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Zaher, H., Augusta, B.G., Rabinovitch, R., Polcyn, M.J., and
Tafforeau, P. 2022. A review of the skull anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of marine pachyophiid snakes. In The origin and early evolutionary history of snakes (Eds. D.J. Gower and H. Zaher), pp. 180–206. Systematics Association Special
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appears to have been an ancient marine snake; the fossils occur in a marine limestone deposit, and the thickened bone of the ribs and vertebrae would have functioned as ballast to decrease the buoyancy of the animal, allowing it to dive beneath the ancient
Cretaceous seas that it once inhabited.
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Haas, G. 1980 Remarks on a new ophiomorph reptile from the Lower
Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, Israel. In Aspects of Vertebrate History, in Honor of E.H. Colbert (ed. L.L. Jacobs), pp. 177–102. Flagstaff AZ: Museum of Northern Arizona
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Lee, M.S.Y. and
Caldwell, M.W. 1998. Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis, a primitive snake with hindlimbs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 353: 1521–1552.
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is among the oldest known snakes and retains well-developed hind limbs, suggesting it represented a transitional form linking snakes to marine lizards (Lee and
Scanlon 2002), though other studies place
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was originally described by Haas (1979, 1980) who noted it had a puzzling melange of snake and lizard features; its status as an early snake was later confirmed (Caldwell and Lee 1997).
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Haas, G. 1980 Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, snakelike reptile from the Lower
Cenomanian: ventral view of the skull. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, Ser. 4, 2:87-104.
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et al. 2003 "The
Anatomy and Relationships of Haasiophis terrasanctus, a Fossil Snake with Well-Developed Hind Limbs from the Mid-Cretaceous of the Middle East"
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Haas, G. 1979 On a new snakelike reptile from the Lower
Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, near Jerusalem. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, Ser. 4, 1, 51–64.
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Bardet, Nathalie (2008). "The
Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) radiation of marine squamates (Reptilia): the role of the Mediterranean Tethys".
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Scanlon, J.D., Lee, M.S.Y., Caldwell, M.W., and Shine, R. 1999. Paleoecology of the primitive snake
Pachyrhachis. Historical Biology 13: 127–152.
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Zaher, H. 1998. The phylogenetic position of "Pachyrhachis" within snakes (Squamata, Lepidosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 1–3.
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Lee, M.S.Y., Scanlon, J.D. 2002. Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour. Biological Reviews 77: 333–401.
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Caldwell, M.W. and Lee, M. S.Y. (1997). A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East. Nature 386: 705–709.
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still retain remnants of legs, in the form of small spurs, the tiny legs of Pachyrhachis included a hip, knee, and ankle joint.
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1139:. You can help Knowledge by
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16:Extinct genus of snakes
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1038:Paleobiology Database
160:P. problematicus
1206:Fossils of Palestine
1196:Transitional fossils
297:as stem-Macrostomata
899:Psammophis odysseus
317:Paleontology portal
791:Liasis dubudingala
701:Boa blanchardensis
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729:Messelophis
715:Chubutophis
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605:Gigantophis
598:Alamitophis
589:Madtsoiidae
1180:Categories
1073:Cretaceous
825:Palaeophis
782:Pythonidae
771:Waincophis
661:Yurlunggur
571:Pachyophis
564:Haasiophis
557:Eupodophis
508:Sauropsida
350:References
336:Haasiophis
329:Eupodophis
265:Cenomanian
242:Ein Yabrud
187:Haas, 1979
147:Haas, 1979
111:Suborder:
843:Viperidae
764:Titanoboa
681:Dinilysia
489:Kingdom:
250:West Bank
153:Species:
115:Serpentes
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
971:Wikidata
870:Elapidae
626:Nidophis
619:Menarana
612:Madtsoia
516:Squamata
500:Chordata
497:Phylum:
492:Animalia
303:See also
246:Ramallah
121:Family:
105:Squamata
95:Reptilia
85:Chordata
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1076:reptile
1030:4946042
1017:1451405
1004:4572199
991:4518730
977:Q391032
852:Laophis
750:Rageryx
654:Wonambi
640:Sanajeh
513:Order:
505:Class:
475:Fossil
435:Picture
269:pythons
244:, near
238:fossils
227:extinct
222:rhákhis
178:†
157:†
134:Genus:
101:Order:
91:Class:
708:Boavus
692:Boidae
647:Vasuki
537:Najash
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478:snakes
398:Press.
343:Najash
209:pakhús
199:(from
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1012:IRMNG
234:snake
230:genus
218:ῥάχῐς
214:Greek
205:παχύς
201:Greek
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