:
4415:
3804:International Space Science Institute
3745:
3660:
3404:
2804:Mizony, M.; Lachièze-Rey, M. (2005).
2535:
2374:
2305:
2229:
2174:
1670:Turyshev, S. G.; Toth, V. T. (2010).
901:International Space Science Institute
693:
581:
106:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
4339:
3584:
3156:
1816:
1768:. Stanford e-Conf #C04, paper #0310.
1261:
1060:Rievers, B.; Lämmerzahl, C. (2011).
446:The magnitude of the Pioneer effect
16:Deviation in spacecraft deceleration
4556:
4455:Wolchover, N. (December 15, 2010).
3723:. September 1, 2004. Archived from
3474:Rañada, A. F.; Tiemblo, A. (2012).
2518:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (
13:
4636:
4333:10.1038/scientificamerican1298-26b
3821:
3072:Turyshev, S. G. (March 28, 2007).
1750:. Vol. 2004. pp. 13–17.
782:
14:
4811:
4487:
4436:Anderson, J. (January 28, 2009).
4401:10.1038/scientificamerican1005-24
3715:"Pioneer anomaly put to the test"
702:, which was thought to create an
665:Observational or recording errors
578:of possible cosmological origin.
240:Explanation: thermal recoil force
4480:Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast
4340:Brit, R. R. (October 18, 2004).
2593:"EPM ephemerides and relativity"
2577:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16637.x
2430:Fienga, A.; et al. (2009).
2233:Journal of Gravitational Physics
1032:. March 31, 2011. Archived from
804:of observer coinciding with the
409:Previously proposed explanations
4355:Johnson, J. (January 2, 2005).
3767:
3739:
3707:
3654:
3632:
3606:
3578:
3523:
3467:
3286:
3215:
3065:
3029:
2952:
2907:
2852:
2797:
2742:
2629:
2584:
2423:
2299:
2262:
2055:
1865:
1832:
1810:
1773:
1736:
1597:
1479:
1186:Weebau Spaceflight Encyclopedia
917:
576:planetary secular accelerations
286:Indications from other missions
4416:McKee, M. (January 25, 2006).
3952:Astrophysics and Space Science
3700:10.1016/j.physletb.2007.11.067
3646:. June 1, 2006. Archived from
3332:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.03.035
1638:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.081103
1575:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.081103
1310:
1255:
1200:
1174:
1152:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101
951:
840:is now available for analysis.
768:Definition of inertia modified
757:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
739:Definition of gravity modified
677:
139:
108:(RTG), can shed heat only via
1:
4256:Classical and Quantum Gravity
4197:Classical and Quantum Gravity
4082:Classical and Quantum Gravity
3585:Choi, C. Q. (March 3, 2008).
3445:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.101101
3390:10.1016/S0375-9601(99)00077-8
3272:10.1088/0264-9381/26/2/025001
3241:Classical and Quantum Gravity
3000:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.261101
2862:Classical and Quantum Gravity
2000:Classical and Quantum Gravity
961:Classical and Quantum Gravity
945:
4430:Scalar-tensor-vector gravity
4357:"Opening New Doors in Space"
2677:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1226
2151:10.1016/j.newast.2006.04.001
1677:Living Reviews in Relativity
645:
558:review (2010) undertaken by
7:
4287:10.1088/0264-9381/23/10/013
4238:10.1088/0264-9381/22/24/008
4123:10.1088/0264-9381/21/17/001
3936:this 'most likely cause.')"
3863:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2858
3484:Canadian Journal of Physics
2893:10.1088/0264-9381/24/10/016
2041:10.1088/0264-9381/22/24/008
1296:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1892
1241:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1890
1002:10.1088/0264-9381/21/17/001
933:
745:Modified Newtonian dynamics
735:as the most likely theory.
363:has been measured at about
10:
4816:
3919:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.082004
3746:Clark, S. (May 10, 2005).
3564:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.064004
3163:Bekenstein, J. D. (2006).
2845:10.1051/0004-6361:20042195
2811:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2344:10.1142/9789812834300_0458
2272:AIP Conference Proceedings
2096:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.042005
1976:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.082004
1904:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.124027
1770:In particular, Appendix C.
1520:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.043011
1465:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.103001
1351:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.084021
892:A meeting was held at the
593:
104:and are each powered by a
4734:
4706:
4648:
4634:
4564:
4152:The Astrophysical Journal
4033:10.1142/S0218271802002876
3973:10.1007/s10509-011-0789-4
3201:10.1080/00107510701244055
3142:10.1007/s10701-004-1629-y
2756:The Astrophysical Journal
2701:The Astrophysical Journal
2643:The Astrophysical Journal
2622:10.1017/S1743921309990342
2498:10.1017/S1743921309990330
2409:10.1142/S0218271809014856
2209:10.1007/s10701-007-9132-x
1817:Iess, L. (January 2011).
1410:10.1142/S0218271806008218
729:International Atomic Time
568:expansion of the universe
556:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
151:were sent on missions to
4724:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
4474:Robbins, S. (May 2014).
910:
812:Further research avenues
405:early trajectory data".
4050:ESA Special Publication
3965:2011Ap&SS.336..369R
3832:Physical Review Letters
3414:Physical Review Letters
2969:Physical Review Letters
2835:2005A&A...434...45M
2591:Pitjeva, E. V. (2010).
1607:Physical Review Letters
1544:Physical Review Letters
1265:Physical Review Letters
1210:Physical Review Letters
1121:Physical Review Letters
870:hyperbolic escape orbit
617:
441:Trans-Neptunian objects
262:Physical Review Letters
159:in order to keep their
4642:
4514:"Wanted - Einstein Jr"
3614:"The Pioneer Missions"
3111:Foundations of Physics
3025:on September 29, 2006.
2178:Foundations of Physics
1374:See pp. 10–15 in
1099:10.1002/andp.201100081
1029:The Physics arXiv Blog
759:combined with data of
657:from the spacecraft's
544:
514:
467:
4719:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
4714:Pioneer Venus project
4640:
4469:on December 19, 2010.
3661:Nieto, M. M. (2008).
3078:The Planetary Society
2921:Astrophysical Journal
1672:"The Pioneer Anomaly"
628:interplanetary medium
612:equivalence principle
545:
543:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
515:
468:
466:{\displaystyle a_{p}}
439:by using a sample of
424:equivalence principle
416:gravitational physics
259:published a paper in
126:interplanetary medium
4641:Pioneer 11 at Saturn
3170:Contemporary Physics
3084:on December 30, 2010
894:University of Bremen
527:
504:
450:
178:physical environment
128:(imperfect vacuum).
4762:Linda Salzman Sagan
4393:2005SciAm.293d..24H
4380:Scientific American
4325:1998SciAm.279f..26M
4312:Scientific American
4279:2006CQGra..23.3427B
4220:2005CQGra..22.5343N
4176:2006ApJ...642..606P
4105:2004CQGra..21.4005N
4072:2005gr.qc.....6139T
4015:2002IJMPD..11.1545A
3911:2002PhRvD..65h2004A
3855:1998PhRvL..81.2858A
3806:. February 18, 2008
3691:2008PhLB..659..483N
3556:2012PhRvD..86f4004K
3507:2012CaJPh..90..931R
3437:2007PhRvL..98j1101I
3372:1999PhLA..253..273M
3323:2005PhLB..613...11N
3264:2009CQGra..26b5001E
3193:2006ConPh..47..387B
3134:2004FoPh...34.1955R
2992:2004PhRvL..93z1101W
2935:1971ApJ...168....1N
2885:2007CQGra..24.2735L
2780:2007ApJ...666.1296W
2725:2006ApJ...642..606P
2667:2009ApJ...697.1226P
2612:2010IAUS..261..170P
2567:2010MNRAS.405.2615I
2489:2010IAUS..261..159F
2449:2009sf2a.conf..105F
2401:2009IJMPD..18..947I
2326:2008mgm..conf.2558I
2285:2008AIPC..977..254S
2256:2007JGrPh...1....5I
2201:2007FoPh...37..897I
2143:2006NewA...11..600I
2088:2007PhRvD..76d2005T
2023:2005CQGra..22.5343N
1968:2002PhRvD..65h2004A
1896:2017PhRvD..95l4027G
1766:2005tsra.conf..121T
1711:10.12942/lrr-2010-4
1701:2010LRR....13....4T
1630:2011PhRvL.107h1103T
1567:2011PhRvL.107h1103T
1512:2009PhRvD..79d3011T
1457:2008PhRvD..78j3001B
1402:2006IJMPD..15....1T
1343:2003PhRvD..67h4021S
1288:1999PhRvL..83.1892K
1233:1999PhRvL..83.1890M
1144:2012PhRvL.108x1101T
1090:2011AnP...523..439R
1036:on January 11, 2012
984:2004CQGra..21.4005N
622:The cause could be
4643:
4443:Astronomy Magazine
3650:on April 18, 2012.
2536:Iorio, L. (2010).
2460:Also published in
2306:Iorio, L. (2008).
1188:. November 9, 2010
1067:Annalen der Physik
868:from the Sun in a
700:expanding universe
694:Clock acceleration
582:Deceleration model
540:
510:
463:
161:high-gain antennas
66:radiation pressure
47:astronomical units
4782:
4781:
4263:(10): 3427–3436.
4204:(24): 5343–5354.
4089:(17): 4005–4024.
3888:Physical Review D
3839:(14): 2858–2861.
3668:Physics Letters B
3644:Planetary Society
3533:Physical Review D
3515:10.1139/p2012-086
3349:Physics Letters A
3300:Physics Letters B
3118:(12): 1955–1971.
2869:(10): 2735–2742.
2458:on July 20, 2011.
2353:978-981-283-426-3
2293:10.1063/1.2902789
2065:Physical Review D
2007:(24): 5343–5354.
1945:Physical Review D
1798:on April 26, 2014
1489:Physical Review D
1434:Physical Review D
1320:Physical Review D
968:(17): 4005–4024.
653:leaks, including
513:{\displaystyle c}
307:be undetectable.
169:gyroscopic forces
110:thermal radiation
102:ultra-high vacuum
4807:
4620:Pioneer P-31 (Z)
4615:Pioneer P-30 (Y)
4551:
4544:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4509:
4483:
4470:
4465:. Archived from
4451:
4427:
4412:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4351:
4336:
4298:
4272:
4249:
4231:
4213:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4166:astro-ph/0504367
4134:
4116:
4098:
4075:
4065:
4044:
4026:
4008:
3984:
3930:
3904:
3874:
3848:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3727:on April 4, 2012
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3684:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3549:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3500:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3430:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3383:
3365:
3363:astro-ph/9805346
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3316:
3314:astro-ph/0501626
3290:
3284:
3283:
3257:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3186:
3184:astro-ph/0701848
3160:
3154:
3153:
3127:
3105:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3080:. Archived from
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3018:. Archived from
2985:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2937:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2878:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2763:(2): 1296–1302.
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2715:astro-ph/0504367
2691:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2650:(2): 1226–1241.
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2550:(4): 2615–2622.
2533:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2491:
2481:
2459:
2457:
2451:. Archived from
2436:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2394:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2337:
2319:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2194:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2136:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2016:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1961:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1889:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1623:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1560:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1505:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1450:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1395:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1336:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1281:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1226:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1137:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1083:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1020:
1014:
1013:
995:
977:
955:
927:
921:
882:
875:Observations of
867:
754:
725:
549:
547:
546:
541:
539:
538:
519:
517:
516:
511:
496:
494:
490:
484:
482:
478:
472:
470:
469:
464:
462:
461:
378:
376:
370:
368:
304:attitude control
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:acceleration of
173:conical scanning
163:pointed towards
94:
90:
88:
84:
56:
52:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4795:Pioneer program
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4769:Pioneer anomaly
4730:
4702:
4644:
4632:
4610:Pioneer P-3 (X)
4605:Pioneer P-1 (W)
4560:
4558:Pioneer program
4555:
4512:
4508:. June 9, 2006.
4498:
4490:
4462:Popular Science
4367:
4365:
4229:10.1.1.339.8927
4114:10.1.1.338.6163
4024:10.1.1.338.6120
3824:
3822:Further reading
3819:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3659:
3655:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3620:. July 26, 2003
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3583:
3579:
3528:
3524:
3491:(10): 931–937.
3478:
3472:
3468:
3409:
3405:
3381:10.1.1.336.5489
3344:
3340:
3291:
3287:
3234:
3220:
3216:
3161:
3157:
3106:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3070:
3066:
3049:
3048:
3034:
3030:
3022:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2912:
2908:
2857:
2853:
2802:
2798:
2747:
2743:
2692:
2685:
2634:
2630:
2589:
2585:
2534:
2527:
2511:
2510:
2455:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2373:
2369:
2354:
2335:10.1.1.338.8576
2304:
2300:
2267:
2263:
2228:
2224:
2173:
2166:
2115:
2111:
2060:
2056:
2032:10.1.1.339.8927
1995:
1991:
1940:
1933:
1917:
1916:
1870:
1866:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1741:
1737:
1668:
1661:
1602:
1598:
1539:
1535:
1484:
1480:
1429:
1425:
1373:
1366:
1315:
1311:
1260:
1256:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1116:
1107:
1058:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1017:
993:10.1.1.338.6163
956:
952:
948:
936:
931:
930:
922:
918:
913:
890:
880:
862:
814:
793:
785:
783:Parametric time
770:
752:
741:
723:
696:
680:
667:
648:
620:
596:
584:
550:, hinting at a
534:
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:Hubble constant
505:
502:
501:
492:
488:
486:
480:
476:
474:
457:
453:
451:
448:
447:
411:
385:
374:
372:
366:
364:
330:reaction wheels
288:
242:
233:
224:
220:
218:
157:spin-stabilised
142:
92:
86:
82:
80:
54:
50:
23:Pioneer anomaly
17:
12:
11:
5:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4742:Pioneer plaque
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4710:
4708:
4707:Venus missions
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4650:
4649:Later missions
4646:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4565:Early missions
4562:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4510:
4505:SpaceDaily.com
4496:
4489:
4488:External links
4486:
4485:
4484:
4471:
4452:
4433:
4413:
4374:
4352:
4337:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4250:
4191:
4186:10.1086/500796
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4076:
4045:
3986:
3959:(2): 369–377.
3942:reference list
3938:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3791:
3766:
3738:
3706:
3675:(3): 483–485.
3653:
3631:
3605:
3577:
3522:
3466:
3421:(10): 101101.
3403:
3338:
3285:
3230:
3214:
3155:
3095:
3064:
3028:
2976:(26): 261101.
2951:
2945:10.1086/151054
2906:
2851:
2796:
2790:10.1086/520528
2741:
2735:10.1086/500796
2708:(1): 606–614.
2683:
2628:
2583:
2525:
2422:
2385:(6): 947–958.
2367:
2352:
2298:
2261:
2222:
2185:(6): 897–918.
2164:
2127:(8): 600–607.
2109:
2054:
1989:
1931:
1880:(12): 124027.
1864:
1831:
1809:
1772:
1735:
1659:
1596:
1533:
1478:
1441:(10): 103001.
1423:
1364:
1309:
1254:
1199:
1173:
1128:(24): 241101.
1105:
1047:
1015:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
935:
932:
929:
928:
915:
914:
912:
909:
889:
886:
885:
884:
873:
859:
841:
813:
810:
792:
789:
784:
781:
769:
766:
740:
737:
695:
692:
679:
676:
666:
663:
647:
644:
619:
616:
595:
592:
583:
580:
537:
533:
509:
499:speed of light
460:
456:
410:
407:
384:
381:
287:
284:
254:Slava Turyshev
252:In July 2012,
241:
238:
204:Doppler effect
141:
138:
27:Pioneer effect
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4812:
4801:
4800:Astrodynamics
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4522:. March 2008.
4521:
4520:
4519:the Economist
4515:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4423:New Scientist
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4364:
4363:
4362:Seattle Times
4358:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4303:Popular press
4302:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4270:gr-qc/0511026
4266:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4211:gr-qc/0507052
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4096:gr-qc/0308017
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4063:gr-qc/0506139
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4006:gr-qc/0205059
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3902:gr-qc/0104064
3898:
3895:(8): 082004.
3894:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3846:gr-qc/9808081
3842:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3825:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3755:
3754:
3753:New Scientist
3749:
3742:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3720:Physics World
3716:
3710:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:"Data Saved!"
3635:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3540:(6): 064004.
3539:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3428:gr-qc/0612159
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3248:(2): 025001.
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3125:gr-qc/0410084
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3043:gr-qc/9903024
3039:
3032:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2983:gr-qc/0411113
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2876:gr-qc/0701021
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2825:gr-qc/0412084
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2317:gr-qc/0608105
2313:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2192:gr-qc/0610050
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2134:gr-qc/0601055
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:New Astronomy
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2079:gr-qc/0602089
2075:
2072:(4): 042005.
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2014:gr-qc/0507052
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:gr-qc/0104064
1955:
1952:(8): 082004.
1951:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:gr-qc/0503021
1753:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1614:(8): 081103.
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1496:(4): 043011.
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1393:gr-qc/0512121
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:gr-qc/0107092
1330:
1327:(8): 084021.
1326:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:gr-qc/9809070
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:gr-qc/9810015
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
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