177:
382:
374:
160:
366:
22:
480:), which provided money for loans and unpaid debts. In return, the IMF forced Latin America to make reforms that would favor free-market capitalism, further aggravating inequalities and poverty conditions. The IMF also forced Latin America to implement austerity plans and programs that lowered total spending in an effort to recover from the debt crisis. This reduction in government spending further deteriorated social fractures in the economy and halted industrialisation efforts.
358:
332:
202:
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were unwilling to provide debt reduction or forgiveness, and would only consider rescheduling, refinancing, or restructuring debt. As a result of the Latin
American debt crisis, the Paris Club began to gradually re-evaluate its unwillingness to provide debt forgiveness or reduction over the course of
155:
as syndicated loans to Latin
American governments. The sharp increase in oil prices caused many countries to search out more loans to cover the high prices, and even some oil-producing countries took on substantial debt for economic development, hoping that high prices would persist and allow them to
472:
The crisis caused per capita income to drop and also increased poverty as the gap between the wealthy and poor increased dramatically. Due to plummeting employment rates, children and young adults were forced into the drug trade, prostitution and terrorism. Low employment also worsened many problems
483:
Latin
America's growth rate and living standards fell dramatically due to government austerity plans that restricted further spending, creating popular rage towards the IMF, a symbol of "outsider" power over Latin America. Government leaders and officials were ridiculed and some even discharged due
468:
During the international recession of the 1970s, many major countries attempted to slow down and stop inflation in their countries by raising the interest rates of the money that they loaned, causing Latin
America's already enormous debt to increase further. Between the years of 1970 to 1980, Latin
292:
in 1979, debt payments also increased, making it harder for borrowing countries to pay back their debts. Deterioration in the exchange rate with the US dollar meant that Latin
American governments ended up owing tremendous quantities of their national currencies, as well as losing purchasing power.
400:
of the middle classes. In fact, in the ten years after 1980, real wages in urban areas actually dropped between 20 and 40 percent. Additionally, investment that might have been used to address social issues and poverty was instead being used to pay the debt. Losses to bankers in the United States
464:
Before the crisis, Latin
American countries such as Brazil and Mexico borrowed money to enhance economic stability and reduce the poverty rate. However, as their inability to pay back their foreign debts became apparent, loans ceased, stopping the flow of resources previously available for the
304:, declared that Mexico would no longer be able to service its debt. Mexico stated that it could not meet its payment due dates, and announced unilaterally a moratorium of 90 days; it also requested a renegotiation of payment periods and new loans in order to fulfill its prior obligations.
311:, most commercial banks reduced significantly or halted new lending to Latin America. As much of Latin America's loans were short-term, a crisis ensued when their refinancing was refused. Billions of dollars of loans, which previously would have been refinanced, were now due immediately.
484:
to involvement and defending of the IMF. In the late 1980s, Brazilian officials planned a debt negotiation meeting where they decided to "never again sign agreements with the IMF". The result of IMF intervention caused greater financial deepening (
319:(IMF). There were several stages of strategies to slow and end the crisis. The IMF moved to restructure the payments and reduce government spending in debtor countries. Later it and the World Bank encouraged open markets. Finally, the US and the
473:
like crime and generally reduced quality of life in the affected countries. Frantically trying to solve these problems, debtor countries felt constant pressure to repay their debts, increasing the difficulty of rebuilding ruined economies.
118:
increased at a cumulative annual rate of 20.4 percent. This heightened borrowing led Latin
American countries to quadruple their external debt from US$ 75 billion in 1975 to more than $ 315 billion in 1983, or 50 percent of the region's
440:. Real GDP growth rate for the region was only 2.3 percent between 1980 and 1985, but in per capita terms Latin America experienced negative growth of almost 9 percent. Between 1982 and 1985, Latin America paid back US$ 108 billion.
107:. After 1973, private banks had an influx of funds from oil-rich countries which believed that sovereign debt was a safe investment. Mexico borrowed against future oil revenues with the debt valued in US dollars, so that when the
314:
The banks had to somehow restructure the debts to avoid financial panic; this usually involved new loans with very strict conditions, as well as the requirement that the debtor countries accept the intervention of the
2702:
103:
programs. These countries had soaring economies at the time, so the creditors were happy to provide loans. Initially, developing countries typically garnered loans through public routes like the
1321:
Ghosh, Jayati. The
Economic and Social Effects of Financial Liberalization: A Primer for Developing Countries. Working Paper. United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, 2005.
396:
The debt crisis of 1982 was the most serious of Latin
America's history. Incomes and imports dropped; economic growth stagnated; unemployment rose to high levels; and inflation reduced the
123:(GDP). Debt service (interest payments and the repayment of principal) grew even faster as global interest rates surged, reaching $ 66 billion in 1982, up from $ 12 billion in 1975.
1395:
Palma, Gabriel. The Three Routes to
Financial Crises: The Need for Capital Controls. SCEPA Working Paper. Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA), The New School, 2000.
1429:
Signoriello, Vincent J. (1985, Jan–Feb) International Correspondent Banker Magazine, London, England, Performing a Vital Service, The Future for Debt Rescheduling, pp. 44–45.
465:
innovations and improvements of the previous few years. This rendered several half-finished projects useless, contributing to infrastructure problems in the affected countries.
1418:
Signoriello, Vincent J. (1991), Commercial Loan Practices and Operations, Chapter 8 Servicing Foreign Debt, Latin American Debt Crisis, Performing a Vital Service,
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1178:
Devlin, Robert; Ricardo French-Davis (July–September 1995). "The great Latin American debt crisis: a decade of asymmetric adjustment".
147:-exporting countries, flush with cash after the oil price increases of 1973–1980, invested their money with international banks, which
3270:
3113:
2746:
1689:
940:
488:) and dependence on the developed world capital flows, as well as increased exposure to international volatility. The application of
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were catastrophic, perhaps more than the banking industry's entire collective profits since the nation's founding in the late 1700s.
3427:
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3314:
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became aware that Latin America would not be able to repay its loans. This occurred in August 1982 when Mexico's Finance Minister,
3501:
3120:
2373:
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1813:
1679:
1674:
1552:
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GarcĂa Bernal, Manuela Cristina (1991). "IberoamĂ©rica: EvoluciĂłn de una EconomĂa Dependiente". In LuĂs Navarro GarcĂa (Coord.),
3307:
3211:
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While the dangerous accumulation of foreign debt occurred over a number of years, the debt crisis began when the international
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The contraction of world trade in 1981 caused the prices of primary resources (Latin America's largest export) to fall.
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2012:
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The USD was the strongest it has ever been in 1985 making foreign debt more expensive to pay back, triggering the
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2007:
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1983:
1500:
886:
489:
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3076:
3069:
3026:
2974:
2908:
2506:
1973:
1919:
1801:
1796:
140:
301:
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3054:
3047:
2967:
2894:
2886:
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2255:
1956:
1628:
477:
316:
1300:
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1876:
1864:
1755:
1567:
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3411:
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1951:
1936:
1886:
1881:
1110:
Pastor, Robert A. Latin American Debt Crisis: Adjusting for the Past or Planning for the Future, p. 9
2658:
1142:
1016:
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2620:
1901:
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pushed for debt relief, recognizing that countries could not fully repay the large sums they owed.
185:
1353:
Pastor, Manuel Jr. (1989). "Latin America, the Debt Crisis, and the International Monetary Fund".
914:
53:
that originated in the early 1980s (and for some countries starting in the 1970s), often known as
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1941:
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strategies. A massive process of capital outflow, particularly to the United States, served to
250:
120:
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148:
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the 1980s. By the late 1980s, the Paris Club concluded that it was not possible to avoid a
220:
163:
55:
8:
3351:
3061:
2959:
2864:
2724:
2576:
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2328:
2153:
1446:"15: Managing the Latin American Debt Crisis: The International Monetary Fund and Beyond"
42:
2234:
1909:
1378:
1370:
1253:
1236:
The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
697:
521:
437:
181:
136:
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189:
159:
152:
96:
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2800:
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2183:
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50:
34:
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2017:
1067:, vol. IV, pp. 565–619. Madrid/Sevilla: Alhambra Longman/Universidad de Sevilla.
501:
236:
115:
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100:
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21:
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2431:
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2220:
2146:
2118:
1523:
517:
433:
270:
227:
170:
76:
64:
60:
984:
Institute of Latin American Studies, The Debt Crisis in Latin America, p. 69
456:
non-performing loans. It provided its first partial debt reduction in 1988.
3002:
2753:
2554:
2125:
497:
397:
260:
206:
167:
139:
skyrocketed, it created a breaking point for most countries in the region.
108:
3256:
2713:
2312:
2169:
2139:
1931:
1492:
891:
777:
493:
357:
280:
180:
USD / Argentina Currency Exchange Rates *From January 1970 to May 1983:
476:
Latin American countries, unable to pay their debts, turned to the IMF (
1966:
1374:
713:
444:
421:
416:
strategy encouraged by the IMF, although there were exceptions such as
413:
389:
331:
201:
104:
1770:
1454:
Creating a new world economy: forces of change & plans for action
996:"The syndicated loan market: structure, development and implications"
793:
745:
633:
601:
453:
425:
144:
132:
84:
1438:
Debt and Development Crises in Latin America: The End of an Illusion
2104:
2061:
841:
809:
617:
469:
America's debt levels increased by more than one thousand percent.
288:
As interest rates increased in the United States of America and in
92:
1301:"Latin American Debt Crisis: What Were Its Causes And Is It Over?"
825:
729:
681:
761:
569:
553:
289:
88:
80:
1487:
941:"Latin American Debt: I Don't Think We are in Kansas Anymore"
585:
505:
417:
385:
665:
649:
539:
246:
67:
exceeded their earning power, and they could not repay it.
1324:
1269:
1267:
1177:
452:
of debt without a willingness on the Paris Club's part to
1159:
Felix, David (Fall 1990). "Latin America's Debt Crisis".
320:
224:
404:
In response to the crisis, most nations abandoned their
1264:
443:
Before the debt crisis, the creditor countries of the
2410:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
1211:
1043:
Schaeffer, Robert. Understanding Globalization, p. 96
1214:
The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
1122:"New Approaches To The Latin American Debt Crisis"
1090:. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
143:found themselves in a desperate liquidity crunch.
1483:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
91:, borrowed huge sums of money from international
3551:
1275:"Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition"
915:"Global Waves of Debt: Causes and Consequences"
511:
195:Historical exchange rates of Argentine currency
1443:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
965:
963:
961:
938:
459:
346: M2 money supply increases Year over Year
114:Between 1975 and 1982, Latin American debt to
3538:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
2077:
1508:
1479:Latin American Debt Crisis: Effects on Mexico
1154:
1152:
1031:"Will the FED Strangle Latin America Again?"
972:World Security: Challenges for a New Century
520:for Latin America based on a 2015 report by
1046:
958:
16:Financial crisis during the 1970s and 1980s
2084:
2070:
1522:
1515:
1501:
1199:International Economics: Theory and Policy
1149:
3359:2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
939:Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos F. (1 June 1984).
388:pamphlet calling for protest including a
25:Mexico Crude oil prices from 1861 to 2011
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
993:
380:
372:
364:
356:
330:
200:
175:
158:
20:
1196:
969:
408:(ISI) models of economy and adopted an
111:collapsed, so did the Mexican economy.
3552:
3264:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
3034:South American economic crisis of 2002
2931:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
1448:. In Gerald A. Epstein; Julie Graham;
1352:
877:South American economic crisis of 2002
862:List of Latin American economic crises
63:countries reached a point where their
3315:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
3271:2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
2747:Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
2065:
1496:
1220:
1158:
1119:
1083:
406:import substitution industrialization
3345:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
3198:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
3191:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
3156:2000s U.S. housing market correction
2996:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
2091:
1298:
1233:
994:Gadanecz, Blaise (6 December 2004).
909:
907:
872:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
508:and incomes, and increased poverty.
3502:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
3337:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
3330:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
2703:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
2606:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
2295:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
1084:Cline, William R. (February 1995).
13:
3308:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
3212:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
3184:2008–2009 Russian financial crisis
3177:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
2872:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
2367:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
1411:
377:Nicaragua inflation rate 1980-1993
188:*From June 1985 to December 1991:
39:Crisis de la deuda latinoamericana
14:
3631:
3495:2023 United States banking crisis
3301:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
2989:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
2953:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
2879:Japanese asset price bubble crash
2820:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
2570:Australian banking crisis of 1893
2374:Dutch Republic financial collapse
1472:
904:
410:export-oriented industrialization
131:When the world economy went into
2352:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
352: Month over Month inflation
47:Crise da dĂvida latino-americana
3077:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
2403:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
1398:
1389:
1346:
1315:
1292:
1205:
1190:
1171:
1113:
1104:
974:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
361:Mexico inflation rate 1970-2022
3458:Chinese property sector crisis
3366:2015–2016 stock market selloff
3294:August 2011 stock markets fall
3205:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
2902:1990s Swedish financial crisis
2651:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
1212:Nassim Nicholas Taleb (2007).
1077:
1037:
1023:
987:
978:
932:
490:structural adjustment programs
340: Year over Year inflation
1:
3531:List of sovereign debt crises
3473:2022 Russian financial crisis
3170:2008 Latvian financial crisis
3163:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
3041:Stock market downturn of 2002
2982:1998 Russian financial crisis
2835:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
1087:International Debt Reexamined
897:
887:List of sovereign debt crises
184:*From June 1983 to May 1985:
75:In the 1960s and 1970s, many
3233:Greek government-debt crisis
3070:2004 Argentine energy crisis
3027:2001 Turkish economic crisis
2916:1990s Armenian energy crisis
2909:1990s Finnish banking crisis
2770:1976 British currency crisis
2740:1973–1974 stock market crash
1809:Central banks and currencies
1332:"Latin American debt crisis"
1180:Revista de EconomĂa PolĂtica
512:2015 levels of external debt
135:in the 1970s and 1980s, and
7:
3389:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
3055:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
3048:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
2968:1997 Asian financial crisis
2895:1991 Indian economic crisis
2887:Rhode Island banking crisis
2857:Cameroonian economic crisis
2643:Early Soviet hyperinflation
2256:Crisis of the Third Century
1766:Liberalism and conservatism
1488:International Monetary Fund
1456:. Temple University Press.
1355:Latin American Perspectives
855:
516:The following is a list of
478:International Monetary Fund
460:International Monetary Fund
317:International Monetary Fund
213: US Dollar Index (DXY)
10:
3636:
3590:Economy of Central America
3580:History of government debt
3570:Economic history of Mexico
3420:Sri Lankan economic crisis
3278:Energy crisis in Venezuela
3257:2009 Dubai debt standstill
3107:2007–2008 financial crisis
2762:Latin American debt crisis
2525:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
1761:International peacekeeping
1568:Latin American integration
1440:, Oxford University Press.
1367:10.1177/0094582X8901600105
369:Brazil Inflation 1981-1995
326:
192:
126:
70:
31:Latin American debt crisis
3565:1980s in economic history
3560:1970s in economic history
3511:
3488:2022 stock market decline
3480:Pakistani economic crisis
3466:2021–2023 inflation surge
3412:Lebanese liquidity crisis
3381:Venezuelan hyperinflation
3373:Brexit stock market crash
3322:Venezuela economic crisis
3244:
3094:
3084:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
2794:
2712:
2683:
2667:Wall Street Crash of 1929
2630:
2507:2nd Industrial Revolution
2505:
2441:
2341:1st Industrial Revolution
2339:
2266:
2244:
2099:
2041:
1991:
1982:
1900:
1848:
1841:
1792:
1783:
1733:
1726:
1709:
1702:
1642:
1591:
1540:
1531:
970:Ferraro, Vincent (1994).
3620:1980s in Central America
3615:1970s in Central America
3600:Economy of the Caribbean
3595:Economy of South America
3149:Subprime mortgage crisis
2812:Brazilian hyperinflation
2784:Brazilian hyperinflation
2621:Financial crisis of 1914
2329:Mississippi bubble crash
1404:The World Factbook, 2015
1240:Cornell University Press
1065:Historia de las Américas
307:In the wake of Mexico's
59:(The Lost Decade), when
3524:List of economic crises
3442:2020 stock market crash
3435:Financial market impact
3404:Turkish economic crisis
3019:9/11 stock market crash
2975:October 1997 mini-crash
2946:1994 bond market crisis
2938:Yugoslav hyperinflation
2849:Savings and loan crisis
2450:European potato failure
1996:Countries by population
1553:Portuguese colonization
1450:Jessica Gordon Nembhard
1444:Pastor, Manuel (1993).
1434:Stephany Griffith-Jones
1279:Encyclopædia Britannica
151:a major portion of the
3610:1980s in South America
3605:1970s in South America
3585:Latin American history
3517:List of banking crises
3286:Syrian economic crisis
3219:Blue Monday Crash 2009
2828:Chilean crisis of 1982
2659:ShĹŤwa financial crisis
2465:Highland Potato Famine
2321:South Sea bubble crash
2112:Commodity price shocks
1870:Latin American studies
1197:Krugman, Paul (2007).
1137:Cite journal requires
1011:Cite journal requires
882:Latin American economy
867:Chilean crisis of 1982
436:, thereby raising the
412:strategy, usually the
393:
378:
370:
362:
354:
285:
198:
173:
121:gross domestic product
46:
38:
26:
2842:Black Saturday (1983)
2696:Kennedy Slide of 1962
2268:Commercial revolution
1238:. Ithaca and London:
1234:Chen, Muyang (2024).
1120:Sachs, J. D. (1989).
384:
376:
368:
360:
334:
204:
179:
162:
24:
3396:Ghana banking crisis
3226:European debt crisis
3011:Dot-com bubble crash
2923:Cuban Special Period
2382:Copper Panic of 1789
2287:The Great Debasement
2279:Great Bullion Famine
1824:Water and sanitation
1548:Spanish colonization
1361:(1). JSTOR: 79–110.
1201:. Pearson Education.
1161:World Policy Journal
545:Date of information
335:Argentina Inflation
141:Developing countries
3352:2015 Nepal blockade
3062:2000s energy crisis
2960:Mexican peso crisis
2865:Black Monday (1987)
2725:1970s energy crisis
2685:Post–WWII expansion
2359:Bengal bubble crash
2154:Financial contagion
1558:French colonization
1432:Sunkel, Osvald and
1299:Ruggiero, Gregory.
496:in terms of rising
79:countries, notably
2614:Panic of 1910–1911
2458:Great Irish Famine
2396:Panic of 1796–1797
2235:Stock market crash
1892:Race and ethnicity
1858:Illegal drug trade
1258:10.7591/jj.6230186
698:Dominican Republic
522:The World Factbook
438:real interest rate
394:
379:
371:
363:
355:
302:JesĂşs Silva-Herzog
286:
199:
174:
156:repay their debt.
27:
3547:
3546:
3428:COVID-19 pandemic
2313:Tulip mania crash
2304:Kipper und Wipper
2281:(c. 1400–c. 1500)
2059:
2058:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
1837:
1836:
1829:Wealth inequality
1779:
1778:
1751:Drug legalization
1746:Conservative wave
1722:
1721:
1698:
1697:
1675:League of Nations
1643:Foreign relations
1463:978-1-56639-054-5
1424:978-1-55520-134-0
1097:978-0-88132-083-1
1073:978-84-205-2155-8
853:
852:
849:31 Dec 2014 est.
833:31 Dec 2014 est.
817:31 Dec 2014 est.
801:31 Dec 2014 est.
785:31 Dec 2014 est.
769:31 Dec 2014 est.
753:31 Dec 2014 est.
737:31 Dec 2014 est.
721:31 Dec 2014 est.
705:31 Dec 2014 est.
689:31 Dec 2014 est.
673:31 Dec 2014 est.
657:31 Dec 2014 est.
641:31 Dec 2014 est.
625:31 Dec 2014 est.
609:31 Dec 2014 est.
593:31 Dec 2014 est.
561:31 Dec 2014 est.
309:sovereign default
97:industrialization
56:La DĂ©cada Perdida
3627:
3575:Financial crises
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2801:Great Regression
2796:Great Moderation
2787:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2705:
2698:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2259:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2184:Liquidity crisis
2179:
2172:
2163:
2161:Social contagion
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2093:Financial crises
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2013:Spanish language
1989:
1988:
1846:
1845:
1790:
1789:
1731:
1730:
1707:
1706:
1573:Great Depression
1538:
1537:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1467:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1081:
1075:
1061:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1007:
999:
991:
985:
982:
976:
975:
967:
956:
955:
953:
951:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
911:
577:31 Dec 2014 est
533:Country – Entity
527:
526:
486:Financialization
424:, which adopted
351:
345:
339:
278:
268:
258:
244:
234:
218:
212:
116:commercial banks
51:financial crisis
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3246:Information Age
3240:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3096:Great Recession
3090:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2782:
2777:1979 oil crisis
2775:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2733:1973 oil crisis
2731:
2723:
2716:
2714:Great Inflation
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2634:
2632:Interwar period
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2133:Currency crisis
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2060:
2055:
2029:
2018:Latin Americans
1978:
1896:
1833:
1814:Stock exchanges
1775:
1718:
1694:
1638:
1587:
1527:
1521:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1414:
1412:Further reading
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1232:
1221:
1216:. Random House.
1210:
1206:
1195:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1157:
1150:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1062:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1010:
1001:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
979:
968:
959:
949:
947:
937:
933:
923:
921:
913:
912:
905:
900:
858:
537:
514:
504:, falling real
502:underemployment
462:
353:
349:
347:
343:
341:
337:
329:
298:capital markets
284:
276:
274:
266:
264:
256:
254:
253:) exchange rate
242:
240:
237:Canadian dollar
232:
230:
216:
214:
210:
197:
182:pesos ley 18188
129:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3482:(2022–present)
3476:
3469:
3462:
3460:(2020–present)
3454:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3424:
3422:(2019–present)
3416:
3414:(2019–present)
3408:
3406:(2018–present)
3400:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3324:(2013–present)
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3288:(2011–present)
3282:
3280:(2010–present)
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3249:(2009–present)
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3114:September 2008
3102:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:(2007–present)
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2376:(c. 1780–1795)
2370:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2299:
2297:(c. 1600–1760)
2291:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2180:
2177:Hyperinflation
2173:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:United Kingdom
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:Decolonization
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526: articles
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1473:External links
1471:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1441:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1345:
1323:
1314:
1291:
1263:
1248:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1170:
1148:
1139:|journal=
1112:
1103:
1096:
1076:
1045:
1036:
1022:
1013:|journal=
986:
977:
957:
931:
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
857:
854:
851:
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787:
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780:
775:
771:
770:
767:
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759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
743:
739:
738:
735:
732:
727:
723:
722:
719:
716:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
695:
691:
690:
687:
684:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
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627:
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620:
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611:
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595:
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588:
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578:
575:
572:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
551:
547:
546:
543:
534:
531:
513:
510:
492:entailed high
461:
458:
434:exchange rates
348:
342:
336:
328:
325:
275:
265:
255:
241:
231:
215:
209:
186:peso argentino
128:
125:
101:infrastructure
77:Latin American
72:
69:
61:Latin American
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3632:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:December 2008
3132:
3129:
3128:November 2008
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2674:Panic of 1930
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:Panic of 1907
2596:
2593:
2592:Panic of 1901
2589:
2586:
2585:Panic of 1896
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:Panic of 1893
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:Baring crisis
2544:
2540:
2539:Arendal crash
2536:
2533:
2532:Panic of 1884
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:Panic of 1873
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:Panic of 1866
2485:
2482:
2481:Panic of 1857
2478:
2475:
2474:Panic of 1847
2471:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2432:Panic of 1837
2429:
2426:
2425:Panic of 1825
2422:
2419:
2418:Panic of 1819
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:Panic of 1792
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
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3121:October 2008
3003:Samba effect
2859:(1987–2000s)
2761:
2754:Steel crisis
2577:Black Monday
2555:Encilhamento
2495:Black Friday
2302:
2258:(235–284 CE)
2126:Credit cycle
1984:Demographics
1582:
1578:World War II
1453:
1437:
1400:
1391:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1235:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1167:(4): 733–71.
1164:
1160:
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1004:cite journal
989:
980:
971:
948:. Retrieved
944:
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:
515:
498:unemployment
494:social costs
482:
475:
471:
467:
463:
442:
403:
398:buying power
395:
313:
306:
295:
287:
207:Plaza Accord
168:Mexican Peso
130:
113:
109:price of oil
74:
65:foreign debt
54:
30:
28:
18:
3398:(2017–2018)
3383:(2016–2022)
3339:(2014–2022)
3099:(2007–2009)
3064:(2003–2008)
3013:(2000–2004)
2962:(1994–1996)
2940:(1992–1994)
2925:(1991–2000)
2889:(1990–1992)
2881:(1990–1992)
2851:(1986–1995)
2814:(1982–1994)
2804:(1982–2007)
2786:(1980–1982)
2764:(1975–1982)
2756:(1973–1982)
2727:(1973–1980)
2717:(1973–1982)
2688:(1945–1973)
2653:(1921–1923)
2645:(1917–1924)
2635:(1918–1939)
2557:(1890–1893)
2510:(1870–1914)
2452:(1845–1856)
2412:(1815–1816)
2361:(1769–1784)
2344:(1760–1840)
2307:(1621–1623)
2289:(1544–1551)
2271:(1000–1760)
2170:Flash crash
2140:Debt crisis
1974:Video games
1802:Agroecology
1797:Agriculture
1680:South Korea
1583:Debt crisis
1303:. AngelFire
892:Odious debt
778:El Salvador
3554:Categories
2191:Accounting
1967:Telenovela
1957:Television
1937:Literature
1734:Governance
1619:Literature
1334:. ABC-CLIO
919:World Bank
898:References
714:Costa Rica
445:Paris Club
430:depreciate
422:Costa Rica
414:neoliberal
390:cacerolazo
279: USD/
269: USD/
259: USD/
235: USD/
193:See also:
149:"recycled"
137:oil prices
105:World Bank
43:Portuguese
3449:Recession
2442:1840–1870
1962:Companies
1877:Etiquette
1865:Education
1771:Pink tide
1756:Falangism
1741:Democracy
1703:Geography
1614:Libraries
1541:By period
1481:from the
1383:144458701
945:Brookings
794:Nicaragua
746:Guatemala
634:Venezuela
602:Argentina
538:(million
454:write-off
426:reformist
190:australes
145:Petroleum
133:recession
93:creditors
85:Argentina
2105:Bank run
2046:Category
1952:Religion
1887:HIV/AIDS
1882:Feminism
1727:Politics
1629:BrujerĂa
1624:Military
1599:Catholic
1592:By topic
1452:(eds.).
1436:(1986),
856:See also
842:Honduras
810:Paraguay
618:Colombia
251:inverted
49:) was a
2205:Funding
2198:Capital
1927:Cuisine
1902:Culture
1842:Society
1819:Tourism
1785:Economy
1714:Regions
1634:Slavery
1533:History
1375:2633823
826:Bolivia
730:Uruguay
682:Ecuador
606:115,700
590:140,000
574:438,400
558:535,400
392:in 1983
386:Chilean
327:Effects
153:capital
127:History
71:Origins
35:Spanish
3375:(2016)
3021:(2001)
3005:(1999)
2822:(1982)
2661:(1927)
2608:(1910)
2579:(1894)
2549:(1890)
2541:(1886)
2497:(1869)
2331:(1720)
2323:(1720)
2315:(1637)
2212:Market
2051:Portal
2001:Cities
1915:Cinema
1650:Canada
1609:Jewish
1460:
1422:
1381:
1373:
1338:22 May
1307:15 May
1284:21 May
1256:
1246:
1094:
1071:
950:13 May
924:13 May
798:10,250
782:15,460
766:15,470
762:Panama
750:15,940
734:17,540
718:18,370
702:19,720
686:21,740
670:25,230
654:56,470
638:69,660
622:84,000
570:Mexico
554:Brazil
350:
344:
338:
290:Europe
277:
267:
257:
249:/USD (
245:
243:
233:
219:
217:
211:
89:Mexico
87:, and
81:Brazil
1947:Music
1942:Media
1932:Dance
1920:Films
1853:Crime
1670:Japan
1665:Italy
1660:India
1655:China
1379:S2CID
1371:JSTOR
1254:JSTOR
846:7,111
830:8,073
814:8,759
586:Chile
506:wages
418:Chile
3142:2009
2247:1000
2245:Pre-
2023:List
1458:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1340:2012
1309:2012
1286:2012
1244:ISBN
1186:(3).
1143:help
1092:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1017:help
952:2022
926:2022
666:Cuba
650:Peru
540:US$
530:Rank
500:and
432:the
420:and
95:for
29:The
1910:Art
1363:doi
838:117
822:108
806:106
790:103
321:IMF
281:CHF
271:SEK
261:JPY
247:EUR
225:GBP
221:USD
164:USD
3556::
1377:.
1369:.
1359:16
1357:.
1277:.
1266:^
1252:.
1242:.
1222:^
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1182:.
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614:51
598:45
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566:26
550:24
524:.
166:/
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41:;
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1165:7
1145:)
1141:(
1124:.
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1019:)
1015:(
998:.
954:.
928:.
542:)
223:/
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
