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417:. The newborn boy was named Napoleon, in honor of an uncle who had passed away the previous year. For the first time, Letizia faced difficulties producing milk, leading her to hire a wet nurse named Camilla Llati as a surrogate mother. Letizia retained only one servant, a woman named Mammuccia Caterina, who lived with the family without wages and served as the midwife during Napoleon's birth. During this period, Letizia handled all household chores while Mammuccia looked after the children.
56:
2932:
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562:, she was known to live in relative simplicity, receiving a monthly pension of 25,000 francs. On the evening of 10 November 1799, while she was with her daughters at the Theatre, the play was interrupted and it was announced that an attack against Napoleon had just been foiled, but she famously kept her composure and only left at the end of the performance. When her son Lucien clandestinely married
953:, a note from the first volume of the Memoirs of Lucien Bonaparte indicates that she was born on 24 August 1749. This date is confirmed by the act of marriage of Joseph Bonaparte to Maria–Julie Clary, on 1 August 1794, which says that Madame Mère was forty-five years old on that date. Tulard states that the date of 1750, the most frequently found, seems to be a consensus without tangible proof.
668:, where she lived with Joseph. During her years in Rome, she lived in seclusion with very few visitors except for her half-brother, who rarely left her. Letizia's great wealth acquired from selling her own jewellery and shrewd investments allowed her to live comfortably for the rest of her life. For a time, the painter
590:
While
Napoleon had made his brothers and sisters imperial highnesses, except Lucien and JĂ©rĂ´me, Letizia did not have an official title yet. In July 1804, Cardinal Fesch wrote to Napoleon, suggesting that a title be found for her. By decree, she was given the title "Madame" but since this was also how
484:
and stayed until
September. The family financial situation worsened, and Letizia had four children dependent on her as well as school fees to pay for JĂ©rĂ´me and Joseph. Napoleon returned at the beginning of 1788 on a leave until June as the only breadwinner and as such the new head of the family. He
370:
Letizia became pregnant, giving birth to thirteen children in total, with eight surviving. Her firstborn, a son named
Napoleon, was born in 1765 but passed away shortly after birth. Following this, a baby girl was born but did not survive. Subsequently, Carlo traveled to Rome, where he spent the next
479:
On 24 February 1785, Carlo died of stomach cancer, and
Letizia became a widow with eight children at the age of 35. Joseph, as the eldest son, was now the head of the family and returned to Corsica after finishing his studies at Collège d'Autun. In September 1786, Napoleon returned to Ajaccio, after
546:
in
Ajaccio, which had been rebuilt, renovated and redecorated for the occasion. Napoleon allowed his mother and uncle to exercise some supervision over the affairs of Corsica. As such, the prefect of the island received orders not to make an appointment without consulting Letizia or Fesch. On 28
924:
The Coat of arms of
Letizia Bonaparte depicts an eagle, the head to the sinister in front of an azure background standing upon gold thunderbolts on top of which is the letter L for Letizia. The shield is surrounded by the red Imperial mantle, semé of bees. The shield is topped by the Imperial
616:, 92 rue Saint Dominique in Paris, a house that she purchased from Lucien for 600,000 francs. Napoleon gave her an appanage of 500,000 a year. She did not attend the Imperial court and lived from 1805 to 1813 at the Chateau de
432:, whose wife was the godmother of their son Louis. In 1777 Marbeuf secured Carlo's election as a deputy to represent Corsica at Versailles. At the end of 1778, Carlo took Joseph and Napoleon to the continent to study at the
679:
and had outlived
Napoleon by 15 years. In 1851 her body was transferred to the Imperial Chapel specially built for it in her native Ajaccio. In 1951, Carlo's body was brought in a hundred years later, to rest next to her.
520:. Penniless, Letizia had to queue for food at the soup kitchen. Her only income came from Napoleon's salary as an officer. In the Spring of 1794, after winning his first major battle as artillery commander during the
320:. Her parents were Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino and Angela Maria Pietra-Santa. Giovanni, an army officer specializing in civil engineering, commanded the Ajaccio garrison. The Ramolino family, a manor nobility from
962:
Before the annexation of
Corsica to France in 1768, the family used both spelling Bonaparte and Buonaparte After the family fled to France in 1793, they started using exclusively the French spelling of their
538:, on 9 March 1796, on which she was not consulted. When Joseph became ambassador to the Papacy on 14 May 1796, Letizia personally accompanied him to Italy. On 1 June 1797, after Napoleon's triumphant
436:. The following year in May 1779, possibly because of Carlo and Letizia's friendship with the governor, and after Carlo was accorded a certificate of nobility, 9-year-old Napoleon was admitted to the
591:
the daughters of the king used to be called, "Mother of his
Majesty the Emperor" was added to the end. She became referred to as "Madame Mère" (Madame Mother). On 2 December 1804, when Napoleon was
467:. Letizia managed to visit Napoleon at Brienne in 1784, even though no boy could leave the school grounds for six years and visits by parents were restricted. The same year, he was promoted to the
327:
Letizia received her education at home, primarily focused on domestic skills, as was typical for
Corsican women of that era. At the age of six, following her father's death, her mother married
504:
In 1793, after Napoleon turned against Paoli, Letizia and her other children fled to France on 31 May, while the partisans of Paoli pillaged and burned her house. The family resettled in
2488:
2365:
512:
was at its peak. Letizia and her daughters, to avoid being recognised as aristocrats, were described as "dressmakers" in the passports provided to them by Napoleon. After the
566:, known as Madame Jouberthon, against Napoleon's wishes, the brothers fell out. Letizia sided with Lucien and left Paris for Rome, where Pauline already lived as Princess
281:, and the couple had eight children. Following her husband's death in 1785, she moved to mainland France, where her son Napoleon would later rise to prominence during the
578:
405:, a minute's walk from Casa Buonaparte, Letizia went into labor. Legend has it that she gave birth at home on a carpet in the living room, depicting battles from the
2756:
2434:
347:
539:
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2370:
2387:
394:. She would fight beside her husband in the struggle for independence. With Paoli's defeat in May 1769, the couple returned to Ajaccio.
2988:
1655:
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31:
429:
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in Paris. Two years later, he graduated as a second lieutenant and joined the 4th artillery regiment of la Fère based in Valence.
3018:
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815:
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1628:
382:
In 1768, when Genoa formally ceded the island to France, a Corsican guerrilla movement led by Paoli rose in revolt against the
375:, taking on the role of his part-time secretary. During this period, Letizia became pregnant again, eventually giving birth to
2155:
2134:
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2009:
1988:
1924:
1903:
1882:
1861:
1829:
1808:
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285:. A steadfast source of support for her son, Letizia held a prominent and influential position in French society during the
3013:
3003:
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797:
688:
Letizia gave birth to thirteen children between 1765 and 1784; five of them died, two at birth and three in their infancy.
3008:
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675:
Letizia died in 1836, aged 85, three weeks before the 51st anniversary of her husband's death. By then, she was nearly
548:
17:
488:
359:, an 18-year-old law student from Ajaccio. The Buonapartes, belonging to the Corsican nobility, traced their roots to
1945:
2695:
1624:
620:, a castle that Napoleon gifted her. On the occasions when she visited Paris, she resided at her HĂ´tel de Brienne.
2761:
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1739:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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728:
570:, and where Letizia stayed with her half-brother, now Cardinal Fesch. Lucien and his family soon followed her.
1681:
603:, she did not attend the coronation. When she was congratulated on her son's successes, she famously replied:
524:, Napoleon became General de Brigade. With his new income, he was able to move his mother and siblings to the
335:
in Ajaccio in 1757. The union resulted in two children, including Letizia's half-brother, the future Cardinal
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Napoleon: Eine biographische Skizze ; Aus dem Französischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen
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289:. Known for her strong character, she exerted considerable influence on her son's life and career.
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558:, the beginning of his rise to power, and Letizia moved to Paris. Even as the mother of the
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8:
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286:
2147:
Revival: The Women Bonapartes vol. II (1908): The Mother and Three Sisters of Napoleon I
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89:
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534:. While Letizia was proud of Napoleon, she disapproved of his marriage to the widow
65:
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on 29 June 1815. After saying goodbye to her son, she travelled from Paris to
2957:
2799:
1696:
819:
665:
653:
420:
Letizia and her husband Carlo befriended the new island's military governor,
297:
2668:
641:
336:
332:
112:
1710:
371:
two years. Upon his return, he aligned himself with the republican leader
274:" (French for "Madame Mother") due to her status as the Emperor's mother.
55:
2858:
2281:
1051:
950:
710:
640:
with Pauline. In February 1815, Letizia followed him to Paris during the
485:
returned again in September 1789 entering Corsican politics with Joseph.
1656:"TELEVISION REVIEW; Path of Glory for an Obscure Corsican - NYTimes.com"
542:, she visited him in Milan with Caroline and JĂ©rĂ´me, then moved back to
516:
took possession of the port of Toulon a month later the family moved to
30:"Maria-Letizia Bonaparte" redirects here. For the Duchess of Aosta, see
2084:
Mapping the 'I': Research on Self-Narratives in Germany and Switzerland
1470:
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia : Knowledge in depth
832:
517:
513:
292:
After the end of the Empire, she spent her later years in seclusion in
554:
On 7 October he left for Fréjus about to seize power in the bloodless
843:
on 24 December 1803 (marriage annulled 1806), re-married to princess
793:
676:
425:
263:
1444:. Portraits – Editions Excelsior (in French). Excelsior. p. 96.
612:
On 19 December 1804, Letizia left Rome and took up residence at the
390:, joined Paoli and fled with the insurgents into the mountains near
367:, chose to forgo completing his degree and instead married Letizia.
2212:
792:(20 October 1780 – 9 June 1825), Sovereign Princess and Duchess of
628:
387:
386:. Carlo and Letizia, then 19-year-old and pregnant with the future
321:
267:
182:
531:
413:
363:
in the early sixteenth century. Carlo, initially studying law at
360:
313:
309:
222:
124:
85:
81:
2080:
1525:
1460:
1170:
505:
328:
1768:
La jeunesse inédite de Napoléon: d'après de nombreux documents
1024:
407:
2112:
1057:
2181:
2101:
1716:
1349:
649:
637:
293:
108:
636:
In 1814, Letizia shared Napoleon's exile on the island of
2081:
Ulbrich, C.; von Greyerz, K.; Heiligensetzer, L. (2014).
1779:
18 Brumaire an VIII: Le coup d'Etat de Napoléon Bonaparte
1199:
1197:
985:
a sovereign nation independent from the Republic of Genoa
1466:
1448:
1366:
1364:
1320:
1158:
1119:
1012:
547:
September 1799, Napoleon, returning from his successful
443:
Letizia remained in Ajaccio, bearing six more children,
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1262:
1260:
1090:
734:
Maria Anna Buonaparte (14 July 1771 – 23 November 1771)
695:
Maria Anna Buonaparte (3 January 1767 – 1 January 1768)
1605:
1588:
1419:
1407:
1194:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
656:. She purchased the former Palazzo Rinuccini, renamed
258:; 24 August 1750 or 1749 – 2 February 1836), known as
1853:
Napoleon and His Parents: On the Threshold of History
1531:
1361:
1308:
1296:
1041:
1039:
2115:
Vita di Napoleone Buonaparte imperatore de' Francesi
2102:
Valynseele, J.; de Warren, R.; Pinoteau, H. (1954).
1821:
Letizia R. Bonaparte, la mère de toutes les douleurs
1543:
1431:
1376:
1284:
1272:
1257:
1233:
1209:
1771:. Présence de l'histoire (in French). Amiot-Dumont.
1507:
1395:
1245:
1221:
1102:
1063:
727:in 1796 (marriage annulled 1810) and re-married to
692:
Napoleone Buonaparte (born and died 17 August 1765)
1796:
1568:(in French). Éditions de l'Encyclopédie Française.
1182:
1176:
1036:
355:On 2 June 1764, at the age of 14, Letizia married
1797:Burton, J.K.; Burton, J.K.; Conner, S.P. (2007).
851:in 1840 (religious) and 19 February 1853 (civil).
324:, had been established in Corsica for 250 years.
2955:
2018:
1969:Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture
1555:
1131:
1030:
981:In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli had proclaimed
379:, originally named Giuseppe, on 7 January 1768.
1332:
1526:Ulbrich, von Greyerz & Heiligensetzer 2014
551:, stopped in Ajaccio and stayed with Letizia.
2197:
632:Deathbed portrait of Maria Letizia Bonaparte.
2150:. Routledge Revivals. Taylor & Francis.
1954:
1757:Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries
1623:
1355:
994:she would later deny the story of the carpet
945:
943:
800:on 5 May 1797 (died 1802) and re-married to
604:
525:
2059:
1916:Napoleon Against Himself: A Psychobiography
1594:
1565:Itinéraire de Napoléon Bonaparte, 1769–1821
1018:
831:(15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860), King of
660:(now Palazzo Misciatelli) on the corner of
2204:
2190:
2087:. Egodocuments and History Series. Brill.
1849:
1817:
1732:
1326:
1164:
1125:
1096:
847:on 22 August 1807, and married thirdly to
401:, 15 August 1769, while attending Mass at
54:
48:Mother of His Imperial Majesty The Emperor
1717:Valynseele, de Warren & Pinoteau 1954
1629:"'Napoleon and Josephine', A Mini-Series"
1581:L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux
1437:
940:
480:eight years away, as a lieutenant in the
32:Maria Letizia Bonaparte, Duchess of Aosta
2143:
2129:. Bien connaître (in French). Gisserot.
2122:
1753:
1678:
1611:
1425:
1314:
1203:
723:(1804 – 1814; 1815); married vicomtesse
627:
577:
573:
487:
346:
342:
2038:
1933:
1775:
1653:
1413:
1370:
1302:
623:
595:, despite being depicted in the famous
582:Portrait of Maria Letizia Bonaparte by
153: 1764; died 1785)
14:
2956:
2435:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
1997:
1976:
1838:
1764:
1679:Schulman, Michael (November 6, 2023).
1561:
1549:
1537:
1467:Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc (1998).
1441:La mère de Napoléon, Letizia Bonaparte
1290:
1278:
1266:
1239:
1215:
1137:
1113:
1084:
855:
430:Claude-François Bertrand de Boucheporn
188:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
2185:
2021:The Riverside Dictionary of Biography
1891:
1870:
1601:(in French). E. Charavay. p. 10.
1454:
1389:
1251:
1227:
1045:
972:sometimes spelled Romolini in italian
270:I of France. She received the title "
2940:
1983:(in French). BnF collection ebooks.
1980:Napoléon dans sa jeunesse: 1769–1793
1965:
1912:
1898:(in French). Yale University Press.
1513:
1401:
1338:
1188:
875:Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story
644:. They met for the last time at the
351:Carlo Bonaparte and Letizia Ramolino
300:, until her death in February 1836.
2126:Généalogies des rois et des princes
1955:Larrey, F.H.B.; Larrey, H. (1892).
1682:"Ridley Scott's "Napoleon" Complex"
1617:
860:Letizia Bonaparte was portrayed by
775:(2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846),
729:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
308:Maria-Letizia Ramolino was born in
24:
2577:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1895:Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power
1736:Historical Dictionary of Democracy
907:Coat of arms of Letizia Bonaparte
761:(3 January 1777 – 7 August 1820),
440:cadet school under a scholarship.
25:
3035:
2989:People of the First French Empire
2876:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
2172:
2166:
2063:Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour
1824:(in French). Place des Ă©diteurs.
1058:Vita di Napoleone Buonaparte 1827
814:(1800–1815) and Grand Duchess of
492:Portrait of Letizia Bonaparte by
183:Napoleon I, Emperor of the French
2974:French people of Italian descent
2939:
2931:
2930:
2347:
1972:(in French). Michel Lévy Frères.
1598:Les Bonaparte et leurs alliances
1177:Burton, Burton & Conner 2007
1141:Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars
912:
751:on 5 May 1794 and re-married to
743:(21 March 1775 – 29 June 1840),
701:(7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844)
2818:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
1958:Madame mère: (Napoleonis mater)
1803:. Texas Tech University Press.
1800:Napoleon and the Woman Question
1782:(in French). Frédérique PATAT.
1725:
1672:
1647:
1345:(in German). Cotta. p. 79.
988:
975:
810:(25 March 1782 – 18 May 1839),
719:(15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821),
193:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
150:
106:2 February 1836 (aged 85 or 86)
61:Letizia Bonaparte (Madame Mère)
3019:Mothers of Neapolitan monarchs
2060:Tulard, J.; Waugh, T. (1984).
966:
956:
745:Prince of Canino and Musignano
652:to be under the protection of
422:Charles Réné, Comte de Marbeuf
203:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
13:
1:
1937:Napoleon: His Wives and Women
1001:
497:
303:
266:noblewoman and the mother of
2211:
2045:. Penguin Publishing Group.
1654:Strauss, Neil (2003-04-08).
1473:. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
1006:
759:Maria Anna (Elisa) Bonaparte
474:
7:
3014:Mothers of Spanish monarchs
3004:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2611:War of the Fourth Coalition
2066:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
10:
3040:
3009:Mothers of French monarchs
2994:18th-century French people
2920:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
2785:Column of the Grande Armée
2647:War of the Sixth Coalition
2623:War of the Fifth Coalition
2599:War of the Third Coalition
2024:. Houghton Mifflin. 2005.
849:Justine Bartolini-Baldelli
597:painting of his coronation
296:, under the protection of
237:Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino
213:JĂ©rĂ´me, King of Westphalia
167:
29:
3024:Mothers of Dutch monarchs
2928:
2844:
2772:
2750:Saint-Domingue expedition
2688:
2635:French invasion of Russia
2536:French Revolutionary Wars
2525:
2356:
2345:
2246:
2219:
1919:. Pitchstone Publishing.
767:Felice Pasquale Baciocchi
672:served as her companion.
331:, a Swiss officer in the
241:
233:
221:
208:Caroline, Queen of Naples
160:
132:
118:
95:
73:
53:
46:
41:
2663:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
2259:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2108:(in French). Selbstverl.
1877:. Taylor & Francis.
1595:de Brotonne, L. (1893).
1356:Larrey & Larrey 1892
933:
845:Catharina of WĂĽrttemberg
763:Grand Duchess of Tuscany
753:Alexandrine de Bleschamp
737:A stillborn child (1773)
725:Joséphine de Beauharnais
683:
609:(Let's hope it lasts!).
564:Alexandrine de Bleschamp
536:Joséphine de Beauharnais
245:Angela Maria Pietrasanta
198:Louis I, King of Holland
79:24 August 1750 (or 1749)
2795:Palace of Fontainebleau
2144:Williams, H.N. (2018).
2123:Volkmann, J.C. (1998).
1850:Carrington, D. (1990).
1818:de Carolis, P. (2014).
1754:Abrantès, L.J. (1834).
1733:Abjorensen, N. (2019).
1019:Tulard & Waugh 1984
901:
882:in the 2002 miniseries
812:Queen consort of Naples
802:Prince Camillo Borghese
798:General Charles Leclerc
781:Hortense de Beauharnais
399:feast of the Assumption
252:Maria-Letizia Bonaparte
2583:Battle of the Pyramids
2388:Assassination attempts
2290:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
1961:(in French). E. Dentu.
1438:Duhourcau, F. (1933).
786:A stillborn son (1779)
633:
605:
587:
540:First Italian Campaign
526:
501:
352:
77:Maria-Letizia Ramolino
2175:"Bonaparte Genealogy"
2105:Le sang des Bonaparte
2001:Napoleon: A Biography
1627:(November 10, 1987).
1339:Bret, J.F.L. (1821).
1031:Houghton Mifflin 2005
779:(1806–1810); married
765:(1804–1809); married
721:Emperor of the French
709:(1808–1813); married
631:
581:
574:Mother of the Emperor
491:
350:
343:Marriage and children
277:In 1764, she married
178:Joseph, King of Spain
2605:Battle of Austerlitz
2462:Weaponry and warfare
2039:Roberts, A. (2014).
1934:Hibbert, C. (2002).
1871:Dwyer, P.G. (2014).
646:Château de Malmaison
624:Later life and death
463:in 1782 and in 1784
27:Mother of Napoleon I
2999:Mothers of emperors
2979:18th-century births
2969:People from Ajaccio
2864:Cultural depictions
2658:Battle of Vauchamps
2378:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2237:First French Empire
2118:(in Italian). 1827.
1998:McLynn, F. (2011).
1977:Masson, F. (2016).
1874:Napoleon and Europe
1839:Decaux, A. (1962).
1765:Bartel, P. (1954).
1562:Garros, L. (1947).
1457:, pp. 510–511.
1138:Marrin, A. (1993).
908:
856:Cultural depictions
841:Elizabeth Patterson
755:on 26 October 1803.
606:Pourvu que ça dure!
584:Joseph Karl Stieler
556:coup of 18 Brumaire
316:, then part of the
287:First French Empire
2964:House of Bonaparte
2902:Retour des cendres
2881:German Romanticism
2831:Rue de la Victoire
2745:Law of 20 May 1802
2680:Battle of Waterloo
2641:Battle of Borodino
2329:Caroline Bonaparte
2277:Alexandre Walewski
1892:Dwyer, P. (2013).
1660:The New York Times
1634:The New York Times
1584:(in French). 1981.
1499:has generic name (
906:
837:Prince of Montfort
816:JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
808:Caroline Bonaparte
804:on 28 August 1803.
783:on 4 January 1802.
717:Napoleon Bonaparte
670:Anna Barbara Bansi
634:
588:
502:
365:University of Pisa
353:
18:Laetizia Bonaparte
2951:
2950:
2846:Legacy and memory
2790:Equestrian statue
2773:Homes and honours
2701:Concordat of 1801
2653:Battle of Leipzig
2629:Battle of EckmĂĽhl
2593:Battle of Marengo
2566:Battle of Bassano
2548:French Revolution
2430:Sale of Louisiana
2334:Pauline Bonaparte
2173:Marek, Miroslav.
2157:978-1-351-34245-2
2136:978-2-87747-374-3
2094:978-90-04-28397-8
2073:978-0-297-78439-5
2052:978-0-698-17628-7
2031:978-0-618-49337-1
2011:978-1-62872-025-9
1990:978-2-346-10671-4
1966:LĂ©vy, M. (1852).
1940:. HarperCollins.
1926:978-1-939578-72-3
1913:Falk, A. (2015).
1905:978-0-300-16243-1
1884:978-1-317-88271-8
1863:978-0-525-24833-0
1842:Napoleon's Mother
1831:978-2-259-22968-5
1810:978-0-89672-559-1
1789:978-2-37324-008-5
1746:978-1-5381-2074-3
1625:O'Connor, John J.
1480:978-0-85229-633-2
1151:978-0-14-036479-8
931:
930:
892:in the 2023 film
872:in the 1987 film
864:in the 1937 film
790:Pauline Bonaparte
713:on 1 August 1794.
658:Palazzo Bonaparte
549:campaign in Egypt
403:Ajaccio Cathedral
318:Republic of Genoa
283:French Revolution
260:Letizia Bonaparte
249:
248:
123:Imperial Chapel,
90:Republic of Genoa
42:Letizia Bonaparte
16:(Redirected from
3031:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2869:Napoleon complex
2811:Maison Bonaparte
2765:
2735:Organic Articles
2571:Battle of Rivoli
2527:Battles and wars
2511:
2497:
2446:Mesures usuelles
2374:
2351:
2321:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
2311:Lucien Bonaparte
2306:Joseph Bonaparte
2298:Letizia Ramolino
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2042:Napoleon: A Life
2035:
2015:
1994:
1973:
1962:
1951:
1930:
1909:
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1846:
1845:. Cresset Press.
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741:Lucien Bonaparte
731:on 1 April 1810.
705:(1806–1808) and
699:Joseph Bonaparte
614:HĂ´tel de Brienne
608:
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384:Genoese Republic
357:Carlo Buonaparte
279:Carlo Buonaparte
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2718:Grand Sanhedrin
2696:Catholic Church
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2617:Battle of Eylau
2542:Siege of Toulon
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2358:Life and career
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2316:Louis Bonaparte
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2177:. Genealogy.eu.
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1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1373:, p. 55.
1372:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1329:, p. 24.
1328:
1323:
1316:
1315:Abrantès 1834
1311:
1305:, p. 57.
1304:
1299:
1293:, p. 77.
1292:
1287:
1281:, p. 70.
1280:
1275:
1269:, p. 35.
1268:
1263:
1261:
1254:, p. 35.
1253:
1248:
1242:, p. 41.
1241:
1236:
1230:, p. 32.
1229:
1224:
1218:, p. 42.
1217:
1212:
1206:, p. 11.
1205:
1204:Williams 2018
1200:
1198:
1191:, p. 29.
1190:
1185:
1179:, p. 10.
1178:
1173:
1167:, p. 12.
1166:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1128:, p. 96.
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1099:, p. 12.
1098:
1093:
1087:, p. 14.
1086:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1060:, p. 12.
1059:
1054:
1048:, p. 27.
1047:
1042:
1040:
1033:, p. 97.
1032:
1027:
1021:, p. 77.
1020:
1015:
1011:
991:
984:
978:
969:
959:
952:
949:According to
946:
944:
939:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
911:
910:
899:
897:
896:
891:
890:Sinéad Cusack
887:
886:
881:
877:
876:
871:
867:
863:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:(1807–1813),
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:Joachim Murat
817:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:King of Spain
704:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
689:
681:
678:
673:
671:
667:
666:Via del Corso
663:
659:
655:
654:Pope Pius VII
651:
647:
643:
639:
630:
621:
619:
615:
610:
607:
602:
598:
594:
585:
580:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
495:
490:
486:
483:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
301:
299:
298:Pope Pius VII
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
240:
236:
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226:
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220:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
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184:
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170:
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159:
140:
135:
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121:
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114:
110:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
76:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2938: /
2900:
2816:
2809:
2669:Hundred Days
2667:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2575:
2553:
2546:
2534:
2444:
2417:
2325:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2272:Charles LĂ©on
2268:
2264:Marie Louise
2255:
2146:
2125:
2114:
2104:
2083:
2062:
2041:
2020:
2000:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1936:
1915:
1894:
1873:
1852:
1841:
1820:
1799:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1735:
1726:Bibliography
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1686:
1674:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1632:
1619:
1607:
1597:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1564:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:|first=
1469:
1462:
1450:
1440:
1433:
1421:
1414:Roberts 2014
1409:
1397:
1351:
1341:
1334:
1322:
1317:, p. 5.
1310:
1303:Hibbert 2002
1298:
1286:
1274:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1140:
1133:
1121:
1116:, p. 4.
1092:
1053:
1026:
1014:
990:
977:
968:
958:
893:
883:
873:
865:
859:
687:
674:
642:Hundred Days
635:
611:
589:
560:First Consul
553:
527:Château Salé
503:
478:
442:
419:
412:
406:
396:
381:
369:
354:
337:Joseph Fesch
333:Genoese navy
326:
307:
291:
276:
271:
259:
255:
251:
250:
166:
113:Papal States
60:
47:
36:
2984:1836 deaths
2859:Bonapartism
2760: [
2730:Protestants
2506: [
2492: [
2369: [
2282:Napoleon II
1702:January 25,
1550:Bartel 1954
1538:Decaux 1962
1371:Boissonnade
1291:McLynn 2011
1279:McLynn 2011
1267:McLynn 2011
1240:McLynn 2011
1216:Masson 2016
1114:McLynn 2011
1085:McLynn 2011
951:Jean Tulard
880:Anouk Aimée
711:Julie Clary
329:Franz Fesch
272:Madame Mère
2958:Categories
2891:Propaganda
2425:Coronation
2004:. Arcade.
1856:. Dutton.
1665:2024-04-12
1640:2022-09-27
1455:Dwyer 2013
1390:Dwyer 2013
1252:Dwyer 2014
1228:Dwyer 2014
1046:Dwyer 2014
1002:References
839:; married
833:Westphalia
818:; married
796:; married
747:; married
518:Marseilles
514:Royal Navy
482:Royal Army
304:Early life
102:1836-02-02
2489:2nd exile
2472:1st exile
2383:Consulate
2303:Brothers:
2269:Children:
1697:0028-792X
1514:LĂ©vy 1852
1489:cite book
1402:Falk 2015
1189:Falk 2015
1007:Citations
794:Guastalla
508:when the
475:1785–1804
459:in 1780,
455:in 1778,
451:in 1777,
447:in 1775,
426:intendant
228:Bonaparte
2936:Category
2741:Slavery
2326:Sisters:
2230:timeline
2213:Napoleon
895:Napoleon
885:Napoléon
825:in 1800.
568:Borghese
461:Caroline
424:and the
388:Napoleon
322:Lombardy
268:Napoleon
264:Corsican
262:, was a
256:Ramolino
127:, France
2945:Commons
2915:Studies
2457:Tactics
2440:Holland
2295:Mother:
2287:Father:
983:Corsica
888:and by
586:, 1811.
532:Antibes
457:Pauline
438:Brienne
414:Odyssey
397:On the
361:Tuscany
314:Corsica
310:Ajaccio
155:
147:
143:
125:Ajaccio
86:Corsica
82:Ajaccio
2256:Wives:
2248:Family
2154:
2133:
2091:
2070:
2049:
2028:
2008:
1987:
1944:
1923:
1902:
1881:
1860:
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1807:
1786:
1743:
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1148:
925:crown.
510:Terror
506:Toulon
465:JĂ©rĂ´me
445:Lucien
377:Joseph
242:Mother
234:Father
168:Detail
133:Spouse
119:Burial
68:c.1813
2908:Penis
2824:Milan
2764:]
2757:Women
2706:Tiara
2689:Views
2510:]
2503:Death
2496:]
2373:]
963:names
934:Notes
921:Notes
878:; by
868:; by
684:Issue
677:blind
601:David
453:Louis
449:Elisa
408:Iliad
392:Corte
254:(née
223:House
162:Issue
149:(
145:
2896:Tomb
2515:mask
2411:1815
2406:1804
2401:1802
2396:1799
2152:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2026:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1704:2024
1693:ISSN
1501:help
1475:ISBN
1146:ISBN
902:Arms
664:and
650:Rome
638:Elba
500:1802
411:and
294:Rome
109:Rome
96:Died
74:Born
599:by
530:in
64:by
2960::
2762:fr
2508:fr
2494:fr
2371:fr
1691:.
1685:.
1658:.
1631:.
1493::
1491:}}
1487:{{
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1363:^
1259:^
1196:^
1104:^
1065:^
1038:^
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312:,
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2191:v
2160:.
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2076:.
2055:.
2034:.
2014:.
1993:.
1950:.
1929:.
1908:.
1887:.
1866:.
1834:.
1813:.
1792:.
1749:.
1706:.
1668:.
1643:.
1503:)
1483:.
1154:.
866:]
104:)
100:(
34:.
20:)
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