138:
358:
languages, its separation from this family must have occurred at a relatively early date; the authors further suggest that in such a case the location of the
Puquina speakers should be taken into account in the debate over the geographic origin of the Arawakan family. Such consideration was taken up
363:
languages. According to this author, the proto-Macro-Arawakan language would have been spoken in the Middle
Ucayali River Basin during the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE and its speakers would have produced the Tutishcainyo pottery found in this region.
1118:
402:
From a list of 200 basic words words 70 percent weren't borrowed, 14 percent were from Aymara, 2 percent were from the Uru-Chipaya family, and the remaining 14 percent wasn't specified.
339:). Jolkesky (2016: 310–317) has presented further possible lexical cognates between Puquina and the Arawakan languages, proposing that this language family belongs to the putative
311:
Puquina has been considered an unclassified language family, since it has not been proven to be firmly related to any other languages in the Andean region. A relationship with the
2404:
2077:
3718:
2385:
3706:
2363:
3713:
1618:
3759:
1305:
3696:
354:
In this regard, Adelaar and van de Kerke (2009: 126) have pointed out that if in fact the
Puquina languages are, genetically, related to the
218:
Remnants of the single, ancestral
Puquina language can be found in the Quechuan and Spanish languages spoken in the south of Peru, mainly in
3754:
3744:
1669:
3749:
3701:
2656:
3604:
3163:
2378:
1184:
1078:
175:, which was spoken by the Inca elite, in contrast to the Quechuan-speaking commoners, is thought to be related, as well as the
211:
of the region during colonization it rapidly declined and then went extinct. Its decline began before the
Spanish conquest as
3551:
2398:
1276:
Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguĂstico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation.
1052:
2394:
3112:
1113:
1298:
2393:
1225:. Quito, Ecuador: Intercultural de las Nacionalidades Pueblos IndĂgenas/Fondo Ecuatoriano Populorum Progressio. 116pp.
1072:
960:
3571:
2371:
1020:
179:, generally considered a language isolate. They are spoken by several native ethnic groups in the region surrounding
3723:
3591:
3526:
2976:
1161:
2043:
3536:
2434:
1662:
17:
2880:
1162:
Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change
3769:
3645:
3546:
3541:
3356:
2965:
1291:
3269:
3576:
3556:
3491:
1704:
3531:
3015:
1203:
1479:
3764:
3680:
3566:
3516:
3080:
2675:
2102:
1655:
1385:
1003:
HannĂź, Katja (2021). "Linguistic manipulations in
Kallawaya". In Mazzoli, Maria; Sippola, Eeva (eds.).
1906:
1260:
Adelaar, Willem and van de Kerke, Simon (2009). "Puquina." In: Mily
Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.)
1042:
3521:
3506:
3407:
3322:
3085:
2865:
2762:
1883:
1593:
837:(1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Puquina and Kallawaya (which he calls Pohena).
1270:
Girault, L. (1989). Kallawaya: el idioma secreto de los incas. Diccionario. Bolivia: UNICEF/OPS/OMS.
3481:
3476:
3031:
2345:
2252:
2158:
2112:
1446:
1077:
Symposium: Advances in Native South
American Historical Linguistics, July 17–18, 2006, at the 52nd
1047:. Internet Archive. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. pp. 350–357.
368:
360:
340:
1273:
La
Grasserie, R. de. (1894). Langues Américaines: langue Puquina; textes Puquina. Leipzig: Köhler.
3511:
1637:
2494:
3665:
3625:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3471:
3009:
2781:
2695:
2660:
2340:
1901:
1783:
1456:
1451:
2937:
2717:
141:
Pukina language distribution around 1600 CE, Pukina toponyms, and pre-Inca Pukina ethnicities.
3675:
3655:
3640:
3599:
3561:
3346:
3298:
3183:
2910:
2840:
2777:
1821:
1235:
834:
396:
359:
by
Jolkesky (op. cit., 611–616) in his archaeo-ecolinguistic model of diversification of the
288:
linguistic influence may have started with a migratory wave arising from the collapse of the
75:
3122:
2596:
2461:
2272:
1758:
1753:
989:
3650:
3630:
3432:
3366:
3171:
3020:
1921:
1846:
1806:
1773:
1314:
961:"The Puquina and Leko languages - Advances in Native South American Historical Linguistics"
380:
3227:
2743:
2603:
1827:
1598:
1398:
8:
3670:
3635:
3609:
3127:
3102:
2995:
2931:
2887:
2836:
2826:
2669:
2521:
2352:
2120:
1929:
1522:
1166:
2479:
1801:
1496:
1491:
1360:
3423:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3361:
3303:
3215:
3188:
3090:
3073:
2944:
2920:
2875:
2858:
2821:
2816:
2631:
2514:
2474:
2423:
2223:
2177:
2056:
2005:
1944:
1841:
1736:
1709:
1561:
1528:
1438:
1347:
1240:
1157:
384:
355:
312:
243:
235:
161:
96:
3241:
2638:
2617:
2484:
2185:
2010:
1587:
128:
3660:
3581:
3308:
3281:
3194:
3143:
3059:
3025:
2999:
2971:
2956:
2892:
2582:
2443:
2302:
2266:
2262:
2051:
2034:
2024:
1995:
1957:
1952:
1860:
1768:
1763:
1678:
1535:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1048:
1016:
392:
344:
212:
165:
3248:
2798:
2791:
2529:
2507:
2500:
1132:
1109:
253:
Some theories claim that "Qhapaq Simi", the cryptic language of the nobility of the
164:, although it is assumed that the latter is just a remnant of the former mixed with
3412:
3379:
3335:
3262:
3221:
3201:
3117:
3066:
3052:
3045:
3038:
2982:
2898:
2811:
2805:
2681:
2555:
2550:
2489:
2450:
2312:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2231:
2200:
2148:
2140:
2087:
2081:
2019:
2000:
1990:
1982:
1970:
1694:
1686:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1403:
1328:
1127:
1008:
388:
348:
273:
247:
157:
59:
2756:
2688:
2624:
2610:
2589:
1007:. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Vol. 18. De Gruyer Mouton. p. 197.
351:
languages. However, such a hypothesis still lacks conclusive scientific evidence.
3438:
3372:
3208:
3152:
2926:
2870:
2723:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2307:
2277:
2236:
2213:
2208:
2190:
2130:
2014:
1934:
1911:
1873:
1868:
1745:
1571:
1517:
1512:
1418:
1393:
1188:
289:
153:
69:
2848:
2844:
2469:
1181:
315:
languages has long been suggested, based solely on the possessive paradigm (1st
3466:
3445:
3328:
3291:
3255:
2749:
2735:
2711:
2704:
2317:
2257:
2072:
1965:
1896:
1793:
1778:
1699:
1633:
1566:
1370:
1365:
1355:
239:
1160:; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007)
215:
speaking peoples divided the population of Puquina into several small groups.
3738:
3234:
3177:
3137:
2153:
2125:
2092:
1891:
1811:
1556:
1375:
1116:[Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia].
285:
262:
208:
180:
176:
90:
52:
379:
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Aymaran,
2645:
2163:
2097:
1153:
1084:
968:
427:
300:
28:
1012:
281:
254:
1283:
168:. Puquina speakers are last mentioned in the early nineteenth century.
1277:
122:
108:
1647:
1208:(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). BrasĂlia: University of BrasĂlia.
114:
277:
223:
219:
196:
231:
195:. Puquina itself is often associated with the culture that built
188:
1205:
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguĂstico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
1182:
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguĂstico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
1717:
1114:"Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia"
327:), which is similar to the Proto-Arawakan subject forms (1st
227:
192:
137:
1070:
184:
1223:
El Idioma del Pueblo Puquina: Un enigma que va aclarándose
1264:, vol. I, 125-146. La Paz: Plural editores. (in Spanish)
1005:
New Perspectives on Mixed Languages: From Core to Fringe
1267:
AguilĂł, F. (1991). Diccionario kallawaya. La Paz: MUSEF
1192:. Doutorado em LinguĂstica. Universidade de BrasĂlia.
1107:
160:, which consists of the extinct Puquina language and
261:(Quechuan languages) were spoken by commoners. The
207:In spite of the fact that Puquina was originally a
1239:
1242:Classification of South American Indian languages
1103:
1101:
3736:
663:Pronouns in Puquina and other nearby languages:
450:
410:Numerals in Puquina and other nearby languages:
1217:
1215:
1098:
272:(2015) argue that Puquina language influenced
2379:
1663:
1299:
464:
443:
1195:
471:
1212:
1202:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).
257:, was closely related to Puquina, and that
2386:
2372:
1670:
1656:
1306:
1292:
1246:. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
1179:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
1066:
1064:
2395:Indigenous language families and isolates
1131:
1119:Revista de lingĂĽĂstica teĂłrica y aplicada
457:
1313:
1234:
1228:
1201:
367:Jolkesky (2016) classifies Puquina as a
234:. There also seem to be remnants in the
136:
2460:
1061:
1040:
14:
3737:
1079:International Congress of Americanists
250:(1990) finds the proposal plausible.)
3760:Languages extinct in the 18th century
2733:
2367:
1677:
1651:
1287:
1002:
990:"The Much Debated History of Quechua"
1071:Willem Adelaar; Simon van de Kerke.
1036:
1034:
1032:
374:
24:
3755:Extinct languages of South America
3745:Language isolates of South America
399:language families due to contact.
25:
3781:
3750:Indigenous languages of the Andes
1029:
306:
303:, which is distinctly different.
1073:"The Puquina and Leko languages"
34:Language family of South America
1254:
1133:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004
1173:
1147:
1041:Adelaar, Willem F. H. (2004).
996:
982:
953:
13:
1:
946:
405:
280:long before the rise of the
7:
10:
3786:
3113:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
1044:The languages of the Andes
202:
26:
3689:
3618:
3590:
3459:
3421:
3345:
3279:
3162:
3101:
2994:
2954:
2908:
2835:
2775:
2655:
2543:
2433:
2413:
2337:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
2330:
2245:
2222:
2199:
2176:
2139:
2111:
2065:
2042:
2033:
1981:
1943:
1920:
1882:
1859:
1834:
1820:
1792:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1685:
1627:
1611:
1505:
1465:
1437:
1384:
1346:
1337:
1321:
965:52ica.etnolinguistica.org
121:
107:
81:
70:Linguistic classification
68:
58:
44:
39:
2346:Inmaculada Sign Language
1636:still recognized by the
1221:AguilĂł, Federico. 2000.
1112:; Landeo, Pablo (2015).
27:Not to be confused with
458:
451:
444:
265:might also be related.
156:, often portrayed as a
152:) is a small, putative
3714:Unclassified languages
2341:Peruvian Sign Language
1619:Bolivian Sign Language
1457:South Bolivian Quechua
1452:North Bolivian Quechua
472:
465:
191:) and in the north of
142:
3284:, Bolivia, and Chile)
3105:(west-central Brazil)
1638:Bolivian constitution
1013:10.1515/9781501511257
343:stock along with the
140:
3770:Languages of Bolivia
1447:Cusco–Collao Quechua
1315:Languages of Bolivia
3707:Marañón River basin
3572:Tequiraca–Canichana
3552:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
2353:Sivia Sign Language
1158:Pino Quivira, Mario
992:. January 18, 2014.
295:Sometimes the term
3527:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
3460:Proposed groupings
2414:Language families
2246:Isolates and other
1262:Lenguas de Bolivia
1187:2022-01-22 at the
1170:81 (2007): 949–960
1108:Moulian, RodrĂgo;
244:Quechuan languages
236:Kallawaya language
143:
64:early 19th century
3765:Languages of Peru
3732:
3731:
3702:Extinct languages
3455:
3454:
2771:
2770:
2539:
2538:
2408:
2361:
2360:
2326:
2325:
2172:
2171:
2044:Cajamarca–Cañaris
1855:
1854:
1714:
1687:Spanish varieties
1679:Languages of Peru
1645:
1644:
1634:extinct languages
1607:
1606:
1322:National language
1236:Loukotka, ÄŚestmĂr
1054:978-0-521-36275-7
942:
941:
830:
829:
659:
658:
238:, which may be a
135:
134:
40:Puquina languages
16:(Redirected from
3777:
3724:Linguistic areas
3592:Linguistic areas
3134:? Mura–MatanawĂ
2881:Andoque–Urequena
2731:
2730:
2458:
2457:
2431:
2430:
2402:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2040:
2039:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1712:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1480:Eastern Bolivian
1344:
1343:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1193:
1177:
1171:
1154:Dillehay, Tom D.
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1083:. Archived from
1081:, Seville, Spain
1068:
1059:
1058:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1000:
994:
993:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
967:. Archived from
957:
842:
841:
668:
667:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
415:
414:
375:Language contact
299:is used for the
292:around 1000 CE.
274:Mapuche language
248:Terrence Kaufman
230:, as well as in
158:language isolate
131:
117:
37:
36:
21:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3685:
3614:
3586:
3547:Mataco–Guaicuru
3542:Katembri–Taruma
3507:Macro-Puinavean
3492:Macro-Otomákoan
3451:
3417:
3357:Mataco–Guaicuru
3341:
3275:
3158:
3097:
2990:
2966:Sechura–Catacao
2955:Pacific coast (
2950:
2909:Pacific coast (
2904:
2831:
2767:
2729:
2651:
2535:
2456:
2429:
2415:
2409:
2407:classification)
2401:
2392:
2362:
2357:
2322:
2253:Candoshi-Shapra
2241:
2218:
2195:
2168:
2135:
2107:
2061:
2029:
1977:
1962:Achuar–Shiwiar
1939:
1916:
1878:
1851:
1830:
1816:
1788:
1728:
1722:
1681:
1676:
1646:
1641:
1623:
1603:
1501:
1461:
1433:
1380:
1339:
1333:
1317:
1312:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1189:Wayback Machine
1178:
1174:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1110:Catrileo, MarĂa
1106:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1001:
997:
988:
987:
983:
974:
972:
959:
958:
954:
949:
771:we (exclusive)
751:we (inclusive)
575:sojta (qallqo)
408:
377:
309:
290:Tiwanaku Empire
205:
154:language family
127:
113:
51:
46:
35:
32:
23:
22:
18:Pukina language
15:
12:
11:
5:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3719:Classification
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3605:Mamoré–Guaporé
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3577:Wamo–Chapakura
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3557:Moseten–Chonan
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:Macro-Chibchan
3479:
3477:Macro-Arawakan
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3352:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3164:Mamoré–Guaporé
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2544:Eastern Brazil
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2331:Sign languages
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2103:Yauyos–Chincha
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:NĂĽpode Huitoto
1904:
1899:
1897:Minica Huitoto
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1612:Sign languages
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:Available here
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1227:
1211:
1194:
1172:
1146:
1122:(in Spanish).
1097:
1060:
1053:
1028:
1021:
995:
981:
951:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
846:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
441:
437:
436:
433:
430:
425:
422:
419:
407:
404:
376:
373:
369:Macro-Arawakan
361:Macro-Arawakan
341:Macro-Arawakan
308:
307:Classification
305:
278:southern Chile
246:and Puquina. (
240:mixed language
204:
201:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
99:
94:
88:
83:
79:
78:
72:
66:
65:
62:
56:
55:
48:
42:
41:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3782:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3681:French Guiana
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Je–Tupi–Carib
3535:
3533:
3532:Hibito–Cholon
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Macro-Warpean
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Hibito–Cholon
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:Cañari–Puruhá
2975:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2435:Je–Tupi–Carib
2432:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:Campbell 2012
2400:
2399:South America
2396:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Murui Huitoto
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1784:Nomatsiguenga
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1087:on 2011-07-26
1086:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1022:9781501511257
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
991:
985:
971:on 2011-07-26
970:
966:
962:
956:
952:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
919:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
838:
836:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
664:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
615:kimsa qallqo
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
372:
370:
365:
362:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:Leco language
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
209:lingua franca
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:Lake Titicaca
178:
177:Leco language
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
100:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
84:
80:
77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
54:
53:Lake Titicaca
49:
43:
38:
30:
19:
3567:Saparo–Yawan
3517:Arutani–Sape
3502:Macro-Panoan
3497:Macro-Paesan
3487:Macro-Jibaro
3472:Macro-Andean
3444:
3437:
3408:Lule–Vilelan
3378:
3371:
3334:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3290:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3176:
3151:
3142:
3081:Saparo–Yawan
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3010:Pano–Tacanan
3008:
2981:
2943:
2936:
2919:
2913:and Ecuador)
2897:
2857:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2755:
2748:
2722:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2676:Arutani–Sape
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2449:
2442:
2422:
2416:and isolates
2297:
2159:Cusco–Collao
1822:Upper Amazon
1629:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1534:
1527:
1386:Pano–Tacanan
1261:
1255:Bibliography
1241:
1230:
1222:
1204:
1197:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1126:(2): 73–96.
1123:
1117:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1076:
1043:
1004:
998:
984:
973:. Retrieved
969:the original
964:
955:
833:
662:
409:
401:
378:
366:
353:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
310:
301:Uru language
296:
294:
269:
267:
258:
252:
242:formed from
217:
206:
172:
170:
149:
145:
144:
82:Subdivisions
76:unclassified
47:distribution
29:Uru language
3562:Quechumaran
3522:Bora–Witoto
3422:Far South (
3323:Uru–Chipaya
3299:Quechumaran
3184:Nambikwaran
2866:Bora–Witoto
2763:Ticuna–Yuri
2121:Chachapoyas
1884:Bora–Witoto
1807:Mashco Piro
1774:Machiguenga
1139:January 13,
817:chuininkuna
397:Uru-Chipaya
282:Inca Empire
255:Inca Empire
173:Qhapaq simi
3739:Categories
3433:Qawasqaran
3367:Guaicuruan
3336:Mapudungun
3172:Chapacuran
3086:Peba–Yagua
3021:Cahuapanan
2938:YurumanguĂ
2522:Chiquitano
2495:Maxakalian
2403:(based on
2057:Lambayeque
1930:Chayahuita
1922:Cahuapanan
1727:Indigenous
1710:Equatorial
1523:Chiquitano
1338:Indigenous
1091:2007-09-19
975:2014-12-23
947:References
851:Kallawaya
791:you (pl.)
711:you (sg.)
635:lla-tunqa
595:pa qallqo
466:huk ~ shuk
406:Vocabulary
381:Cahuapanan
371:language.
45:Geographic
3697:Languages
3666:Venezuela
3626:Argentina
3619:Countries
3610:Amazonian
3222:Mosetenan
3216:Canichana
3128:Katukinan
3123:Harákmbut
3074:Tequiraca
2945:Esmeralda
2932:Barbacoan
2888:Guajiboan
2827:Jirajaran
2782:Venezuela
2718:Otomacoan
2670:Yanomaman
2661:Venezuela
2597:PankararĂş
2515:Rikbaktsá
2273:Harákmbut
2052:Cajamarca
2006:Kashinawa
1842:Chamicuro
1759:Ashéninga
1754:Asháninka
1729:languages
1632:indicate
1594:Weenhayek
1562:Kallawaya
1529:Canichana
1340:languages
1167:Antiquity
826:jupanaka
806:jumanaka
797:chuukunas
783:ñuqanchik
777:nisinchej
677:Kallawaya
424:Kallawaya
259:Runa Simi
162:Kallawaya
123:Glottolog
109:ISO 639-3
101:Qhapaq? â€
97:Kallawaya
3676:Suriname
3656:Paraguay
3641:Colombia
3403:Huarpean
3398:Charruan
3393:Zamucoan
3388:Mascoyan
3362:Matacoan
3304:Quechuan
3228:Yuracaré
3195:Cayubaba
3189:Bororoan
3144:MatanawĂ
3091:Zaparoan
3060:Taushiro
3032:Candoshi
3026:Jivaroan
2921:Chibchan
2911:Colombia
2876:Witotoan
2859:Tucanoan
2841:Colombia
2822:Timotean
2817:Tiniguan
2778:Colombia
2604:TarairiĂş
2583:Katembri
2551:Karirian
2490:Krenakan
2475:Jabutian
2462:Macro-JĂŞ
2424:Arawakan
2303:Taushiro
2263:Ese Ejja
2224:Zaparoan
2178:Tucanoan
2149:Ayacucho
2141:Southern
2088:Pacaraos
2082:Huallaga
2035:Quechuan
2025:Yaminawa
1996:Iskonawa
1958:Huambisa
1953:Aguaruna
1945:Jivaroan
1847:Yanesha'
1828:ResĂgaro
1769:Caquinte
1764:Axininca
1737:Arawakan
1713:(Tumbes)
1695:Amazonic
1599:Yuracaré
1536:Cayubaba
1429:Yaminawa
1424:Toromona
1414:Reyesano
1409:Ese Ejja
1399:Cavineño
1348:Arawakan
1238:(1968).
1185:Archived
835:Loukotka
800:ampchuqa
740:tis, nis
385:Quechuan
356:Arawakan
347:and the
345:Candoshi
313:Arawakan
268:Moulian
224:Moquegua
220:Arequipa
197:Tiwanaku
166:Quechuan
129:puqu1242
87:Puquinaâ€
74:Usually
3651:Ecuador
3631:Bolivia
3582:Amerind
3380:Payaguá
3349:–Pampas
3317:Puquina
3309:Aymaran
3280:Andes (
3263:Irantxe
3202:Itonama
3067:Urarina
3053:Waorani
3046:Munichi
3039:Omurano
2983:Mochica
2972:Chimuan
2927:Chocoan
2899:Puinave
2893:Nadahup
2806:AndaquĂ
2776:Andes (
2744:Sáliban
2682:Arutani
2657:Orinoco
2444:Cariban
2313:Urarina
2298:Puquina
2293:Munichi
2288:Mochica
2284:family)
2269:family)
2267:Tacanan
2232:Arabela
2113:Lowland
2078:Huánuco
2066:Central
2020:Shipibo
2001:Kashibo
1991:Amawaka
1971:Shiwiar
1861:Aymaran
1835:Western
1802:Iñapari
1705:Coastal
1630:Italics
1583:Tonalla
1578:Puquina
1552:Itonama
1547:Chipaya
1492:SirionĂł
1487:Guarayu
1475:GuaranĂ
1439:Quechua
1404:Chácobo
1361:Iñapari
1329:Spanish
905:paxañi
848:Puquina
823:paykuna
820:nisnaqa
803:qamkuna
786:nanaka
780:wisnaqa
766:jiwasa
763:ñuqayku
757:nisiyku
737:chuinin
734:chu, hi
686:Aymara
683:Quechua
674:Puquina
671:English
592:qanchis
589:tohonqo
563:chichun
549:paanuqo
435:Aymara
432:Quechua
421:Puquina
418:Numeral
393:Tananan
349:Munichi
297:Puquina
284:. This
232:Bolivia
213:Aymaran
203:History
189:Bolivia
146:Puquina
60:Extinct
3671:Guyana
3636:Brazil
3439:Yaghan
3413:Chonan
3373:GuachĂ
3242:AikanĂŁ
3209:Movima
3153:Trumai
3118:Arawan
3103:Amazon
2996:Amazon
2849:Vaupés
2845:Japurá
2837:Amazon
2812:Paezan
2724:Yaruro
2632:XukurĂş
2576:Baenan
2569:Gamela
2562:Taruma
2556:PurĂan
2485:Karajá
2480:KamakĂŁ
2451:Tupian
2308:Ticuna
2282:Arauan
2278:Kulina
2237:Iquito
2214:Omagua
2209:Cocama
2201:Tupian
2191:Secoya
2186:OrejĂłn
2131:Kichwa
2073:Ancash
2015:Pisabo
2011:Matsés
1983:Panoan
1966:Achuar
1935:Jebero
1912:Ocaina
1874:Jaqaru
1869:Aymara
1718:Loncco
1700:Andean
1588:Warázu
1572:Movima
1542:Chimán
1518:Ayoreo
1513:Aymara
1467:Tupian
1419:Tacana
1394:Araona
1051:
1019:
932:water
927:atasi
921:woman
894:kxutu
884:kxapi
878:three
760:uchumi
655:tunqa
652:chunka
629:sanqaw
569:pachuy
555:pisqa
546:chisma
529:pakpik
515:kimsa
389:Panoan
335:, 3rd
331:, 2nd
323:, 3rd
319:, 2nd
270:et al.
150:Pukina
50:Around
3690:Lists
3646:Chile
3600:Chaco
3446:Chono
3424:Chile
3347:Chaco
3329:Kunza
3292:Culle
3270:Arara
3256:Kwazá
3249:KanoĂŞ
3138:Muran
2871:Boran
2851:area)
2799:Camsá
2792:Cofán
2750:Betoi
2712:Guamo
2705:Warao
2618:Wamoé
2530:GuatĂł
2508:Ofayé
2501:JaikĂł
2318:Yagua
2258:Culle
2154:Cusco
2126:Lamas
2093:Wanka
1779:Nanti
1746:Campa
1506:Other
1371:Pauna
1356:Baure
938:mimi
924:atago
910:hand
902:sekbi
889:head
881:kapak
873:suyo
862:uxsi
845:gloss
814:chuch
811:they
746:jupa
726:juma
706:naya
700:wiril
646:jocha
643:sqara
632:isqun
623:cheqa
612:pusaq
609:qonqo
586:kajsi
572:suqta
566:tajwa
552:pisqa
543:taqpa
535:pusi
512:kimsa
495:paya
492:iskay
489:pisqe
337:*tĘ°u-
286:areal
228:Tacna
193:Chile
3661:Peru
3467:Duho
3282:Peru
3235:Leco
3178:Mure
3000:Peru
2957:Peru
2780:and
2757:HodĂŻ
2736:Duho
2696:Máku
2689:Sapé
2639:Yaté
2625:XokĂł
2611:Tuxá
2590:NatĂş
2164:Puno
2098:Yaru
1892:Bora
1812:Yine
1794:Piro
1567:Moré
1557:Leco
1497:Yuki
1376:Yine
1366:Moxo
1141:2019
1049:ISBN
1017:ISBN
916:sui
913:kupi
899:eye
867:two
859:pesk
856:one
794:pich
754:nich
717:chuu
703:ñuqa
697:nisi
649:qalo
626:nuki
606:wasa
603:kina
532:tawa
526:pili
523:sper
509:chcp
506:qapi
503:qapa
473:maya
452:uksi
445:pesq
395:and
333:*pi-
329:*nu-
226:and
187:and
185:Peru
171:The
148:(or
91:Leco
2646:OtĂ
2397:of
1128:doi
1009:doi
935:unu
774:señ
743:pay
731:he
723:qam
720:amp
680:Uru
640:10
583:stu
486:soo
459:shi
428:Uru
325:ÄŤu-
321:pi-
317:no-
276:of
115:puq
3741::
3355:?
3297:?
3111:?
3079:?
2970:?
2864:?
2843:,
2734:?
2674:?
2527:?
2470:JĂŞ
1214:^
1164:.
1156:;
1124:53
1100:^
1075:.
1063:^
1031:^
1015:.
963:.
870:so
714:pi
694:ni
691:I
620:9
600:8
580:7
560:6
540:5
520:4
500:3
483:so
480:2
440:1
391:,
387:,
383:,
222:,
199:.
3426:)
3002:)
2998:(
2959:)
2847:–
2839:(
2784:)
2663:)
2659:(
2387:e
2380:t
2373:v
2280:(
2265:(
2084:)
2080:(
2013:/
1671:e
1664:t
1657:v
1640:.
1307:e
1300:t
1293:v
1280:.
1143:.
1130::
1094:.
1057:.
1025:.
1011::
978:.
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93:?
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20:)
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