780:
711:
757:
742:
727:
38:
29:
498:
532:
The main natural obstacles that interrupt or make navigation dangerous are: a basalt bank, hidden rocks, reduced current velocity, too little depth, a straight canal in the middle of the river, an elevated current velocity, an undulating movement, a sinuous canal, sand banks, and stretches with high
505:
The Upper
Paranapanema reaches from the confluence of the Apiaí-Guaçu River to the river's sources in the Serra de Agudos Grandes, with a length of 180 km. The average gradient is quite high, 150 cm/km. It drains a series of streams that descend from the Serra of Paranapiacaba, the Upper
489:, with a length of 328 km, the river descends a total of 210 m. It is not possible to calculate an average gradient on this stretch, because due to the construction of various dams for the provisioning of hydroelectric power, the level will fall abruptly at those dams.
536:
The great reserves of water held in the
Paranapanema's reservoirs have considerable influence on the regime of the river in its middle course. In the lower course the influence is reduced, with no effect on the natural conditions that completely impede navigation.
465:, a length of 421 km, the average gradient is 29 cm/km. There are widths of more than 200 m, deeper and shallower stretches, widths that reach nearly 800 m. The radii of curvature are in the order of 1.000 m. The course is more or less
449:
is 61 cm/km, not considering the first 100 km, where the river descends from the Serra of
Paranapiacaba, at an average gradient of 43 cm/km, a value relatively low for a stream with a length of 929 km.
405:
From source to mouth the
Paranapanema River has an elevation drop of 677 metres (2,221 ft). The river's length is about 929 kilometres (577 mi). It flows generally west, reaching the
603:
669:
619:
587:
569:
635:
685:
416:, created in 2012. The sources are situated in the Serra Agudos Grandes, in south-central São Paulo, approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the Atlantic coast.
574:
423:, the Paranapaneba flows within the territory of São Paulo state. Below the Itararé the Paranapanema forms the border between the states of Paraná and São Paulo.
656:
916:
886:
899:
779:
710:
545:
The
Paranapanema River has in total eight dams and their respective reservoirs. The following table traces a list going in the direction of the
529:
For the last 421 km downstream, the course between the mouth and the dam of Salto Grande, the average gradient is an about 29 cm/km.
482:
462:
756:
526:. Navigation is fairly hazardous. Under normal conditions the minimum depth of this stretch may be estimated at 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).
987:
186:
982:
960:
867:
799:
413:
992:
109:
366:
726:
469:
presenting a complete horizontal equilibrium, with an excess, only of the stretch close to the junction with the
522:, down the chute of the Coroa do Frade, with a length of about 70 km, counting from the mouth into the
741:
786:
427:
486:
857:
334:
445:
The average total gradient of the
Paranapanema River, from its sources to its mouth in the
518:
Navigation of the
Paranapanema River is practical along the lower course up to the port of
387:
330:
74:
8:
946:
903:
818:
379:
507:
362:
841:
826:
733:
310:
292:
863:
519:
391:
78:
342:
957:
420:
338:
964:
546:
523:
470:
446:
406:
386:) is one of the most important rivers of the interior of the Brazilian state of
350:
288:
160:
47:
304:
296:
43:
431:
976:
412:
The sources of the river are protected by the 22,269 hectares (55,030 acres)
201:
188:
124:
111:
763:
717:
651:
390:. The river forms most of the boundary between the states of São Paulo and
346:
822:
155:
437:
The
Paranapanema is the least polluted river of the state of São Paulo.
473:, where one may notice the existence of moving sand-banks and islands.
37:
28:
453:
The
Paranapanema river may be divided into three principal stretches:
426:
The river is associated with a date according to State Law 10.488/99 (
497:
767:
948:
State
Discussion Fórum on the conditions of the Paranapanema River
466:
771:
748:
172:
64:
271:(Period: 1971–2000)1,198.4 m/s (42,320 cu ft/s)
958:
Duke Energy Brasil - Usinas hidrelétricas no rio Paranapanema
506:
Paranapanema is gaining size and consolidates to receive the
856:
Varis, Olli; Tortajada, Cecilia; Biswas, Asit K. (2008).
942:
940:
937:
855:
881:
879:
46:, showing the Paranapanema River joining the upper
409:at an altitude of about 233 metres (764 ft).
974:
876:
915:Alckmin, Geraldo; Covas, Bruno (22 June 2012),
914:
859:Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes
836:
834:
461:From its mouth at the Paraná River, to the
239:101,738.7 km (39,281.5 sq mi)
917:"Decreto nº 58.148, de 21 de Junho de 2012"
716:View of the river in the municipality of
831:
785:View of the river in the municipality of
501:Basin of Paranapanema, Tiete, and Paraná
496:
851:
849:
975:
540:
476:
419:From the sources to the mouth of the
492:
456:
846:
414:Nascentes do Paranapanema State Park
604:Hydroelectric Plant of Salto Grande
13:
800:Tributaries of the Río de la Plata
14:
1004:
778:
755:
740:
725:
709:
702:
670:Hydroelectric Plant of Taquaruçu
620:Hydroelectric Plant of Canoas II
588:Hydroelectric Plant of Chavantes
570:Hydroelectric Plant of Jurumirim
36:
27:
988:Tributaries of the Paraná River
652:Hydroelectric Plant of Capivara
636:Hydroelectric Plant of Canoas I
951:
927:(116), Government of São Paulo
908:
893:
812:
485:up to the confluence with the
180: • coordinates
103: • coordinates
1:
805:
686:Hydroelectric Plant of Rosana
513:
85:Physical characteristics
219: • elevation
142: • elevation
7:
983:Rivers of São Paulo (state)
821:coordinates adjusted using
793:
440:
434:, designated as August 27.
257: • location
168: • location
10:
1009:
430:), sanctioned by Governor
267: • average
146:910 m (2,990 ft)
862:. Springer. p. 271.
563:
560:
557:
554:
400:
356:
324:
316:
302:
284:
279:
275:
265:
255:
247:
243:
235:
231:929 km (577 mi)
227:
217:
178:
166:
154:
150:
140:
101:
93:
89:
84:
70:
60:
55:
35:
26:
21:
993:Rivers of Paraná (state)
358: • right
223:233 m (764 ft)
510:and Apiaí-Guaçu river.
326: • left
575:Reservoir of Jurumirim
564:Área of the reservoir
502:
657:Reservoir of Capivara
500:
428:Antônio Salim Curiati
202:22.65861°S 53.08750°W
207:-22.65861; -53.08750
904:GEOnet Names Server
887:"Parana (La Plata)"
541:Dams and reservoirs
477:Middle Paranapanema
280:Basin features
198: /
121: /
963:2009-08-15 at the
561:power generation
508:Itapetininga River
503:
493:Upper Paranapanema
457:Lower Paranapanema
376:Paranapanema River
22:Paranapanema River
923:(in Portuguese),
869:978-3-540-74926-4
700:
699:
520:Euclides da Cunha
487:Apiaí-Guaçu River
372:
371:
125:24.850°S 48.167°W
1000:
967:
955:
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935:
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932:
912:
906:
900:Rio Paranapanema
897:
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873:
853:
844:
840:Calculated with
838:
829:
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729:
713:
552:
551:
384:Rio Paranapanema
359:
327:
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130:-24.850; -48.167
126:
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97:Serra dos Agudos
40:
31:
19:
18:
1008:
1007:
1003:
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973:
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965:Wayback Machine
956:
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847:
839:
832:
817:
813:
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796:
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760:
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745:
736:
734:Cerqueira César
730:
721:
714:
705:
543:
516:
495:
479:
459:
443:
403:
397:
357:
325:
311:Río de la Plata
303:
293:Río de la Plata
266:
256:
220:
206:
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169:
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129:
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51:
17:
16:River in Brazil
12:
11:
5:
1006:
996:
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985:
969:
968:
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936:
921:Diário Oficial
907:
892:
875:
868:
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830:
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784:
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762:Ferry joining
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681:
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647:
646:30.85 km
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628:
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616:
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612:
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584:
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562:
559:
556:
542:
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512:
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478:
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458:
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439:
402:
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370:
369:
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354:
353:
328:
322:
321:
318:
314:
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308:
300:
299:
297:Atlantic Ocean
286:
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105:
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72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:La Plata Basin
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1005:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
966:
962:
959:
954:
947:
943:
941:
926:
922:
918:
911:
905:
901:
896:
888:
882:
880:
871:
865:
861:
860:
852:
850:
843:
837:
835:
828:
824:
820:
815:
811:
801:
798:
797:
788:
781:
776:
773:
769:
765:
758:
753:
750:
743:
738:
735:
732:The river in
728:
723:
719:
712:
707:
706:
703:Photo gallery
695:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:80.1 km
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:22.5 km
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
591:
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581:
578:
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568:
567:
553:
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534:
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527:
525:
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511:
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490:
488:
484:
474:
472:
468:
464:
454:
451:
448:
438:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
421:Itararé River
417:
415:
410:
408:
398:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
368:
364:
361:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Taquari-Guaçu
332:
329:
323:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
274:
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264:
260:
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250:
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222:
216:
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183:
177:
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106:
100:
96:
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88:
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76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
953:
929:, retrieved
924:
920:
910:
895:
858:
814:
787:Salto Grande
764:Paranapanema
747:Border with
718:Paranapanema
696:220 km
664:576 km
598:400 km
582:449 km
547:Paraná River
544:
535:
531:
528:
524:Paraná river
517:
504:
483:Grande Falls
480:
471:Paraná river
463:Grande Falls
460:
452:
447:Paraná river
444:
436:
425:
418:
411:
407:Paraná River
404:
396:
383:
375:
373:
363:Itapetininga
305:River system
161:Paraná River
48:Paraná River
823:Google Maps
614:12 km
432:Mário Covas
331:Apiai-Guaçu
317:Tributaries
285:Progression
205: /
128: /
42:Map of the
977:Categories
931:2016-12-06
842:GeoLocator
827:GeoLocator
806:References
558:Reservoir
533:gradient.
514:Navigation
467:meandering
380:Portuguese
343:Das Cinzas
261:Near mouth
236:Basin size
190:22°39′31″S
481:From the
388:São Paulo
248:Discharge
193:53°5′15″W
75:São Paulo
961:Archived
794:See also
768:Itatinga
441:Gradient
56:Location
693:353 MW
677:526 MW
661:619 MW
595:414 MW
339:Itararé
116:48°10′W
113:24°51′S
61:Country
866:
772:SP-280
749:Piraju
643:81 MW
627:72 MW
611:74 MW
579:98 MW
401:Course
392:Paraná
351:Pirapó
347:Tibagi
320:
289:Paraná
251:
228:Length
173:Brazil
94:Source
79:Paraná
65:Brazil
367:Pardo
156:Mouth
71:State
864:ISBN
825:and
770:and
555:Dam
374:The
925:122
902:at
819:GNS
766:to
979::
939:^
919:,
878:^
848:^
833:^
690:-
674:-
640:-
624:-
608:-
592:-
549:.
394:.
382:,
365:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
295:→
291:→
77:,
889:.
872:.
720:.
378:(
50:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
