412:
615:
465:
634:
393:
501:
552:
653:
516:
253:
572:
268:, OPEC revenues approximated an unprecedented US$ 1 trillion per year in 2008 and 2011â2014. Beyond the OPEC countries, substantial surpluses also accrued to Russia and Norway, and sovereign wealth funds worldwide amassed US$ 7 trillion by 2014â2015. Some oil exporters were unable to reap the full benefits, as the national economies of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria and Venezuela all suffered from multi-year political obstacles associated with what economists call the "
595:
5751:
4275:
431:
693:
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481:
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29:
119:; but the surpluses could be usefully invested in other locations, or spent on imports such as consumer products, construction supplies, and military equipment. Alternatively, global economic growth would have suffered if that money was withdrawn from the world economy, while the oil-exporting states needed to be able to invest profitably to raise their long-term standards of living.
151:, the Managing Director of the IMF, said in 1974: "The international monetary system is facing its most difficult period since the 1930s." The IMF administered a new lending program during 1974â1976 called the Oil Facility. Funded by oil-exporting states and other lenders, it was available to governments suffering from acute problems with their
115:, both in 1973.) These petrodollar surpluses could be described as net U.S. dollar-equivalents earned from the export of petroleum, in excess of the internal development needs of the exporting countries. The surpluses could not be efficiently invested in their own economies, due to small populations or being at early stages of
209:
market as a less-regulated rival to U.S. monetary markets. As the recessionary condition of the world economy made investment in corporations less attractive, bankers and well-financed governments lent much of the money directly to the governments of developing countries, especially in Latin
America
2178:
The former head of the Soviet planning agency, Nikolai
Baibakov, recalled that 'what we got for oil and gas' was $ 15 billion in 1976â80 and $ 35 billion in 1981â85. Of this money, the Soviets spent, respectively, $ 14 billion and $ 26.3 billion to buy grain, both to feed the
260:
In the 2005â2014 petrodollar surge, financial decision-makers were able to benefit somewhat from the lessons and experiences of the previous cycle. Developing economies generally stayed better balanced than they did in the 1970s; the world economy was less oil-intensive; and global inflation and
218:
as well as other major developing countries like Turkey. The 1973 oil crisis had created a vast dollar shortage in these countries; however, they still needed to finance their imports of oil and machinery. In early 1977, when Turkey stopped heating its prime minister's office, opposition leader
1046:
Georgetown
University economics professor Ibrahim Oweiss has written about petrodollars and is credited with the word's coinage by Knowledge, but there is insufficient documentary evidence that he used the term first in 1973. Former commerce secretary Peter G. Peterson was credited with using
55:
plus Russia and Norway, earning more money from the export of crude oil than they could efficiently invest in their own economies. The resulting global interdependencies and financial flows, from oil producers back to oil consumers, can reach a scale of hundreds of billions of
261:
interest rates were much better contained. Oil exporters opted to make most of their investments directly into a diverse array of global markets, and the recycling process was less dependent on intermediary channels such as international banks and the IMF.
2304:
2427:
363:
enforced by violent military interventions against countries like Iraq, Iran, and
Venezuela, and a key hidden driver of world politics. The term was coined by William R. Clark, who has written a book with the same title. The phrase
227:
summarized the situation: "Banks collected the deposits of revenue-rich OPEC governments and lent the money to developing countries so they could avoid bankruptcy." In subsequent decades, many of these developing states found their
1681:
Dubai is capitalized just as much on cheap labour as it is on expensive oil, and the
Maktoums, like their cousins in the other emirates, are exquisitely aware that they reign over a kingdom built on the backs of a South Asian
972:
In March 1973... Two weeks after Dr. Oweiss had used the word â at an international monetary seminar held at
Columbia University's Arden House in Harriman, New York â it was picked up by a prestigious economics commentator in
1767:
633:
411:
464:
614:
2444:'... a long-term investment, not only in the future of Turk Telekom but also in Turkey,' Hariri said. The sale of Turk Telekom's controlling stake is a key element of Turkey's IMF-backed privatization program.
2295:
2110:
International bankers... began to invest huge amounts of those petro-dollars in Brazil and other developing countries..., allowing them to finance gigantic infrastructure works like the Itaipu
Hydroelectric
2590:
Mohtashami Pur, a one-time ambassador to
Lebanon who currently holds the title of secretary-general of the 'Intifada conference', told an Iranian newspaper that Iran transferred the missiles to the Shi'ite
2414:
Since the Dubai-based airline began its wine program 12 years ago, it has spent more than $ 500 million to develop the best wine list in the sky... 'It's an investment. We look at it like a commodity.'
2065:
From a 14.6% stake of around US$ 329 million acquisition in
December 1974, the KIA is now the largest consistent shareholder in Daimler over 40 years where our 6.9% stake is currently valued around $
551:
392:
2520:
535:
2431:
515:
571:
374:
According to critics, the use of dollars in international oil transactions increases overall U.S. dollar demand by only a tiny fraction, and the dollar's overall status as the major
1756:
162:
surplus for all members of OPEC amounted to US$ 450 billion, without scaling-up for the subsequent decades of inflation. Ninety percent of this surplus was accumulated by the
2221:
104:, oil exporters amassed large surpluses of "petrodollars" from the sale of oil at historically high prices. (The word has been credited alternately to Egyptian-American economist
64:
to the U.S. dollar and some not. These flows are heavily influenced by government-level decisions regarding international investment and aid, with important consequences for both
3500:
2038:
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430:
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1834:
High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well, that had it not been for Soviet oil sales, it's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier.
2317:
Since the
Russian oligarch began pouring petro-dollars into Stamford Bridge, he has turned one of English football's underachieving clubs into an established powerhouse.
445:
272:". Most of the other large exporters accumulated enough financial reserves to cushion the shock when oil prices and petrodollar surpluses fell sharply again from an
480:
500:
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4585:
3396:
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In return for oil, Cuba is sending Venezuela between 30,000 and 50,000 technical staff. As many as 30,000 Cubans in Venezuela are presumably medical doctors.
1347:
1611:
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was an early leader since 1961, and certain Arab states became some of the largest donors in the years since 1974, including through the IMF and the
2123:
1210:
3621:
2919:
1958:
1387:
1484:
2401:
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The price of the arms sale gives increased weight to an argument that in part it should be approved because it helps to 'recycle petrodollars'.
2559:
A U.N. sanctions committee expressed 'grave concern' Thursday about what it called apparent Iranian violations of a U.N. ban on arms exports.
135:, it caused problems especially for oil-importing countries that were paying much higher prices for oil, and incurring long-term debts. The
2909:
2783:
3391:
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3366:
2914:
643:
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It should not escape notice that this is the first true title showdown, and first genuine title race, between the petrodollar clubs.
4955:
2960:
2929:
2924:
711:
32:
Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972, showing elevated inflation-adjusted levels during 1974â1981 and 2005â2014
3703:
301:
205:
of the United States, European Union, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. In fact, the process contributed to the growth of the
793:
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and in other financial markets of the major industrial economies, often directed discreetly by government entities now known as
5302:
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3577:
3401:
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In 2015, Japanese carmaker Toyota retained its long-held local market leadership..., over three times its nearest rival Nissan.
1694:
737:
1976:
1315:
5778:
2985:
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1917:
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He thinks the U.S. should give more study to ways in which the excess funds â he calls them petro dollars â can be soaked up.
159:
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This was a dream come true for the family, which built its fortune... first in the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf.
312:, although their working conditions are generally harsh. Even more controversially, several oil exporters have been major
83:, and the first major petrodollar surge (1974â1981) resulted in more financial complications than the second (2005â2014).
2955:
155:
due to the rise in oil prices, notably including Italy and the United Kingdom as well as dozens of developing countries.
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908:
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4856:
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1934:
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2009:
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This article is about the trade surpluses of oil-exporting nations. For a broader term with multiple meanings, see
2711:
2192:
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3341:
3226:
3152:
1980:
386:
These images illustrate the diversity of major petrodollar recycling activities, in roughly chronological order:
2626:
The money is there: the United Arab Emirates region is home to nearly 10 percent of all the world's oil reserve.
2473:
These funds, which maintain passive investment positions, will perform a crucial petrodollar-recycling function.
1639:
1506:
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4251:
4022:
3688:
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3086:
558:
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2296:"Roman Abramovich reaches 700 games as Chelsea owner â but how does his reign stack up against the rest?"
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136:
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Most of its cost (pegged at about US$ 120 million today) was a gift from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.
313:
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4550:
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1178:
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2331:"The colossal wealth of Manchester City and Chelsea is changing the landscape of British football"
223:
famously described the shortage as: "Turkey is in need of 70 cents." As political journalist
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has relatively limited tangible benefit to the United States economy as well as some drawbacks.
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contributed to the bloc's collapse in 1989. During the 2005â2014 petrodollar surge, OPEC member
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1962:
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also accumulating significant oil surpluses through 1978 before suffering the hardships of
140:
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between Brazil and Paraguay, financed by loans from petrodollar bank deposits in the 1970s
8:
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Inflation and interest rates surged with oil prices in the 1970s, but not in the 2000s.
179:
69:
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The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony: Petrodollar Recycling and International Markets
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183:
143:
increased by 150% between 1973 and 1977, complicated further by a worldwide shift to
116:
112:
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2222:"Harrod's New Owner: Mohamed al-Fayed; A Quiet Acquisitor Is Caught in a Cross Fire"
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60:
per year â including a wide range of transactions in a variety of currencies, some
2544:"U.N. panel voices concern over Iran's apparent violations of arms-export embargo"
2271:
2249:
1847:
1238:
StateâBusiness Alliances and Economic Development: Turkey, Mexico and North Africa
343:, before the 2014â2017 oil downturn brought Venezuela to its own economic crisis.
5773:
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5620:
5600:
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5252:
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304:. Oil exporters have also aided poorer countries indirectly through the personal
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80:
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105:
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Oil-exporting countries have used part of their petrodollar surpluses to fund
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cattle on collective farms and to put bread on the tables of Soviet citizens.
999:
932:
698:
452:
20:
541:"Oil for doctors" program, with thousands of Cuban physicians anchoring the
252:
5670:
5615:
5575:
5347:
5219:
5185:
5175:
5133:
5010:
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3557:
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3464:
3361:
3263:
3169:
3046:
2980:
1954:
471:
367:
324:
320:
167:
73:
61:
57:
1567:"Oil-Rich Nations Are Selling Off Their Petrodollar Assets at Record Pace"
327:
during the 1974â1981 petrodollar surge, and the loss of income during the
5675:
5170:
5155:
4887:
4882:
4825:
4756:
4145:
4067:
4017:
3838:
3808:
3753:
3743:
3429:
3108:
3091:
3009:
2871:
2841:
2836:
2402:"Emirates Has Invested $ 500 Million to Build a 'Fort Knox' of Wine"
1030:
927:
340:
305:
297:
293:
285:
241:
39:
is the international spending or investment of a country's revenues from
1423:
899:
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
5605:
5535:
5466:
5411:
4777:
4195:
4062:
4052:
3818:
3656:
3562:
2609:
for More Than $ 250 Million, Highest Price Ever for a Work of Art"
988:
websites, it appears that these events actually occurred in March 1974.
581:
436:
418:
206:
2726:
402:
52:
5715:
5545:
5160:
5045:
5000:
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3592:
3587:
3567:
3248:
2876:
2803:
2761:
1394:
1242:
332:
201:. Many billions of petrodollars were also invested through the major
40:
1146:"International Balance of Payments Financing and the Budget Process"
4320:
4185:
4165:
4160:
4140:
4135:
3911:
3901:
3823:
3758:
3530:
3258:
3214:
3209:
3073:
2458:"Abu Dhabi buys 75% of Chrysler Building in latest trophy purchase"
1983:. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016.
740:. January 10, 2006. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008.
4933:
3853:
3843:
3723:
3718:
3633:
2727:"The U.S.âSaudi Arabian Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation"
2577:
2362:"The Logic of Extremism: How ChĂĄvez Gains by Giving Cuba So Much"
2088:
1878:
1612:"Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis' Checkbook Diplomacy"
1211:"The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia's 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret"
692:
526:
506:
2010:"Kuwait Investment Authority says to expand Germany investments"
1485:"Sovereign Wealth Funds May Sell $ 404 Billion of Equities"
359:
as the standard means of settling oil transactions as a kind of
4902:
4325:
4170:
4057:
4042:
4032:
3992:
3906:
2700:
Petrodollars: Tracking the Flow and Investment of Oil Windfalls
2573:"Iranian Official Admits Tehran Supplied Missiles to Hezbollah"
678:
662:
658:
1314:
Carrasco, Enrique; McClellan, Charles; Ro, Jane (April 2007).
79:
The term petrodollar was coined in the early 1970s during the
5329:
5104:
4907:
3952:
3926:
3896:
3858:
3798:
3793:
3788:
1959:"The dollar's international role: An "exorbitant privilege"?"
355:
refers to a theory that depicts the international use of the
193:
Large volumes of Arab petrodollars were invested directly in
171:
2513:"Owners of Famed Chrysler Building Reach Deal to Sell Tower"
2153:"Soviet foreign policy from dĂ©tente to Gorbachev, 1975â1985"
665:, where the Japanese automaker holds a dominant market share
139:(IMF) estimated that the foreign debts of 100 oil-importing
72:. The phenomenon is most pronounced during periods when the
4180:
4120:
3873:
3351:
509:
department store in London, under Arab ownership since 1985
487:
421:, whose largest consistent shareholder since 1974 has been
336:
175:
2157:
The Cambridge History of the Cold War: Volume III, Endings
28:
4012:
3878:
3651:
1851:
585:
3641:
4319:
2250:"Mohammed Fayed sells Harrods store to Qatar Holdings"
773:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 15, 2017
1874:"Venezuelan shoppers flock across border to Colombia"
1321:
The E-Book on International Finance & Development
646:
for a record-setting price above US$ 250 million
4242:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
2077:
1695:"Iranian General: Tehran Arming 'Liberation Armies'"
674:
455:, constructed 1976â1986, a gift from Saudi Arabia's
1757:"US allies Saudi Arabia and Qatar are funding ISIS"
1512:. Natural Resource Governance Institute. March 2015
1313:
127:While petrodollar recycling reduced the short-term
47:"). It generally refers to the phenomenon of major
16:
International spending of petroleum export revenues
2294:
2155:. In Leffler, Melvyn P.; Westad, Odd Arne (eds.).
1819:"The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall"
1755:
1459:
1388:"Petrodollars, emerging markets and vulnerability"
896:
561:, millions of which were purchased by Dubai-owned
525:, Russian-owned between 2003 and 2022 through the
401:, approximately $ 300 billion accumulated by
2428:"Oger Telecom signs $ 6.55 bln Turk Telekom deal"
2025:The KIA... is the largest shareholder in Daimler.
1726:. Oxford University Press. "Libya", pp. 207â208.
1079:The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History
5765:
2159:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109â110.
1530:
1346:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
316:challenging the governments of other countries.
2487:"Abu Dhabi Buys 90% Stake in Chrysler Building"
1531:Aguilera, Roberto F.; Radetzki, Marian (2015).
1077:. In Esfandiari, Haleh; Udovitch, A.L. (eds.).
288:programs, as a prominent example of so-called "
1977:"Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities"
1719:
1537:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87â89.
381:
4949:
4305:
2777:
1935:"Debunking the Dumping-the-Dollar Conspiracy"
1723:The Role of Terrorism in 21st-Century Warfare
871:"Petrodollar Recycling and Global Imbalances"
825:"In the soup - Bob Woodward's plan of attack"
474:to ease food shortages in the 1970s and 1980s
1953:
1328:. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011
2571:Harel, Amos; Stern, Yoav (August 4, 2006).
2039:"KIA/Daimler 40th Anniversary Celebrations"
1720:Weinberg, Leonard; Martin, Susanne (2016).
1316:"Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and Repudiation"
922:
920:
323:to support the struggling economies of the
4956:
4942:
4312:
4298:
2784:
2770:
2570:
2193:"Saudi AWACS Deal Passes $ 8 Billion"
1908:. Canada: New Society Publishers. p.
792:Myers, Amy; Elass, Jareer (January 2016).
791:
2292:
1637:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
822:
765:
763:
761:
728:
726:
371:is sometimes used with the same meaning.
2359:
2037:Al Saleh, Anas K. (September 18, 2014).
2036:
1753:
1654:
1450:"Global disequilibrium remains unlikely"
960:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
917:
490:fighter jet, one of dozens owned by the
251:
27:
3704:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
2696:
2425:
2328:
2220:Feder, Barnaby J. (September 8, 1985).
1871:
1816:
1609:
1483:Bianchi, Stefania (February 22, 2016).
1482:
1272:
470:Western grain, heavily imported by the
302:OPEC Fund for International Development
5766:
5078:Measures of national income and output
3578:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
3337:2020 RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war
2791:
2721:
2510:
2455:
2007:
1788:
1754:Cockburn, Patrick (October 14, 2016).
1661:Davis, Mike (SeptemberâOctober 2006).
1069:
1056:
894:
868:
758:
738:U.S. Energy Information Administration
723:
580:, whose control was privatized to the
346:
4937:
4293:
2765:
2747:"Is the end of the petrodollar near?"
2731:U.S. Government Accountability Office
2673:
2602:
2541:
2484:
2426:Aydogdu, Hatice (November 15, 2005).
2399:
2219:
2147:
2008:Taylor, Edward (September 18, 2014).
1932:
1899:
1845:
1660:
1385:
1362:"Federal Reserve Economic Data graph"
1170:
1029:
997:
888:
3709:China National Petroleum Corporation
2744:
2329:Delaney, Miguel (February 2, 2014).
2190:
1638:Mukherjee, Andy (February 4, 2016).
1564:
1234:
1208:
845:
712:Saudi ArabiaâUnited States relations
314:financial supporters of armed groups
2485:Bagli, Charles V. (July 10, 2008).
2456:Thomas, Landon Jr. (July 9, 2008).
1143:
869:Nsouli, Saleh M. (March 23, 2006).
236:, concluding that it was a form of
13:
4963:
3769:National Iranian South Oil Company
3485:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2667:
2603:Peers, Alexandra (February 2012).
2542:Lynch, Colum (December 11, 2009).
2523:from the original on June 13, 2024
2360:Corrales, Javier (December 2005).
2293:Critchley, Mark (April 12, 2015).
2272:"Russian businessman buys Chelsea"
1848:"Venezuela ends upbeat Cuba visit"
1846:Gibbs, Stephen (August 24, 2005).
1817:McMaken, Ryan (November 7, 2014).
823:Hertzberg, Hendrik (May 2, 2004).
816:
785:
310:foreign workers in the Middle East
247:
158:From 1974 through 1981, the total
122:
14:
5805:
4237:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
4126:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
3779:Oil & Gas Development Company
2307:from the original on May 26, 2022
2191:Mohr, Charles (August 22, 1981).
1770:from the original on May 26, 2022
1366:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1144:Neu, Carl Richard (August 1977).
335:played a similar role supporting
308:sent home by tens of millions of
5750:
5749:
4596:Malaya and British Borneo dollar
4274:
4273:
2511:Morris, Keiko (March 10, 2019).
2400:Gaddy, James (January 5, 2017).
1872:Polanco, Anggy (July 17, 2016).
1458:. August 8, 2008. Archived from
1150:U.S. Congressional Budget Office
1081:. Darwin Press. pp. 179â199
956:"Personality: Ibrahim M. Oweiss"
798:Journal of International Affairs
691:
677:
651:
632:
623:to Lebanon and Syria, including
613:
593:
570:
550:
534:
514:
499:
479:
463:
444:
429:
410:
391:
266:oil price increases of 2003â2008
86:
3784:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2631:
2596:
2564:
2535:
2504:
2478:
2449:
2419:
2393:
2353:
2322:
2286:
2264:
2242:
2213:
2184:
2141:
2116:
2071:
2030:
2001:
1981:U.S. Department of the Treasury
1969:
1947:
1933:Baker, Dean (October 7, 2009).
1926:
1893:
1865:
1839:
1810:
1782:
1747:
1713:
1687:
1631:
1603:
1581:
1565:Blas, Javier (April 13, 2015).
1558:
1524:
1499:
1476:
1442:
1416:
1386:Lubin, David (March 19, 2007).
1379:
1354:
1307:
1266:
1228:
1202:
1164:
1137:
1115:
1093:
1023:
991:
846:Coll, Steve (August 10, 2014).
5711:Publications in macroeconomics
4252:Society of Petroleum Engineers
4023:Port Harcourt Refining Company
3689:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1610:Hubbard, Ben (June 21, 2015).
998:Rowen, Hobart (July 9, 1973).
962:. December 26, 1983. p. 8
948:
862:
839:
376:international reserve currency
279:
1:
5691:Critique of political economy
4741:Zimbabwean dollar (2019â2024)
3198:Production sharing agreements
2639:"Kuwait Autos Report Q2 2016"
1209:Wong, Andrea (May 30, 2016).
1125:. International Monetary Fund
1103:. International Monetary Fund
1047:'petrodollar' in a July 1973
794:"War and the Oil Price Cycle"
717:
685:Business and economics portal
91:
5779:International macroeconomics
4556:Danish West Indian rigsdaler
4232:Canadian petroleum companies
4227:American Petroleum Institute
3764:National Iranian Oil Company
3749:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
2745:Tran, Hung (June 20, 2024).
2645:. March 2016. Archived from
1424:"Recycling the Petrodollars"
1000:"Peterson Urges Cooperation"
606:Abu Dhabi Investment Council
319:High-priced oil allowed the
274:oil supply glut in 2014â2017
96:Especially during the years
7:
4651:Prince Edward Island dollar
4521:British North Borneo dollar
4247:International Energy Agency
3232:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
2605:"Qatar Purchases CĂ©zanne's
2046:Kuwait Investment Authority
1075:"Economics of Petrodollars"
875:International Monetary Fund
670:
642:, purchased in 2011 by the
417:German vehicle factory for
382:Gallery of notable examples
137:International Monetary Fund
10:
5810:
5439:New neoclassical synthesis
5422:Real business-cycle theory
4586:Japanese occupation dollar
4526:British West Indies dollar
4457:Trinidad and Tobago dollar
3834:PTT Public Company Limited
3435:East Midlands Oil Province
3420:List of natural gas fields
3020:Integrated asset modelling
2674:Clark, William R. (2005).
2084:Brazil Is Not for Amateurs
1900:Clark, William R. (2005).
1640:"Oil's Plunge Spills Over"
771:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
734:"OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet"
584:organization in 2005 with
110:U.S. Secretary of Commerce
49:petroleum-exporting states
18:
5747:
5697:
5685:
5519:
5453:
5386:
5377:
5339:
5234:
5196:
4971:
4875:
4834:
4818:
4797:
4770:
4749:
4536:Confederate States dollar
4503:
4475:
4334:
4269:
4219:
4206:Weatherford International
4085:
3935:
3887:
3739:Iraq National Oil Company
3675:
3632:
3617:
3608:
3493:
3410:
3292:
3178:
3072:
3000:
2943:
2902:
2895:
2817:
2799:
2430:. Reuters. Archived from
2087:(English, 2nd ed.).
1993:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1663:"Fear and Money in Dubai"
750:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
625:over 300 tons intercepted
5444:Saltwater and freshwater
4551:Danish West Indian daler
4387:Eastern Caribbean dollar
2697:Smolyar, Leonid (2006).
1179:Cornell University Press
1171:Spiro, David E. (1999).
1123:"Recycling Petrodollars"
895:Kinzer, Stephen (2008).
621:Iranian weapon shipments
543:Venezuelan health system
399:U.S. Treasury securities
195:U.S. Treasury securities
5368:International economics
5293:Overlapping generations
4810:Project Entropia Dollar
4762:Pitcairn Islands dollar
4516:British Columbia dollar
4257:World Petroleum Council
4131:China Oilfield Services
3188:Petroleum fiscal regime
2887:Western Canadian Select
2882:West Texas Intermediate
2706:(B.Sc. Honors thesis).
2517:The Wall Street Journal
2369:Inter-American Dialogue
1940:Foreign Policy Magazine
928:"Petrodollar Profusion"
264:Thanks to the historic
145:floating exchange rates
5738:Mathematical economics
5472:Modern monetary theory
5225:Universal basic income
4442:Solomon Islands dollar
3734:Indian Oil Corporation
3220:Submersible pump (ESP)
3165:Underbalanced drilling
2986:of gasoline and diesel
2680:New Society Publishers
257:
199:sovereign wealth funds
76:is historically high.
33:
5784:International finance
5566:Wesley Clair Mitchell
5541:Thomas Robert Malthus
5363:Development economics
4923:Zimbabwean bond notes
4918:Zimbabwean bond coins
4790:(GearyâKhamis dollar)
4686:Sierra Leonean dollar
4636:Norwegian speciedaler
4571:Greenlandic rigsdaler
4377:Cayman Islands dollar
4111:Cameron International
3553:Petrodollar recycling
3536:fossil fuel phase-out
3099:Differential sticking
3052:Reflection seismology
3025:Petroleum engineering
2867:OPEC Reference Basket
1963:Brookings Institution
1279:Secrets of the Temple
1101:"Petrodollar Problem"
644:Royal Family of Qatar
578:Turkish Telecom Corp.
523:Chelsea Football Club
492:Royal Saudi Air Force
341:other regional allies
255:
244:was the only escape.
37:Petrodollar recycling
31:
5288:RamseyâCassâKoopmans
5127:Liquidity preference
4788:International dollar
4676:Saint Vincent dollar
4621:New Brunswick dollar
4467:United States dollar
4008:Occidental Petroleum
3322:1990 oil price shock
3148:Shale oil extraction
3121:Drilling engineering
3104:Directional drilling
3030:Reservoir simulation
2378:on November 29, 2016
2124:"Shah Faisal Mosque"
2079:Castor, Belmiro V.J.
1794:"Russian Footprints"
1507:"The Resource Curse"
1284:Simon & Schuster
1033:(February 1, 2012).
361:economic imperialism
357:United States dollar
141:developing countries
5789:Petroleum economics
5706:Macroeconomic model
5571:John Maynard Keynes
5353:Economic statistics
5298:General equilibrium
4847:Canadian Tire money
4656:Puerto Rican dollar
4641:Nova Scotian dollar
4631:Norwegian rigsdaler
4626:Newfoundland dollar
4531:Ceylonese rixdollar
4382:Cook Islands dollar
4156:Naftiran Intertrade
4101:Amec Foster Wheeler
4028:Reliance Industries
3917:Naftiran Intertrade
3729:Hindustan Petroleum
3327:2000s energy crisis
2708:New York University
2676:Petrodollar Warfare
2649:on January 16, 2017
2548:The Washington Post
2434:on February 2, 2017
2274:. BBC. July 2, 2003
2149:Zubok, Vyadislav M.
2055:on January 18, 2017
1957:(January 7, 2016).
1904:Petrodollar Warfare
1806:on January 9, 2015.
1792:(August 24, 2006).
1464:on December 3, 2022
1430:. November 10, 2005
1235:Ăzel, IĆık (2014).
1005:The Washington Post
604:, 90% owned by the
559:premium French wine
353:petrodollar warfare
347:Petrodollar warfare
290:checkbook diplomacy
5794:Petroleum politics
5646:Edward C. Prescott
5358:Monetary economics
4862:Salt Spring dollar
4726:Trinidadian dollar
4671:Saint Lucia dollar
4666:Saint Kitts dollar
4566:Dutch rijksdaalder
4541:Continental dollar
4427:New Zealand dollar
4003:Marathon Petroleum
3425:List of oil fields
3035:Reservoir modeling
2793:Petroleum industry
2717:on April 25, 2012.
2491:The New York Times
2462:The New York Times
2252:. BBC. May 8, 2010
2226:The New York Times
2197:The New York Times
1701:. October 27, 2008
1617:The New York Times
1455:The New York Times
1326:University of Iowa
1181:. pp. 74â75.
1071:Oweiss, Ibrahim M.
975:The New York Times
258:
70:petroleum politics
34:
5761:
5760:
5733:Political economy
5676:N. Gregory Mankiw
5666:Thomas J. Sargent
5515:
5514:
5506:Market monetarism
5310:Endogenous growth
5139:National accounts
4931:
4930:
4736:Zimbabwean dollar
4731:Tobagonian dollar
4716:Old Taiwan dollar
4711:Swedish riksdaler
4591:Kiautschou dollar
4495:Malaysian ringgit
4452:New Taiwan dollar
4447:Surinamese dollar
4342:Australian dollar
4287:
4286:
4265:
4264:
4151:Nabors Industries
4081:
4080:
3279:Well intervention
3254:Petroleum product
3153:Ljungström method
3057:Seismic inversion
3042:Petroleum geology
2996:
2995:
2689:978-0-86571-514-1
2336:The Sunday Mirror
1919:978-0-86571-514-1
1790:Pacepa, Ion Mihai
1293:978-0-671-47989-3
1252:978-1-317-81782-6
980:According to the
804:on April 10, 2019
608:from 2008 to 2019
602:Chrysler Building
230:accumulated debts
117:industrialization
113:Peter G. Peterson
5801:
5753:
5752:
5656:William Nordhaus
5641:Robert Lucas Jr.
5531:François Quesnay
5384:
5383:
5151:Nominal rigidity
5122:Demand for money
5100:Microfoundations
5036:Financial crisis
5016:Effective demand
4986:Aggregate supply
4981:Aggregate demand
4958:
4951:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4661:Rhodesian dollar
4611:Mongolian dollar
4606:Mauritian dollar
4576:Grenadian dollar
4561:Dominican dollar
4546:Danish rigsdaler
4437:Singapore dollar
4402:Hong Kong dollar
4362:Bermudian dollar
4352:Barbadian dollar
4314:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4277:
4276:
3978:Hess Corporation
3699:Bharat Petroleum
3630:
3629:
3615:
3614:
3302:1967 Oil Embargo
3138:Lost circulation
2976:Posted oil price
2900:
2899:
2857:Isthmus-34 Light
2786:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:Atlantic Council
2741:
2739:
2737:
2723:Staats, Elmer B.
2718:
2716:
2710:. Archived from
2705:
2693:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2607:The Card Players
2600:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:. Bloomberg News
2397:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2371:. Archived from
2366:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2166:978-1-31602563-5
2145:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2098:978-1-46910432-4
2075:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2048:. Archived from
2043:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1802:. Archived from
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1733:978-1-78499764-9
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1699:Associated Press
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1642:. Bloomberg News
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:. Bloomberg News
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1544:978-1-31643242-6
1534:The Price of Oil
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:. Bloomberg News
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1404:on March 5, 2016
1403:
1397:. Archived from
1392:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1274:Greider, William
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:. pp. 27â29
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1013:
995:
989:
979:
969:
967:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
936:. April 28, 2012
924:
915:
914:
902:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
800:. Archived from
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
767:
756:
755:
749:
741:
730:
701:
696:
695:
687:
682:
681:
655:
640:CĂ©zanne painting
636:
617:
597:
574:
563:Emirates airline
554:
538:
518:
503:
483:
467:
448:
433:
414:
405:during 1960â2015
403:OPEC governments
395:
221:Suleyman Demirel
203:commercial banks
153:balance of trade
5809:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5693:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5661:Joseph Stiglitz
5621:Milton Friedman
5601:Friedrich Hayek
5522:macroeconomists
5511:
5510:
5509:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5320:MundellâFleming
5315:Matching theory
5253:Keynesian cross
5230:
5229:
5228:
5192:
5191:
5190:
4967:
4962:
4932:
4927:
4871:
4830:
4814:
4793:
4766:
4745:
4706:Sumatran dollar
4691:Slovenian tolar
4616:Nevisian dollar
4581:Hawaiian dollar
4499:
4477:
4471:
4462:Tuvaluan dollar
4422:Namibian dollar
4417:Liberian dollar
4412:Kiribati dollar
4407:Jamaican dollar
4397:Guyanese dollar
4372:Canadian dollar
4347:Bahamian dollar
4330:
4318:
4288:
4283:
4261:
4215:
4211:John Wood Group
4201:Valaris Limited
4094:
4091:
4088:
4077:
3943:APA Corporation
3931:
3883:
3682:
3679:
3671:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3505:Classification
3489:
3412:
3406:
3342:Nationalization
3312:1979 oil crisis
3307:1973 oil crisis
3288:
3274:Water injection
3242:Steam injection
3237:Gas reinjection
3205:Artificial lift
3174:
3116:Drill stem test
3068:
2992:
2939:
2891:
2813:
2795:
2790:
2735:
2733:
2714:
2703:
2690:
2670:
2668:Further reading
2665:
2652:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2619:
2617:
2601:
2597:
2583:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2310:
2308:
2301:The Independent
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2127:
2126:. Lonely Planet
2122:
2121:
2117:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2091:. p. 202.
2076:
2072:
2066:7 billion.
2058:
2056:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1825:
1823:Mises Institute
1815:
1811:
1799:National Review
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1763:The Independent
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1674:
1672:
1668:New Left Review
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1286:. p. 340.
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1068:
1057:
1049:Washington Post
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1009:
996:
992:
965:
963:
954:
953:
949:
939:
937:
926:
925:
918:
911:
893:
889:
879:
877:
867:
863:
853:
851:
848:"Oil and erbil"
844:
840:
830:
828:
821:
817:
807:
805:
790:
786:
776:
774:
769:
768:
759:
743:
742:
732:
731:
724:
720:
707:Dedollarisation
697:
690:
683:
676:
673:
666:
656:
647:
637:
628:
618:
609:
598:
589:
575:
566:
555:
546:
539:
530:
519:
510:
504:
495:
486:American-built
484:
475:
468:
459:
449:
440:
434:
425:
415:
406:
396:
384:
349:
325:Soviet-led bloc
282:
250:
248:2005â2014 surge
234:unpayably large
225:William Greider
160:current account
149:Johan Witteveen
133:1973 oil crisis
125:
123:1974â1981 surge
94:
89:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5807:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5759:
5758:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5728:Microeconomics
5725:
5724:
5723:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:Lawrence Klein
5628:
5626:Paul Samuelson
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5581:MichaĆ Kalecki
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5496:Disequilibrium
5493:
5492:
5491:
5484:Post-Keynesian
5481:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:Related fields
5337:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5268:Phillips curve
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5117:Money creation
5114:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5073:Liquidity trap
5070:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:Business cycle
4988:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:Basic concepts
4969:
4968:
4965:Macroeconomics
4961:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:Quarter dollar
4890:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4867:Toronto dollar
4864:
4859:
4857:Liberty dollar
4854:
4852:Disney Dollars
4849:
4844:
4842:Calgary dollar
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4750:Noncirculating
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Straits dollar
4698:
4696:Spanish dollar
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Sarawak dollar
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Malayan dollar
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Antigua dollar
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4490:Ethiopian birr
4487:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Surgutneftegas
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Eneos Holdings
3965:
3960:
3958:ConocoPhillips
3955:
3950:
3948:Cenovus Energy
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3889:Energy trading
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3573:Swing producer
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Gulf of Mexico
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:2010s oil glut
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:1980s oil glut
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3126:Drilling fluid
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3064:Seismic source
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:Japan Cocktail
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2809:Primary energy
2806:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2742:
2719:
2694:
2688:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2630:
2595:
2563:
2534:
2503:
2477:
2448:
2418:
2392:
2352:
2321:
2285:
2263:
2241:
2212:
2183:
2165:
2140:
2115:
2097:
2070:
2029:
2000:
1968:
1946:
1925:
1918:
1892:
1864:
1838:
1809:
1781:
1746:
1732:
1712:
1686:
1653:
1630:
1602:
1580:
1557:
1543:
1523:
1498:
1475:
1441:
1415:
1378:
1353:
1306:
1292:
1265:
1251:
1245:. p. 34.
1227:
1215:Bloomberg News
1201:
1187:
1163:
1136:
1114:
1092:
1055:
1022:
990:
947:
916:
910:978-0470185490
909:
887:
861:
838:
815:
784:
757:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
703:
702:
688:
672:
669:
668:
667:
657:
650:
648:
638:
631:
629:
619:
612:
610:
599:
592:
590:
576:
569:
567:
556:
549:
547:
540:
533:
531:
520:
513:
511:
505:
498:
496:
485:
478:
476:
469:
462:
460:
450:
443:
441:
435:
428:
426:
416:
409:
407:
397:
390:
383:
380:
348:
345:
329:1980s oil glut
281:
278:
270:resource curse
249:
246:
238:neocolonialism
164:Arab countries
131:impact of the
124:
121:
108:and to former
106:Ibrahim Oweiss
93:
90:
88:
85:
66:global finance
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5806:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5756:
5746:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5651:Peter Diamond
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Edmund Phelps
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5611:Richard Stone
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:Joan Robinson
5594:
5592:
5591:Simon Kuznets
5589:
5587:
5586:Gunnar Myrdal
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Irving Fisher
5559:
5557:
5556:Knut Wicksell
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5417:New classical
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:Shrinkflation
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Interest rate
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:Expectations
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:See also
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:Linden dollar
4803:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Penang dollar
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Fijian dollar
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Brunei dollar
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Belize dollar
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4084:
4074:
4073:Valero Energy
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Suncor Energy
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3667:TotalEnergies
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3616:
3613:
3611:organisations
3609:Companies and
3607:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Petrocurrency
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Oil shale gas
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3501:Abbreviations
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Permian Basin
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:United States
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Seven Sisters
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Core sampling
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Indian Basket
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2751:Econographics
2748:
2743:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2592:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2273:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1591:. Kuwait Fund
1590:
1584:
1568:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1508:
1502:
1486:
1479:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1429:
1428:The Economist
1425:
1419:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1190:
1188:0-8014-2884-X
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1124:
1118:
1102:
1096:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1035:"Petrodollar"
1032:
1026:
1019:
1007:
1006:
1001:
994:
987:
983:
978:
976:
961:
957:
951:
935:
934:
933:The Economist
929:
923:
921:
912:
906:
901:
900:
891:
876:
872:
865:
849:
842:
826:
819:
803:
799:
795:
788:
772:
766:
764:
762:
753:
747:
739:
735:
729:
727:
722:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
699:Energy portal
694:
689:
686:
680:
675:
664:
660:
654:
649:
645:
641:
635:
630:
626:
622:
616:
611:
607:
603:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
568:
564:
560:
553:
548:
544:
537:
532:
528:
524:
517:
512:
508:
502:
497:
493:
489:
482:
477:
473:
466:
461:
458:
454:
453:Faisal Mosque
447:
442:
438:
432:
427:
424:
420:
413:
408:
404:
400:
394:
389:
388:
387:
379:
377:
372:
370:
369:
362:
358:
354:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
262:
254:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
87:Capital flows
84:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
51:, mainly the
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
22:
21:Petrocurrency
5671:Paul Krugman
5616:Hyman Minsky
5576:Alvin Hansen
5348:Econometrics
5325:Overshooting
5278:HarrodâDomar
5273:ArrowâDebreu
5220:Central bank
5186:Unemployment
5176:Supply shock
5134:Money supply
5011:Disinflation
5006:Demand shock
4913:Trade dollar
4898:Holey dollar
4782:
4721:Texas dollar
4485:Chinese yuan
4476:Circulating,
4324:
4176:Schlumberger
4106:Baker Hughes
3998:Marathon Oil
3988:Imperial Oil
3983:Husky Energy
3973:Galp Energia
3963:Devon Energy
3849:Saudi Aramco
3829:Petrovietnam
3774:NNPC Limited
3678:National oil
3558:Petrofiction
3552:
3526:Orphan wells
3494:Other topics
3465:Persian Gulf
3392:Saudi Arabia
3362:Standard Oil
3170:Well logging
3047:Petrophysics
2750:
2734:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2699:
2675:
2658:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:the original
2642:
2633:
2625:
2620:February 19,
2618:. Retrieved
2612:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2582:. Retrieved
2576:
2566:
2558:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:
2480:
2472:
2467:December 29,
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2443:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:the original
2421:
2413:
2406:. Retrieved
2395:
2387:
2382:November 29,
2380:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2355:
2347:
2340:. Retrieved
2334:
2324:
2316:
2309:. Retrieved
2300:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2244:
2236:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2215:
2207:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2186:
2177:
2170:. Retrieved
2156:
2143:
2135:
2128:. Retrieved
2118:
2109:
2102:. Retrieved
2083:
2073:
2064:
2057:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2032:
2024:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1971:
1955:Ben Bernanke
1949:
1938:
1928:
1903:
1895:
1885:December 31,
1883:. Retrieved
1877:
1867:
1857:November 28,
1855:. Retrieved
1841:
1833:
1826:. Retrieved
1812:
1804:the original
1797:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1722:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1675:February 12,
1673:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:February 16,
1621:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:February 14,
1571:. Retrieved
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1533:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1501:
1491:February 22,
1489:. Retrieved
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1453:
1444:
1434:February 14,
1432:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1356:
1330:. Retrieved
1320:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1237:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1173:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1078:
1048:
1045:
1038:. Retrieved
1031:Popik, Barry
1025:
1017:
1010:. Retrieved
1008:. p. A1
1003:
993:
974:
971:
964:. Retrieved
959:
950:
938:. Retrieved
931:
898:
890:
878:. Retrieved
864:
852:. Retrieved
850:. New Yorker
841:
829:. Retrieved
827:. New Yorker
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:the original
797:
787:
775:. Retrieved
661:vehicles in
472:Soviet Union
385:
373:
368:currency war
365:
352:
350:
318:
283:
263:
259:
192:
168:Persian Gulf
157:
129:recessionary
126:
95:
78:
74:price of oil
58:U.S. dollars
53:OPEC members
45:petrodollars
44:
36:
35:
25:
5551:LĂ©on Walras
5434:Supply-side
5263:Accelerator
5171:Stagflation
5156:Price level
5051:Demand-pull
4888:Half dollar
4883:Dollar sign
4826:Angus Bucks
4783:Petrodollar
4757:Niue dollar
4478:but renamed
4432:Samoan tÄlÄ
4335:Circulating
4146:Halliburton
4018:Phillips 66
3839:QatarEnergy
3809:Petrobangla
3744:KazMunayGas
3634:Supermajors
3583:heavy crude
3470:Prudhoe Bay
3450:Niger Delta
3430:Caspian Sea
3193:Concessions
3143:Measurement
3109:Geosteering
3092:Squeeze job
3002:Exploration
2951:Consumption
2910:Consumption
2903:Natural gas
2832:Bonny Light
2736:January 31,
2653:January 13,
2614:Vanity Fair
2438:January 30,
2256:February 7,
2231:January 16,
2202:November 5,
2172:January 18,
2104:January 18,
2059:January 17,
2019:January 17,
1828:January 12,
1671:(41): 47â68
1646:February 4,
1595:January 22,
1550:January 22,
1516:January 22,
1408:January 31,
1299:January 31,
1258:January 31,
1194:February 8,
1156:February 5,
1129:January 31,
1107:January 31,
1085:January 31,
1040:January 11,
1012:February 5,
966:January 11,
940:February 7,
880:January 14,
600:New York's
557:Bottles of
529:oil fortune
457:King Faisal
451:Pakistan's
306:remittances
298:Kuwait Fund
294:petro-Islam
286:foreign aid
280:Foreign aid
242:debt relief
240:from which
5768:Categories
5606:John Hicks
5536:Adam Smith
5489:Circuitism
5479:Ecological
5467:Chartalism
5412:Monetarism
5387:Mainstream
5283:SolowâSwan
5258:Multiplier
5215:Commercial
5110:Endogenous
5068:Investment
4778:Eurodollar
4771:Conceptual
4329:or similar
4321:Currencies
4196:Transocean
4063:Tullow Oil
4053:TechnipFMC
3819:PetroChina
3657:ExxonMobil
3563:Shale band
3440:East Texas
3413:and fields
3227:Downstream
3180:Production
3087:Completion
3015:Geophysics
2956:Production
2915:Production
2852:Indonesian
2827:Argus Sour
2819:Benchmarks
2408:January 5,
1682:workforce.
1589:"Timeline"
1371:August 25,
1177:. Ithaca:
718:References
582:Saudi Oger
565:since 2005
494:since 1981
437:Itaipu Dam
207:Eurodollar
180:revolution
92:Background
81:oil crisis
43:exports ("
5716:Economics
5546:Karl Marx
5454:Heterodox
5429:Stockholm
5395:Keynesian
5161:Recession
5056:Cost-push
5046:Inflation
5001:Deflation
4819:Fictional
4191:TC Energy
4092:companies
3922:Trafigura
3869:Sonatrach
3814:Petrobras
3804:Pertamina
3714:Ecopetrol
3680:companies
3624:companies
3622:petroleum
3598:tight oil
3593:oil shale
3588:oil sands
3568:Shale gas
3509:sweet oil
3480:Venezuela
3455:North Sea
3411:Provinces
3402:Venezuela
3249:Midstream
2944:Petroleum
2804:Petroleum
2643:Just Auto
2584:March 29,
2553:March 29,
2342:August 1,
2311:August 1,
2278:March 23,
2130:March 29,
1774:March 29,
1739:March 29,
1705:March 29,
1395:Citigroup
1342:cite book
1243:Routledge
903:. Wiley.
854:April 10,
831:April 10,
808:April 10,
545:from 2004
521:London's
351:The term
333:Venezuela
216:Argentina
188:sanctions
102:2005â2014
98:1974â1981
41:petroleum
5755:Category
5698:See also
5686:Critique
5520:Notable
5462:Austrian
5210:Monetary
5197:Policies
5029:Rational
5024:Adaptive
4279:Category
4186:Subsea 7
4166:Petrofac
4161:NOV Inc.
4141:GE Power
4136:Enbridge
4090:services
3912:Mercuria
3902:Glencore
3864:Sonangol
3824:Petronas
3759:Naftogaz
3531:Peak oil
3514:sour oil
3269:Upstream
3264:Refining
3259:Pipeline
3215:Pumpjack
3210:Gas lift
3131:invasion
3074:Drilling
2961:Reserves
2920:Reserves
2725:(1979).
2591:militia.
2527:June 13,
2521:Archived
2305:Archived
2151:(2010).
2081:(2003).
1989:cite web
1768:Archived
1276:(1987).
1073:(1990).
1051:article.
746:cite web
671:See also
210:such as
5721:Applied
5501:Marxian
5379:Schools
4835:Private
4798:Virtual
4504:Defunct
3854:Sinopec
3844:Rosneft
3724:Gazprom
3719:Equinor
3647:Chevron
3294:History
3160:Tracers
3082:Blowout
2971:Exports
2966:Imports
2930:Exports
2925:Imports
2578:Haaretz
2496:July 3,
2089:Xlibris
2014:Reuters
1879:Reuters
1468:May 25,
1332:June 6,
1220:May 31,
777:May 28,
627:in 2009
588:support
527:Sibneft
507:Harrods
419:Daimler
296:". The
174:, with
166:of the
5774:Dollar
5235:Models
5205:Fiscal
5181:Saving
5041:Growth
4903:Thaler
4326:dollar
4323:named
4220:Others
4171:Saipem
4068:TĂŒpraĆ
4058:TNK-BP
4043:Sunoco
4033:Repsol
3993:Lukoil
3936:Others
3907:Gunvor
3541:timing
3475:Russia
3387:Norway
3372:France
3367:Canada
2686:
2163:
2111:Plant.
2095:
1916:
1730:
1541:
1290:
1249:
1185:
982:Oweiss
907:
663:Kuwait
659:Toyota
423:Kuwait
292:" or "
232:to be
212:Brazil
62:pegged
5330:NAIRU
5248:ADâAS
5243:ISâLM
5105:Money
4908:Tolar
4087:Major
3953:Cepsa
3927:Vitol
3897:Enron
3859:SOCAR
3799:Pemex
3794:PDVSA
3789:Orlen
3754:Lotos
3694:ANCAP
3662:Shell
3619:Major
3377:India
2981:Price
2935:Price
2877:Urals
2872:Tapis
2842:Dubai
2837:Brent
2715:(PDF)
2704:(PDF)
2376:(PDF)
2365:(PDF)
2053:(PDF)
2042:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1402:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
172:Libya
5400:Neo-
5303:DSGE
4996:CAGR
4181:Snam
4121:CH2M
3874:TPAO
3382:Iraq
3352:OPEC
3347:GECF
2896:Data
2738:2016
2684:ISBN
2655:2017
2622:2016
2586:2017
2555:2017
2529:2024
2498:2016
2469:2016
2440:2017
2410:2017
2384:2016
2344:2016
2313:2016
2280:2016
2258:2016
2233:2017
2204:2016
2174:2017
2161:ISBN
2132:2017
2106:2017
2093:ISBN
2061:2017
2021:2017
1995:link
1914:ISBN
1887:2016
1859:2016
1830:2016
1776:2017
1741:2017
1728:ISBN
1707:2017
1677:2016
1648:2016
1625:2016
1597:2017
1575:2016
1552:2017
1539:ISBN
1518:2017
1493:2016
1470:2024
1436:2016
1410:2016
1373:2016
1348:link
1334:2011
1301:2016
1288:ISBN
1260:2016
1247:ISBN
1222:2016
1196:2016
1183:ISBN
1158:2016
1131:2016
1109:2016
1087:2016
1042:2017
1014:2016
984:and
968:2017
942:2016
905:ISBN
882:2017
856:2019
833:2019
810:2019
779:2017
752:link
488:F-15
366:oil
339:and
337:Cuba
321:USSR
214:and
186:and
176:Iran
170:and
100:and
68:and
5405:New
5144:SNA
5093:NNI
5088:GNI
5083:GDP
4116:CGG
4013:OMV
3879:YPF
3652:Eni
1852:BBC
986:NYT
586:IMF
184:war
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