312:
43:
129:
296:, only requiring plant-based materials; the inclusion of artificial materials in the production of artificial leathers notably raises sustainability issues. However, some reports state that the manufacture of artificial leather is still more sustainable than that of real leather, with the Environmental Profit & Loss, a sustainability report developed in 2018 by Kering, stating that the impact of vegan-leather production can be up to a third lower than real leather.
949:
172:
e.g. PVC or polyurethane, possibly including a surface finish, a colour layer, a foam layer, an adhesive, a fabric layer, a reverse finish. Depending on the specific process, these layers may be wet or partially cured at the time of integration. The artificial leather is cured, then the release paper
104:
One of its primary advantages, especially in cars, is that it requires little maintenance in comparison to leather, and does not crack or fade easily, though the surface of some artificial leathers may rub and wear off with time. Artificial leather made from polyurethane is washable, but varieties
199:
in place of leather, which under wartime conditions was rationed. Presstoff could be used in almost every application normally filled by leather, excepting items like footwear that were repeatedly subjected to flex wear or moisture. Under these conditions, Presstoff tends to delaminate and lose
286:, are produced which are toxic to humans and animals. Dioxins remain in the environment long after PVC is manufactured. When PVC ends up in a landfill it does not decompose like genuine leather and can release dangerous chemicals into the water and soil.
61:
in upholstery, clothing, footwear, and other uses where a leather-like finish is desired but the actual material is cost prohibitive or unsuitable, or for ethical concerns. Artificial leather is known under many names, including
219:
material and upholstery covering, especially for the interiors of motor vehicles and the interiors of railway carriages produced by
British manufacturers beginning in the 1920s, its cost being around a quarter that of leather.
167:
as a form for the surface finish, often mimicking the texture of top-grain leather. This embossed release paper holds the final texture in negative. For the manufacture, the release paper is coated with several layers of
250:
Leatherette is also made by covering a fabric base with a plastic. The fabric can be made of natural or synthetic fiber which is then covered with a soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) layer. Leatherette is used in
243:
in New York City. After spending millions of dollars marketing the product to shoe manufacturers, DuPont withdrew Corfam from the market in 1971 and sold the rights to a company in
427:, the fungal equivalent of roots in plants, has been identified as an ecologically friendly substitute to a litany of materials throughout different industries.
1394:
876:
239:. The first poromeric material was DuPont's Corfam, introduced in 1963 at the Chicago Shoe Show. Corfam was the centerpiece of the DuPont pavilion at the
779:
Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar; Scott, Susannah L.; Suh, Sangwon (9 March 2020).
480:
207:, a leathercloth fabric produced in the United Kingdom by Rexine Ltd of Hyde, near Manchester. It was made of cloth surfaced with a mixture of
901:
195:. Invented in 19th century Germany, it was made of specially layered and treated paper pulp. It gained its widest use in Germany during the
1387:
389:
Skai: Made by the German company Konrad
Hornschuch AG, its name has become a genericized trademark in Germany and surrounding countries
850:
101:
Artificial leathers are often used in clothing fabrics, furniture upholstery, water craft upholstery, and automotive interiors.
1380:
629:
460:
120:
Porous artificial leather with a non-woven microfibre backing is a popular choice for clothing, and is comfortable to wear.
573:
183:
Materials to make vegan leather can be derived from fungi, yeasts and bacterial strains using biotechnological processes.
117:
Depending on the construction, the artificial leather may be porous and breathable, or may be impermeable and waterproof.
953:
981:
656:"Recent advances concerning polyurethane in leather applications: an overview of conventional and greener solutions"
501:
Ujević, Darko; Kovacevic, Stana; Wadsworth, Larry C.; Schwarz, Ivana; Šajatović, Blaženka Brlobašić (October 2009).
1335:
414:– a material made with synthetic fibers thinner than natural silk; can be used for making synthetic suedes, like
820:
240:
1830:
1197:
278:
to make it flexible and soft. PVC requires petroleum and large amounts of energy thus making it reliant on
1815:
1330:
1225:
1205:
223:
Poromerics are made from a plastic coating (usually a polyurethane) on a fibrous base layer (typically a
17:
1825:
1351:
909:
420:
300:
1845:
1820:
1507:
1320:
319:
1744:
1325:
311:
1315:
974:
1789:
1739:
1294:
327:
524:
Zhao, Baobao; Qian, Yao; Qian, Xiaoming; Fan, Jintu; Liu, Fan; Duo, Yongchao (June 2018).
8:
1654:
299:
Some artificial leathers may have traces of restricted substances, like paint ingredient
293:
270:
The production of the PVC used in the production of many artificial leathers requires a
1649:
1361:
1356:
1034:
1024:
555:
106:
42:
156:
Many different methods for the manufacture of imitation leathers have been developed.
1840:
1435:
1420:
1220:
1105:
802:
761:
559:
547:
502:
456:
354:: A Russian form developed in the 1930s consisting of cotton fabric, latex, and rosin
1835:
1727:
1659:
1522:
1235:
1215:
1157:
967:
792:
751:
667:
537:
31:
797:
1664:
1532:
1502:
1477:
1452:
1425:
1253:
1248:
1162:
1142:
1049:
1029:
1004:
446:
292:
The production of some artificial leathers requires plastic, with others, called
713:
581:
1732:
1512:
1467:
1457:
1372:
1132:
1084:
1069:
1064:
1019:
1014:
1009:
672:
655:
542:
525:
405:
399:
346:
208:
756:
739:
1809:
1771:
1756:
1447:
806:
765:
738:
Saibu, Salametu; Adebusoye, Sunday A.; Oyetibo, Ganiyu O. (1 February 2020).
551:
452:
358:
316:
160:
780:
1702:
1562:
1430:
1054:
279:
215:
oil, alcohol, and pigment, embossed to look like leather. It was used as a
196:
133:
128:
86:
740:"Aerobic bacterial transformation and biodegradation of dioxins: a review"
1632:
1243:
1044:
271:
252:
216:
408:– a material made by blending scrap leather fibers with a plastic binder
1722:
1289:
603:
415:
411:
373:
1707:
1679:
1674:
1608:
1598:
1527:
1284:
1279:
1182:
1177:
1079:
377:
364:
338:
275:
224:
192:
687:
503:"Analysis of Artificial Leather With Textile Fabric on the Backside"
1784:
1779:
1694:
1684:
1669:
1644:
1210:
1172:
1120:
1074:
424:
368:
259:
177:
76:
526:"Preparation and Properties of Split Microfiber Synthetic Leather"
258:
Cork leather is a natural-fiber alternative made from the bark of
1794:
1636:
1618:
1542:
1482:
1415:
1299:
1039:
990:
877:"Is 'Vegan' Leather Worse for the Environment Than Real Leather?"
332:
212:
169:
58:
1761:
1749:
1717:
1712:
1557:
1517:
1497:
1492:
1115:
1059:
948:
851:"Is vegan leather worse for the environment than real leather?"
500:
383:
342:
283:
244:
228:
204:
1613:
1603:
1567:
1487:
1462:
1274:
1152:
1125:
1110:
1089:
351:
1577:
1572:
1442:
1147:
1137:
180:, the main chemical in real leather, is under development.
959:
935:
Faux Real: Genuine
Leather and 200 Years of Inspired Fakes
1472:
1187:
1167:
507:
Journal of
Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management
289:
Polyurethane is currently more popular for use than PVC.
282:. During the production process carcinogenic byproducts,
448:
Sew Any Fabric: A Quick
Reference to Fabrics from A to Z
402:– a form of genuine leather coated with a plastic finish
303:, according to a study by the FILK Freiberg Institute.
255:
and was common on the casings of 20th century cameras.
902:"What is MB-Tex Seat Upholstery? - MB-Tex vs. Leather"
262:
trees that has been compressed, similar to
Presstoff.
30:"Pleather" redirects here. For the Toadies album, see
737:
630:"This leather is made in a lab, not from livestock"
781:"Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment"
778:
46:An artificial leather bag strap, made from plastic
1807:
1402:
604:"About Castingpapers | CASTING PAPERS R-series"
523:
937:, by Robert Kanigel. Joseph Henry Press, 2007.
1388:
975:
821:"Vegan Leather Isn't As Ethical As You Think"
335:: manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd. of Japan.
191:One of the earliest artificial leathers was
785:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
57:, is a material intended to substitute for
1395:
1381:
982:
968:
796:
755:
671:
541:
874:
530:Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics
444:
310:
127:
41:
627:
478:
265:
159:A current method is to use an embossed
14:
1808:
711:
474:
472:
1376:
963:
848:
844:
842:
445:Shaeffer, Claire (10 November 2003).
186:
513:(2): 1, 2 – via Research Gate.
227:). The term poromeric was coined by
875:Roshitsh, Kaley (8 December 2021).
688:"Glossary of Bookbinding Terms P-S"
653:
469:
24:
928:
839:
367:: An American brand introduced by
322:seats and door trim in blue MB-Tex
25:
1857:
941:
143:A polyurethane coating is applied
1270:Artificial leather / Leatherette
947:
849:Davis, Jessica (17 April 2020).
345:brand, cotton cloth coated with
176:A fermentation method of making
173:is removed and possibly reused.
1336:British Museum leather dressing
894:
868:
813:
772:
731:
712:US EPA, ORD (28 January 2014).
705:
744:Bioresources and Bioprocessing
680:
647:
628:Kolodny, Lora (9 March 2018).
621:
596:
566:
517:
494:
438:
306:
123:
109:(PVC) are not easily cleaned.
27:Material that imitates leather
13:
1:
798:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635
479:Blesius, Jim (7 April 2014).
431:
231:as a derivative of the terms
1403:Clothing materials and parts
7:
1331:Leather Archives and Museum
989:
393:
10:
1862:
673:10.1186/s42825-023-00116-8
654:Liu, Jize (9 March 2023).
543:10.1177/155892501801300203
241:1964 New York World's Fair
203:Another early example was
149:A textured finish is added
112:
29:
1770:
1693:
1631:
1586:
1550:
1541:
1408:
1352:History of hide materials
1344:
1308:
1262:
1234:
1196:
1098:
997:
757:10.1186/s40643-020-0294-0
578:Gofar Synthetic Co., Ltd
421:Mycelium-based materials
132:Steps to make synthetic
1321:Igualada Leather Museum
481:"What is Faux Leather?"
96:
1326:Walsall Leather Museum
574:"PU Synthetic Leather"
536:(2): 155892501801300.
323:
153:
47:
1316:German Leather Museum
608:www.castingpapers.com
357:MB-Tex: Used in many
314:
146:A color coat is added
131:
45:
956:at Wikimedia Commons
906:www.loebermotors.com
714:"Learn about Dioxin"
660:Collagen and Leather
294:plant-based leathers
266:Environmental effect
1831:Synthetic materials
912:on 27 February 2020
1816:Artificial leather
1594:Artificial leather
1409:Garment structures
1357:Leather subculture
954:Artificial leather
827:. 10 February 2016
324:
187:Historical methods
154:
107:polyvinyl chloride
51:Artificial leather
48:
1803:
1802:
1627:
1626:
1436:Detachable collar
1370:
1369:
952:Media related to
462:978-1-4402-2033-3
451:. New York City:
386:: A British brand
68:imitation leather
55:synthetic leather
16:(Redirected from
1853:
1826:Nonwoven fabrics
1548:
1547:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1373:
984:
977:
970:
961:
960:
951:
922:
921:
919:
917:
908:. Archived from
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
846:
837:
836:
834:
832:
817:
811:
810:
800:
791:(9): 3494–3511.
776:
770:
769:
759:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
684:
678:
677:
675:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
600:
594:
593:
591:
589:
580:. Archived from
570:
564:
563:
545:
521:
515:
514:
498:
492:
491:
489:
487:
476:
467:
466:
442:
197:Second World War
21:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1766:
1689:
1623:
1582:
1537:
1426:Clerical collar
1404:
1401:
1371:
1366:
1340:
1309:Leather museums
1304:
1258:
1254:Leather carving
1249:Cuir de Cordoue
1230:
1192:
1099:Leather sources
1094:
993:
988:
944:
931:
929:Further reading
926:
925:
915:
913:
900:
899:
895:
885:
883:
873:
869:
859:
857:
855:Harper's BAZAAR
847:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
777:
773:
736:
732:
722:
720:
710:
706:
696:
694:
686:
685:
681:
652:
648:
638:
636:
626:
622:
612:
610:
602:
601:
597:
587:
585:
572:
571:
567:
522:
518:
499:
495:
485:
483:
477:
470:
463:
443:
439:
434:
396:
309:
268:
189:
152:
140:The base fabric
126:
115:
99:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1846:Fashion design
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1821:Sustainability
1818:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:Shell cordovan
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
987:
986:
979:
972:
964:
958:
957:
943:
942:External links
940:
939:
938:
930:
927:
924:
923:
893:
867:
838:
812:
771:
730:
704:
679:
646:
620:
595:
584:on 11 May 2005
565:
516:
493:
468:
461:
455:. p. 37.
436:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
418:
409:
406:Bonded leather
403:
400:Bicast leather
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
381:
371:
362:
355:
349:
347:nitrocellulose
336:
330:
308:
305:
301:butanone oxime
267:
264:
209:nitrocellulose
188:
185:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
137:
125:
122:
114:
111:
98:
95:
53:, also called
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1858:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:Hook-and-loop
1743:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
966:
965:
962:
955:
950:
946:
945:
936:
933:
932:
911:
907:
903:
897:
882:
878:
871:
856:
852:
845:
843:
826:
822:
816:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
719:
715:
708:
693:
689:
683:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
635:
631:
624:
609:
605:
599:
583:
579:
575:
569:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
512:
508:
504:
497:
482:
475:
473:
464:
458:
454:
450:
449:
441:
437:
426:
422:
419:
417:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
397:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
372:
370:
366:
363:
360:
359:Mercedes-Benz
356:
353:
350:
348:
344:
340:
337:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
317:Mercedes Benz
313:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
256:
254:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
184:
181:
179:
174:
171:
166:
165:casting paper
162:
161:release paper
157:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
130:
121:
118:
110:
108:
102:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
1740:Hook-and-eye
1703:Back closure
1633:Animal hides
1593:
1508:Shoulder pad
1431:Collar stays
1269:
934:
914:. Retrieved
910:the original
905:
896:
884:. Retrieved
880:
870:
858:. Retrieved
854:
829:. Retrieved
824:
815:
788:
784:
774:
747:
743:
733:
721:. Retrieved
717:
707:
695:. Retrieved
692:Redeye.co.nz
691:
682:
663:
659:
649:
637:. Retrieved
633:
623:
611:. Retrieved
607:
598:
586:. Retrieved
582:the original
577:
568:
533:
529:
519:
510:
506:
496:
484:. Retrieved
447:
440:
376:: Made from
320:280SE (W108)
298:
291:
288:
280:fossil fuels
269:
257:
249:
236:
232:
222:
202:
190:
182:
175:
164:
158:
155:
134:polyurethane
119:
116:
103:
100:
90:
87:polyurethane
82:
75:
72:faux leather
71:
67:
63:
54:
50:
49:
39:
32:
1263:Substitutes
1244:Bookbinding
1045:Law leather
831:17 December
750:(1): 1–21.
723:17 December
307:Brand names
272:plasticizer
253:bookbinding
217:bookbinding
124:Manufacture
64:leatherette
18:Leatherette
1810:Categories
1723:Buttonhole
1290:Ultrasuede
1035:Corinthian
886:12 October
860:22 October
639:13 October
432:References
416:Ultrasuede
412:Microfiber
361:base trims
200:cohesion.
105:made from
83:PU leather
1790:Waistline
1708:Belt hook
1695:Fasteners
1609:Polyester
1587:Synthetic
1528:Waistband
1295:Alcantara
1285:Presstoff
1280:Naugahyde
1198:Processes
1133:Crocodile
1106:Alligator
1080:Shearling
807:2168-0485
766:2197-4365
560:106400171
552:1558-9250
486:22 August
378:pineapple
365:Naugahyde
339:Fabrikoid
328:Alcantara
276:phthalate
274:called a
237:polymeric
225:polyester
193:Presstoff
163:known as
1841:Textiles
1785:Bustline
1780:Neckline
1685:Stingray
1660:Kangaroo
1543:Textiles
1236:Crafting
1211:Deliming
1158:Kangaroo
1121:Calfskin
1075:Shagreen
1025:Buckskin
697:18 April
666:(1): 5.
613:26 March
425:Mycelium
394:See also
369:Uniroyal
260:cork oak
178:collagen
136:leather:
91:pleather
89:), and
33:Pleather
1836:Leather
1795:Hemline
1665:Ostrich
1637:leather
1619:Spandex
1599:Elastic
1551:Natural
1483:Placket
1416:Armscye
1362:Rawhide
1345:Related
1300:Clarino
1221:Tanning
1163:Ostrich
1050:Morocco
1040:Kidskin
1030:Chamois
1005:Aniline
991:Leather
916:7 April
825:Vocativ
453:Penguin
374:Piñatex
333:Clarino
284:dioxins
213:camphor
170:plastic
113:Fashion
79:leather
59:leather
35:(album)
1762:Zipper
1750:Velcro
1718:Button
1713:Buckle
1558:Cotton
1518:Sleeve
1503:Ruffle
1498:Revers
1493:Pocket
1478:Lining
1453:Facing
1421:Collar
1226:Oiling
1216:Bating
1206:Liming
1116:Cattle
1070:Russia
1065:Patent
1060:Nubuck
1020:Bonded
1015:Boiled
1010:Bicast
805:
764:
718:US EPA
588:11 May
558:
550:
459:
384:Rexine
380:leaves
343:DuPont
245:Poland
233:porous
229:DuPont
205:Rexine
1772:Seams
1733:Shank
1680:Snake
1675:Sheep
1614:Rayon
1604:Nylon
1568:Linen
1523:Train
1513:Strap
1488:Pleat
1463:Lapel
1275:Kirza
1183:Snake
1178:Sheep
1153:Horse
1126:Slunk
1111:Bison
1090:Suede
998:Types
556:S2CID
352:Kirza
315:1968
77:vegan
1757:Snap
1728:Frog
1670:Seal
1655:Goat
1650:Deer
1645:Calf
1578:Wool
1573:Silk
1533:Yoke
1468:Gore
1448:Dart
1443:Cuff
1173:Seal
1148:Goat
1138:Deer
1055:Napa
918:2018
888:2023
862:2021
833:2018
803:ISSN
762:ISSN
725:2018
699:2019
641:2018
634:CNBC
615:2022
590:2005
548:ISSN
488:2018
457:ISBN
341:: A
235:and
97:Uses
1563:Fur
1473:Hem
1458:Fly
1188:Yak
1168:Pig
1143:Eel
881:WWD
793:doi
752:doi
668:doi
538:doi
1812::
1635:/
904:.
879:.
853:.
841:^
823:.
801:.
787:.
783:.
760:.
746:.
742:.
716:.
690:.
662:.
658:.
632:.
606:.
576:.
554:.
546:.
534:13
532:.
528:.
509:.
505:.
471:^
423:–
247:.
211:,
93:.
81:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
1396:e
1389:t
1382:v
983:e
976:t
969:v
920:.
890:.
864:.
835:.
809:.
795::
789:8
768:.
754::
748:7
727:.
701:.
676:.
670::
664:5
643:.
617:.
592:.
562:.
540::
511:6
490:.
465:.
85:(
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
