418:
5837:
135:
6362:
6342:
6313:
6271:
6235:
6206:
6177:
6141:
6099:
6063:
6034:
6005:
5969:
5947:
5911:
5882:
5853:
616:, for example), and incomplete constriction at the epiglottis, as would be required to produce epiglottal fricatives, generally results in trilling, there is no contrast between (upper) pharyngeal and epiglottal based solely on place of articulation. Esling (2010) thus restores a unitary pharyngeal place of articulation, with the consonants being described by the IPA as epiglottal fricatives differing from pharyngeal fricatives in their
36:
625:
symbols could represent pharyngeal fricatives that have a higher larynx position than , but a higher larynx position is also more likely to induce trilling than in a pharyngeal fricative with a lowered larynx position. Because and occur at the same
Pharyngeal/Epiglottal place of articulation (Esling, 1999), the logical phonetic distinction to make between them is in manner of articulation, trill versus fricative.
6394:
5406:
4565:
568:
chart, is usually an approximant. Frication is difficult to produce or to distinguish because the voicing in the glottis and the constriction in the pharynx are so close to each other (Esling 2010: 695, after Laufer 1996). The IPA symbol is ambiguous, but no language distinguishes fricative and
624:
The so-called "Epiglottal fricatives" are represented as pharyngeal trills, , since the place of articulation is identical to , but trilling of the aryepiglottic folds is more likely to occur in tighter settings of the laryngeal constrictor or with more forceful airflow. The same "epiglottal"
1685:
Sometimes silent, but contrasts with a glottal stop onset in vowel-initial words within a phrase. Its phonemic status is not clear. It has an "extremely limited distribution", linking noun phrases (/ʔiki/ 'small', /ʔana ʕiki/ 'small child') and clauses (/ʕaa/ 'and', /ʕoo/
629:
Edmondson et al. distinguish several subtypes of pharyngeal consonant. Pharyngeal or epiglottal stops and trills are usually produced by contracting the aryepiglottic folds of the larynx against the epiglottis. That articulation has been distinguished as
158:. Some phoneticians distinguish upper pharyngeal consonants, or "high" pharyngeals, pronounced by retracting the root of the tongue in the mid to upper pharynx, from (ary)epiglottal consonants, or "low" pharyngeals, which are articulated with the
419:
198:
to next to pharyngeals, but it is retracted to next to uvulars, as in حال 'condition', with a pharyngeal fricative and a fronted vowel, compared to خال 'maternal uncle', with a uvular consonant and a retracted vowel.
569:
approximant at this place of articulation. For clarity, the lowering diacritic may used to specify that the manner is approximant () and a raising diacritic to specify that the manner is fricative ().
169:
Stops and trills can be reliably produced only at the epiglottis, and fricatives can be reliably produced only in the upper pharynx. When they are treated as distinct places of articulation, the term
2907:
1758:, for example, and it is likely to be true for many other languages. The distinction between these sounds was recognized by IPA only in 1989, and it was little investigated until the 1990s.
2943:
650:, the two movements are combined, with the aryepiglottic folds and epiglottis brought together and retracted against the pharyngeal wall, an articulation that has been termed
2917:
2927:
2912:
1883:
The reference "Esling, 1999" is to "The iPA categories 'pharyngeal' and 'epiglottal': laryngoscopic observations of the pharyngeal articulations and larynx height."
577:
has a trilled epiglottal and a trilled epiglottal affricate ~. (There is some voicing in all Haida affricates, but it is analyzed as an effect of the vowel.)
1750:
The fricatives and trills (the pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives) are frequently conflated with pharyngeal fricatives in literature. That was the case for
1585:
Mainly realized as such in very eastern regions; often also debuccalized or phonetically realised as /x/. Corresponds to /kʰ/ in western and central dialects
2897:
2874:
2864:
1658:
It's unclear if is a separate phoneme from or if it's just an allophone of it. The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a word-final allophone of /ʜ/
1226:
1966:
2859:
5766:
3812:
3558:
2140:
1901:"A laryngoscopic study of glottal and epiglottal/pharyngeal stop and continuant articulations in Amis—an Austronesian language of Taiwan"
604:
The IPA first distinguished epiglottal consonants in 1989, with a contrast between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives, but advances in
3826:
3819:
3565:
4040:
3798:
3544:
2809:
100:
1881:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic
Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
634:. In pharyngeal fricatives, the root of the tongue is retracted against the back wall of the pharynx. In a few languages, such as
5555:
3833:
3530:
2108:
Maddieson, I., & Wright, R. (1995). The vowels and consonants of Amis: A preliminary phonetic report. In I. Maddieson (Ed.),
72:
5728:
5658:
5594:
5517:
3805:
3551:
2089:
6403:
5938:
5723:
5601:
5498:
5415:
4574:
4335:
4242:
2823:
2035:
2016:
1986:
53:
79:
5678:
5615:
5420:
4425:
4317:
4224:
3537:
654:. The IPA does not have diacritics to distinguish this articulation from standard aryepiglottals; Edmondson et al. use the
5954:
5771:
5622:
5568:
5524:
4954:
4909:
4412:
4349:
4256:
3707:
3463:
1232:
608:
since then have caused specialists to re-evaluate their position. Since a trill can be made only in the pharynx with the
5976:
5751:
5536:
5505:
4920:
4872:
4858:
4800:
4786:
4434:
4342:
4249:
2854:
1722:
Only occurs when following /l/ or /r/ and preceding /a/, and it can be analyzed as an allophone of the glottal stop /ʔ/
678:
86:
6025:
5700:
5685:
5465:
4934:
4452:
4363:
4324:
4270:
4231:
3988:
2133:
2099:
119:
557:. Phonetically, however, both voiceless and voiced affricates and off-glides are attested: (Esling 2010: 695).
166:
at the entrance of the larynx, as well as from epiglotto-pharyngeal consonants, with both movements being combined.
6197:
5451:
4927:
4579:
4506:
4443:
4356:
4263:
3770:
3714:
3679:
3470:
3435:
1939:
1850:
1903:
6262:
6041:
5996:
5561:
5543:
4488:
3756:
3512:
2818:
2390:
2164:
682:
565:
219:
182:
In many languages, pharyngeal consonants trigger advancement of neighboring vowels. Pharyngeals thus differ from
68:
2054:) in the official orthography: '§ 14. Letter H' in Український правопис, Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2012, p. 19 (
6453:
6448:
6213:
6168:
6054:
5471:
5410:
5405:
4837:
4765:
4569:
4564:
4370:
4277:
3923:
3882:
3618:
3285:
2363:
1605:
839:
805:
673:
Although upper-pharyngeal plosives are not found in the world's languages, apart from the rear closure of some
494:
341:
57:
6226:
6012:
5873:
5479:
5361:
5221:
5189:
4513:
3777:
3693:
3686:
3449:
3442:
3271:
2358:
1425:
992:
937:
737:
733:
6333:
6184:
6070:
5761:
5457:
5352:
5341:
5253:
4865:
4793:
4495:
3953:
3763:
3742:
3665:
3519:
3498:
3421:
2902:
2802:
2370:
2353:
2345:
2126:
1330:
1288:
957:
1054:
663:
659:
593:
589:
549:*A voiced epiglottal stop may not be possible. When an epiglottal stop becomes voiced intervocalically in
518:
488:
463:
433:
397:
367:
335:
310:
285:
254:
191:
6242:
5889:
5844:
5574:
5368:
4851:
4830:
4779:
4522:
3940:
3896:
3889:
3840:
3632:
3625:
3576:
3321:
3292:
3141:
2970:
2385:
2380:
1597:
1206:
1190:
1036:
524:
373:
1667:
Varies between glottal () and pharyngeal realizations and is sometimes difficult to distinguish from /x/
978:
6398:
6393:
6304:
5902:
5485:
5382:
5304:
4182:
4075:
3962:
3868:
3784:
3700:
3604:
3456:
3303:
3278:
3257:
2650:
2375:
1395:
1238:
962:
291:
6353:
6090:
5860:
5756:
5375:
5295:
5284:
4886:
4844:
4814:
4772:
4146:
3854:
3749:
3672:
3590:
3505:
3428:
3335:
3186:
3157:
2297:
2242:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1300:
1294:
1282:
1092:
1086:
1034:
877:
817:
799:
751:
6320:
6132:
5918:
5433:
5311:
4879:
4807:
4531:
4128:
4102:
4051:
3971:
3903:
3847:
3583:
3363:
3328:
3168:
3148:
3127:
2408:
2227:
2160:
1621:
93:
6369:
6282:
6106:
5325:
4721:
4189:
4022:
4013:
3996:
3875:
3791:
3611:
3349:
3310:
3264:
3200:
2795:
2611:
2606:
2517:
1266:
1162:
1080:
857:
777:
770:
316:
46:
6148:
5318:
5082:
5020:
4712:
4701:
4646:
4168:
4153:
4033:
3861:
3597:
3342:
3228:
3193:
3084:
3069:
3053:
2628:
2438:
2237:
2212:
2156:
1713:
Typically heard when in between vowels, or as an allophone of /ɡ/ when in intervocalic position
1350:
1150:
1098:
787:
617:
439:
5144:
5071:
5051:
5009:
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4728:
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4135:
4109:
4084:
4058:
3370:
3214:
3175:
3134:
3064:
3025:
2869:
2217:
2194:
2172:
1978:
1024:
913:
722:
667:
151:
20:
1920:
1567:
Appear mostly in loanwords. Native words with those sounds are rare and mostly onomatopoeic.
1362:
666:⟩. There are, however, several diacritics for subtypes of pharyngeal sound among the
5607:
5133:
5113:
5091:
5029:
4742:
4004:
3356:
3207:
2655:
2618:
1479:
931:
2787:
8:
6408:
5671:
5275:
5162:
5153:
5062:
5000:
4749:
4735:
4653:
4175:
3235:
3089:
3046:
2726:
2596:
2573:
2322:
2275:
2247:
1431:
1104:
898:
781:
609:
469:
159:
5694:
5124:
4690:
4639:
4618:
3377:
3221:
3079:
3059:
3013:
2591:
2424:
2232:
2189:
1176:
1156:
1058:
1047:
1030:
759:
755:
718:
647:
260:
175:
1483:
1356:
6119:
5650:
5045:
4896:
4660:
4587:
4201:
3114:
3094:
3036:
2922:
2713:
2670:
2547:
2512:
2335:
2302:
2270:
2204:
2095:
1982:
1899:
Edmondson, Jerold A., John H. Esling, Jimmy G. Harris, & Huang Tung-chiou (n.d.)
1851:
Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali
1767:
1512:
1413:
1389:
1370:
1336:
1260:
1212:
1111:
1074:
886:
811:
793:
710:
635:
581:
183:
24:
2055:
5929:
4983:
4674:
4632:
3104:
3074:
3041:
3031:
2738:
2731:
2586:
2542:
2537:
2400:
2312:
2289:
2265:
2222:
2181:
2113:
1974:
1824:
1501:
1468:
1457:
1454:
1443:
1379:
1324:
1018:
998:
968:
851:
845:
743:
714:
444:
6253:
5987:
5444:
4974:
4667:
4096:
3099:
2965:
2703:
2601:
2581:
2522:
2490:
2307:
2081:
1907:
1751:
1505:
1490:
1437:
1407:
1182:
1062:
1004:
984:
919:
829:
674:
550:
529:
474:
408:
403:
6159:
2675:
1772:
1755:
1576:
Historically derives from /s/ and occurs word-finally, e.g. "grass", "twenty"
1472:
1244:
1196:
1066:
942:
747:
706:
613:
574:
554:
499:
265:
207:
203:
6442:
5818:
5335:
5177:
4591:
2761:
2721:
2698:
2665:
2638:
2110:
UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages III
2085:
1782:
1494:
1306:
1250:
1168:
1122:
823:
639:
2112:(No. 91, pp. 45–66). Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group.
5664:
3386:
2771:
2690:
2680:
2660:
1312:
702:
605:
186:, which nearly always trigger retraction. For example, in some dialects of
6416:
5830:
5813:
5587:
5107:
3911:
2980:
2958:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2643:
2500:
1218:
907:
698:
195:
1943:
1857:
1531:
Mostly occurs in words of Arabic origin, mostly in word-initial position
6295:
5823:
3121:
2975:
2559:
1900:
1812:
Proceedings of the
Eleventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
1516:
1401:
163:
6081:
5583:
4824:
4757:
3643:
3399:
3003:
2748:
2554:
2505:
2465:
2460:
2447:
863:
561:
147:
134:
35:
6387:
5718:
5640:
5634:
5399:
4558:
3396:
2482:
2470:
1787:
729:
5491:
4695:
3251:
2953:
2455:
1128:
155:
693:
Pharyngeals are known primarily from three areas of the world:
2118:
1635:
947:
643:
585:
187:
5794:
2948:
2495:
1594:
According to some linguists, Ukrainian may have a pharyngeal
1461:
766:
There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, as in:
2817:
2048:
The sound is described as "laryngeal fricative consonant" (
2015:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995 (
1777:
1849:
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G.
1618:
in weak positions). According to others, it is glottal
202:
In addition, consonants and vowels may be secondarily
4596:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
612:(in the pharyngeal trill of the northern dialect of
2034:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFPughPress2005 (
758:language family, and in the southern branch of the
213:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2080:
2067:Українська мова: енциклопедія, Kyiv, 2000, p. 85.
2010:
1848:
210:are defined by an accompanying epiglottal trill.
6440:
2049:
1814:(Tallinn, Estonia, Aug 1-7 1987), pp. 142-144.
1808:Pharyngeal Features in the Daghestan Languages
1704:Has also been described as uvular or glottal
658:, somewhat misleading, transcriptions ⟨
588:provides symbols for upper-pharyngeal stops, ⟨
5767:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2803:
2134:
1716:
379:
349:
2258:
2006:
2004:
1971:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1895:
1893:
1563:
1561:
2810:
2796:
2141:
2127:
261:voiceless* pharyngeal (epiglottal) plosive
2865:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
2029:
1739:
1737:
1645:
1643:
1588:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
173:may be used as a cover term, or the term
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Consonant articulated through the pharynx
2001:
1964:
1932:
1928:(Ph.D.). The University of Pennsylvania.
1890:
1707:
1558:
599:
560:** Although traditionally placed in the
218:Pharyngeal/epiglottal consonants in the
133:
1725:
1579:
717:(mostly in borrowings from Arabic) and
677:, they occur in disordered speech. See
292:voiceless pharyngeal (epiglottal) trill
6441:
3035:
1979:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232
1734:
1689:
1640:
1629:
1570:
1534:
1525:
5792:
5274:
4973:
4689:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3001:
2836:
2791:
2122:
1918:
1670:
1661:
1053:the approximant is a realization of
784:might have had pharyngeal consonants.
5803:
5744:
5437:
4647:
4608:
3017:
1965:Kossmann, Maarten (March 29, 2017),
1679:
1652:
317:voiced pharyngeal (epiglottal) trill
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
5772:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4626:
4586:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2091:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1698:
380:
350:
27:, a type of secondary articulation.
13:
4682:
2855:International Phonetic Association
679:voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive
14:
6465:
6368:
6352:
6332:
6319:
6303:
6281:
6261:
6241:
6225:
6212:
6196:
6183:
6167:
6147:
6131:
6118:
6105:
6089:
6069:
6053:
6040:
6024:
6011:
5995:
5975:
5953:
5937:
5917:
5901:
5888:
5872:
5859:
5843:
5699:
5684:
5677:
5657:
5633:
5621:
5614:
5600:
5593:
5567:
5554:
5542:
5535:
5523:
5516:
5504:
5497:
5478:
5464:
5450:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5340:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5294:
5283:
5252:
5220:
5188:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5132:
5123:
5112:
5090:
5081:
5070:
5061:
5050:
5028:
5019:
5008:
4999:
4988:
4953:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4908:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4711:
4700:
4654:
4530:
4521:
4512:
4505:
4494:
4487:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4411:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4316:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4230:
4223:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4152:
4145:
4134:
4127:
4108:
4101:
4083:
4074:
4057:
4050:
4039:
4032:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3987:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3939:
3922:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3385:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3309:
3302:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3174:
3167:
3156:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3110:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
6392:
6360:
6340:
6311:
6269:
6233:
6204:
6175:
6139:
6097:
6061:
6032:
6003:
5967:
5945:
5909:
5880:
5851:
5835:
5404:
4640:
4619:
4563:
2908:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
2148:
1967:"Berber-Arabic Language Contact"
470:pharyngeal (epiglottal) ejective
214:Pharyngeal consonants in the IPA
138:Pharyngeal place of articulation
34:
4661:
2819:International Phonetic Alphabet
2165:International Phonetic Alphabet
2061:
2042:
2023:
1649:Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
688:
683:voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive
220:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
5752:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4675:
4633:
3002:
2928:IPA chart for English dialects
2837:
2051:гортанний щілинний приголосний
2011:Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995
1958:
1922:Aspects of Pit River Phonology
1912:
1875:
1842:
1817:
1800:
495:Voiceless epiglottal affricate
342:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
1:
4668:
1676:Word-final realisation of /r/
1426:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
620:rather than in their place:
5762:Voiceless bidental fricative
2870:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
553:, for example, it becomes a
404:pharyngeal (epiglottal) flap
7:
2971:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1761:
525:Voiced epiglottal affricate
374:voiced pharyngeal fricative
10:
6470:
5793:
2074:
23:. Not to be confused with
19:This article is about the
18:
6294:
6252:
6158:
6080:
5986:
5928:
5829:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5801:
5788:
5757:Nasal palatal approximant
5434:Co-articulated consonants
5334:
5279:
5242:
5210:
5175:
5106:
5044:
4982:
4943:
4895:
4823:
4756:
4694:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4467:
4389:
4296:
4200:
4095:
3995:
3910:
3737:
3641:
3493:
3395:
3250:
3120:
3052:
3024:
3010:
2997:
2936:
2890:
2847:
2843:
2832:
2747:
2712:
2689:
2627:
2572:
2533:
2481:
2446:
2437:
2417:
2399:
2344:
2321:
2288:
2203:
2180:
2171:
2154:
2050:
345:
264:
233:
230:
227:
1856:(Report). Archived from
1829:www.native-languages.org
1793:
646:and perhaps some of the
573:The Hydaburg dialect of
500:Haida (Hydaburg Dialect)
4606:Non-pulmonic consonants
3738:Non-sibilant fricative
3494:Non-sibilant affricate
2860:History of the alphabet
1731:In free variation with
1695:In free variation with
771:Indo-European languages
2918:Sinological extensions
2157:Articulatory phonetics
2030:Pugh & Press (2005
1906:July 17, 2012, at the
1351:Nilo-Saharan languages
1151:Austronesian languages
627:
618:manner of articulation
440:pharyngeal approximant
179:may be used instead.
139:
69:"Pharyngeal consonant"
6454:Pharyngeal consonants
6449:Place of articulation
2331:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2094:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1919:Nevin, Bruce (1998).
1743:In the Morley dialect
1283:Niger–Congo languages
668:Voice Quality Symbols
662:⟩ and ⟨
622:
600:Place of articulation
137:
21:Place of articulation
4390:Lateral approximant
2656:Labio-palatalization
1946:on September 2, 2007
1555:Borrowed from Arabic
652:epiglotto-pharyngeal
144:pharyngeal consonant
54:improve this article
3014:Pulmonic consonants
2346:Double articulation
1885:Language and Speech
1105:Galician-Portuguese
782:Proto-Indo-European
738:Northeast Caucasian
610:aryepiglottic folds
176:guttural consonants
160:aryepiglottic folds
4944:Lateral fricative
4590:, to the left are
4297:Lateral fricative
3085:Postalveolar
3070:Linguolabial
2913:Naming conventions
2876:Journal of the IPA
1059:Germanic languages
746:, in the Northern
648:Salishan languages
140:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6379:
6378:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5737:
5736:
5562:Uvular–epiglottal
5429:
5428:
5391:
5390:
4602:
4601:
4550:
4549:
4468:Lateral tap/flap
3065:Labiodental
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2923:World Orthography
2785:
2784:
2671:Pharyngealization
2568:
2567:
2433:
2432:
2391:Uvular–epiglottal
2284:
2283:
1988:978-0-19-938465-5
1863:on March 15, 2012
1768:Pharyngealization
1513:Achumawi language
1207:Malayo-Polynesian
1110:some dialects of
776:According to the
750:dialects, in the
740:language families
582:disordered speech
580:For transcribing
546:
545:
171:radical consonant
154:primarily in the
130:
129:
122:
104:
25:Pharyngealization
6461:
6420:
6396:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6344:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6286:
6285:
6273:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6246:
6245:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6152:
6151:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6123:
6122:
6110:
6109:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6074:
6073:
6065:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6045:
6044:
6036:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6016:
6015:
6007:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5980:
5979:
5971:
5970:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5922:
5921:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5864:
5863:
5855:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5790:
5789:
5742:
5741:
5703:
5688:
5681:
5661:
5637:
5625:
5618:
5604:
5597:
5571:
5558:
5546:
5539:
5530:Labial–retroflex
5527:
5520:
5508:
5501:
5482:
5472:Labial–retroflex
5468:
5454:
5438:
5408:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5355:
5344:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5287:
5258:
5226:
5194:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5138:
5129:
5118:
5096:
5087:
5076:
5067:
5056:
5034:
5025:
5014:
5005:
4994:
4980:bottom: uvular)
4957:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4912:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4715:
4704:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4597:
4567:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4509:
4498:
4491:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4415:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4327:
4320:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4234:
4227:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4156:
4149:
4138:
4131:
4112:
4105:
4087:
4078:
4061:
4054:
4043:
4036:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3991:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3943:
3926:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3389:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3313:
3306:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3178:
3171:
3160:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3022:
3021:
3018:
2999:
2998:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2739:Voice onset time
2444:
2443:
2364:Labial–retroflex
2256:
2255:
2178:
2177:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2105:
2082:Ladefoged, Peter
2068:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1942:. Archived from
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1806:Kodzasov, S. V.
1804:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1602:(when devoiced,
1601:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1532:
1529:
1455:language isolate
1056:
1040:
969:Bengali dialects
963:Bengali-Assamese
778:laryngeal theory
762:language family.
744:British Columbia
721:branches of the
675:click consonants
665:
661:
595:
591:
520:
490:
465:
435:
424:
423:
422:
421:
399:
386:
385:
369:
356:
355:
337:
312:
287:
268:, Richa dialect
256:
225:
224:
193:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6428:
6418:
6417:unrounded
6413:
6375:
6374:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6351:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6302:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6260:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6166:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6088:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5994:
5982:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5936:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5842:
5836:
5797:
5776:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:Labial–alveolar
5704:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5638:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5540:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5511:Labial–alveolar
5509:
5502:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5458:Labial–alveolar
5455:
5447:
5430:
5425:
5255:
5223:
5211:Voiced lateral
5191:
5166:
5155:
5146:
5135:
5126:
5115:
5093:
5084:
5073:
5064:
5053:
5031:
5022:
5011:
5002:
4991:
4979:
4977:
4595:
4584:
3090:Retroflex
3006:
2985:
2944:ASCII encodings
2932:
2886:
2839:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2786:
2781:
2743:
2708:
2685:
2630:
2623:
2564:
2529:
2477:
2429:
2413:
2395:
2359:Labial–alveolar
2340:
2317:
2298:Alveolo-palatal
2280:
2254:
2243:Palato-alveolar
2199:
2167:
2161:Co-articulation
2150:
2147:
2102:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:Wayback Machine
1898:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1764:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1506:Stoney (Nakoda)
1227:Central–Eastern
920:Kamviri dialect
752:Interior Salish
725:language family
691:
602:
521:
491:
466:
436:
417:
416:
415:
400:
370:
338:
313:
288:
257:
216:
208:strident vowels
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6359:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6317:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6239:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6210:
6203:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6181:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6138:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6096:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6038:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6009:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5951:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5908:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5886:
5879:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5857:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5698:
5693:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5639:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5612:
5608:Labial–palatal
5606:
5599:
5592:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5573:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5477:
5476:
5470:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5281:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5243:Nasal lateral
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5119:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4981:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4449:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4431:
4429:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Bilabial
3057:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3011:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2891:Special topics
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2676:Glottalization
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Palatalization
2648:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2409:Velopharyngeal
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Labial–palatal
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:Labial–coronal
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2228:Denti-alveolar
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2086:Maddieson, Ian
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2041:
2022:
2000:
1987:
1957:
1931:
1911:
1889:
1887:, 42, 349–372.
1874:
1841:
1816:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Strident vowel
1770:
1763:
1760:
1746:
1745:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1639:
1628:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1557:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1498:
1487:
1476:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1331:Suppire–Mamara
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1289:Atlantic-Congo
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:Swabian German
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
990:
989:
988:
976:
975:
974:
973:
972:
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
943:Western Pahari
929:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:
911:
896:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
890:
875:
874:
873:
872:
871:
870:
869:
868:
867:
849:
837:
836:
835:
834:
833:
827:
815:
785:
764:
763:
754:branch of the
741:
726:
707:Horn of Africa
690:
687:
601:
598:
571:
570:
558:
544:
543:
540:
538:
532:
527:
522:
517:
514:
513:
510:
508:
502:
497:
492:
487:
484:
483:
481:
479:
477:
472:
467:
462:
459:
458:
455:
453:
447:
442:
437:
432:
429:
428:
425:
413:
411:
406:
401:
396:
393:
392:
389:
387:
377:
371:
366:
363:
362:
359:
357:
347:
344:
339:
334:
331:
330:
327:
325:
319:
314:
309:
306:
305:
302:
300:
294:
289:
284:
281:
280:
277:
275:
269:
263:
258:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
229:
215:
212:
204:pharyngealized
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6466:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6423:
6422:
6421: rounded
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6355:
6348:
6335:
6328:
6322:
6306:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6284:
6277:
6264:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6228:
6221:
6215:
6199:
6192:
6186:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6134:
6127:
6121:
6114:
6108:
6092:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6027:
6020:
6014:
5998:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5940:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5904:
5897:
5891:
5875:
5868:
5862:
5846:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5702:
5696:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5636:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5585:
5576:
5575:Labial–uvular
5570:
5563:
5557:
5545:
5538:
5526:
5519:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5473:
5467:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
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3852:
3849:
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3842:
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3807:
3803:
3800:
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3789:
3786:
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3768:
3765:
3761:
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3754:
3751:
3747:
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3740:
3736:
3733:
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3677:
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3663:
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3649:
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3640:
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3613:
3609:
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3599:
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3563:
3560:
3556:
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3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
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3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Case variants
2901:
2899:
2898:Cursive forms
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Uvularization
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:Labialization
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Coronal–velar
2384:
2382:
2381:Labial–uvular
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2101:0-631-19815-6
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2057:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1940:"Video clips"
1935:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1825:"Haida Words"
1820:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1754:and Northern
1753:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1615:
1610:or sometimes
1607:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:Judeo-Spanish
1121:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:Italo-Western
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
991:
986:
983:
982:
980:
977:
970:
967:some eastern
966:
965:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
949:
946:
945:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
935:
933:
930:
921:
918:
917:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
903:
902:
900:
897:
888:
885:
884:
883:Northastern:
882:
881:
879:
876:
865:
862:
861:
859:
856:
855:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
841:
838:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
694:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:aryepiglottal
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
597:
587:
583:
578:
576:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
547:
541:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
486:
485:
482:
480:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
431:
430:
426:
420:
414:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
395:
394:
390:
388:
383:
378:
375:
372:
365:
364:
360:
358:
353:
348:
343:
340:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
308:
307:
303:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
283:
282:
278:
276:
274:
270:
267:
262:
259:
252:
251:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
226:
223:
221:
211:
209:
205:
200:
197:
189:
185:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
6414:
5691:Labial–velar
5641:
5628:Labial–velar
5549:Labial–velar
5486:Labial–velar
5432:
4978:(top: velar;
4681:
4605:
4585:
3109:
3012:
2879:
2875:
2691:Tongue shape
2681:Nasalization
2661:Velarization
2631:articulation
2401:Pathological
2376:Labial–velar
2330:
2259:Active place
2238:Postalveolar
2213:Linguolabial
2149:Articulation
2109:
2090:
2063:
2044:
2025:
1992:, retrieved
1970:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1934:
1921:
1914:
1884:
1877:
1867:November 21,
1865:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1749:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1631:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1527:
1239:Sumba–Flores
993:Northwestern
914:Kamkata-vari
840:Southwestern
806:Northwestern
788:Indo-Iranian
765:
703:North Africa
692:
689:Distribution
672:
655:
651:
631:
628:
623:
606:laryngoscopy
603:
579:
572:
534:
504:
449:
381:
351:
321:
296:
272:
242:Orthography
231:Description
217:
201:
190:, the vowel
181:
174:
170:
168:
162:against the
143:
141:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5653:approximant
5588:approximant
3912:Approximant
2981:IPA Braille
2959:Kirshenbaum
2501:Approximant
2218:Interdental
2195:Labiodental
1301:Volta-Niger
1295:Volta-Congo
1219:Kedah Malay
1119:Castilian:
908:Kalasha-ala
818:Zaza–Gorani
723:Afroasiatic
699:Middle East
564:row of the
152:articulated
6443:Categories
6404:full chart
5930:Near-close
5724:full chart
5646:(variable)
5416:full chart
4899:affricate
4575:full chart
4204:affricate
3004:Consonants
2976:IPA number
2838:IPA topics
2629:Secondary
2619:Percussive
2587:Ingressive
2560:Continuant
2056:see e-text
1517:California
1480:Guaicuruan
1402:Tadaksahak
932:Indo-Aryan
904:Northern:
164:epiglottis
80:newspapers
6254:Near-open
5988:Close-mid
5672:Implosive
5665:Velarized
5584:Fricative
5336:Voiceless
5276:Implosive
4825:Fricative
4758:Affricate
4592:voiceless
3644:fricative
3642:Sibilant
3400:affricate
3047:Laryngeal
2937:Encodings
2749:Phonation
2727:Aspirated
2722:Voiceless
2597:Implosive
2582:Egressive
2574:Airstream
2555:Occlusive
2506:Semivowel
2466:Fricative
2461:Affricate
2448:Obstruent
2323:Laryngeal
2276:Subapical
2248:Retroflex
1834:April 23,
1504:language
1493:language
1482:language
1471:language
1432:Chukotkan
1376:Eastern:
1363:Daatsʼiin
1031:Ukrainian
899:Nuristani
864:Judeo-Tat
734:Northwest
732:, in the
709:, in the
562:fricative
512:'father'
279:'center'
239:Language
148:consonant
110:June 2018
6415:Legend:
6409:template
6388:IPA help
6160:Open-mid
5729:template
5719:IPA help
5695:Ejective
5667:alveolar
5421:template
5400:IPA help
4691:Ejective
4580:template
4559:IPA help
3997:Tap/flap
3397:Sibilant
3080:Alveolar
2644:Rounding
2612:Ejective
2607:Pulmonic
2592:Ejective
2518:Tap/flap
2483:Sonorant
2471:Sibilant
2425:Bidental
2233:Alveolar
2190:Bilabial
2114:(in pdf)
2088:(1996).
1904:Archived
1788:Guttural
1762:See also
1414:Korandje
1396:Northern
1337:Minyanka
1191:Northern
1177:Atayalic
1157:Formosan
1112:Galician
1057:in such
1048:Germanic
938:Northern
887:Yaghnobi
760:Wakashan
756:Salishan
730:Caucasus
719:Cushitic
705:and the
636:Achumawi
542:'white'
457:'raven'
329:'light'
304:'apple'
248:Meaning
234:Example
206:. Also,
150:that is
6419:•
5819:Central
5651:Lateral
5492:Plosive
5280:Voiced
5178:lateral
5176:Tenuis
5167:
4897:Lateral
4202:Lateral
3252:Plosive
3115:Glottal
3095:Palatal
3037:Coronal
2954:X-SAMPA
2762:Breathy
2548:Lateral
2513:Vibrant
2456:Plosive
2336:Glottal
2303:Palatal
2271:Laminal
2205:Coronal
2075:Sources
1994:May 30,
1950:June 2,
1686:'also')
1458:Kusunda
1444:Alyutor
1390:Songhay
1380:Zaghawa
1371:Saharan
1261:Timoric
1233:Central
1213:Malayic
1171:: ~ ,
1129:Haketia
1093:Iberian
1087:Western
1075:Romance
979:Western
958:Eastern
878:Eastern
852:Persian
846:Kumzari
812:Kurdish
800:Western
794:Iranian
711:Semitic
592:⟩ and ⟨
361:'heat'
346:Arabic
222:(IPA):
196:fronted
184:uvulars
156:pharynx
94:scholar
6397:
5795:Vowels
5644:-sound
5409:
5046:Voiced
4984:Tenuis
4588:voiced
4568:
3559:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
3105:Uvular
3075:Dental
3054:Manner
3042:Dorsal
3032:Labial
2772:Creaky
2732:Tenuis
2699:Sulcal
2543:Rhotic
2538:Liquid
2439:Manner
2313:Uvular
2290:Dorsal
2266:Apical
2223:Dental
2182:Labial
2098:
1985:
1752:Dahalo
1636:Gheada
1502:Siouan
1484:Pilagá
1469:Papuan
1438:Koryak
1408:Tagdal
1325:Senufo
1267:Mambai
1183:Atayal
1063:Danish
1019:Slavic
1005:Luwati
999:Sindhi
985:Domari
948:Kullui
830:Gorani
736:, and
715:Berber
656:ad hoc
644:Taiwan
586:extIPA
584:, the
551:Dahalo
530:Somali
475:Dargwa
445:Danish
427:'mud'
409:Dahalo
391:'eye'
188:Arabic
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6399:audio
5831:Close
5814:Front
5745:Other
5679:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5445:Nasal
5411:audio
5108:Nasal
4975:Click
4570:audio
4097:Trill
3566:d̠ɹ̠˔
3122:Nasal
3100:Velar
3026:Place
2949:SAMPA
2824:chart
2777:Stiff
2767:Slack
2757:Modal
2714:Voice
2704:Domed
2602:Click
2523:Trill
2496:Vowel
2491:Nasal
2418:Other
2308:Velar
2173:Place
1926:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1854:(PDF)
1794:Notes
1756:Haida
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1620:[
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1612:[
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2096:ISBN
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2017:help
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1983:ISBN
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