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was finally abandoned. The revival began among young educated people of
Lithuanian extraction who attended higher education studies at the universities of the Russian Empire and foreign states. Many were sons of wealthy farmers in origin and thus, having come from the peasant class was least affected
466:
increased, and
Lithuanian intellectuals arose from the ranks of the rural populace; and language became associated with identity in Lithuania, as elsewhere across Europe. Within the Catholic Church, the barriers that had earlier prevented commoners from entering the priesthood were eased. A closer
467:
relationship developed between the educated clergy, who were increasingly of ethnic
Lithuanian stock, and their parishioners, including empathy for their wish to use the Lithuanian language. The emerging national movement sought to distance itself from both Polish and
438:
in their daily lives. At the beginning of the 19th century, the use of the
Lithuanian language was largely limited to Lithuanian rural areas; the only area where Lithuanian was considered suitable for literature was German-controlled
397:
and the language was generally used only by the poor and by the middle classes; some of the latter tended to use Polish as a status symbol for social advancement. Lithuanian was generally a spoken language and was not considered
532:; meanwhile, a ban on the Lithuanian press continued. Yet even with a press ban, the literacy of Lithuanians continued to rise significantly and was one of the greatest among the nations in the Russian Empire, behind only
528:, with various organizations opposing Russification and Russian influence. Russian policy became harsher in response, and there were known instances of attacks on
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544:. The political Lithuanian nation had already been formed by the end of the 19th century. Political claims were voiced in the
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Several factors contributed to its subsequent revival: the language drew attention from scholars of the emerging science of
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348:. The most recent Lithuanian national revival may be linked to the late 20th century developments also known as the
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The
Lithuanian language and nation through the ages: Outline of a history of Lithuanian in its social context
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enough for written usage; it was, however, retained by some members of the minor nobility, especially in the
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517:, followed by the publication of poems and books in Lithuanian. These writings romanticized the past of the
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would become extinct, as the eastern territories within what is modern-day
Lithuania and northwestern
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influences, and the use of the
Lithuanian language was seen as an important aspect of this movement.
361:
194:
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Genzelis B., 2007, The restitution of
Lithuania's statehood. Vilnius: Lithuanian National Museum.
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The development of
Lithuanian national culture and national identity was further burdened by the
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by
Polonisation. The movement resulted in the publication of the Lithuanian newspapers
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in the 19th century, when a major part of Lithuanian-inhabited areas belonged to the
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The revival was predated by a short period of the early 19th century known as the "
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that led to the formation of the modern Lithuanian nation and culminated in the
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447:. Even here, an influx of German immigrants threatened the native language and
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The first important study on the Lithuanian national revival was written by
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region. The language was not yet standardized; its grammar varied greatly
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dialects and their sub-dialects. There were even expectations that the
868:
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521:, depicting the nation as formerly a great power with many heroes.
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Römeris M., 2020, Lietuva: studija apie lietuvių tautos atgimimą (
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313:. The most active participants of the national revival included
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Ethnographic map or Vilnius region in the 19th century
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Clark, Terry D. (2006). Barrington, Lowell W. (ed.).
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2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum
496:, one of the repressive measures that followed the
460:abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire in 1861
321:. The period largely corresponded to the rise of
1801:
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684:Nationalism in Post-Soviet Lithuania (Chap. 7)
566:Litwa. Studyum o odrodzeniu narodu litewskiego
562:Lietuva. Studija apie lietuviĹł tautos atgimimÄ…
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570:Lithuania: Study of national revival
488:formulated the ideas of nationalism
381:statehood and nationality, and the
297:). It was expressed by the rise of
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16:Period of the history of Lithuania
14:
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1810:History of Lithuania (1795–1918)
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690:. University of Michigan Press.
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524:The revival spearheaded the
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336:revival" led by students of
7:
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279:LietuviĹł tautinis atgimimas
10:
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1148:by the Soviet Union (1940)
631:. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
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1692:Ethnographic Lithuania
1175:Second Soviet republic
552:History of scholarship
500:. After the uprising,
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271:Lithuanian nationalism
1113:Polish–Lithuanian War
1108:Lithuanian–Soviet War
735:). Vilnius: Flavija.
526:independence movement
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360:Further information:
1629:Ethnographic regions
1383:Constitutional Court
1185:Lithuanian partisans
1103:Wars of Independence
597:Lithuania portal
494:Lithuanian press ban
426:became increasingly
323:romantic nationalism
283:history of Lithuania
265:, alternatively the
220:Lithuania portal
168:World Heritage Sites
33:Culture of Lithuania
1197:Government-in-exile
1098:Act of Independence
449:Prussian Lithuanian
420:Lithuanian language
346:Simonas StaneviÄŤius
1549:Telecommunications
1218:Singing Revolution
1056:Lithuanian Crusade
667:. Stanley Vardys,
651:2008-09-08 at the
627:2007-04-19 at the
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371:Jonas BasanaviÄŤius
350:Singing Revolution
338:Vilnius University
319:Jonas BasanaviÄŤius
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1742:coat of arms
1617:universities
1607:Demographics
1527:Central bank
1446:
1424:Human rights
1378:Constitution
1248:EU accession
1080:
1069:independence
911:
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701:. Retrieved
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412:Aukštaitijan
376:
340:, including
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270:
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259:
257:
195:Coat of arms
1644:Lithuanians
1534:e-Residency
1517:Agriculture
1481:Naval Force
1206:Restoration
1136:occupations
1067:Revival and
1026:Grand Duchy
410:in form of
400:prestigious
303:Lithuanians
260:Lithuanian
1804:Categories
1697:Literature
1476:Land Force
1450:parliament
1400:Government
1371:elderships
1223:Baltic Way
1170:Resistance
912:Lithuanian
814:Belarusian
606:References
560:in 1908 -
436:Belarusian
428:Slavicized
416:Samogitian
404:Samogitian
334:Samogitian
275:Lithuanian
136:Television
106:Literature
1712:Mythology
1612:Education
1554:Transport
1486:Air Force
1441:President
1390:Elections
1271:Geography
1165:Holocaust
1076:Press ban
1031:1219–1295
984:Lithuania
942:Ukrainian
917:Norwegian
892:Icelandic
887:Hungarian
824:Bulgarian
538:Estonians
451:culture.
395:Polonized
161:Monuments
85:Festivals
71:Mythology
64:Languages
1784:Category
1667:Calendar
1649:Religion
1639:Language
1559:airports
1468:Military
1361:counties
1344:Politics
1134:WWII and
988:articles
877:Galician
854:Estonian
844:Croatian
804:Asturian
799:Armenian
789:Albanian
669:Lituanus
649:Archived
645:Lituanus
625:Archived
576:See also
542:Latvians
92:Religion
24:a series
22:Part of
1768:Outline
1732:Symbols
1677:Cuisine
1659:Culture
1595:Society
1581:Tourism
1574:seaport
1505:Economy
1456:Speaker
1310:Forests
1295:Climate
1288:capital
1041:Kingdom
996:History
937:Turkish
932:Serbian
922:Occitan
907:Latvian
897:Italian
871:Vormärz
869:German
864:Flemish
859:Finnish
836:(incl.
829:Catalan
819:Bengali
703:14 June
647:, 1989.
502:serfdom
469:Russian
424:Belarus
301:of the
293:of the
182:Symbols
78:Cuisine
50:History
1789:Portal
1737:anthem
1707:Design
1672:Cinema
1634:Health
1539:Energy
1447:Seimas
1325:Rivers
1283:Cities
986:
927:Polish
902:Jewish
834:Celtic
809:Basque
739:
725:
694:
514:Varpas
485:Auszra
432:Polish
327:Europe
141:Cinema
57:People
26:on the
1775:Index
1727:Sport
1702:Music
1569:roads
1522:Banks
1330:Towns
1315:Lakes
1305:Flora
1036:Duchy
1011:Balts
1004:Early
882:Greek
849:Czech
838:Irish
688:(PDF)
534:Finns
508:Aušra
289:(the
152:Sport
131:Radio
123:Media
113:Music
1747:flag
1717:Name
1564:rail
1544:Euro
1429:LGBT
794:Arab
737:ISBN
723:ISBN
705:2023
692:ISBN
540:and
511:and
414:and
344:and
317:and
258:The
190:Flag
1412:Law
572:).
443:in
434:or
269:or
99:Art
1806::
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