538:, Károly Szabó, Henrik Marczali and Gyula Pauler) argued that Constantine VII and his court were informed about the Hungarians by Khazar (and possibly Pecheneg) envoys, thus its narration is not reliable regarding Levedi's state of dependence to the Khazars. István Kapitánffy considered that information from roughly contemporary Byzantine envoys was also incorporated into the material about the Hungarians, but Kristó refused this theory. As a result of the research of linguists (e.g. Zoltán Gombocz, Jenő Darkó, Géza Fehér), the 20th-century Hungarian historiography, instead of the previous decades, extended the westward migration of Hungarians to centuries starting from the Volga river. They also claimed that Constantine's information about the Hungarians was originated from the narrations of envoys Bulcsú and Termacsu around 948, overshadowing the text showing exaggerated Khazar influence. In their 2022 monograph, Ádám Bollók and János B. Szabó returned to the 19th-century mainstream. Accordingly, the Hungarians arrived to Levedia only around the 840s or 850s. "Levedia" laid northeast or northwest of the Khazar Empire. The khagan made an attempt to integrate the Hungarians into their federal system. Levedi was accepted as their client and was integrated into their political structure due to his marriage with the Khazar lady. As a result of an invasion, the Hungarians lived in the territory of the Khazars for three years. Under the pressure of the Pechenegs, the Hungarians moved into Etelköz in the 860s or 870s. According to the two historians, Levedi proposed Álmos or Árpád in the court of the khagan, because their family had greater internal legitimacy, and Álmos was elected by the Hungarians themselves. Based on the conflicting reports within the
515:, the Hungarians' status under Khazar rule and their living space in Levedia really only lasted three years, occurred in the 840s. They fled to Etelköz after a Pecheneg attack up to 850. Gyula Pauler then Gyula Németh considered Levedi ruled over the Hungarians for 50–60 years and his resignation took place only around 889, shortly before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (895). Károly Czeglédy claimed Levedi allied with the Khazars from 886 to 889 and they fought each other against the Pechenegs. After their defeat, the Hungarians fled to Etelköz. Levedi wanted to avoid the fate of sacrifice after the military failure, thus resigned from his position in favor of Álmos. György Györffy considered that Levedi, as
523:
clearly at a lower level in terms of social status than the khagan, and cannot be considered the head of all
Hungarians. The marriage was clearly initiated by the Khazars. Sándor László Tóth argued the khagan wanted to ensure Levedi's loyalty and the formation of a pro-Khazar Hungarian ruling dynasty with this step. However, the marriage remained childless. Citing steppe nomadic parallels, Sudár considered that perhaps Levedi had no intention of founding a "joint" dynasty with the Khazars, so he could have consciously kept away from having children from his wife. Regarding the second part of the narration, Tóth emphasized that Levedi appears as a subordinate party when the Khazars call him to negotiate to
1601:
is Turkic; pastoral terms are most Turkic in origin, and agricultural terms are 50% r-Turkic. Many
Hungarian names, and also animal and plant names, are of Turkic origin, and tribal names were no exception. Indeed, the majority of tribe names were of Turkic origin. Through the 18th and into the 19th centuries it was debated whether to classify the Hungarian language as Turkic. The historical social structure of the Hungarians itself was of Turkic origin. Likewise, Slavic language also had an influence on Hungarian. In spite of all this, the Magyars are not a Turkic nor a Slavic people.
395:
456:
century. According to him, Constantine placed Árpád as his contemporary because the former's descendants, who informed the emperor, already consciously wanted to magnify the role of their ancestor in the organization of the state. Thus the
Hungarian informants delibaretly misled the emperor and his Byzantine court. Dezső Dümmerth even claimed that Levedi lived in the 7th century. He argued that Constantine obtained the information from a Hungarian legation led by
436:, attributing the system of dual-monarchy to the political situation in Levédia then Etelköz by both historians. Regarding Levedi's resignation from power, Györffy did not consider it plausible that Levedi would voluntarily raise the head of another tribe (Álmos) to power. According to Iván Uhrman, the emperor misunderstood the communication and Levedi only emphasized that Álmos was more suitable for the position due to his fertility. Györffy claimed that
511:) of the Hungarians by the Khazars. Under his leadership, the Hungarians lived in Levedia until around 850, when they were defeated by the Kangars (or Pechenegs). Shortly after they moved to Etelköz. Levedi was summoned before the khagan in order to appoint him a prince but he refused this in favor of Álmos or Árpád. He was succeeded by Álmos in the 850s. Ferenc Makk and Loránd Benkő shared this viewpoint. According to
326:). He then says that the Hungarians (who Constantine erroneously calls Turks throughout) split into two parts: one went to Persia (Περσία) and the other, together with their chieftain Levedi, settled westward. The Khazar khan sent a message to the Hungarians. He required that Levedi be sent to him. Levedi accepted and went to the khan. He asked the chagan why he sent for him, and the latter replied:
53:
332:"Your regard and purpose for me I highly esteem and express to you suitable thanks, but since I am not strong enough for this rule, I cannot obey you; on the other hand, however, there is a voivode other than me, called , and he has a son called ; let one of these, rather, either that or his son , be made prince, and be obedient to your word."
335:
prince. Years later, the
Perchenegs fell on the Hungarians, and drove them out with their prince Árpád. In turn, the Hungarians drove out the inhabitants of great Moravia and settled in their land. Up to the time when Constantine is writing, he says, they weren't attacked again by their enemies the Perchenegs anymore.
1600:
Regardless of its origin, scholars have warned against taking a name's etymology as automatically showing the bearer's ethnicity. The
Hungarians cohabited for centuries with the Turkic people, who gave them a significant genetic, linguistic and cultural contribution. About 10% of Hungarian word roots
477:
of a monarchical organization destined for submission, who finally did not take his office. Realizing this contradiction, inguist Jenő Ungváry separated Levedi, the "first voivode" (i.e. the earliest) of the
Hungarians from that namesake chieftain, who was a contemporary of Álmos and Árpád. According
334:
The chagan was satisfied by the proposal, and sent him back with some of his men. After discussing the matter with his people, they together chose Árpád as their prince. They chose him because he was of superior parts, and greatly admired for his wisdom. They raised him on a shield and made him their
163:
and forced them to resettle in the land of the
Hungarians, whom they defeated and split in two, the Khazars picked Levedi, the "first among the Hungarians" and sought to make him the prince of the Hungarian tribes so that he "may be obedient to the word and command". Thus, according to Constantine,
506:
Representing the "real chronological concept", Gyula Kristó handled the 38th chapter as a single and coherent story. According to him, Levedi was born around 800. The
Hungarians moved from Bashkiria to Levedia around 830. Around that year, Levedi was given a Khazar lady to marriage and was appointed
304:
Levedi is said to be one of the voivode of one of the seven clans of
Hungarians, who lived together with the Khazars for a period of time. They are said to have fought in alliance with the Khazars in all their wars. Then, because of the courage of the Hungarians and their alliance, the chagan-prince
472:
also attributed Levedi's lifespan to the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries. György
Szabados highlighted the irreconcilable contrast between the two passages of text: at first, Levedi appears as a voivode, first among equals, in an aristocratic independent proto-state, which is an equal ally of the
351:
Regarding his person and his role, many theories have emerged in the Hungarian historiography of the last two hundred years. Antal Bartha considered Levedi a fictional, mythical figure. Tamás Hölbling claimed that Constantine invented his person (a "phantom-figure") from the place name of Levedia.
490:
territory). Taking into account the wording of the original Greek-language source, Ferenc Makk argued effectively against the theory. Szabados argued the Hungarians was not subjugated by the Khazars, but they were allies for only three years (several historians extended this period to centuries).
309:
the Khazars, as a separate entity, and fought valiantly with them, had shown the Khagan their people's illustriousness and courage, and he gave the first among them a princess to marry. However, Levedi had no children by her. The Percheng, said by Constantine to have been previously called Kangar
338:
Constantine notes that the Hungarians raised Árpád on the shield in the manner of the Khazars. Indeed, the historical social structure of the Hungarians was of Turkic origin. The Hungarian language is abundant in words of Turkic origin, and the Hungarians do have some Turkic genetic and cultural
522:
Balázs Sudár analyzed the political context of Levedi's marriage with the Khazar lady. He emphasized that – despite the unfounded claims of several historians – Constantine's work do not mention that the aforementioned lady was relative of the khagan nor the Khazar royal dynasty. So Levedi was
455:
According to István Zimonyi, the 38th chapter, which narrates Levedi's story, can be outlined according to two chronological concepts: a real (20–70 year interval) and a mythical (150–230 interval). Belonging to the latter, József Deér considered that Levedi lived in the second half of the 8th
273:
It has also been put forward that the land, Lebedi, did not derive its name from the chieftain, but the other way around. Thus, the voivode had gotten his name from the land. However, Kristó says that this would be in contrast with the source and the Hungarian practice of giving names.
310:(Κάγγαρ), after being defeated and displaced by the Khazars into the Hungarians' land, waged war against the Hungarians and, Constantine continues, the Hungarians were defeated and forced to leave their homeland (in fact, it was the Magyars' intervention in a conflict between the
171:
initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them. Levedi, however, refused, because he wasn't "strong enough for this rule". Instead, Constantine claims, Levedi proposed another Hungarian voivode,
554:). Polgár argued the Byzantine work confused information regarding the earlier homeland and Etelköz. Levedia was not the whole state of the Magyars, but only the dwelling area of Levedi and his tribe, and the latter area existed at the same time as Etelköz.
382:
were attributed to Álmos, but his name was preserved in the form "Előd". In contrast, linguist Katalin Fehértói emphasized phonetic incompatibility between the names Levedi and Előd. Györffy claimed that Levedi's original name form was
542:, historian Szabolcs Polgár considered that there were two dwelling areas of Levedi, both were called "Levedia". The first was in the Volga region, and, after a move in the first half of the 9th century, the other was located in the
519:, headed the Hungarian tribes in the period between 870 and 893. Thereafter, he was succeeded by Kurszán – Levedi's son, according to Györffy – in this position. János Harmatta put Levedi's leadership into the 880s.
156:) of the Hungarians, who was also famous for his valor, was given a Khazar noble lady in marriage "so that she might have children by him". However, as it turned out, Levedi did not produce offspring with this lady.
328:"We have invited you upon this account, in order that, since you are noble and wise and valorous and first among the , we may appoint you prince of your nation, and you may be obedient to our word and our command."
1271:
A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN - Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333
424:", i.e. supreme leader) known by name. Makk argued Levedi functioned as the paramount chieftain among the voivodes of the Hungarian tribes. Hóman claimed that Levedi (Előd) held the title of
343:. On the other hand, as expressed by Constantine, they lived among the Khazars, fighting in all their wars, and the first among them, Levedi, was given a Khazar noble lady in marriage.
1082:(Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416.
289:. Historian Dezső Paizs says that Levedi was the head of specifically the Megyer tribe (one of the seven ancestral Hungarian tribes), but his theory has not been widely accepted.
387:", which was then modified through Slavic adoption. Based on linguistic consideration, Sándor László Tóth raised the possibility of identity between Levedi and
305:(Khazar khan) gave a noble Khazar lady (i.e. not a member of the Khan's family) in marriage to their first voivode Levedi. The Hungarians, who had lived
144:, because of the alliance and the courage shown by the Hungarian people in all the wars they fought with the Khazars, Levedi, the "first voivode" ("
798:
1623:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
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the temporary settlements of Levedia and Etelköz. The former is called after Levedi, the first Hungarian chieftain to be mentioned by name.
531:
or the isad. Tóth considered the khagan sought to appoint a prince who depended on him and obeyed him as the head of the Hungarian tribes.
1109:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65.
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as a Khazar-proxy ruler (the historian later modified this standpoint). Sándor László Tóth claimed that Levedi plausibly held the dignity
1178:
491:
Following Deér and Dümmerth, Szabados argued Levedi could have lived anytime from the 630s to the 830s. There are also arguments (e.g.
461:
379:
1768:(in Hungarian). Fontes et Libri. Tanulmányok / Studies, SZTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszék. pp. 165–177.
1912:
1804:
The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu)
1907:
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1792:
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1693:
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1114:
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Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky)
1669:(in Hungarian). BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Kutatócsoport, Források és tanulmányok 8., ELKH Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont.
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It is related that sometime earlier the Khazar ruler wanted to promote Levedi, a Hungarian chieftain to become the first
1897:
1151:
1917:
1811:
1764:
Polgár, Szabolcs (2023). "Levedi két szálláshelye ". In Deák, Ágnes; Juhász, Krisztina; Marton, Gellért Ernő (eds.).
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Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001).
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707:
1746:
503:, due to a careless compilation, tells the same story twice, only relying on a different source of information.
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The majority of the Hungarian tribe names were of Turkic origin and signified, in many cases, a certain rank.
496:
1008:
711:
374:
1922:
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Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State
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Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State
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444:. Kristó said that Levedi functioned as "first voivode" initially, then he was promoted to the status of
223:
391:, Árpád's son, however Constantine's work contradicts this possibility where both persons are included.
413:
527:, but his importance is reflected by the fact that the khagan himself received him, instead of the
492:
215:
140:
17:
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in the mid-9th century, while Álmos headed the Savard Hungarians (a group who moved across the
311:
900:
Piroska and the Pantokrator Dynastic Memory, Healing and Salvation in Komnenian Constantinople
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378:. Géza Fehér argued, the later Hungarian chronicles Levedi's actions in connection with the
1188:
1137:
734:
246:, who refuses Pritsak's theory, says that Levedi's name is connected to the Hungarian verb
8:
361:
270:." A similar proper name (Lewedi) was recorded in a Hungarian charter, issued in 1138.
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1847:
1826:
1807:
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Makk, Ferenc (1999). "Levedi, a fővajda ". In Klaniczay, Gábor; Nagy, Balázs (eds.).
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Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300
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origin. When using that title, Porphyrogenitus always referred to the heads of the
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claimed that Levedi originated from an aristocratic family which had roots from
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Sudár, Balázs (2018). "A kazár menyasszony ". In Kincses, Katalin Mária (ed.).
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869:
Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe
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Hadi és más nevezetes történetek. Tanulmányok Veszprémy László tiszteletére
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1560:
852:
251:
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around 950. According to one theory, the name is derived from the common
1749:
BTK Közép- és Koraújkori Egyetemes Történeti Tanszék. pp. 189–196.
1743:
A középkor szeretete. Történeti tanulmányok Sz. Jónás Ilona tiszteletére
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Khazar Empire, while the second chapter refers to him as the appointed
177:
43:
1272:
479:
437:
420:. Gyula Kristó considered that Levedi is the first Hungarian prince ("
394:
1825:(in Hungarian). HM Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. pp. 500–505.
323:
250:("be"). Other scholars agree that the origin of the name is probably
160:
735:
Mekhon Ben-Tsevî shel yad Yitsh.ak. Ben-Tsevî (Yerûšālayim) (2007).
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and he was responsible for the tribal federation's foreign affairs.
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Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013).
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483:
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74:
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Marcantonio, Angela; Nummenaho, Pirjo; Salvagni, Michela (2001).
399:
319:
278:
201:
129:
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The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
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Great Events from History: Ancient and Medieval Series: 951-1500
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192:
188:
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to Ungváry, Levedi (II) led the majority of Hungarians into
234:, Levedi's name―which was actually a title―derived from the
1106:
De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
534:
Until the early 20th century, majority of historians (e.g.
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1340:
1338:
1283:
1281:
1279:
801:, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, 1967, p 171
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1080:
Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526)
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Hungarian Society in the 9th and 10th Centuries Volume 85
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was the son of Levedi, and both of them held the title
1437:
973:
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Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
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1217:
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950:
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chieftain, the first known leader of the Hungarians.
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799:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus de Administrando Imperio
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572:
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1566:
1554:
1044:"The "Ugric-Turkic Battle": A Critical Review"
292:
661:The Forgotten Cradle of the Hungarian Culture
607:A History of Hungary in Biographical Sketches
254:. It derives from "the participle of the old
1863:A magyar törzsszövetség politikai életrajza
1846:(in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Műhely.
1177:
1032:
1001:Pop, Ioan Aurel; Csorvási, Veronica (1996).
700:Pop, Ioan Aurel; Csorvási, Veronica (1996).
568:
566:
318:that caused a joint counter-invasion by the
230:word "Lebedi", swan. According to historian
1000:
699:
610:. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 7–9.
430:, while Géza Fehér considered he served as
352:István Katona, Károly Szabó, Gyula Pauler,
346:
242:, or "brave lord". The Hungarian historian
51:
1842:Magyar államalapítások a IX-X. században
1686:The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary
1683:
896:
865:
853:"Grozer Traditional Recurve Bows Hungary"
738:The World of the Khazars New Perspectives
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1371:
1359:
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1073:
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811:
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393:
368:, who appears as the father of Álmos in
213:The only source of Levedi's life is the
1867:(in Hungarian). Belvedere Meridionale.
1173:
1171:
1102:
890:
330:But he, in reply, answered the chagan:
14:
1885:
1801:
1763:
1724:Hungarian History in the Ninth Century
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1663:Bollók, Ádám; B. Szabó, János (2022).
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576:Dictionary of World Biography Volume 2
266:- 'being') with the diminutive suffix
159:Later, after the Khazars defeated the
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1103:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967).
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974:Gy Ránki, György Ránki, ed. (1984).
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398:A map depicting the theories of the
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412:Based on his name, the turkologist
339:influence. However, they are not a
24:
1613:
25:
1934:
905:Central European University Press
499:and Sándor László Tóth) that the
208:
1184:A Companion to Hungarian Studies
980:. Akadémiai K VIII. p. 10.
977:Hungarian History--world History
380:conquest of the Carpathian Basin
137:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus'
57:Modern portrait by Tamás Tulipán
1594:
1265:
1096:
845:
637:. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 48.
573:Northern Magill, Frank (1998).
27:First voivode of the Hungarians
1913:9th-century monarchs in Europe
1726:. Szegedi Középkorász Muhely.
1648:. Cambridge University Press.
1147:Europe's Centre Around AD 1000
791:
13:
1:
1013:Centrul de Studii Transilvane
784:. Salem Press. p. 1212.
708:Centrul de Studii Transilvane
557:
180:as prince of the Hungarians.
1908:9th-century Hungarian people
1861:Tóth, Sándor László (2015).
1569:, pp. 201–209, 212–214.
464:(Árpád's great-grandson) to
375:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
7:
664:. Patria Pub. p. 136.
581:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
546:region (between the rivers
224:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
10:
1939:
1707:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
1608:
1567:Bollók & B. Szabó 2022
1555:Bollók & B. Szabó 2022
1898:History of the Hungarians
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1783:Róna-Tas, András (1999).
1684:Cartledge, Bryan (2011).
1009:Fundația Culturală Română
897:Klaniczay, Gábor (2002).
866:Klaniczay, Gábor (2002).
195:the mountains were named
153:
125:
89:
81:
70:
62:
50:
37:
32:
1918:Magyar tribal chieftains
1665:A császár és Árpád népe
1587:
712:Fundația Culturală Român
540:De administrando imperio
501:De administrando imperio
493:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
347:Historic interpretations
302:De administrando imperio
295:De administrando imperio
219:, a book written by the
216:De administrando imperio
141:De administrando imperio
1802:Spinei, Victor (2003).
1766:Sipos József-emlékkötet
604:Lukinich, Imre (1968).
536:Paulus Stephanus Cassel
277:Levedi bore the title "
187:settlement between the
1722:Kristó, Gyula (1996).
631:Bartha, Antal (1976).
409:
312:First Bulgarian Empire
287:seven Hungarian tribes
1688:. C. Hurst & Co.
776:Frank Northern Magill
763:among the Hungarians.
658:Nagy, Sándor (1973).
397:
66:early 9th century (?)
1903:Hungarian prehistory
714:. pp. 62, 227.
408:and their migrations
364:identified him with
1703:Engel, Pál (2001).
1557:, pp. 114–117.
1545:, pp. 149–150.
1497:, pp. 100–101.
1485:, pp. 159–167.
1398:, pp. 136–137.
1347:, pp. 191–195.
1290:, pp. 189–190.
1051:Linguistica Uralica
830:, pp. 160–161.
1923:Hungarian monarchs
410:
1874:978-615-5372-39-1
1853:978-963-08-2083-7
1832:978-963-7097-87-4
1794:978-963-9116-48-1
1775:978-963-306-962-2
1695:978-1-84904-112-6
1676:978-963-416-304-6
1655:978-0-521-78156-5
1637:Secondary sources
1374:, pp. 81–82.
1362:, pp. 75–76.
1305:, pp. 63–64.
1262:, pp. 51–52.
1138:Alfried Wieczorek
1116:978-0-88402-021-9
818:(ch. 38), p. 171.
797:Gyula Moravcsik,
258:('will be') verb
221:Byzantine Emperor
199:, soon to become
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
1930:
1878:
1857:
1836:
1817:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1745:(in Hungarian).
1737:
1718:
1699:
1680:
1659:
1602:
1598:
1582:
1576:
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1558:
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1215:
1209:
1203:
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1175:
1166:
1165:
1142:Hans-Martin Hinz
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1048:
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863:
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732:
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697:
691:
685:
676:
675:
655:
649:
648:
628:
622:
621:
601:
595:
594:
570:
316:Byzantine Empire
205:, after Levedi.
155:
127:
55:
30:
29:
21:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1854:
1833:
1814:
1795:
1776:
1757:
1734:
1715:
1696:
1677:
1656:
1639:
1634:
1616:
1614:Primary sources
1611:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
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1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
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1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1189:Akadémiai Kiadó
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:. p. 370.
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1023:
999:
995:
988:
972:
968:
960:
951:
943:
939:
931:
922:
915:
907:. p. 146.
895:
891:
884:
876:. p. 435.
864:
860:
851:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
805:
796:
792:
773:
769:
753:
745:. p. 274.
733:
729:
722:
698:
694:
686:
679:
672:
656:
652:
645:
629:
625:
618:
602:
598:
591:
571:
564:
560:
349:
298:
281:", which is of
232:Omeljan Pritsak
211:
154:πρώτος βοέβοδος
146:protos voevodos
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1858:
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1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1581:, p. 176.
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1533:, p. 502.
1523:
1521:, p. 147.
1511:
1509:, p. 500.
1499:
1487:
1475:
1460:
1458:, p. 113.
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1307:
1292:
1275:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 114.
1228:
1226:, p. 115.
1216:
1214:, p. 370.
1204:
1197:
1191:. p. 43.
1167:
1160:
1144:, ed. (2000).
1129:
1115:
1095:
1088:
1067:
1031:
1021:
1015:. p. 62.
993:
986:
966:
964:, p. 107.
949:
937:
935:, p. 112.
920:
913:
889:
882:
874:Reaktion Books
858:
844:
832:
820:
803:
790:
767:
751:
727:
720:
692:
677:
670:
650:
643:
623:
616:
596:
589:
583:. p. 86.
561:
559:
556:
497:Henri Grégoire
466:Constantinople
418:Magna Hungaria
362:György Györffy
348:
345:
297:
291:
210:
209:Name and title
207:
191:river and the
97:
96:
93:
87:
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72:
68:
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64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1935:
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1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:973-85894-5-2
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:. CEU Press.
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1756:963-463-348-X
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1733:963-482-113-8
1729:
1725:
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1716:
1714:1-86064-061-3
1710:
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1629:0-88402-021-5
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1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1473:, p. 77.
1472:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:Szabados 2011
1452:
1446:, p. 95.
1445:
1444:Szabados 2011
1440:
1434:, p. 97.
1433:
1428:
1422:, p. 96.
1421:
1416:
1410:, p. 94.
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1386:, p. 93.
1385:
1380:
1373:
1372:Szabados 2011
1368:
1361:
1360:Szabados 2011
1356:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1332:, p. 87.
1331:
1326:
1320:, p. 85.
1319:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:Szabados 2011
1299:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1282:
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1273:
1268:
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1198:9789630576772
1194:
1190:
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1161:9783806215496
1157:
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1022:9789735770372
1018:
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987:9789630539975
983:
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978:
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914:9789633862971
910:
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902:
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885:
883:9780521420181
879:
875:
871:
870:
862:
854:
848:
842:, p. 33.
841:
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794:
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771:
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752:9789004160422
748:
744:
740:
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731:
723:
721:9789735770372
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
696:
690:, p. 84.
689:
684:
682:
673:
671:9780919368040
667:
663:
662:
654:
646:
644:9789630503082
640:
636:
635:
627:
619:
617:9780836906356
613:
609:
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590:9781579580414
586:
582:
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569:
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406:
401:
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392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
376:
371:
370:Simon of Kéza
367:
363:
359:
355:
344:
342:
341:Turkic people
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
307:together with
303:
296:
290:
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135:According to
133:
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94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:first voivode
36:
31:
19:
1865:
1862:
1844:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1784:
1765:
1742:
1723:
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1667:
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1478:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1325:
1267:
1255:
1250:, p. 9.
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1183:
1179:Kósa, László
1146:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1105:
1098:
1079:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1050:
1026:
1003:
996:
976:
969:
947:, p. 8.
940:
899:
892:
868:
861:
847:
835:
823:
815:
793:
785:
780:
770:
758:
756:
737:
730:
702:
695:
660:
653:
633:
626:
606:
599:
575:
544:Southern Bug
539:
533:
521:
516:
513:Gábor Vékony
508:
505:
500:
474:
468:around 948.
454:
449:
445:
441:
431:
425:
421:
414:Gyula Németh
411:
403:
384:
373:
358:Bálint Hóman
354:Ignác Acsády
350:
337:
331:
327:
306:
301:
299:
294:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
244:Gyula Kristó
239:
214:
212:
200:
196:
182:
158:
145:
139:
134:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
38:
1579:Polgár 2023
1483:Kristó 1996
1396:Kristó 1996
1260:Spinei 2003
1248:Kristó 1996
1236:Kristó 1996
1224:Kristó 1996
1212:Kristó 1996
962:Kristó 1996
933:Kristó 1996
840:Spinei 2003
828:Kristó 1996
402:' proposed
252:Finno-Ugric
238:expression
176:or his son
85:Khazar lady
1887:Categories
1531:Sudár 2018
1507:Sudár 2018
1089:0880334797
945:Engel 2001
558:References
470:Jenő Szűcs
44:Hungarians
1543:Tóth 2015
1519:Tóth 2015
1495:Tóth 2015
1471:Tóth 2015
1432:Tóth 2015
1420:Tóth 2015
1408:Tóth 2015
1384:Tóth 2015
1345:Makk 1999
1330:Tóth 2015
1318:Tóth 2015
1288:Makk 1999
1122:28 August
1060:8 October
688:Tóth 2015
422:fejedelem
405:Urheimats
324:Pechenegs
262:(meaning
240:"alp edi"
161:Pechenegs
130:Hungarian
71:Successor
1181:(1999).
778:(2007).
484:Caucasus
462:Termacsu
389:Liüntika
314:and the
128:) was a
126:Λεuεδίας
114:Lebedias
110:Levedias
18:Lebedias
1893:Khazars
1609:Sources
488:Persian
480:Etelköz
438:Kurszán
400:Magyars
320:Bulgars
300:In the
279:voivode
202:Levedia
197:Lebedia
42:of the
1871:
1850:
1829:
1810:
1791:
1772:
1753:
1730:
1711:
1692:
1673:
1652:
1627:
1195:
1158:
1152:Theiss
1113:
1086:
1019:
984:
911:
880:
760:arkhon
749:
718:
668:
641:
614:
587:
548:Kodyma
507:head (
475:archon
458:Bulcsú
385:Elwedi
283:Slavic
248:"lesz"
236:Turkic
228:Slavic
185:Magyar
169:khagan
166:Khazar
118:Lebedi
116:, and
102:Levedi
82:Spouse
33:Levedi
1588:Notes
1047:(PDF)
743:Brill
552:Inhul
517:kende
509:kende
486:into
450:gyula
446:kende
442:kende
433:gyula
427:kende
193:Urals
189:Volga
178:Árpád
174:Álmos
150:Greek
122:Greek
106:Lebed
104:, or
91:Issue
75:Álmos
63:Reign
1869:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1747:ELTE
1728:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1124:2013
1111:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1062:2017
1017:ISBN
982:ISBN
909:ISBN
878:ISBN
747:ISBN
716:ISBN
666:ISBN
639:ISBN
612:ISBN
585:ISBN
550:and
525:Atil
460:and
366:Előd
360:and
322:and
264:levő
256:lesz
183:The
164:the
95:none
529:bek
372:'s
293:In
268:-di
260:lës
148:",
77:(?)
1889::
1806:.
1463:^
1352:^
1337:^
1310:^
1295:^
1278:^
1187:.
1170:^
1150:.
1140:,
1070:^
1053:.
1049:.
1034:^
1025:.
1011:;
1007:.
952:^
923:^
903:.
872:.
806:^
755:.
741:.
710:;
706:.
680:^
579:.
565:^
495:,
356:,
152::
124::
112:,
108:,
1877:.
1856:.
1835:.
1816:.
1797:.
1778:.
1759:.
1736:.
1717:.
1698:.
1679:.
1658:.
1631:.
1201:.
1164:.
1126:.
1092:.
1064:.
1055:2
990:.
917:.
886:.
855:.
724:.
674:.
647:.
620:.
593:.
383:"
120:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
