815:... I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the workingmen at Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis. It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this government, which was built upon the foundation of human rights, and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of human slavery, was likely to obtain the favor of Europe. Through the actions of our disloyal citizens the workingmen of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial, for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt. Under these circumstances, I cannot but regard your decisive utterance upon the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country. It is, indeed, an energetic and reinspiring assurance of the inherent power of truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice, humanity, and freedom. I do not doubt that the sentiments you have expressed will be sustained by your great nation, and, on the other hand, I have no hesitation in assuring you that they will excite admiration, esteem, and the most reciprocal feelings of friendship among the American people. I hail this interchange of sentiment, therefore, as an augury that, whatever else may happen, whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own, the peace and friendship which now exist between the two nations will be, as it shall be my desire to make them, perpetual. Abraham Lincoln
620:, one of the worst affected towns. Only five of the town's 39 factories and 24 machine shops were employing people full-time. Contributions were sent from all over the world for the relief of the cotton operatives in Cheshire and Lancashire and at one point three-quarters of Stalybridge workers were dependent on relief schemes. By 1863 there were 750 empty houses in the town. A thousand skilled men and women left the town in what became known as "The Panic". In 1863 the local relief committee decided to substitute a system of relief by ticket instead of money. The tickets were to be presented at the shops of local grocers. On Thursday 19 March a public meeting resolved to resist the tickets. On Friday 20 March 1863, the officials of the relief committee went to the thirteen schools to offer the tickets, the men refused the tickets and turned out onto the streets. They stoned the cab of the departing official and then broke the windows of the shops owned by members of the relief committee, then turned to the depots of the relief committee which they sacked. By evening, a company of
608:
more properly named the
Lancashire and Cheshire Operatives Relief Fund, was set up on 16 May 1862, when £1,500 (equivalent to about £180,000 in 2024) was sent to the distressed districts. Benefactors all over the United Kingdom, the Empire and across the world, raised money for the appeal. Between April 1862 and April 1863, £473,749 was collected and distributed (about £57.3 million in 2024). The Central Committee was formed 20 June 1862, composed of mayors of the affected towns; it put out an appeal letter to other towns across the country. A third fund, set up in June 1862 for slightly different purposes, was the Cotton Districts Relief Fund, which became part of the Central Committee.
1870:
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Parliament to investigate the effects in
Lancashire, where he started in May 1862 in Preston. He laid down a liberal interpretation of the Act and instructed gifts from charity should not be taken into account when assessing need. As an alternative to outdoor work, sewing classes were run by the churches which entitled the participants or "scholars" to receive benefit. Bible Reading classes followed and then industrial classes which taught reading, writing and simple maths with carpentry, shoemaking and tailoring. The Poor Law Unions were limited in the monies they could raise through rates and had no powers to borrow. Parliament passed the
826:
778:. The Unionists believed that all the British public would now see this as an antislavery issue rather than an anti-protectionism issue and would pressure its government not to intervene in favour of the South. Many mill owners and workers resented the blockade and continued to see the war as an issue of tariffs against free trade. Attempts were made to run the blockade by ships from Liverpool, London and New York. 71,751 bales of American cotton reached Liverpool in 1862. Confederate flags were flown in many cotton towns.
22:
671:
797:... the vast progress which you have made in the short space of twenty months fills us with hope that every stain on your freedom will shortly be removed, and that the erasure of that foul blot on civilisation and Christianity – chattel slavery – during your presidency, will cause the name of Abraham Lincoln to be honoured and revered by posterity. We are certain that such a glorious consummation will cement Great Britain and the United States in close and enduring regards.
549:
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380:, the first of the next generation of larger mills and at the time the world's largest mill with 138,000 spindles. With most raw cotton unavailable, mill owners had to either close mills and attempt to help the workers financially, use inferior cotton or bring new cotton into production. Surat was available but mainly used internally in British India. Some limited increase in production was achieved. Attempts were made to establish Sea Island in
5336:
652:. Schools had reopened but only 80 of the expected 1,700 students attended (agreed to be paid by ticket). Representatives were sent to the schools in the neighbouring towns to persuade the scholars to walk out but were met by soldiers. On the Tuesday the mobilisation ended, the relief committee offered to pay the outstanding tickets and to accept a delegation from the thirteen schools to discuss the matter further. The mayor offered that the MP
431:
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Victorian thinking this was wrong and some means was needed to provide paid work. Local authorities did have work that needed to be done but no legal way to borrow to pay for it. The Public Works
Manufacturing Districts Act 1864 became law 2 July 1863. This allowed public authorities to borrow money for public works. Cotton operatives could now be employed on useful projects.
698:. More important were the main sewers that were commissioned to replace the collapsing medieval drains and to bring sanitation to the hundreds of mill workers' cottages that supported the mills. Canals were dug, rivers straightened and new roads constructed such as the cobbled road on Rooley Moor above
880:
In a 2015 article, economic historian Walker Hanlon finds that the cotton famine significantly affected the direction of technological progress in domains relevant to textiles manufacturing using Indian cotton, particularly for gins, openers and scutchers, and carding machines. This manifested in the
857:
To moderate the effects of the cotton famine, the
British tried to diversify its sources of cotton by making former subsistence farmers in British India, Egypt and elsewhere grow cotton for export often at the expense of staple food production. An attempt to grow cotton was also made on the island of
710:
A trickle of raw cotton reached
Lancashire in late 1863 but failed to get to the worst affected regions, being swallowed up in Manchester. The cotton was adulterated with stones but its arrival caused the principal operators to bring in key operators to prepare the mills. The American Civil War ended
656:
would take the matter to parliament. The crowd believed that they had not lost relief and the ticket system would soon be abolished. The
Stalybridge relief committee re-established authority. The Manchester Central Committee was critical of their poor management but they were being undermined by the
170:
in the region, employing 440,000 people who were paid in total £11,500,000 per annum, of whom 90 per cent were adults and 56 per cent female. The mills used 300,000 hp (220,000 kW), of which 18,500 (13,800 kW, 6.17 per cent) was generated by water power. The mills had 30.4 million
84:
The boom years of 1859 and 1860 had produced more woven cotton than could be sold and a cutback in production was needed. The situation was exacerbated by an overabundance of raw cotton held in the warehouses and dockyards of the ports and the market was flooded with finished goods, causing the price
631:
On
Saturday 21 March, the magistrates released most of the prisoners but committed 28 for trial in Chester. They were taken to the railway station by police and soldiers, who were pelted with stones. A further public meeting demanded "money and bread" not "tickets". Rioters demanded bread at various
452:
built the new larger mills. Limited companies developed fastest in the areas with a room and power tradition. Municipal authorities did not have the legal power to borrow money to finance public works until the 1864 Act; before this they had to use their own reserves, which varied from town to town.
447:
and a strong co-operative tradition were quick to mitigate the social damage. The firms using them would rent the space and buy the machines on credit; cotton was cheap and the profit from the cloth was used to pay off the loan and provide a return for the risk. When cotton was unavailable they were
371:
Mill owners were also in difficulty as many of the smaller family-owned mills were mortgaged and if they stopped running the owners would fall behind with payments. Shopkeepers had no sales and could not afford the rents, workers defaulted on their rents and the landlord who stood the loss was often
325:
d/lb. The merchants were holding onto their cotton, speculating on a price rise. By the beginning of 1862, mills were being closed and workers laid off; one-third of the families in one
Lancashire cotton town were in receipt of relief. The price of Middling Orleans, which had been produced at a cost
310:
It was initially believed that
British warehoused stocks of cotton would be adequate to see out the anticipated brief conflict. As all the Union advances early on were driven back, it became clear to European observers that the war would not be over quickly. By December, Middling Orleans was selling
661:
of the Lord Mayor of London, which offered to distribute cash to scholars directly through the churches. The violence was blamed on outside agitators and the blame was put on an immigrant minority. Descriptions suggest about 3,500 participants, although there were only 1,700 scholars receiving aid.
607:
All those in work were encouraged to subscribe to charity and lists of subscribers were published. Local relief committees were set up to administer these funds, receiving other donations from the
Mansion House Committee of London and Central Relief Committee of Manchester. The Mansion House Fund,
595:
MP, the Poor Law Commissioner who represented an industrial constituency, wrote to the Poor Law Unions in September 1861 warning them of potential famine and instructing them to fulfil their duties with Compassion. Money had to be raised locally on the parish rates. H. B. Farnell, was appointed by
417:
called a family meeting of mill owners, clergy and "respectable" residents to take charge of the situation. Two relief committees were formed which experimented unsuccessfully with soup kitchens then set about distributing thousands of pounds worth of provisions, coal, clogs and clothing. Calico
179:. The industry imported 1,390,938,752 lb (620,954.800 long tons; 630,919.205 t) of raw cotton a year. It exported 2.78 billion yards of cotton cloth and 197,343,655 lb (88,099.846 long tons; 89,513.576 t) of twist and yarn. The total value of its exports was £32 million.
158:
and leading to an immediate, protracted interruption of the cotton supply – initially by a voluntary boycott by Southern planters who believed a run on the cotton would quickly debilitate the British economy and force them to intervene on the South's behalf. By the time it became clear that this
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In March 1863, there were some 60,000–70,000 women attending sewing school and 20,000 men and boys attending classes. They were defined as doing useful work so could legally receive aid under the Poor Law legislation. There remained a further 25,000 men receiving aid but not doing any work. To
363:
from India were the least suitable for machinery and were only ever used as a small percentage of a mixture as the fibres were short and broke easily. Surat came in smaller bales which contained stones and other impurities. Each town in Lancashire used different mixtures and when the supply of
885:
utilizing four different gin designs over the course of four years, as well as a 19-30 percent reduction in wasted Indian cotton over the period from 1862 to 1868. Hanlon also finds that the relative price of Indian cotton to American cotton returned to its pre-Civil War level by 1874 despite
405:
that could be adjusted to use a different cotton, while others did not. Owners of "integrateds" (mills that both spun and wove) could better balance the workload, thus preserving the precious raw material for longer. Some cautious mill owners always held stock in hand, while others bought as
400:
The cotton industry had become highly specialised by the 1860s and the severity of the famine in different towns depended on many factors. Some towns were built around mills using short fibre American cotton, while others used the longer fibre Egyptian cotton still available. Some mills had
85:
to collapse, while at the same time the demand for raw cotton fell. The price for raw cotton increased by several hundred percent due to blockade and lack of imports. The inaccessibility of raw cotton and the difficult trading conditions caused a change in the social circumstances of the
138:. The region had swamped the American market with printed cottons and was speculatively exporting to India. The populations of some mill towns in Lancashire and the surrounding region had almost doubled, the profit to capital ratio was running at more than 30 per cent, and a
351:(also known as extra long staple), grown on the islands off the Carolina coast of America, was the best quality cotton; Egyptian — the name given to Sea Island cotton that had been introduced into Egypt — was the second best grade. The most common grades were the
426:
and after the enactment of 1864 Public Works Act, took a loan to extend the waterworks. The only recorded tension was when the Relief Committee mistakenly decided to auction, instead of distributing free, a gift of food from the American federal government.
858:
Sicily. With the ending of the American Civil War, these new cotton farmers became redundant and their cotton was hardly demanded. This led to their impoverishment and aggravated various famines in these countries in the second half of the 19th century.
93:
workforce. Factory owners no longer bought large quantities of raw cotton to process and large parts of Lancashire and the surrounding areas' workers became unemployed and went from being the most prosperous workers in Britain to the most impoverished.
289:); production had exceeded demand and short time working was inevitable. As indications came that trouble was possible, the American growers hurried to export their crop early. Almost enough of the 1861 crop reached Liverpool to supply the mills.
97:
Local relief committees were set up and appealed for money locally and nationally. There were two major funds, the Manchester Central Committee and the Mansion House Committee of the Lord Mayor of London. The poorest applied for relief under the
711:
in April 1865. In August 1864, the first large consignment arrived and Wooley Bridge mill in Glossop reopened, giving all operatives a four and half day week. Employment then returned to normal. Raw cotton prices had risen from
524:, along with 65 empty shops and fifteen empty beer houses. The exodus was caused primarily by evictions. The spring saw a wave of emigration stimulated by special agencies. The steamship companies cut their rates (steerage to
757:
hoped that distress in the European cotton manufacturing areas (similar hardships occurred in France), together with distaste in European ruling circles for democracy would lead to European intervention to force the
114:, cleaning rivers, landscaping parks and surfacing roads. In 1864, cotton imports were restored, the mills were put back into production but some towns had diversified and many thousands of operatives had emigrated.
601:
107:
106:. Local relief committees experimented with soup kitchens and direct aid. In 1862, sewing classes and industrial classes were organised by local churches and attendance merited a Poor Law payment. After the
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to find work for the fit. In rural communities this was stone breaking in the quarries, the mines etc. Outdoor work was quite unsuitable for men who had been working in the humid, heated mills, whose
73:. The increase in cotton prices caused the textile trade to rapidly lose two-thirds of its previous value of exports to China from 1861 to 1862. The worldwide cotton famine also produced a boom in
340:
d and bought by the merchants for 8d in 1861, rose to 2s. 3d. by October 1862, and to 2s. 5d. the following year. It is calculated that the merchants had a windfall of £35 million.
2439:
849:
in Rusholme. The Federal American government sent a gift of food to the people of Lancashire. The first consignment was sent aboard the George Griswold. Other ships were the Hope and Achilles.
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known as the "Cotton Famine Road". The public works commissioned in this period left a major impression on the infrastructure of the towns of Lancashire and the surrounding cotton areas.
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945:
Of the 1,390,938,752 lb of raw cotton 1,115,890,608 lb came from America.(80 per cent). At the end of 1860, there remained 250 million lb in storage in the United Kingdom.
368:
was needed to reduce breakages. Running a loom on Surat could only produce about 40 per cent of the previous throughput and, as workers were paid by the piece, their income was slashed.
1413:
869:
caused disruptions driving the price of cotton "so high that the Chinese stopped buying from outside". The textile trade lost two-thirds of its value from 1861-1862 and kept falling.
591:
to administer the relief. Their job was to minimise the cost to the parishes, which were compelled to finance their own poor. Paupers should be returned to their parishes of origin.
409:
The older paternalistic mill owners who lived among the local community were quick to divert their neighbours and workforce to maintenance work at their own expense. For example, in
376:, were confident that the famine was temporary and planned for the new more efficient larger machinery that was becoming available, it was during the famine (1863–65) that he built
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1944:
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793:. An extract from the letter they wrote in the name of the Working People of Manchester to His Excellency Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America says:
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the first to go bankrupt. After the famine the need was for more advanced machines and bigger mills. The investment required was too much for many private mill owners, and
597:
2454:
5390:
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loaned money to his workers and Howard took on extra workers on his estate. They set up schools, provided free brass band concerts, gave public readings from the
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A monument in Brazenose Street, Lincoln Square, Manchester, commemorates the events and reproduces portions of both documents. The Abraham Lincoln statue by
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2055:
414:
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290:
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909:
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4388:
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Surdam, David G. (1998). "King Cotton: monarch or pretender? The state of the market for raw cotton on the eve of the American Civil War".
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released their EP "Cotton Lords" in 2019, which takes five poems from the Lancashire Cotton Famine and sets them to music by Paul Sartin.
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fixed. On the Sunday, supporters and visitors arrived in the town but there were no developments. On Monday 23 March the riot spread to
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was the worst affected district and suffered a net loss of population between 1861 and 1871. In 1864 there were 2,000 empty houses in
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to make peace on the basis of accepting secession of the Confederacy. After Union forces had repulsed a Confederate incursion at the
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Hanlon, W.W. "Necessity Is the Mother of Invention: Input Supplies and Directed Technical Change." Econometrica, Vol. 83: 67-100.
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477:
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American and Sea Island Cotton dried up, the mill owners moved over to Surat. Some machines could be adjusted to take it but
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was passed, local authorities were empowered to borrow money for approved public works. They commissioned the rebuilding of
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An 1862 newspaper illustration showing people queueing for food and coal tickets at a district Provident Society office
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1969:
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1924:
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significantly increasing in abundance, which is evidence of the "strong induced-bias hypothesis" as proposed by
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cottons which included Middling Orleans; it was these grades that were used by the majority of Lancashire's
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65:. It also caused cotton prices to rise in China, in which trade had been steadily increasing following the
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2201:
2040:
1959:
1939:
1934:
1869:
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99:
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and subsequent rise of exports to China by 30 percent from year 1859-1860. But with the outbreak of the
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The History of the Cotton Famine, from the Fall of Sumter to the Passing of the Public Works Act (1864)
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governments offered free passage, and 1,000 people had emigrated by August 1864, 200 of them from
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74:
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was read and eighty men were arrested; women and girls continued to harangue the police and soldiers.
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Report of the International Relief Committee for the Suffering Operatives of Great Britain 1862–1863
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Regions such as Australia, welcomed skilled spinners and weavers and encouraged their immigration.
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2004:
1954:
1834:
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3864:
3396:
3297:
3212:
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2861:
2581:
2318:
2313:
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2110:
2080:
2030:
1979:
695:
683:
533:
5104:
5004:
4818:
4467:
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4330:
4298:
4005:
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3416:
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3321:
2977:
2962:
2855:
2526:
2464:
2434:
2303:
2050:
1994:
694:
The Lancashire area has a legacy of municipal parks that were created in this period such as
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1984:
1974:
1770:
1535:
905:
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348:
21:
8:
5247:
5039:
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2196:
2191:
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1914:
1859:
1611:
1113:
842:
775:
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373:
789:, despite their increasing hardship, resolved to support the Union in its fight against
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2035:
1964:
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155:
58:
46:
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1706:
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1392:
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78:
70:
53:
in a time of contracting world markets. It coincided with the interruption of baled
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1904:
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1919:
1194:"The Facts of the Cotton Famine.* » 13 Aug 1864 » The Spectator Archive"
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and speculators buying up new stock for storage in the shipping warehouses at the
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4047:
3990:
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2500:
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1829:
1776:
1771:
Home-Life of the Lancashire Factory Folk during the Cotton Famine, by Edwin Waugh
1523:
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In China, the British enjoyed an increase in trade following the results of the
600:
which allowed the burden be shared between the parishes and the county and then
159:
strategy was ineffective, the resumption of cotton exports was prevented by the
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1989:
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1305:
1301:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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southern states of America, where most of the world's raw cotton was produced,
122:
The 1850s had been a period of unprecedented growth for the cotton industry in
103:
50:
670:
5354:
4613:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4173:
4082:
4077:
3919:
3914:
3899:
3869:
3839:
3177:
2802:
2602:
2373:
2343:
2328:
2085:
1999:
811:
sent an address thanking the cotton workers of Lancashire for their support,
493:
419:
402:
172:
5082:
5059:
5049:
5044:
4581:
4523:
4435:
4410:
4323:
4303:
4102:
4000:
2658:
2410:
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
2378:
2363:
2231:
2171:
1685:
3854:
2892:
2872:
2673:
2383:
2358:
2186:
2181:
2141:
1815:
921:
675:
617:
385:
167:
154:. The situation quickly deteriorated, culminating in the outbreak of the
90:
293:, the type of cotton that was used to gauge the prices, was selling for
62:
5237:
4112:
3874:
3075:
3070:
2485:
2388:
2277:
2216:
1812:
1009:
846:
834:
786:
649:
573:
548:
497:
462:
430:
381:
176:
131:
123:
86:
556:, originally commissioned for the Cotton Districts convalescent home,
4501:
2684:
616:
By the winter of 1862–1863 there were 7,000 unemployed operatives in
557:
517:
501:
466:
139:
2440:
General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
1781:
1553:
632:
shops and in each case it was given to them. At 23:30, a company of
4506:
2070:
633:
625:
513:
135:
1567:"Cotton Lords - Songs of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, by Faustus"
2348:
790:
637:
537:
521:
489:
485:
473:
469:
410:
1499:"Thirty-six towns called Manchesters- the effect of the famine?"
665:
576:
had been damaged by cotton dust. The act only required that men
5304:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
679:
621:
389:
286:
285:
Unsold cloth had been building up in the warehouses in Bombay (
54:
802:
Public Meeting, Free Trade Hall, Manchester, 31 December 1862.
1849:
3026:
1681:"Mill Workers' Poems about 1860s Cotton Famine Rediscovered"
1766:
Hard Times, Gerald Schofield A short History of the Famine.
964:
962:
1663:
The English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815–1896
979:
977:
908:
Cotton Famine Poetry Archive. These appear on their album
770:. Slavery had been abolished in the British Empire by the
1652:
Small Town Politics, A Study of Political Life in Glossop
959:
781:
On 31 December 1862, a meeting of cotton workers at the
578:
be set to work as long as he continued to receive relief
16:
Depression in the textile industry of North West England
974:
2455:
North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
852:
484:
converted to woollen production buying in second hand
5381:
History of the textile industry in the United Kingdom
2450:
Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
2415:
Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
1115:
The Wild & Cultivated Cotton Plants of the World
1703:The Cotton Industry in Longdendale and Glossopdale
1649:
372:the mill owner. The wealthier mill owners such as
353:short staple Gossypium hirsutum (American upland)
5352:
4990:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
1705:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 126.
564:Relief in times of hardship was governed by the
552:Commemorative stained-glass window preserved at
5391:Foreign relations during the American Civil War
1420:. Blackburn with Darwen Council. Archived from
1289:
1287:
845:, 1919, was formerly located in the gardens at
602:Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864
587:had required parishes to come together to form
108:Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864
4814:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
2420:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
1738:
1230:
1218:
1143:
2700:
1797:
666:Public Works Manufacturing Districts Act 1864
1950:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
1284:
476:industries. A small number of mills such as
2470:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
2460:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
5386:Economic history of the American Civil War
2707:
2693:
1804:
1790:
1524:Report from International Relief Committee
1451:. Ding Quarry Action Group. Archived from
1773:Primary source on the hardship from 1862.
1297:inflation figures are based on data from
2903:Treatment of slaves in the United States
824:
705:
669:
547:
429:
20:
4646:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
2818:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
1526:funded by the New York Product Exchange
1386:
1088:
636:arrived and patrolled the streets with
5353:
4631:Modern display of the Confederate flag
2714:
1700:
1660:
1609:
1546:
1473:
1380:
1374:
1338:
1326:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1076:
1046:
1034:
1022:
995:
968:
766:in September 1862, Lincoln issued his
4849:
4238:
3802:
3025:
2828:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
2726:
2688:
1990:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
1811:
1785:
1678:
1647:
1631:Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom (2012)
1628:
1517:
1411:
1298:
1180:
989:
983:
904:adapted two poems into song from the
41:(1861–1865), was a depression in the
1719:
1485:
1362:
1350:
1111:
4985:Committee on the Conduct of the War
4661:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1128:
853:Effects in other parts of the world
611:
13:
5055:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
4850:
4394:impeachment managers investigation
2773:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
2425:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
1970:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
1741:Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester
14:
5407:
4480:Reconstruction military districts
2928:Abolitionism in the United States
2883:Plantations in the American South
2798:Origins of the American Civil War
2445:General Union of Loom Overlookers
1759:
1633:. New York: Knopf, Random House.
1554:https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA10811
1091:"Cotton to cloth: An Indian Epic"
749:Britain in the American Civil War
554:North Manchester General Hospital
150:and attempted to secede from the
5334:
5325:
5324:
4463:Enforcement Act of February 1871
4436:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
2430:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
1868:
1616:. London: Saunders, Otley and Co
1442:
1157:"The Cotton Famine of 1862–1863"
543:
435:Image of the Cotton Famine from
5248:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
5110:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
4671:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1860:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
1739:Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992).
1726:. Manchester: Alexander Ireland
1679:Flood, Alison (9 August 2018).
1602:
1584:
1559:
1529:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1436:
1405:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1186:
1174:
1149:
1137:
1122:
1105:
1082:
166:In 1860, there were 2,650
5396:American Civil War by location
4351:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
2288:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1723:The Facts of the Cotton Famine
1131:"The Lancashire Cotton Famine"
1070:
1059:The Cotton Famine in Blackburn
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
939:
774:three decades earlier after a
388:and to grow short staple near
181:
1:
5376:History of Greater Manchester
4766:Ladies' Memorial Associations
4468:Enforcement Act of April 1871
4364:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
4239:
2263:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
2237:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
1940:W & J Galloway & Sons
1329:, pp. 118, 120, 417, 248
1162:. The Belfast News. p. 9
512:diversified into hat making.
280:
117:
4899:Confederate revolving cannon
4641:Sons of Confederate Veterans
4512:South Carolina riots of 1876
4490:Indian Council at Fort Smith
4441:South Carolina riots of 1876
4406:Knights of the White Camelia
2898:Slavery in the United States
2041:John Hetherington & Sons
1925:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
1200:. 13 August 1864. p. 19
1129:Emm, Adele (2 August 2016).
952:
686:, commemorating its origins.
395:
7:
5253:New York City riots of 1863
5078:Battle Hymn of the Republic
4829:United Confederate Veterans
4666:Children of the Confederacy
4656:United Confederate Veterans
4651:Southern Historical Society
3803:
3283:Price's Missouri Expedition
2753:Timeline leading to the War
2727:
2026:Butterworth & Dickinson
1610:Arnold, Sir Arthur (1864).
998:The Economic History Review
915:
900:In 2022, Folk-Revival band
742:
585:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
437:The Illustrated London News
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
221:
218:
215:
207:
204:
201:
148:declared their independence
10:
5412:
5361:Cotton industry in England
5221:Confederate Secret Service
4809:Grand Army of the Republic
4701:Grand Army of the Republic
4519:Southern Claims Commission
2258:Fine Spinners and Doublers
1866:
1656:. Oxford University Press.
1629:Platt, Stephen R. (2012).
1556:. (accessed May 21, 2021).
1231:Williams & Farnie 1992
1219:Williams & Farnie 1992
1144:Williams & Farnie 1992
772:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
746:
624:came from Manchester; the
142:was looming. In 1861, the
134:, and north east parts of
75:cotton production in Egypt
5320:
5296:
5209:Confederate States dollar
5181:
5123:
5068:
5020:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
5015:Emancipation Proclamation
4977:
4909:Medal of Honor recipients
4866:
4862:
4845:
4797:Confederate Memorial Hall
4779:
4758:
4716:
4688:
4679:
4599:Confederate Memorial Hall
4572:Confederate History Month
4552:Civil War Discovery Trail
4532:
4453:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
4284:
4259:Reconstruction Amendments
4249:
4245:
4234:
4156:
4025:
4018:
3958:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3740:
3487:
3480:
3311:
3167:
3126:
3094:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3021:
2918:
2868:Emancipation Proclamation
2836:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2669:John Kay (spinning frame)
2664:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2631:
2595:
2509:
2478:
2402:
2309:Cotton-spinning machinery
2296:
2245:
2124:
2081:Parr, Curtis & Madely
2031:Curtis, Parr & Walton
2013:
1910:Browett, Lindley & Co
1877:
1822:
1541:Late Victorian Holocausts
1389:Images of England; Oldham
1112:Watt, Sir George (1907).
875:
768:Emancipation Proclamation
598:Union Relief Aid Act 1862
378:Houldsworth Mill, Reddish
5283:U.S. Sanitary Commission
5194:Battlefield preservation
5100:Marching Through Georgia
5025:Hampton Roads Conference
5000:Confiscation Act of 1862
4995:Confiscation Act of 1861
4771:U.S. national cemeteries
4577:Confederate Memorial Day
4562:Civil War Trails Program
4431:New Orleans riot of 1866
2106:Textile Machinery Makers
2086:British Northrop Loom Co
2005:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
1955:John Musgrave & Sons
1835:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
1133:– via PressReader.
932:
893:English trad-folk group
456:
343:
307:d a pound in June 1861.
152:United States of America
31:Lancashire Cotton Famine
5204:Confederate war finance
4824:Southern Cross of Honor
4792:1938 Gettysburg reunion
4787:1913 Gettysburg reunion
4485:Reconstruction Treaties
4458:Enforcement Act of 1870
4341:Freedman's Savings Bank
2958:Lane Debates on Slavery
2783:Lincoln–Douglas debates
2623:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
2283:James Burton & Sons
2273:Combined Egyptian Mills
2111:Tweedales & Smalley
1743:. Carnegie Publishing.
1387:Millett, Freda (1996).
1299:Clark, Gregory (2017).
593:Charles Pelham Villiers
69:and during the ongoing
5263:Richmond riots of 1863
5189:Baltimore riot of 1861
4969:U.S. Military Railroad
4889:Confederate Home Guard
4621:Historiographic issues
4587:Historical reenactment
3086:Revenue Cutter Service
2953:William Lloyd Garrison
2862:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2319:Magnetic ring spinning
2314:DREF friction spinning
1995:Willans & Robinson
1900:Bateman & Sherratt
1661:Farnie, D. A. (1979),
838:
823:
805:
696:Alexandra Park, Oldham
687:
604:authorised borrowing.
561:
440:
57:imports caused by the
26:
5371:History of Lancashire
5228:Great Revival of 1863
5105:Maryland, My Maryland
4894:Confederate railroads
4557:Civil War Roundtables
4426:Meridian riot of 1871
4421:Memphis riots of 1866
2978:George Luther Stearns
2963:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
2856:Crittenden Compromise
2496:Mule spinners' cancer
2465:The Textile Institute
2435:Cardroom Amalgamation
2304:Textile manufacturing
2116:T. Wildman & Sons
2101:Taylor, Lang & Co
2061:Howard & Bullough
2051:John Pilling and Sons
1985:Urmson & Thompson
1895:Ashworth & Parker
1648:Birch, A. H. (1959).
1198:The Spectator Archive
1093:. Craft Revival Trust
828:
813:
795:
747:Further information:
706:Cotton starts to flow
673:
551:
528:cost £3 15s 6d), the
433:
24:
5115:Daar kom die Alibama
5030:National Union Party
4706:memorials to Lincoln
4626:Lost Cause mythology
4331:Eufaula riot of 1874
4319:Confederate refugees
3532:District of Columbia
3159:Union naval blockade
3005:Underground Railroad
2793:Nullification crisis
2479:Employment practices
2297:Industrial processes
1915:Buckley & Taylor
1840:F.W. Dixon & Son
1701:Quayle, Tom (2006).
1445:"Cotton Famine Road"
906:University of Exeter
807:On 19 January 1863,
566:Poor Relief Act 1601
445:room and power mills
33:, also known as the
5273:Supreme Court cases
5040:Radical Republicans
4819:Old soldiers' homes
4803:Confederate Veteran
4729:artworks in Capitol
4448:Reconstruction acts
4309:Colfax riot of 1873
3273:Richmond-Petersburg
2878:Fugitive slave laws
2808:Popular sovereignty
2788:Missouri Compromise
2778:Kansas-Nebraska Act
2491:Kissing the shuttle
2268:Bagley & Wright
2207:George Augustus Lee
2197:William Houldsworth
2167:Nathaniel Eckersley
2036:Dobson & Barlow
1980:Scott & Hodgson
1945:Benjamin Goodfellow
1930:Earnshaw & Holt
1720:Watt, John (1866).
1665:, Clarendon Press,
1424:on 1 September 2016
1412:Schofield, Gerald.
1118:. London: Longmans.
986:, pp. 231–232.
971:, pp. 135–170.
883:Dobson & Barlow
881:major manufacturer
843:George Grey Barnard
163:of Southern ports.
89:region's extensive
49:, brought about by
5094:A Lincoln Portrait
5035:Politicians killed
4959:U.S. Balloon Corps
4954:Union corps badges
4734:memorials to Davis
4604:Disenfranchisement
4475:Reconstruction era
4356:Timber Culture Act
4314:Compromise of 1877
3278:Franklin–Nashville
2948:Frederick Douglass
2851:Cornerstone Speech
2768:Compromise of 1850
2716:American Civil War
2147:Hugh Hornby Birley
2091:Pemberton & Co
2076:Mather & Platt
2056:Harling & Todd
2021:Brooks & Doxey
1965:Petrie of Rochdale
1960:J & W McNaught
1905:Boulton & Watt
1505:on 20 October 2006
1353:, pp. 264–279
1295:Retail Price Index
1064:2005-04-19 at the
867:American Civil War
839:
764:Battle of Antietam
688:
659:Mansion House Fund
570:Poor Law Guardians
562:
461:Some workers left
441:
156:American Civil War
59:American Civil War
47:North West England
27:
5348:
5347:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5146:Italian Americans
5131:African Americans
5088:John Brown's Body
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4754:
4753:
4592:Robert E. Lee Day
4336:Freedmen's Bureau
4299:Brooks–Baxter War
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4014:
4013:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3203:Northern Virginia
3149:Trans-Mississippi
3122:
3121:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
2909:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2846:African Americans
2682:
2681:
2639:Richard Arkwright
2618:Weavers' Triangle
2613:Queen Street Mill
2394:Lancashire boiler
2324:Open-end spinning
2246:Limited companies
2212:Charles Macintosh
2152:Joseph Brotherton
1640:978-0-307-27173-0
1025:, pp. 37, 38
902:Bird in the Belly
568:, which required
450:limited companies
374:Henry Houldsworth
278:
277:
226:
225:
175:and 350,000
79:Russian Turkestan
71:Taiping Rebellion
5403:
5366:1860s in England
5338:
5328:
5327:
5151:Native Americans
5136:German Americans
4929:Partisan rangers
4924:Official Records
4864:
4863:
4847:
4846:
4739:memorials to Lee
4686:
4685:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4235:
4023:
4022:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3773:Washington, D.C.
3567:Indian Territory
3527:Dakota Territory
3485:
3484:
3402:Chancellorsville
3193:Jackson's Valley
3183:Blockade runners
3059:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3023:
3022:
2983:Thaddeus Stevens
2973:Lysander Spooner
2933:Susan B. Anthony
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2654:James Hargreaves
2552:Oldham (borough)
2162:Peter Drinkwater
2132:Elkanah Armitage
2014:Machinery makers
1872:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1754:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1675:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1449:Stop Ding Quarry
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1089:Uzramma (2006).
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
993:
987:
981:
972:
966:
946:
943:
927:Cotton diplomacy
863:Second Opium War
821:
803:
738:
737:
733:
730:
724:
723:
719:
716:
612:Stalybridge Riot
339:
338:
334:
331:
324:
323:
319:
316:
306:
305:
301:
298:
291:Middling Orleans
228:
227:
182:
112:sewerage systems
67:Second Opium War
43:textile industry
5411:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5308:
5292:
5177:
5141:Irish Americans
5119:
5064:
4973:
4964:U.S. Home Guard
4904:Field artillery
4858:
4857:
4833:
4775:
4750:
4712:
4681:
4675:
4567:Civil War Trust
4534:
4528:
4416:Ethnic violence
4401:Kirk–Holden war
4280:
4241:
4218:
4152:
4010:
3954:
3807:
3782:
3736:
3489:
3476:
3307:
3288:Sherman's March
3268:Bermuda Hundred
3163:
3118:
3090:
3046:
3045:
3009:
2968:J. Sella Martin
2938:James G. Birney
2914:
2832:
2758:Bleeding Kansas
2746:
2729:
2718:
2713:
2683:
2678:
2644:Samuel Crompton
2627:
2608:Helmshore Mills
2591:
2505:
2501:Piece-rate list
2474:
2398:
2369:Lancashire Loom
2292:
2253:Oldham Limiteds
2241:
2192:Richard Howarth
2120:
2066:Geo. Hattersley
2009:
1873:
1864:
1830:David Bellhouse
1818:
1810:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1641:
1619:
1617:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:on 24 July 2012
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1066:Wayback Machine
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
994:
990:
982:
975:
967:
960:
955:
950:
949:
944:
940:
935:
918:
878:
855:
831:Abraham Lincoln
822:
820:19 January 1863
819:
809:Abraham Lincoln
804:
801:
783:Free Trade Hall
751:
745:
735:
731:
728:
726:
721:
717:
714:
712:
708:
668:
614:
589:Poor Law Unions
546:
500:. The towns of
465:to work in the
459:
439:
424:Pickwick Papers
398:
359:producers. The
346:
336:
332:
329:
327:
321:
317:
314:
312:
303:
299:
296:
294:
283:
120:
104:Poor Law Unions
17:
12:
11:
5:
5409:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5288:Women soldiers
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5243:Naming the war
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
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5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
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5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5085:
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5074:
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5066:
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5062:
5057:
5052:
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5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
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4987:
4981:
4979:
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4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Campaign Medal
4876:
4870:
4868:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:Related topics
4851:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
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4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
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4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
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4713:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4692:
4690:
4683:
4677:
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4674:
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4668:
4663:
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4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Decoration Day
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4538:
4536:
4535:Reconstruction
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4494:
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4492:
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4470:
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4460:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4389:second inquiry
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4346:Homestead Acts
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Alabama Claims
4290:
4288:
4286:Reconstruction
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4274:15th Amendment
4271:
4269:14th Amendment
4266:
4264:13th Amendment
4255:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
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4176:
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4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
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4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:J. E. Johnston
3892:
3890:A. S. Johnston
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3830:R. H. Anderson
3826:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:South Carolina
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:North Carolina
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:Fredericksburg
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Wilson's Creek
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Lower Seaboard
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:Harriet Tubman
2997:
2996:
2995:
2988:Charles Sumner
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:States' rights
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Peter Foxcroft
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2510:Lists of mills
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Spinning jenny
2336:
2334:Spinning frame
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Samuel Oldknow
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Henry Ashworth
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Platt Brothers
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Joseph Hibbert
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:J & E Wood
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Daniel Adamson
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:Stott and Sons
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1760:External links
1758:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1698:
1676:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1639:
1626:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1558:
1545:
1528:
1516:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1435:
1418:cottontown.org
1404:
1397:
1379:
1367:
1365:, pp. 280
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1306:MeasuringWorth
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1185:
1173:
1148:
1136:
1121:
1104:
1081:
1069:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1004:(1): 113–132.
988:
973:
957:
956:
954:
951:
948:
947:
937:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
924:
917:
914:
910:After the City
888:Daron Acemoglu
877:
874:
854:
851:
829:The statue of
817:
799:
744:
741:
725:d in 1861 to
707:
704:
684:Alexandra Park
667:
664:
613:
610:
545:
542:
486:fulling stocks
458:
455:
434:
397:
394:
366:extra humidity
345:
342:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
242:1,115,890,608
240:
236:
235:
232:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
161:Union blockade
119:
116:
102:, through the
51:overproduction
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5408:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Photographers
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Gender issues
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5060:War Democrats
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Union Leagues
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Turning point
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Naval battles
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:and memorials
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:Commemoration
4540:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:first inquiry
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Carpetbaggers
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:West Virginia
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:New Hampshire
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Massachusetts
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Hampton Roads
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Fort Donelson
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Morgan's Raid
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Anaconda Plan
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Pacific Coast
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Positive good
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Panic of 1857
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Border states
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Bancroft Shed
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Northrop Loom
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Spinning mule
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Ring spinning
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Carels Frères
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:Engine makers
1876:
1871:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1750:0-948789-89-1
1746:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1712:0-7524-3883-2
1708:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1672:0-19-822478-8
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1488:, p. 356
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1398:1-84588-164-8
1394:
1390:
1383:
1377:, p. 387
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1341:, p. 178
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1281:, p. 191
1280:
1275:
1269:, p. 143
1268:
1263:
1257:, p. 126
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1221:, p. 173
1220:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1146:, p. 178
1145:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
985:
980:
978:
970:
965:
963:
958:
942:
938:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
891:
889:
884:
873:
870:
868:
864:
859:
850:
848:
844:
836:
832:
827:
816:
812:
810:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
776:long campaign
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
750:
740:
703:
701:
697:
692:
685:
681:
677:
672:
663:
660:
655:
654:John Cheetham
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
609:
605:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
555:
550:
544:Relief effort
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
454:
451:
446:
438:
432:
428:
425:
421:
420:Edmund Potter
416:
412:
407:
404:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
369:
367:
362:
361:Surat cottons
358:
354:
350:
341:
308:
292:
288:
270:
269:
262:
261:
254:
253:
246:
245:
238:
237:
234:Imports (lb)
233:
230:
229:
212:
211:
198:
197:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
178:
174:
169:
164:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
95:
92:
88:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:Cotton Famine
32:
23:
19:
5199:Bibliography
5182:Other topics
5124:By ethnicity
5092:
5045:Trent Affair
4944:Signal Corps
4801:
4524:White League
4411:Ku Klux Klan
4324:Confederados
4251:Constitution
4123:D. D. Porter
3976:Breckinridge
3687:Rhode Island
3682:Pennsylvania
3437:Spotsylvania
3397:Stones River
3377:2nd Bull Run
3327:1st Bull Run
3213:Stones River
3114:Marine Corps
3081:Marine Corps
2920:Abolitionism
2907:
2860:
2659:Thomas Highs
2403:Associations
2379:Air-jet loom
2364:Roberts Loom
2232:John Rylands
2202:John Kennedy
2177:William Gray
2172:John Fielden
2157:James Burton
1975:George Saxon
1890:Ashton Frost
1845:Edward Potts
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1722:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:The Guardian
1684:
1662:
1651:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:Bibliography
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1493:
1481:
1476:, p. 70
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1448:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1417:
1414:"Hard Times"
1407:
1388:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1304:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1245:, p. 69
1238:
1233:, p. 27
1226:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1188:
1183:, p. 22
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1151:
1139:
1124:
1114:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1084:
1079:, p. 82
1072:
1054:
1049:, p. 47
1042:
1037:, p. 45
1030:
1018:
1001:
997:
991:
941:
899:
892:
879:
871:
860:
856:
840:
814:
806:
796:
780:
752:
709:
693:
689:
630:
615:
606:
582:
577:
563:
478:Crimble Mill
460:
442:
408:
399:
370:
347:
309:
284:
250:204,141,168
168:cotton mills
165:
144:slave-owning
121:
96:
83:
39:Cotton Panic
38:
34:
30:
28:
18:
5005:Copperheads
4717:Confederate
4609:Black Codes
3935:E. K. Smith
3816:Confederate
3763:New Orleans
3758:Chattanooga
3622:Mississippi
3522:Connecticut
3490:territories
3481:Involvement
3442:Cold Harbor
3432:Fort Pillow
3422:Chattanooga
3417:Chickamauga
3367:Seven Pines
3357:New Orleans
3322:Fort Sumter
3263:Valley 1864
3096:Confederacy
2893:Slave Power
2873:Fire-Eaters
2674:Robert Owen
2384:Rapier loom
2359:Water frame
2227:Robert Peel
2187:Samuel Greg
2182:Hannah Greg
2142:Hugh Birley
2125:Mill owners
1592:"StackPath"
1474:Quayle 2006
1391:. Nonsuch.
1375:Arnold 1864
1339:Arnold 1864
1327:Arnold 1864
1279:Arnold 1864
1267:Arnold 1864
1255:Arnold 1864
1243:Quayle 2006
1077:Arnold 1864
1047:Arnold 1864
1035:Arnold 1864
1023:Arnold 1864
969:Farnie 1979
922:King cotton
755:Confederacy
739:d in 1864.
676:blue plaque
618:Stalybridge
534:New Zealand
520:and 686 in
492:equipment,
443:Towns with
415:Lord Howard
386:New Zealand
274:52,569,328
266:17,286,864
255:West Indies
247:East Indies
194:Derbyshire
177:power looms
91:cotton mill
5355:Categories
5238:Juneteenth
4759:Cemeteries
4636:Red Shirts
4547:Centennial
4497:Red Shirts
3905:Longstreet
3835:Beauregard
3778:Winchester
3753:Charleston
3722:Washington
3657:New Mexico
3652:New Jersey
3512:California
3488:States and
3472:Five Forks
3457:Mobile Bay
3427:Wilderness
3407:Gettysburg
3387:Perryville
3372:Seven Days
3303:Appomattox
3228:Gettysburg
3188:New Mexico
3055:Combatants
3030:Combatants
2943:John Brown
2547:Manchester
2542:Lancashire
2537:Derbyshire
2486:More looms
2389:Dandy loom
2278:Courtaulds
2217:Hugh Mason
1823:Architects
1813:Lancashire
1536:Mike Davis
1181:Birch 1959
984:Platt 2012
847:Platt Hall
835:Manchester
787:Manchester
650:Dukinfield
530:Australian
463:Lancashire
406:required.
382:Queensland
349:Sea Island
281:First year
258:1,630,784
188:Lancashire
132:Derbyshire
124:Lancashire
118:Background
87:Lancashire
5216:Espionage
5010:Diplomacy
4978:Political
4934:POW camps
4680:Monuments
4507:Scalawags
4502:Redeemers
4240:Aftermath
4189:Pinkerton
4128:Rosecrans
4093:McClellan
3996:Memminger
3732:Wisconsin
3697:Tennessee
3617:Minnesota
3592:Louisiana
3467:Nashville
3412:Vicksburg
3342:Pea Ridge
3293:Carolinas
3248:Red River
3243:Knoxville
3223:Tullahoma
3218:Vicksburg
3198:Peninsula
3170:campaigns
3036:Campaigns
2813:Secession
2587:Yorkshire
2572:Stockport
2517:LCC mills
1935:Fairbairn
1692:13 August
1576:17 August
1486:Watt 1866
1363:Watt 1866
1351:Watt 1866
953:Footnotes
837:, England
560:, in 1896
558:Southport
518:Stockport
502:Stockport
467:Yorkshire
396:Suffering
140:recession
128:High Peak
100:Poor Laws
5330:Category
5171:Seminole
5161:Cherokee
4914:Medicine
4867:Military
4780:Veterans
4614:Jim Crow
4379:timeline
4174:Ericsson
4157:Civilian
4138:Sheridan
4098:McDowell
4058:Farragut
4043:Burnside
4033:Anderson
4026:Military
4006:Stephens
3966:Benjamin
3959:Civilian
3845:Buchanan
3823:Military
3768:Richmond
3717:Virginia
3662:New York
3637:Nebraska
3627:Missouri
3612:Michigan
3602:Maryland
3587:Kentucky
3562:Illinois
3537:Delaware
3517:Colorado
3502:Arkansas
3462:Franklin
3382:Antietam
3253:Overland
3208:Maryland
3127:Theaters
3033:Theaters
2632:Pioneers
2577:Tameside
2562:Rochdale
2532:Cheshire
2354:Steaming
2071:Asa Lees
1428:23 April
1204:20 April
1166:18 April
1062:Archived
916:See also
818:—
800:—
743:Politics
638:bayonets
634:infantry
626:Riot Act
526:New York
514:Tameside
418:printer
213:Workers
191:Cheshire
173:spindles
136:Cheshire
63:entrepôt
5297:Related
5166:Choctaw
5156:Catawba
4939:Rations
4884:Cavalry
4746:Removal
4374:efforts
4358:of 1873
4204:Stevens
4199:Stanton
4184:Lincoln
4143:Sherman
4078:Halleck
4068:Frémont
4053:Du Pont
3991:Mallory
3950:Wheeler
3885:Jackson
3865:Forrest
3805:Leaders
3748:Atlanta
3712:Vermont
3632:Montana
3572:Indiana
3547:Georgia
3542:Florida
3507:Arizona
3497:Alabama
3447:Atlanta
3362:Corinth
3314:battles
3258:Atlanta
3238:Bristoe
3139:Western
3134:Eastern
3039:Battles
2838:Slavery
2742:Origins
2728:Origins
2596:Museums
2567:Salford
2557:Preston
2349:Carding
1620:14 June
1571:Faustus
1010:2599694
895:Faustus
791:slavery
734:⁄
720:⁄
622:Hussars
538:Glossop
522:Glossop
490:carding
482:Heywood
474:worsted
470:woollen
411:Glossop
335:⁄
320:⁄
302:⁄
239:America
231:Country
222:12,000
216:310,000
37:or the
5340:Portal
5278:Tokens
4214:Welles
4194:Seward
4179:Hamlin
4148:Thomas
4083:Hooker
4048:Butler
4001:Seddon
3986:Hunter
3971:Bocock
3945:Taylor
3940:Stuart
3930:Semmes
3910:Morgan
3870:Gorgas
3850:Cooper
3741:Cities
3677:Oregon
3642:Nevada
3582:Kansas
3552:Hawaii
3452:Crater
3352:Shiloh
3312:Major
3298:Mobile
3168:Major
3042:States
2993:Caning
2522:Bolton
1816:cotton
1747:
1730:8 June
1709:
1669:
1637:
1509:5 June
1459:7 June
1443:Anon.
1395:
1097:8 June
1008:
876:Legacy
700:Norden
680:Oldham
642:Ashton
506:Denton
390:Mumbai
357:calico
287:Mumbai
263:Brazil
219:38,000
199:Mills
185:
126:, the
55:cotton
5083:Dixie
5070:Music
4689:Union
4533:Post-
4369:trial
4169:Chase
4164:Adams
4133:Scott
4108:Meigs
4103:Meade
4073:Grant
4063:Foote
4038:Buell
4019:Union
3981:Davis
3925:Price
3915:Mosby
3860:Ewell
3855:Early
3840:Bragg
3702:Texas
3597:Maine
3557:Idaho
3063:Union
2582:Wigan
1850:Stott
1312:7 May
1160:(PDF)
1006:JSTOR
933:Notes
760:Union
574:lungs
498:looms
494:mules
457:Panic
403:mules
344:Surat
271:Other
202:1,920
5268:Salt
4874:Arms
4724:List
4696:List
4209:Wade
4118:Pope
4088:Hunt
3920:Polk
3880:Hood
3875:Hill
3707:Utah
3672:Ohio
3577:Iowa
3109:Navy
3104:Army
3076:Navy
3071:Army
2527:Bury
1745:ISBN
1732:2009
1707:ISBN
1694:2018
1667:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1622:2009
1578:2023
1511:2005
1461:2009
1430:2018
1393:ISBN
1314:2024
1206:2017
1168:2017
1099:2009
753:The
648:and
646:Hyde
583:The
532:and
510:Hyde
508:and
496:and
472:and
384:and
77:and
29:The
4113:Ord
3900:Lee
1293:UK
833:in
785:in
682:'s
678:in
326:of
311:at
208:25
205:200
130:of
45:of
5357::
1683:.
1569:.
1538:,
1447:.
1416:.
1303:.
1286:^
1196:.
1002:51
1000:.
976:^
961:^
912:.
890:.
727:27
674:A
644:,
580:.
540:.
504:,
488:,
480:,
413:,
392:.
313:11
81:.
2708:e
2701:t
2694:v
1805:e
1798:t
1791:v
1753:.
1734:.
1715:.
1696:.
1643:.
1624:.
1594:.
1580:.
1513:.
1463:.
1432:.
1401:.
1316:.
1208:.
1170:.
1101:.
1012:.
736:2
732:1
729:+
722:2
718:1
715:+
713:6
337:4
333:3
330:+
328:3
322:4
318:3
315:+
304:4
300:3
297:+
295:7
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