List of mayors of Detroit

6299: 65: 3487: 6174: 4871: 6343: 6017: 4013: 5229: 5154: 9623: 5370:. Couzens borrowed heavily and invested $ 2500 in the new firm, and took over the business side of the operation. Ford Motor Company became immensely profitable, paying Couzens large dividends; when he finally sold his stock to Ford in 1919, Couzens received $ 30,000,000. In the 1910s, Couzens was appointed street railway commissioner and police commissioner for Detroit. In 1919, he took the step to elected office, being twice elected mayor of Detroit. Couzens resigned on December 5, 1922, after being appointed as the 5972: 39: 4959:

the city council in 1885, and in 1887 was elected mayor of Detroit, serving one term in 1888–1889. He later served as a member of the Police Commission from 1891 to 1892. After his stint as mayor, Pridgeon diversified his business interests, and in the years 1890–1900 served variously as president of the State Transportation Company, president of the Pridgeon Transportation Company, vice-president of the White Star Line, vice-president of the Red Star Line, and vice-president of the River Savings Bank.

4969: 4660: 4388: 5062: 4907: 4806: 4471: 4351: 4555: 5669: 5029: 3314: 5257: 4697: 4624: 4595: 3820: 4251: 5895: 4940: 4291: 3660: 3595: 5588: 5508: 5388: 3277: 6226: 5616: 154: 6404: 3756: 4769: 5102: 4729: 4222: 3897: 3409: 9481: 4085: 3567: 3376: 4861:. He also served as a state senator, being elected in 1894. In 1888, Thompson was party to a sensational and public fight, where Thompson was considerably pummeled, with his broth-in-law Daniel Campau, where the latter warned Thompson that "he must not talk about his wife hereafter in barrooms and other public places, as he had been doing." William G. Thompson died in 1904 of injuries received after being knocked down by a bicycle. 4499: 51: 5468: 5183: 3688: 6073: 5858: 6258: 4057: 3977: 5825: 4185: 5797: 5721: 3853: 5336: 3539: 3451: 4149: 3792: 3628: 5007:, Pingree expanded the public welfare programs, initiated public works for the unemployed, built new schools, parks, and public baths. He gained national recognition through his "potato patch plan," a systematic use of vacant city land for gardens which would produce food for the city's poor. Pingree was elected mayor four times, and in 1896 was elected 4646:, and worked in the shipping business before coming to Detroit and establishing the successful tobacco business of KC Barker & Company. An avid outdoorsman, Barker was also the presiding officer of the Horse Association of America, and was elected Commodore of the Great Lakes Yacht Club. He died in a boating accident near his home on 6114: 4835: 6248:. The younger Kilpatrick began his political career by running for the Michigan House seat his mother vacated in 1996, and was minority leader in the state house by 2001. Kilpatrick was twice elected mayor, but resigned office in 2008 after a corruption scandal; he was later sentenced to 28 years in prison. 5769: 5536: 5432: 4113: 9442: 4686:

in 1845. However, early closing of navigation that year left Mills with his stock in Detroit, and, sensing an opportunity, he set up shop there instead. Barker soon began trading in furs, then went into tobacco manufacturing as well as other pursuits. In addition to being mayor, he served two years

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William C. Duncan moved to Detroit in 1849 and set up shop as a brewer. He quickly became popular, and in 1852 was elected city alderman. He also served as the first council president, mayor, and state senator. Ill-health in the mid-1860s forced his retirement from business and politics, and Duncan

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Reading was appointed City Assessor in 1921, moved to City Controller in 1924, and was elected City Clerk in 1926. He stayed in the office of clerk until 1939, when he ran for mayor, ultimately defeating Patrick H. O'Brien by nearly two-to-one. However, once in the office, Reading engaged in graft,

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to win the election. Bowles had campaigned as an anti-crime reformer, but when he fired Police Commissioner Harold Emmons after the latter had ordered a series of raids, he was accused of "tolerating lawlessness" and a recall election was instituted barely six months after he had entered office. The

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John Pridgeon, Jr. was born in Detroit on August 1, 1852, the son of Captain John Pridgeon. In 1871, he joined as a clerk his father's business of buying, selling, and operating sailing ships and tugs. Pridgeon was a member of the first Park Commission, serving from 1879 to 1883. He was elected to

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John R. Williams wrote the City Charter and served from 1824 to 1825 as the first mayor under the re-incorporation. He also served a second time in 1830, and a third in 1844–1846. He was a successful merchant, and served in a number of other capacities, including as one of the first trustees of the

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During the earliest part of its history, Detroit was a military outpost, and executive authority was wielded by first French, then British military commandants. Soon after the Detroit area was taken over by American forces, civil authority became more prominent, and executive authority was placed in

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grew, the encroaching cities swallowed the Marx farm; when Oscar Marx's father sold the farm, he gave Oscar several thousand dollars, which he used to buy into a bankrupt optical firm, the Michigan Optical Company. Marx steered the company to become one of the largest in the region. In 1895 he was

4755:, and made his way to Detroit in 1837. He began work as a carpenter, built up a successful and profitable business and expanded into the lumber trade by purchasing a sawmill and forested land. Moffat was elected mayor for two terms; his administration was marked by a fractious relationship with the 4436:

of the embassy and marrying Cass's daughter Mildred. Ledyard returned to the United States in 1844 and moved to Detroit, serving as a member of the Board of Education, an alderman of the city, one of the original commissioners on the Board of Water Commissioners, mayor in 1855, and state senator in

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when, in 1933, the company "loaned" him to the city of Detroit to help with their financial crisis. Cobo never returned to Burroughs, instead running for the position of city treasurer in 1935, and serving seven consecutive terms. In 1949, he ran for mayor, winning that election and the next two

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Charles Howard moved to Detroit in 1840 as an agent for the shipping and forwarding firm of Bronson, Crocker, and Company, and branched out into railroad construction and other endeavors. He was simultaneously president of the Farmer's and Mechanics Bank and the Peninsular Bank, and in 1848 he was

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The first local rule of Detroit was established in 1802, when Detroit was incorporated as a town. The original incorporation provided for a board of trustees to govern the town, the chairman of which was the highest governmental position. The first chairman of the Board, appointed on February 9,

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Most references imply that both Porter and Bates served as mayor only in 1838; however, the DPL states an end date of March 14, 1839. Ross states that mayoral elections were held on the "first Monday in April," and thus Bates's short term in 1839 could be thought of as filling out Porter's "1838"

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Solomon Sibley was the author of Detroit's first city charter in 1806, and became the city's first mayor under the charter. However, when he found the office powerless in the face of the entrenched governor and judges, he resigned. Sibley went on to serve as chair of Detroit's board of trustees

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Oliver Moulton Hyde moved to Detroit in 1838 and opened a hardware store on Woodward Avenue. Hyde branched out in business, opening a foundry and machine shop, and began manufacturing marine engines and other steamboat hardware, and later began a dry dock business. Hyde was elected to the city

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A new city charter went into effect in 1918, which required that all city offices be non-partisan. The following mayors were elected in non-partisan elections with no party designations on the ballot, and served on a non-partisan basis with no official party affiliation: This provision has been

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Since 1918, all mayoral elections in Detroit have been held on a non-partisan basis, and mayors have officially served unaffiliated with any political party. Thus, the party affiliations given in the chart below for mayors elected after 1918 are not official and are based on the inferences of

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After finishing school, Breitmeyer joined the family florist business, John Breitmeyer & Sons, and after his father's death bought out his brothers to become sole owner of the firm. The business grew rapidly, and Breitmeyer was one of the organizers, and served as president, of Florists'

5935: 4035:. He was also a member of the National Institute in Washington DC and the Boston Society of Natural History, an honorary member of the Royal Antiquarian Society of Copenhagen, and a member of many other scientific and literary associations. Houghton died in 1845 in a storm on 3838:

Henry Howard moved to Detroit in 1827 to manage Howard and Wadhams, a commercial lumber venture. In his brief tenure in Detroit, he served as an alderman and mayor for one term, as well as the treasurer and auditor general of the state of Michigan. In 1840, Howard moved to

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before being elected mayor. In 1898, Chamberlain patented a "liquid separating process" for reduction of garbage, and received the contract to collect garbage in Detroit under the company name of Detroit Liquid Separating Co. He later built similar plants in other cities.

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George C. Langdon began work as a clerk, and eventually went into the business of brewing and malting, amassing a considerable fortune. After his stint in the mayor's office, he suffered some reversals of fortune, and was forced to return to clerking at the City Hall.

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William Barlum Thompson served as an alderman for two terms, from 1891 to 1894, and was elected for a third term in 1896. He resigned his seat as an alderman in 1897 after being elected city treasurer, and served as mayor for two terms, in 1907–1908 and 1911–1912.

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and came to Detroit when he was 14 to work as a clerk. He eventually started his own forwarding & commission business, then moved onto wholesale trade and other businesses. In addition to being mayor, he served as Police Commissioner and a board member of the

4171:, began a business in hats and furs. The business was large and successful, and Frederick Buhl remained at the helm until 1887, when he sold the business to his son. In addition to his furrier business, Frederick Buhl was the director of two banks, the president of 5994:

in 1947, and was council president from 1949 to 1957. After Albert Cobo died in office, Miriani served as acting mayor for the remainder of Cobo's term and was elected himself beginning in 1958. He served until 1961, when he was defeated for reelection by

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Marshall Chapin trained as a medical doctor, and established the first drugstore in Detroit in 1819, which endured well after Chapin's death and on into the 1880s. He served twice as mayor (in 1831 and 1833) and was appointed City Physician during the

4529:. He emigrated to the United States as a boy, and later came to Detroit and established a factory. He held many positions in the city, including chief engineer of the Fire Department, the Department president, city alderman, mayor, county auditor, 5210:

as Commissioner of Parks and Boulevards for the city of Detroit. So well did he perform that he was nominated as the candidate for mayor, and was elected for a term in 1909–1910. Breitmeyer ran again for mayor in 1933, but was soundly defeated by

6144:, and returned to Detroit at the end of the war. He ran for state representative in 1959 but lost; in 1963 he ran for state senate and won. He served in the senate until 1974 when he moved into the mayor's office, becoming the city's first 3196:

drew up a new city charter that provided for the first time for a directly elected mayor, with significantly increased executive powers. Following approval by the state legislature, Williams became the City of Detroit's first elected mayor.

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repeated in the subsequent city charters of 1974, 1997, and 2012: So, the party affiliations shown below are based on information from each mayor's personal and/or political history and do not represent any official status.

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In 1847, Ladue moved to Detroit, and began in the business of manufacturing leather and purchasing wool. He was popular among the business community, and in 1850 was elected mayor. He died only a few years after in 1854.

6329:. After retiring from basketball, Bing started an auto parts manufacturing business, the Bing Group. He moved to Detroit specifically to run for mayor, and won the special election in May 2009 to fill the remainder of 3473:, and was wounded badly enough to have his leg amputated. He moved to Detroit in 1819 to become of Receiver of Public Monies, a post he held for 30 years. Kearsley was mayor twice, being appointed once in 1826 to fill 5880:

in 1932, and served on that body for four terms, from 1932 to 1940, serving the last two as City Council president. In 1940, Jeffries moved to the mayors office, winning four consecutive terms before losing to

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elected as an alderman, a position he held for eight years. In 1910, he was appointed City Assessor, and two years later saw his first of three terms as Detroit's mayor. Marx was friends with Robert Oakman and

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in 1968 and 1969 before deciding to run for mayor. Gribbs served a single term as mayor, declining to seek re-election. After leaving office, he served as a circuit court judge from 1975 to 1982 and on the

3999:, eventually becoming president of the Army Medical Board in 1835. After leaving the Army, he came to Detroit in 1836 and served in various positions, including both city and county physician, Regent of the 7552:

General history of the state of Michigan: with biographical sketches, portrait engravings, and numerous illustrations. A complete history of the Peninsular state from its earliest settlement to the present

3213:, and that elections to those positions would be held on a non-partisan basis, with no party designations on the ballot. These provisions have been continued through all subsequent city charter revisions. 2854:

system dates from the city's 1824 charter. From 1824 to 1857, mayors were elected to terms of one year; from 1858 to 1953 the term was increased to two years, and after 1953 mayoral terms were four years.

7835: 3782:'s term; when the epidemic had subsided, Trowbridge resigned. Andrew Mack won the ensuing special election on September 24 with 91 votes. He later represented Wayne County in the Michigan Legislature. 6569:

The history of Detroit and Michigan: or, the metropolis illustrated; a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present, including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annals of Wayne

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for eight years, and as president of the body in 1895 and 1897. Richert served as acting mayor from March 22 to April 5, 1897, after Pingree was declared ineligible to serve as both mayor and governor.

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from 2004 to 2012. He resigned to run for Detroit mayor; after failing to qualify for the primary ballot, he waged a successful write-in campaign to qualify for the run-off election, where he beat

4577:, began a business in hats and furs. The business was large and successful, and in 1855, Christian retired from the fur trade and started a wholesale hardware firm. Buhl was also part owner of the 4893:, and made his fortune in the shipping and marine industry. Grummond was originally a Democrat, but joined the Republican Party when it was established, and served on the Board of Estimates, the 2924: 5844:

selling protection to numbers racketeers and promotions to police officers. This corruption was exposed as the campaign for the next mayoral election was gearing up, and Reading was crushed by

5418:'s resignation in 1924. Lodge was later elected in his own right as mayor for one term in 1928–1930, after which he was re-elected to a seat on the City Council. After Lodge's death in 1950, 3915:

Asher Bates came to Detroit in 1831, and served as Justice of the Peace and City Attorney. After Porter resigned, Bates was acting mayor for the remainder of Porter's term. He later served as

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After the war, a legislative act in 1815 ended the interregnum and returned political control to the citizens of Detroit through a Board of Trustees, elected yearly. In October of that year,

5848:. Shortly after leaving office, Reading was indicted on charges of accepting bribes and conspiring to protect Detroit's gambling rackets, and was sentenced to four to five years in prison. 5650:, but continued his campaign as a write-in candidate, and narrowly lost only after 15,000 write-in ballots were disqualified. Bowles ran again in 1929, this time defeating both Smith and 4175:, and one of the original directors of the Merchant's Exchange and Board of Trade. He also served on the city council as well as being mayor, and later in life joined the Republican Party. 6035:

The 1961 mayoral race was the first campaign undertaken by the young Jerome Cavanagh. He was perceived as an easy opponent for incumbent Louis Miriani, but with the backing of the city's

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in 1833. He came to Detroit in 1853 and built a successful wholesale grocery business. He was elected mayor in 1868, and later served as the chair of the Democratic State Convention.

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dissolved the original incorporation, replacing it in 1806 with a government headed by an appointed mayor. However, the position was largely honorary, and the two men who held it (

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Douglass Houghton was educated as a medical doctor, but after coming to Michigan served as the state geologist from 1833 until his death in 1845, and as a geology professor at the

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1802, was James Henry. Henry was elected to the position later in the year. Subsequent elections were held in May of each year, with the chairmen of the Board of Trustees being:

884: 879: 874: 869: 4999:. Following the war, Pingree moved to Detroit and there established the Pingree and Smith Shoe Co., which eventually had sales of over $ 1,000,000 per year. Pingree was elected 2937: 1588: 1566: 1454: 1395: 1358: 1328: 1196: 1119: 1049: 3941: 2968: 1504: 1464: 1432: 1427: 1383: 1303: 1281: 1261: 1236: 1221: 1206: 1179: 1144: 1094: 1079: 1064: 1022: 992: 977: 907: 2674: 8823: 5687:

Frank Murphy was a recorder's court judge in the 1920s; his one-man grand jury investigation into city corruption raised his profile in the public's eye. He ran against

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member. The younger Cockrel also ran for city council, and was first elected in 1997. Cockrel was elected council president in 2005, and assumed the mayorship after

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immediately adjacent to Detroit, along which Brush Street now runs. Brush served as a lieutenant colonel in the Territorial Militia, and was taken prisoner during the

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in 1938–39. Van Antwerp served a single term as mayor, moving back to the council in a special election in 1950 and remaining on the council until his death in 1962.

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mayor. Young remained as mayor for a record five terms, becoming the longest-serving mayor in city history. During his tenure, Young was the vice chairman of the

5921:. He served in the Detroit City Council from 1932 to 1948, when he moved to the mayor's office. During that time, he also served a stint as the commander of the 3329:

Elijah Brush was appointed to the mayor's chair after Sibley's resignation, but like Sibley found the position powerless and soon resigned himself. He owned the

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after the latter was recalled in 1930 and was elected, and was re-elected for a full term the following year. Frank Murphy resigned the mayorship in 1933 when

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the hands of a series of appointed officials, elected boards, and elected officials. This included a brief stint in 1806–1809 with a largely ceremonial mayor.

726: 681: 671: 636: 621: 606: 581: 571: 536: 516: 501: 9173: 8361: 8230: 7959: 7935: 7204: 466: 449: 437: 420: 403: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 3129:) each quickly resigned upon realizing the lack of power in the office. The legislation creating this mayoral position was repealed in 1809, after which 4370:

council numerous times, and served as mayor of Detroit in 1854, 1856, and 1857. He was also appointed Collector for the Port of Detroit under presidents

860: 17: 5962:, his first loss after ten successful citywide campaigns. He declined to run for a fourth term as mayor, but died in office near the end of his term. 5015:

ruled against him, Pingree resigned as mayor on March 22, 1897. During his four years in office, the direct election of U.S. senators was promoted; an

9396: 9110: 6200:. The following year, Archer was elected to a full eight-year term. He served two terms as mayor of Detroit, during which he was president of the 4003:, and three terms as mayor( 1840, 1841, and 1843). While Regent, Pitcher took an active role in establishing the medical school at the University. 8393: 8375: 6007:

and served approximately 10 months in prison. He retired from politics after his conviction. Most recent Republican to serve as mayor of Detroit.

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Henry Ledyard was the son of prominent New York lawyer Benjamin Ledyard and Susan French Livingston (the daughter of Revolutionary War Colonel and

4329:, and eventually purchasing the paper. Harmon served as an alderman of the city of Detroit in 1847 and two years as mayor, as well as representing 3646:

Levi Cook served in multiple positions in the government of Detroit and Michigan, including as Representative to the State House, Treasurer of the

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During the early part of Detroit's existence, local authority was vested in French and British military commandants. French commandants included:

3875:; he practiced law for 20 years in Detroit, acting as city Recorder in 1830 and elected mayor in 1838. He resigned on March 14, 1839 to serve as 3427:

Henry Jackson Hunt was a successful merchant, and served in various political offices, including county judge, city assessor, and trustee of the

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Zachariah Chandler arrived in Detroit in 1833 and opened a dry goods store. After serving as mayor of Detroit, Chandler spent 18 years in the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF MICHIGAN: HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL, COMPRISING A SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATE, ABD BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MEN

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Kwame Kilpatrick is the son of former county commissioner Bernard Kilpatrick and former Michigan legislator and United States congresswoman

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History of Detroit, a chronicle of its progress, its industries, its institutions, and the people of the fair City of the straits, Volume 3

487: 8759: 8709: 7338: 9414: 8631: 8613: 5455: 2903: 2796: 8727: 4857:. However, in 1884 he switched parties to become a Democrat. He ran once more for mayor in 1891, being defeated by the then-incumbent 9521: 8881: 8936: 3714:, so impressing Cass that the latter made Trowbridge his private secretary. In 1821, Trowbridge helped negotiate a treaty between the 2929: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 5003:

in 1889 on a platform of exposing and ending corruption in city paving contracts, sewer contracts, and the school board. During the

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political power still resided with Hull and Woodward, and Detroit was without either a mayor or board of trustees until after the

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in 1947. Jeffries was elected once more to serve on the City Council, beginning in 1950, but died in office shortly thereafter.

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for most of the time from 1932 until his death in 1942. He served one more time as mayor in 1933, acting to fill out the end of

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community, Cavanagh pulled off a stunning upset. Cavanagh was initially a popular mayor, appointing a reformer to be chief of

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Election of President, Vice-President, and Representatives in Congress (1914),

4337:, and serving as Collector for the Port of Detroit. After he left the office of Collector, Harmon spent much of his time in 9592: 9496: 2993: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 8783: 8304: 5876:

Edward Jeffries was the son of Recorder's Court Judge and civic servant Edward Jeffries Sr. The younger Jeffries ran for

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Joseph A. Martin was Commissioner of Public Works for Detroit from 1920 to 1923. He served as acting mayor in 1924 after

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The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical, illustrated

8654: 6157: 6048: 4334: 3399:, was president of the Detroit Board of Education, and was a delegate to the first Michigan Constitutional Convention. 2730: 2725: 2679: 9469: 9029: 8961: 8852: 8793: 8687: 8595: 8551: 8507: 8461: 8435: 8202: 8124: 8035: 7987: 7911: 7752: 7687: 7614: 7531: 7374: 7348: 6623: 6535: 6298: 5755:, Couzens became acting mayor. He resigned the mayor's office on September 8, 1933, to concentrate on receiving the 4135:

prosecuting attorney, city alderman, and mayor. In addition, he was heavily influential in early organization of the

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HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL, COMPRISING A SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATE, AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MEN

6447:"In Detroit, the end of blight is in sight; What happens when a city accustomed to bad government elects a good one" 3726:

Indians, and was later appointed assistant secretary in the local Indian department. In 1833, Trowbridge became an

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down Woodward Avenue. Cavanagh was reelected overwhelmingly in 1965, and in 1966 was elected president of both the

6030: 5985: 5948: 5908: 5871: 5838: 5810: 5782: 5756: 5734: 5682: 5629: 5601: 5549: 5521: 5481: 5445: 5401: 5349: 5289: 5270: 5242: 5203: 5196: 5167: 5115: 5075: 5042: 4982: 4953: 4920: 4884: 4848: 4819: 4782: 4742: 4710: 4673: 4637: 4608: 4581:, the Detroit Locomotive Works (later the Buhl Iron Works), and organized Detroit Copper and Brass Company and the 4568: 4512: 4401: 4304: 4235: 4098: 4026: 3833: 3769: 3580: 3552: 3464: 3422: 3389: 3290: 2942: 2886: 2444: 425: 6003:

support for Cavanagh. Miriani was again elected to the City Council in 1965. In 1969, he was convicted of federal

9602: 9511: 9329:"Detroit Mayor Dave Bing faces tough problems after re-election; Charles Pugh promises new direction for council" 9266: 6318: 2973: 6708:: Term dates come from this DPL citation, save for Mayors Cockrel and Bing, and the second term of Mayor Chapin. 5490:

resigned for health reasons. Martin resigned to concentrate on running for mayor, but lost a three-way race to

9675: 6289:, and returned to his seat on the city council. Cockrel was re-elected to the city council later in the year. 6153: 4854: 3779: 3693: 2461: 9209: 6208:. Archer declined to seek a third term. After stepping down from the mayor's office, he was elected chair of 8989: 6149: 5774: 5643: 5541: 5491: 2771: 2766: 2655: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2323: 2313: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 3205:

In June 1918 Detroit's first home-rule city charter came into effect, following passage by city voters in a

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The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical

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The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical

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The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical

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The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical

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The government of the city of Detroit and Wayne County, Michigan: 1701 to 1907, historical and biographical

4449:, and remained there until 1861, briefly serving as assistant secretary of state. Afterwards, he moved to 2878: 2867: 9288: 9243: 7482: