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Governor Tanner. All the mines are closed. John
Hicklin, a negro barber, was waited on last night and ordered to leave the city in five days. He appealed to Mayor German for protection, claiming the lives of himself and family in jeopardy.' Here two things manifest: That 1,000 negroes brought to Illinois were not wanted and were sent away; and that a negro barber was not allowed to live longer where he pursued his calling. The beam is in the big northern eye while it is blinking at the mote in the southern eye.
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had called a strike that affected numerous mines; mine owners retaliated by hiring guards and some 300 African-American miners from
Alabama to serve as strikebreakers. After a confrontation in which a white union miner was killed, the miners turned on black strikebreakers, believing them responsible.
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s mines in late June. The black community, lacking any type of support networks, was left impoverished and destitute by the extremely low wages paid by the operators. They appealed to
Governor Tanner for financial support to assist them in returning to Alabama. Ultimately, many paid their own way to
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He then cites a press dispatch of a week or so ago from Pana, Illinois. It is an edifying account and well worthy of reproducing here: 'The last of the negro colony of fully 1,000 brought here by operators during the past ten months to supplant union men, departed last night on tickets furnished by
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On April 10, 1899, a confrontation occurred in Pana. After a long-brewing bad feeling between strikebreakers and union coal miners Henry
Stevens, one of the strikebreakers fired his weapon. During the gunfire that ensued a union miner, Exavier LeCocq was shot and killed. LeCocq was not part of the
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Despite the promise of better wages in the North, black workers who ran the gauntlet of strikers were paid by the company in coupons or scrip, good only at stores designated by the mine owners. They were paid less than the white strikers, receiving 27 1/2 cents per tonne. In early 1899, the black
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According to first-hand accounts collected in the 1940s by
Eleanor Burnhorn, a well-known Pana history teacher, the new African-American recruits from Alabama had been told they would be working in newly opened mines. They were not aware of the strike until they reached the town. There the company
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General mayhem flared across Pana that night and into the next day. Governor Tanner sent a
National Guard unit that quelled the violence the next day. The strikebreakers that had been brought to Pana in 1898 from primarily Birmingham left Pana when the mine operators closed the mines. The mine
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as the union miners. The pleas seem to have been ignored because, soon after, Governor Tanner removed the soldiers who were keeping order. Black strikebreakers were left at the mercy of local whites, who were openly hostile to them. Stevens sent a delegate to
Governor Tanner, who asked that the
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Deaths among the non-union strikebreakers included Henry
Johnson, Louis Hooks, James L. James, and Charles Watkins from Georgia, and Julia Dash, wife of a black miner. The black wounded included Clinton Rolo, Louis Whitfield, Charles York, Ed Delinquest, F. C. Dorsey, and George Freak.
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469:) in an effort to re-open the mines. Previous attempts to open the mines with white non-union workers had failed amid violence. The state had stationed militia in Pana to preserve peace. Nearly 300 African Americans were recruited to work in the mines and break the strike.
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described its leader, Henry
Stevens, as being "hard as iron and his muscles stand out like whip cords. His biceps are as large as the calf of an ordinary man's leg. He stands about six feet, two inches tall and he will weigh in the neighborhood of 200 pounds."
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housed the black non-union workers in poor conditions, either inside the confines of
Springside Mine on the northeast side of town, or in a building located just west of Penwell mine. Local residents derogatorily called it the "Alabama Hotel".
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After April 10, many of Pana's black residents moved away, with travel support from the union. Operators and union miners began arbitration talks to settle the strike, but black miners objected because they were not represented.
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Striking white miners had been out of work for nearly a year when the Overholt brothers, part owners of one of the four Pana mines, went to Alabama to recruit African-American "scab" labor (
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operator would eventually come to an agreement with the local union. A few months later the union and mine owner had an agreement and the mine reopened with exclusive union miners.
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soldiers be retained in Pana, but Stevens' request was ignored. The act of diplomacy, though unsuccessful, represented the black miners' will to resolve the situation peaceably.
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No one was held legally accountable for any of the deaths that occurred on April 10, 1899. Henry Stevens was convicted of assault and served one year prison in Illinois.
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coal miners at Pana formed the Afro-Anglo Mutual Association (AAMA) in order to protect their interests in relation to the white
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Two whites were killed in the violence and five blacks, with another six African Americans wounded.
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640:. Wilmington, North Carolina. July 21, 1899. p. 4 – via Chronicling America.
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labor conflict and also a racial conflict that occurred on April 10, 1899, in
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660:"The African-American mining experience in Illinois from 1800 to 1920"
617:"The African-American mining experience in Illinois from 1800 to 1920"
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Due to previous labor unrest at Pana, the AAMA lobbied Governor
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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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556:. Those who settled there faced violence again during the
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Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
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Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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Racially motivated violence against African Americans
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List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2432:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
1419:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
1191:1968 Democratic National Convention protests
841:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
2606:Labor-related violence in the United States
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1964:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1521:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
763:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
963:Anti-union violence in the United States
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2246:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
1214:2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest
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2518:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2359:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
2162:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2130:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1670:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1440:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
846:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
814:Streetcar strikes in the United States
774:Streetcar strikes in the United States
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2641:Ethnic cleansing in the United States
1873:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
1675:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
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2626:Riots and civil disorder in Illinois
2616:African-American history of Illinois
2281:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
2224:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
168:Black miners were driven out of Pana
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2251:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
1790:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
1269:in the history of the United States
958:Union violence in the United States
831:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
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1767:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
1584:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
1561:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1357:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
866:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
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1435:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
2528:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
2523:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
1408:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1219:George Floyd protests in Chicago
1088:Trumbull Park race riots of 1953
1068:Airport Homes race riots of 1946
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924:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
836:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
665:. University of Illinois IDEALS.
622:. University of Illinois IDEALS.
23:
2586:1899 labor disputes and strikes
2348:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
1909:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1476:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
1339:New York City Food Riot of 1917
1073:Fernwood Park race riot of 1947
34:needs additional citations for
2611:Massacres in the United States
1511:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1403:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
1334:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
1159:1905 Chicago Teamsters' strike
826:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
752:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
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454:United Mine Workers of America
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2646:History of racism in Illinois
2118:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
2107:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1579:1877 St. Louis general strike
1516:Springfield race riot of 1908
1299:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
1170:Memorial Day massacre of 1937
1053:Springfield race riot of 1908
634:"Still Growling and Flipping"
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590:List of homicides in Illinois
570:List of massacres in Illinois
558:Springfield Race Riot of 1908
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1927:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
1833:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
1445:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1181:1966 Chicago West Side Riots
1104:Marquette park racial unrest
1078:Englewood race riots of 1949
1058:East St. Louis riots of 1917
918:West Coast waterfront strike
702:American labor union history
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507:gunbattle but a bystander.
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1413:Philadelphia general strike
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16:1899 riot in Pana, Illinois
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2576:Christian County, Illinois
2229:San Francisco riot of 1877
2157:Meridian race riot of 1871
1868:1891 New Orleans lynchings
1785:1906 Atlanta race massacre
1614:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
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638:The Semi-Weekly Messenger
585:Lynching of F. W. Stewart
405:US Bituminous coal strike
399:US Bituminous coal strike
366:Indiana bituminous strike
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2323:Honolulu Courthouse riot
2262:Preparedness Day Bombing
1994:Memphis massacre of 1866
1939:McIntosh County Seat War
1632:Cincinnati riots of 1884
1589:St. Louis bullfight riot
1083:Cicero race riot of 1951
888:Battle of Blair Mountain
877:1920 Alabama coal strike
344:Battle of Blair Mountain
2135:West Virginia coal wars
2078:Slocum Massacre of 1910
1856:Battle of Liberty Place
1742:Hartford coal mine riot
1532:East St. Louis massacre
1368:Scranton general strike
1123:Banditti of the Prairie
985:Portal:Organized Labour
906:Columbine Mine massacre
417:Warrior Met Coal strike
376:Columbine Mine massacre
356:UMW General Coal Strike
336:West Virginia coal wars
323:Hartford coal mine riot
2298:Colorado Coalfield War
2124:Tucker County Seat War
2060:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
2011:Battle of Depot Street
1374:1877 Shamokin uprising
856:Colorado Coalfield War
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350:Alabama miners' strike
309:Colorado Coalfield War
278:Anthracite coal strike
248:Bituminous coal strike
231:Mahoning Valley strike
2472:Rock Springs massacre
2407:Hells Canyon Massacre
2234:Mussel Slough Tragedy
2218:Anti-Chinese violence
2054:San Elizario Salt War
1975:Phoenix election riot
1933:Brooks–McFarland feud
1643:May Day riots of 1894
1198:Weatherman riot, 1969
1175:Division Street riots
930:Memorial Day massacre
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722:Rock Springs massacre
716:Great Railroad Strike
519:Grand jury and trials
272:Carterville Mine Riot
2442:Seattle riot of 1886
2089:Houston riot of 1917
1945:Green Corn Rebellion
1878:Robert Charles riots
1814:French–Eversole feud
411:Pittston Coal strike
372:Colorado Coal Strike
303:Paint Creek mine war
284:Carbon county strike
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2437:Tacoma riot of 1885
2292:Colorado Labor Wars
2193:Pleasant Valley War
2112:Lincoln County feud
2066:Reese–Townsend feud
1208:Chicago Bulls riots
1098:Cairo racial unrest
820:Colorado Labor Wars
658:N. Lenstra (2009).
615:N. Lenstra (2009).
297:Westmoreland strike
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2596:Mining in Illinois
2507:Fence Cutting Wars
2478:Johnson County War
2413:Sheepshooters' War
2383:Lincoln County War
2353:Deep Creek murders
2286:Colorado Range War
2256:Wheatland hop riot
2199:Bisbee Deportation
2072:Brownsville affair
2036:Sutton–Taylor feud
1862:Thibodaux massacre
1850:Coushatta massacre
1838:Opelousas massacre
1761:Barber–Mizell feud
1648:Akron riot of 1900
1493:Illinois coal wars
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1186:1968 Chicago riots
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900:Hanapepe massacre
882:Battle of Matewan
780:Lattimer massacre
746:Morewood massacre
728:Bay View massacre
491:John Riley Tanner
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2447:Bellingham riots
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2083:Boyce–Sneed feud
2048:Mason County War
1969:Hamburg massacre
1808:Rowan County War
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1499:Battle of Virden
1481:Haymarket affair
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1199:
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1147:Pullman Strike
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768:Pullman Strike
765:
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754:
749:
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737:
731:
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719:
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587:
582:
577:
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528:
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495:National Guard
467:strikebreakers
462:
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402:
395:
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320:
317:The 10-Day War
306:
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293:
292:
288:
287:
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275:
257:
251:
245:
243:Coal Creek War
240:
234:
227:
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219:
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209:
208:
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194:
186:
178:
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170:
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146:
145:
139:Pana, Illinois
136:
132:
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130:April 10, 1899
128:
117:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2663:
2652:
2649:
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2505:
2502:
2501:Railroad Wars
2499:
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2496:
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2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
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2249:
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2238:
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2220:(1860s–1890s)
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2216:
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2207:
2200:
2197:
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2099:West Virginia
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1649:
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1644:
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1638:
1637:Reservoir war
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1609:
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1157:
1154:
1151:
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1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:, 1830s–1840s
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1106:, 1960s-1980s
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
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1084:
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1079:
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975:
969:
966:
964:
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951:
950:
948:
944:
937:
936:Hilo massacre
934:
931:
928:
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922:
919:
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455:
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448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Pana massacre
432:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
396:
393:1940s – 2020s
392:
391:
387:
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377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
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333:
330:1920s – 1930s
329:
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318:
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261:
258:
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229:
228:
225:1870s – 1900s
224:
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207:
202:
200:
195:
193:
188:
187:
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:Also known as
147:
144:
143:United States
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:Pana massacre
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2020
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2563:
2385:(1878; 1881)
1999:Pulaski riot
1504:
1349:Pennsylvania
1328:Orange Riots
1266:civil unrest
1196:Days of Rage
983:
807:20th century
709:19th century
641:
637:
628:
534:
530:
522:
513:
509:
505:
488:
483:Daily Breeze
482:
481:miners. The
475:
471:
464:
451:
434:
430:
428:
267:
157:Participants
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2514:(1870–1920)
2503:(1864–1912)
2480:(1889–1893)
2415:(1895–1906)
2379:(1873–1888)
2331:(1893–1894)
2300:(1913–1914)
2294:(1903–1904)
2242:(1890–1916)
2195:(1882–1892)
2137:(1912–1921)
2126:(1888–1893)
2114:(1878–1890)
2085:(1911–1912)
2068:(1898–1907)
2062:(1888–1889)
2056:(1877–1878)
2050:(1875–1876)
2038:(1868–1876)
2032:(1865–1869)
2007:(1891–1892)
1941:(1907–1909)
1935:(1896–1902)
1929:(1893–1894)
1884:Grabow riot
1816:(1887–1894)
1810:(1884–1887)
1719:(1892–1893)
1717:Mitcham War
1528:(1916–1921)
1495:(1898–1900)
1330:(1870–1871)
1166:, 1916–1921
1114:Other riots
1100:, 1967-1973
914:, 1931–1932
862:, 1913–1914
822:, 1903–1904
816:, 1895–1929
788:, 1898–1899
776:, 1895–1929
554:Springfield
439:coal mining
384:1931–1939 (
262:1898–1900 (
58:"Pana riot"
2570:Categories
2512:Sheep wars
2424:Washington
2369:New Mexico
2329:Black Week
2210:California
1291:New Jersey
1116:and unrest
1035:Race riots
596:References
502:Gun battle
461:Background
69:newspapers
2581:Coal Wars
1986:Tennessee
1825:Louisiana
1505:Pana riot
1282:Northeast
1273:1865–1918
527:Aftermath
431:Pana riot
374:1927–28 (
338:1912–21 (
311:1913–14 (
268:Pana riot
214:Coal Wars
152:Pana riot
2273:Colorado
1919:Oklahoma
1800:Kentucky
1728:Arkansas
1600:Nebraska
1571:Missouri
1543:Michigan
1468:Illinois
1314:New York
1027:Illinois
564:See also
550:Jim Crow
447:Illinois
437:, was a
135:Location
2464:Wyoming
2185:Arizona
1777:Georgia
1753:Florida
1698:Alabama
1459:Midwest
1210:, 1990s
419:2021–23
413:1989–90
407:1977–78
299:1910–11
286:1903–04
165:Outcome
83:scholar
2494:Others
2486:(1909)
2474:(1885)
2455:(1916)
2449:(1907)
2409:(1887)
2399:Oregon
2355:(1896)
2325:(1874)
2315:Hawaii
2306:(1914)
2288:(1900)
2264:(1916)
2258:(1913)
2236:(1880)
2201:(1917)
2145:Others
2120:(1888)
2074:(1906)
2044:(1875)
2013:(1897)
2001:(1868)
1977:(1898)
1971:(1876)
1947:(1917)
1905:(1870)
1886:(1912)
1880:(1900)
1864:(1887)
1858:(1874)
1852:(1874)
1846:(1873)
1840:(1868)
1763:(1870)
1744:(1914)
1738:(1874)
1708:(1870)
1666:(1886)
1657:Others
1639:(1887)
1610:(1882)
1591:(1904)
1534:(1917)
1507:(1899)
1501:(1898)
1489:(1894)
1483:(1886)
1428:Others
1415:(1910)
1399:(1897)
1393:(1892)
1387:(1891)
1381:(1886)
1370:(1877)
1364:(1877)
1324:(1870)
1221:, 2020
1204:, 1977
1177:, 1966
1155:, 1898
1149:, 1894
1143:, 1886
1137:, 1864
1131:, 1855
938:, 1938
932:, 1937
926:, 1935
920:, 1934
908:, 1927
902:, 1924
896:, 1922
890:, 1921
884:, 1920
873:, 1916
782:, 1897
770:, 1894
759:, 1892
748:, 1891
742:, 1887
736:, 1886
730:, 1886
724:, 1885
718:, 1877
546:Kansas
540:go to
358:1922 (
173:Deaths
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2340:Idaho
2022:Texas
1689:South
1262:Riots
663:(PDF)
620:(PDF)
537:'
479:union
433:, or
291:1910s
90:JSTOR
76:books
2176:West
1624:Ohio
1264:and
542:Weir
452:The
443:Pana
429:The
401:1974
368:1927
352:1920
325:1914
305:1912
280:1902
256:1897
250:1894
239:1891
233:1873
127:Date
62:news
45:by
2572::
636:.
603:^
560:.
544:,
445:,
342:,
315:,
270:,
266:,
141:,
1275:)
1271:(
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
693:e
686:t
679:v
388:)
378:)
362:)
346:)
319:)
274:)
205:e
198:t
191:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
