1307:
45:
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1971:
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In Indic religions namely
Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism selfless service to Guru, accepting and following all his/her orders carries very significant and valued part of relationship of Shishya (disciple) with his/her Guru. Orders of Guru are referred as Guru Agya/Adnya/Hukam, Service of Guru
1166:(figuratively "diamond") guru, the one who is the source of initiation into the tantric deity. The disciple is asked to enter into a series of vows and commitments that ensure the maintenance of the spiritual link with the understanding that to break this link is a serious downfall.
1181:
itself. The guru is not an individual who initiates a person, but the person's own Buddha-nature reflected in the personality of the guru. In return, the disciple is expected to show great devotion to his or her guru, who he or she regards as one who possesses the qualities of a
726:. Preece further states that when we transfer an inner quality onto another person we may be giving that person a power over us as a consequence of the projection, carrying the potential for great insight and inspiration, but also the potential for great danger.
1193:, speaking of the importance of the guru, said: "Rely on the teachings to evaluate a guru: Do not have blind faith, but also no blind criticism." He also observed that the term 'living Buddha' is a translation of the Chinese words
1107:
engage in various forms of physical demonstrations of affection towards the guru, such as bowing, kissing the hands or feet of the guru, and sometimes agreeing to various physical punishments as may sometimes be ordered by the
1186:. A guru is regarded as one which has not only mastered the words of the tradition, but one that with which the student has an intense personal relationship; thus, devotion is seen as the proper attitude toward the guru.
1028:
to the will of God or the guru is sometimes extreme, and is often coupled with an attitude of personal helplessness, self-effacement and resignation. This doctrine is perhaps best expressed in the teachings of the four
922:
The word Śrauta is derived from the word Śruti meaning that which is heard. The Śrauta tradition is a purely oral handing down of the Vedas, but many modern Vedic scholars make use of books as a teaching tool.
1154:, however, the teacher is viewed as the very root of spiritual realization and the basis of the entire path. Without the teacher, it is asserted, there can be no experience or insight. The guru is seen as
325:, are examples of Bhakti. In the Upanishads, gurus and disciples appear in a variety of settings (e.g. a husband answering questions about immortality; a teenage boy being taught by
728:"In giving this power over to someone else they have a certain hold and influence over us it is hard to resist, while we become enthralled or spellbound by the power of the
403:
word figuratively means "an uninterrupted series or succession". Sometimes defined as "the passing down of Vedic knowledge", it is believed to be always entrusted to the
715:
writes that while the teacher/disciple relationship can be an invaluable and fruitful experience, the process of relating to spiritual teachers also has its hazards.
565:
as a token of gratitude, often the only monetary or otherwise fee that the student ever gives. Such tokens can be as simple as a piece of fruit or as serious as a
821:
The seeker must serve the guru and submit his questions with all humility so that doubt may be removed. According to
Advaita, the seeker will be able to attain
724:"In its simplest sense transference occurs when unconsciously a person endows another with an attribute that actually is projected from within themselves"
255:. In the traditional residential form of education, the shishya remains with his or her guru as a family member and gets the education as a true learner.
521:(formal initiation): A formal recognition of this relationship, generally in a structured initiation ceremony where the guru accepts the initiate as a
1790:
Beginning the process: The Great
Masters and Selecting a Teacher - The Guru-Disciple relationship; in: The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art
915:
says the term may be 12 years, 36 years or 48 years). After the stay at the
Gurukul the brahmachari returns home after performing a ceremony called
633:
In paramapara, not only is the immediate guru revered, the three preceding gurus are also worshipped or revered. These are known variously as the
1869:
1975:
218:
It is considered that this relationship, based on the genuineness of the guru and the respect, commitment, devotion and obedience of the
222:, is the best way for subtle or advanced knowledge to be conveyed. The student eventually masters the knowledge that the guru embodies.
1007:
act of focusing their bhakti upon the guru is sufficiently strong and worthy, then some form of spiritual merit will be gained by the
1421:- This supreme science was thus received through the chain of disciplic succession, and the saintly kings understood it in that way.
941:
of his disciples and communicates its particular characteristic. In this process the disciple is made part of the spiritual family (
1146:
Buddhist tradition, the teacher is a valued and honoured mentor worthy of great respect and a source of inspiration on the path to
758:
forms of yoga, such as the
Sankara Saranam movement. Between these two there are many variations in degree and form of authority.
595:
as one's gotra (surname) instead of gotra at birth. The disciples of same guru, especially in the same cohort, are referred to as
722:
to explain the manner in which the guru/disciple relationship develops from a more
Western psychological perspective. He writes,
483:
sect, the word denotes both martial arts and religious monastic aspects of the trident wielding martial regiment of renunciate
1956:
1946:
1465:
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teachings include generating visualisations of the guru and making offerings praising the guru. The guru becomes known as the
1939:
1898:
1675:
1664:
1510:
1392:
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relationship had evolved into a fundamental component of
Hinduism. The term "Upanishad" derives from the Sanskrit words
1929:
1853:
1822:
1797:
1717:
1657:
1476:
1450:
1403:
937:
The guru passes his knowledge to his disciples by virtue of the fact that his purified consciousness enters into the
1471:, by Editors of Hinduism Today, Hinduism Today Magazine Editors. Published by Himalayan Academy Publications, 2007.
1123:
directly to the highest possible state of spirituality or consciousness, sometimes referred to within
Hinduism as
1096:
A system of various titles of implied superiority or deification which the guru assumes, and often requires the
301:(to sit) — so it means "sitting down near" a spiritual teacher to receive instruction. The relationship between
1533:"Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul"
1131:
relationship the guru is often believed to have supernatural powers, leading to the deification of the guru.
745:
There is a variation in the level of authority that may be granted to the guru. The highest is that found in
447:
speaks according to the time and circumstance in which he appears, he upholds the original conclusion, or
329:, Hinduism's Lord of Death). Sometimes the sages are women, and the instructions may be sought by kings.
1778:
Abhinavagupta: The Kula Ritual, as
Elaborated in Chapter 29 of the Tantrāloka, John R. Dupuche, Page 131
2001:
1701:
1139:
In the Pali
Buddhist tradition, magae the Bhikkus are also known as Sekhas (SN XLVIII.53 Sekha Sutta).
711:
The relation of Guru and Shishya is equated with that of a child in the womb of mother. Rob Preece, in
38:
539:(transmission of knowledge): Sometimes this initiation process will include the conveying of specific
1996:
1345:
1265:
17:
1572:"Delivering holistic education for contemporary times: Banasthali Vidyapith and the Gurukula system"
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or guru. Bhakti extends from the simplest expression of devotion to the ego-destroying principle of
767:
1991:
399:
system, knowledge (in any field) is believed to be passed down through successive generations. The
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is a place of practice with facilities for boarding, lodging and training, both in the context of
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945:) - a family which is not based on blood relations but on people of the same knowledge.
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Soaring and settling: Buddhist perspectives on contemporary social and religious issues
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215:, is imparted through the developing relationship between the guru and the disciple.
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and also accepts responsibility for the spiritual well-being and progress of the new
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an uninterrupted row or series, order, succession, continuation, mediation, tradition
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1024:(Sanskrit, "Throwing oneself down"), the level of the submission of the will of the
1705:
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942:
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439:. While some argue for freedom of interpretation others maintain that "Although an
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188:
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48:
The traditional guru–disciple relationship. Watercolour, Punjab Hills, India, 1740.
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Traditionally the word used for a succession of teachers and disciples in ancient
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1158:. In Tibetan texts, emphasis is placed upon praising the virtues of the guru.
1985:
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1693:
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659:
200:
31:
1570:
Nandram, Sharda S.; Joshi, Ankur; Sukhada, N.A.; Dhital, Vishwanath (2021).
1921:
The life of music in north India: the organization of an artistic tradition
1649:
The Wisdom of Imperfection: The Challenge of Individuation in Buddhist Life
1379:
880:
719:
553:
192:
1416:
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1947:
Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town
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The sound of two hands clapping: the education of a Tibetan Buddhist monk
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Volgelingen van de goeroe: Hedendaagse religieuze bewegingen in Nederland
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relationship generally incorporates three primary beliefs or practices:
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there is never more than one active master at the same time in the same
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monastery for religious renunciates. For example, in the context of the
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Sometimes the authority of the guru will extend to all aspects of the
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saints, who shared a profound and mystical love of Siva expressed by:
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As other authors had done before him, Preece mentions the notion of
139:. It is the tradition of spiritual relationship and mentoring where
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to all of the commands of the guru. An example is the legend that
1940:
Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia
1469:
What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures Into a Profound Global Faith
1217:
1063:
The assignment of all or many of the material possessions of the
892:
884:
871:
814:
806:
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requires anyone seeking to study Advaita Vedānta to do so from a
457:, of the Vedic literature." This parampara ensures continuity of
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405:
337:
318:
302:
219:
80:
76:
1119:
Often a guru will assert that he or she is capable of leading a
699:
67:("lineage"), denotes a succession of teachers and disciples in
1970:
1537:
International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management
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183:
136:
131:
113:
1788:
Thurman, Robert A. F.; Huntington, John; Dina Bangdel (2003).
503:
relationship can be found in numerous variant forms including
1443:
Readings in Vedit Literature: The Tradition Speaks for Itself
1147:
1076:
1052:
896:
876:
862:
681:
591:, refers to the practice of adopting the name of guru or the
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577:
566:
484:
360:
333:
204:
125:
119:
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The belief that such a guru has transmitted, or will impart
1817:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 61–3.
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888:
866:
776:
749:
698:, e.g. for the Śankaracharya's this is usually depicted as
392:
314:
234:
159:
145:
1890:
The Guru in South Asia: New Interdisciplinary Perspectives
1374:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 587(column a).
737:
1862:
1569:
1038:
962:
694:: Refer to the highest guru, who has the power to bestow
92:
1115:
life, including sexuality, livelihood, social life, etc.
706:
1957:
Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession
499:
Within the broad spectrum of the Indian religions, the
1812:
1364:
637:
or as the "four gurus" and are designated as follows:
507:. Some common elements in this relationship include:
1725:: "overdracht" is the Dutch term for "transference")
1445:. S.l.: Assoc Publishing Group. pp. 240 pages.
1288:
1047:
A relationship of lover and beloved known as bridal
511:
The establishment of a teacher/student relationship.
1646:Preece, Rob. "The teacher-student relationship" in
1616:, p. 44. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
1576:
International Journal of Business and Globalisation
1492:
1044:
Total surrender to God as the only true refuge; and
969:, which is total surrender. The bhakti form of the
680:or tradition, e.g. for the Śankaracharya's this is
676:: Refer to guru who is the source of knowledge for
630:is a form of salutation to revere the guru as god.
619:might allow multiple simultaneous gurus at a time.
1494:
1917:
1831:
1983:
1660:, p. 155 ff. At mudra.co.uk (author's website):
1059:In its most extreme form it sometimes includes:
1037:Deep humility and self-effacement, admission of
435:are developed following a single teacher, or an
37:"Parampara" redirects here. For other uses, see
30:"Sishya" redirects here. For the 1997 film, see
783:). The guru must have the following qualities:
1886:
1837:
1070:The strict and unconditional adherence by the
824:liberation from the cycle of births and deaths
1684:
1497:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
1486:
761:
654:: Refer to the founding guru of the specific
1398:7.12.1, The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1976,
1084:stinging his thigh so as not to disturb his
865:have been handed down through the ages from
1418:evaṁ paramparā-prāptam imaṁ rājarṣayo viduḥ
977:Devotion to the guru as a divine figure or
599:(brother by virtue of having same guru) or
1530:
1437:
361:Sampradaya, Parampara, Gurukula and Akhara
1642:
1640:
849:tradition plays an important part in the
1924:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1051:, in which the devotee is the bride and
427:, or school of thought. For example, in
43:
1700:("Between stigma and charisma"), 1982.
1501:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp.
961:. Bhakti (devotion) means surrender to
926:
805:— figuratively meaning "established in
603:(sister by virtue of having same guru).
14:
1984:
1637:
1531:Joshi, Ankur; Gupta, Rajen K. (2017).
1177:Buddhism) as the guru is perceived as
1134:
1015:
187:(initiation). Such knowledge, whether
111:for teaching, which might be based at
1887:Copeman, Jacob; Ikegame, Aya (2012).
1735:
1733:
1731:
1608:Padoux, André. "The Tantric Guru" in
1433:
1431:
1429:
707:Psychological aspects of relationship
1526:
1524:
1522:
1224:is considered to be last Guru hence
1200:
1100:to use whenever addressing the guru.
281:In the early oral traditions of the
1393:A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1020:In the ego-destroying principle of
834:
24:
1955:, Heidi Rika Maria Pauwels, 2009,
1911:
1728:
1459:
1426:
622:
25:
2013:
1963:
1792:. London: Serindia Publications.
1519:
879:themselves prescribe for a young
1969:
1652:, Snow Lion Publications, 2006,
1305:
1291:
1880:
1813:Dreyfus, Georges B. J. (2003).
1806:
1781:
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1747:
1626:
903:. The pupil is also taught the
355:
344:) is communicated from guru to
1602:
1563:
1408:
1386:
1358:
948:
644:: Refer to the immediate guru.
491:Common characteristics of the
13:
1:
1844:. London: Continuum. p.
1371:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1351:
1216:is referred as Guru Seva. In
817:in everything and in himself.
181:(follower), after the formal
1493:James G. Lochtefeld (2002).
1080:silently bore the pain of a
225:
7:
1417:
1284:
953:The best known form of the
911:. The term of stay varies (
752:, and the lowest is in the
713:The Wisdom of Imperfection,
451:
442:
422:
407:
386:
10:
2018:
1938:Federico Squarcini, 2011,
1918:Neuman, Daniel M. (1990).
1549:10.1504/IJICBM.2017.085390
1239:(lineage) are as follows:
1235:(denominations) and their
1204:
930:
838:
765:
762:Advaita Vedanta sampradaya
741:relationship by sampradaya
364:
262:
258:
39:Parampara (disambiguation)
36:
29:
1698:Tussen stigma en charisma
1346:List of Indian yoga gurus
1103:The requirement that the
790:— must be learned in the
702:, being the highest guru.
168:
154:
141:teachings are transmitted
1870:"The Teacher - The Guru"
1588:10.1504/IJBG.2021.118235
1439:Satsvarupa, dasa Goswami
957:relationship is that of
895:) teaches the pupil the
465:, knowledge and skills.
1838:Gross, Rita M. (1998).
1003:The belief that if the
615:(lineage), while other
233:means "succession from
105:, and may have its own
69:Indian-origin religions
1976:Guru–shishya tradition
1466:Akharas and Kumbh Mela
1366:Monier Monier-Williams
1257:Buddhist denominations
1248:Hindu reform movements
768:Advaita Guru Paramparā
473:Indian martial artists
463:transmission of dharma
99:belongs to a specific
49:
1712:. Ambo, Baarn, 1981,
1275:Sikhism denominations
1270:Tirthankara parampara
1226:the book is worshiped
891:(referred to also as
47:
1978:at Wikimedia Commons
1945:Leela Prasad, 2012,
1321:Apostolic succession
1228:as like human Guru.
996:to the (successful)
927:Shaktipat sampradaya
569:, as in the case of
561:gives a gift to the
481:Dashanami Sampradaya
1341:List of Hindu gurus
1326:Dharma transmission
1244:Hindu denominations
1135:Buddhism sampradaya
1016:Prapatti sampradaya
336:, the knowledge of
269:Buddhist philosophy
251:) literally means
1678:2008-06-03 at the
1667:2003-08-07 at the
1633:Mahanirvana Tantra
1614:Tantra in Practice
1610:David Gordon White
1336:Lineage (Buddhism)
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95:traditions). Each
50:
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237:to disciple".
227:
224:
177:(seeker), or
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2014:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
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1990:
1989:
1987:
1977:
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1968:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:0-226-57516-0
1927:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1893:. Routledge.
1892:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1855:0-8264-1113-4
1851:
1847:
1843:
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1824:0-520-23260-7
1820:
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1809:
1801:
1799:1-932476-01-6
1795:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1755:Bhagavad Gita
1750:
1743:
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1736:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1718:90-263-0521-4
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Ch. V, p. 142
1699:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:1-55939-252-5
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1477:1-934145-00-9
1474:
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1462:
1454:
1452:0-912776-88-9
1448:
1444:
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1405:
1404:0-912776-87-0
1401:
1397:
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1187:
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1149:
1148:Enlightenment
1145:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
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1102:
1099:
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1069:
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1062:
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1054:
1050:
1046:
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1041:and weakness;
1040:
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853:tradition of
852:
848:
842:
832:
830:
826:
825:
816:
812:
809:"; must have
808:
804:
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799:
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789:
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631:
629:
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589:
585:
584:
580:
579:
575:and his guru
574:
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201:architectural
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171:, disciple),
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56:
46:
40:
33:
32:Sishya (film)
19:
1920:
1889:
1882:
1874:the original
1864:
1840:
1833:
1814:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:Hindu Dharma
1763:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1722:
1709:
1697:
1686:
1647:
1628:
1613:
1612:(ed.) 2000.
1604:
1579:
1575:
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1415:
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1168:
1163:
1141:
1138:
1129:guru–shishya
1128:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1067:to the guru.
1064:
1058:
1031:Samayacharya
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1004:
997:
971:guru–shishya
970:
955:guru–shishya
954:
952:
936:
921:
904:
870:
847:guru–shishya
846:
844:
828:
822:
820:
810:
803:Brahmaniṣṭha
802:
795:
787:
780:
771:
753:
744:
739:Guru–shishya
738:
727:
723:
720:transference
717:
712:
710:
690:
689:
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672:
671:
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634:
632:
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616:
612:
608:
606:
601:guru bhagini
600:
596:
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586:
576:
570:
562:
558:
557:, where the
554:Gurudakshina
552:
534:
526:
522:
516:
501:guru–shishya
500:
498:
495:relationship
493:guru–shishya
492:
476:
467:
458:
448:
440:
432:
431:a number of
420:
414:
404:
396:
384:
380:
374:
356:Arrangements
345:
341:
331:
298:
294:
290:
287:guru–shishya
286:
280:
252:
248:
240:
239:
231:Guru–shishya
230:
229:
217:
213:martial arts
182:
178:
172:
164:
158:
149:, teacher, (
144:
130:
124:
118:
112:
106:
100:
96:
63:
62:
58:
55:guru–shishya
54:
53:
51:
1252:Hindu gurus
1233:sampradayas
1184:Bodhisattva
1090:Parashurama
949:Bhakti yoga
917:samavartana
913:Manu Smriti
907:to perform
881:brahmachari
664:Adi Śankara
651:Parama-guru
597:guru bhrata
578:Dronacharya
547:techniques.
433:sampradayas
429:Vaishnavism
395:). In the
379:culture is
342:brahmavidya
311:Mahabharata
297:(down) and
247:: परम्परा,
167:(Sanskrit:
87:(including
1986:Categories
1704:, quoting
1691:(in Dutch)
1582:(2): 222.
1543:(1): 100.
1352:References
1331:Sampradaya
1279:Sikh gurus
1222:Adi granth
1205:See also:
1191:Dalai Lama
887:where the
797:sampradaya
678:sampradaya
617:paramparas
609:paramparas
588:Guru gotra
545:meditation
477:Sampradaya
459:sampradaya
423:sampradāya
367:Sampradaya
283:Upanishads
263:See also:
197:scriptural
102:sampradaya
1596:1753-3627
1557:1753-0806
1237:parampara
1207:Hukamnama
1171:Vajrayana
1150:. In the
1144:Theravada
1113:shishya's
1049:mysticism
1005:shishya's
994:shaktipat
933:Shaktipat
755:pranayama
730:archetype
700:Lord Śiva
682:Vedavyāsa
656:parampara
635:kala-guru
593:parampara
452:siddhānta
416:parampara
397:parampara
387:paramparā
381:parampara
350:oral lore
249:paramparā
241:Paramparā
226:Etymology
193:spiritual
108:gurukulas
97:parampara
64:parampara
59:tradition
18:Parampara
1694:Schnabel
1676:Archived
1665:Archived
1622:43441625
1441:(1976).
1414:Bg. 4.2
1380:6534982M
1368:(1899).
1285:See also
1231:Various
1211:Dakshina
1022:prapatti
967:prapatti
901:Vedangas
811:realised
788:Śrotriya
662:this is
628:Gurunath
607:In some
572:Ekalavya
541:esoteric
401:Sanskrit
323:Ramayana
293:(near),
245:Sanskrit
174:shramana
151:Sanskrit
85:Buddhism
73:Hinduism
71:such as
1481:243-244
1218:Sikhism
1195:huo fuo
1179:the way
1175:tantric
1160:Tantric
1142:In the
1121:shishya
1105:shishya
1098:shishya
1072:shishya
1065:shishya
1026:shishya
1009:shishya
998:shishya
905:Prayoga
893:acharya
885:Gurukul
872:shishya
815:Brahman
807:Brahman
781:teacher
559:shishya
536:Shiksha
527:shishya
523:shishya
437:acharya
408:ācāryas
346:shishya
338:Brahman
332:In the
321:in the
319:Hanuman
309:in the
303:Krishna
259:History
220:student
205:musical
163:, to a
143:from a
137:temples
132:viharas
114:akharas
89:Tibetan
81:Sikhism
77:Jainism
1928:
1897:
1852:
1821:
1796:
1744:1.2.12
1716:
1673:Part 2
1662:Part 1
1656:
1620:
1594:
1555:
1509:
1475:
1449:
1402:
1378:
1156:Buddha
1125:moksha
990:diksha
986:moksha
979:Avatar
959:bhakti
939:selves
909:yajnas
875:. The
859:Hindus
857:. The
851:Shruti
841:Śrauta
829:moksha
747:bhakti
518:Diksha
505:tantra
485:sadhus
469:Akhara
443:ācārya
377:Indian
371:Akhara
307:Arjuna
285:, the
275:, and
189:agamic
184:diksha
126:mathas
120:gompas
1164:vajra
1108:guru.
1077:Karna
897:Vedas
877:Vedas
863:Vedas
696:mokṣa
567:thumb
475:or a
334:Vedas
299:"ṣad"
291:"upa"
179:chela
169:शिष्य
165:śiṣya
157:) or
61:, or
1926:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1758:4.34
1723:note
1714:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1618:OCLC
1592:ISSN
1553:ISSN
1507:ISBN
1503:23–4
1473:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1277:and
1268:and
1259:and
1250:and
1209:and
1189:The
1086:guru
1082:wasp
1053:Siva
943:kula
899:and
889:Guru
867:guru
845:The
794:and
777:guru
750:yoga
642:Guru
563:guru
393:IAST
369:and
327:Yama
317:and
315:Rama
305:and
295:"ni"
235:guru
209:arts
160:lama
155:गुरु
146:guru
91:and
83:and
52:The
1846:184
1584:doi
1545:doi
1169:In
1039:sin
992:or
963:God
869:to
831:).
391:in
348:by
211:or
135:or
93:Zen
1988::
1848:.
1730:^
1708:,
1696:,
1671:,
1639:^
1590:.
1580:29
1578:.
1574:.
1551:.
1541:15
1539:.
1535:.
1521:^
1505:.
1479:.
1428:^
1376:OL
1246:,
1197:.
988:,
919:.
734:.
487:.
461:,
352:.
271:,
267:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
191:,
153::
129:,
123:,
117:,
79:,
75:,
1959:.
1949:.
1942:.
1934:.
1903:.
1858:.
1827:.
1802:.
1721:(
1598:.
1586::
1559:.
1547::
1515:.
1483:.
1455:.
1423:.
1382:.
1173:(
1093:.
1011:.
1000:.
981:.
827:(
779:(
732:"
684:.
666:.
581:.
529:.
383:(
340:(
243:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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