64:
42:
740:, but in this group both sets of genes tends to be retained with relatively few alterations, even after hundreds of millions of years after the duplication event. Spores indicate that the crown group of Lycopodiaceae had emerged by the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, around 200 million years ago, with a member of the crown group of Lycopodioideae known from the Early Cretaceous of China.
214:, which is a "small leaf with a single vein, and not associated with a leaf gap in the central vascular system." In Lycopodiaceae, the microphylls often densely cover the stem in a linear, scale-like, or appressed fashion to the stem, and the leaves are either opposite or spirally arranged. The club mosses commonly grow to be 5â20 cm tall. The
222:, but the subfamily Lycopodielloideae and a few species in the subfamily Huperzioideae have gametophytes with an upper green and photosynthetic part, and a colorless lower part in contact with fungal hyphae. In Lycopodioideae monoplastidic meiosis is common, whereas polyplastidic meiosis is found in Lycopodielloideae and Huperzioideae.
182:, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 million years ago in the early Devonian, though the diversity within the family has been much more recent. "Wolf foot" is another common name for this family due to the resemblance of either the roots or branch tips to a wolf's paw.
418:
There are about 400 known species in the family
Lycopodiaceae. Sources differ in how they group these into genera. Field et al. (2016) say "Most Lycopodiaceae species have been re-classified into different genera several times, leading to uncertainty about their most appropriate generic
423:
studies. The
Huperzioideae differ in producing spores in small lateral structures in the leaf axils, and it has been suggested that they be recognized as a separate family. Other sources use fewer genera; for example, the three genera placed in the subfamily Huperzioideae in PPG I,
711:
The members of
Lycopodiaceae are terrestrial or epiphytic in habit and are most prevalent in tropical mountain and alpine environments. Though Lycopodiaceae are most abundant in these regions, they are cosmopolitan, excluding arid environments.
728:(heterosporous lycophytes) about ~400 million years ago, during the early Devonian. The two subfamilies Lycopodioideae and Huperzioideae diverged ~350 million years ago, but has evolved so slowly that about 30% of their genes are still in
321:
Within the family, there is support for three subgroups. In 2016, Field et al. proposed that the primary division is between
Lycopodielloideae plus Lycopodioideae and the Huperzioideae (names
982:
Field; et al. (January 2016). "Molecular
Phylogenetics and the Morphology of the Lycopodiaceae Subfamily Huperzioideae Supports Three Genera: Huperzia, Phlegmariurus and Phylloglossum".
483:, described in 2021. Other classifications circumscribe the genera in the family more broadly, recognizing the subfamilies Lycopodielloideae, Lycopodioideae, and Huperzioideae as the genera
419:
identification." In the PPG I system, the family has 16 accepted genera, grouped into three subfamilies, Lycopodielloideae, Lycopodioideae and
Huperzioideae, based in part on
941:
1501:
202:, which are oily and flammable, and are the most economically important aspects of these plants. The spores are of one size (i.e. the plants are
1540:
1185:
Herrera, Fabiany; Testo, Weston L.; Field, Ashley R.; Clark, Elizabeth G.; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Crane, Peter R.; Shi, Gongle (March 2022).
509:
952:
1449:
1514:
1462:
206:) and are borne on a specialized structure at the apex of a shoot called a strobilus (plural: strobili), which resembles a tiny
140:
1070:
1519:
1389:
1025:
1643:
1117:
Extraordinary preservation of gene collinearity over three hundred million years revealed in homosporous lycophytes
1545:
1488:
1607:
1638:
1105:
1527:
918:
476:
17:
234:(lycophytes). One hypothesis for the evolutionary relationships involved is shown in the cladogram below.
63:
1348:
203:
1012:
864:
1602:
1441:
1415:
1289:
211:
1594:
1467:
780:, club mosses gathered during certain lunar phases were historically used as a remedy for eye disease.
1555:
1092:
799:
1684:
1436:
1339:
420:
210:, from which the common name derives. Members of the family share the common feature of having a
475:
recognized the following genera as members of
Lycopodiaceae. All of these are recognized by the
1679:
1581:
1410:
1301:
963:
1576:
1506:
1428:
1187:"A permineralized Early Cretaceous lycopsid from China and the evolution of crown clubmosses"
1568:
1361:
8:
136:
1402:
1162:
1129:
1651:
1423:
1278:
1224:
1080:
842:
552:
58:
50:
1563:
1228:
1216:
1208:
1167:
1149:
1066:
995:
763:
736:. In most plants the majority of duplicate genes are lost relatively quickly through
500:
219:
846:
732:
blocks (remaining in the same arrangement). They have also gone through independent
1656:
1270:
1198:
1157:
1141:
1128:
Wikström, Niklas; Larsén, Eva; Khodabandeh, Anbar; Rydin, Catarina (January 2023).
1116:
1058:
987:
876:
832:
643:
583:
573:
1353:
1258:
1062:
733:
633:
289:
1532:
991:
953:
Phylogeny of
Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae) focusing on Brazilian endemic species
1630:
881:
737:
613:
564:
241:
231:
171:
167:
121:
111:
88:
1130:"No phylogenomic support for a Cenozoic origin of the "living fossil" Isoetes"
1673:
1324:
1212:
1153:
751:
694:
684:
665:
593:
519:
455:
438:
432:
207:
191:
720:
Lycopodiaceae (homosporous lycophytes) split off from the branch leading to
1620:
1220:
1171:
999:
529:
1475:
1333:
1247:
865:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
215:
1106:
A window into plant evolution: The unusual genetic journey of lycophytes
41:
1282:
1145:
964:
Sporogenesis, sporoderm and mature spore ornamentation in
Lycopodiaceae
623:
539:
274:
1203:
1186:
837:
820:
1480:
1397:
1374:
756:
603:
101:
1493:
1454:
1295:
1274:
821:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
1615:
1318:
777:
674:
653:
449:
The species within this family generally have chromosome counts of
426:
1379:
862:
770:
729:
514:(Kunze) Li Bing Zhang, L.D.Sheph., D.K.Chen, X.M.Zhou & H.He
1259:"Generic classification of modern North American Lycopodiaceae"
1127:
230:
1589:
1366:
199:
75:
195:
942:
Mycoheterotrophy: The Biology of Plants Living on Fungi
858:
856:
762:
The spores have long been used as a flash powder. See
1184:
801:
Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium
442:, have also all been treated within a broadly defined
479:
classification of 2016 (PPG I), except for the genus
853:
863:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
1671:
669:Rothmaler sensu Wagner & Beitel ex Ăllgaard
1245:
473:Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World
453:=34. A notable exception are the species in
1256:
797:
706:
568:Eaton sensu Wagner & Beitel ex Ăllgaard
218:in most species are non-photosynthetic and
170:, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of
905:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
40:
1257:Wagner, W. H. Jr.; Beitel, J. M. (1992).
1202:
1161:
880:
836:
1052:
977:
975:
973:
971:
898:
896:
894:
892:
14:
1672:
1053:Ăllgaard, B. (1990). "Lycopodiaceae".
814:
812:
810:
755:) have long been used as greenery for
1300:
1299:
1013:Flora of North America, Diphasiastrum
984:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
981:
968:
907:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
889:
791:
1644:52cc0cc3-cb5c-40cd-9223-ab5d992b75d5
1595:7982B433-54EB-63B6-2A36-9F3F4E872B84
1556:420858f3-439a-4eae-bd33-939435478cdf
1390:274c5d31-8ca1-4cc1-ba9a-5c1781debe30
1017:
902:
825:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
504:Wagner & Beitel 1992 ex Ăllgaard
1023:
818:
807:
24:
1608:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000139-2
1246:Thiselton-Dyer, Thomas F. (1889).
25:
1696:
1239:
190:Members of Lycopodiaceae are not
62:
1178:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1046:
1006:
773:for centuries as a pore filler.
957:
946:
935:
911:
875:(3). Magnolia Press: 201â217.
185:
13:
1:
1055:Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
986:. 94, Part B (Pt B): 635â57.
923:www.flora.dempstercountry.org
784:
769:The spores have been used by
1063:10.1007/978-3-662-02604-5_10
715:
477:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
174:, including all of the core
7:
992:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.024
225:
35:Lycopodiaceae (Clubmosses)
10:
1701:
1134:American Journal of Botany
903:Judd; et al. (2015).
882:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
544:Franco & Vasconcellos
471:As of June 2024, the
1308:
1292:in Flora of North America
734:whole genome duplications
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348:
341:
334:
287:
272:
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59:Scientific classification
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48:
39:
34:
27:Family of vascular plants
749:The running clubmosses (
707:Distribution and habitat
1263:Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard
1249:The Folk-lore of Plants
743:
459:, which have counts of
198:. Instead they produce
421:molecular phylogenetic
194:and so do not produce
1577:Paleobiology Database
1387:Euro+Med PlantBase:
350:Lycopodielloideae (
1146:10.1002/ajb2.16108
1057:. pp. 31â39.
1024:Hassler, Michael.
608:Presl ex Rothmaler
553:Pseudolycopodiella
220:myco-heterotrophic
51:Spinulum annotinum
1667:
1666:
1564:Open Tree of Life
1302:Taxon identifiers
1204:10.1111/nph.17874
1072:978-3-642-08080-7
838:10.1111/jse.12229
798:James L. Reveal,
764:Lycopodium powder
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1197:(5): 2310â2322.
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919:"Lycopodiaceae"
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854:
819:PPG, I (2016).
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634:Pseudodiphasium
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186:Description
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1494:30000139-2
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928:2017-12-20
785:References
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563:Subfamily
546:nom. cons.
540:Palhinhaea
499:Subfamily
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369:Lycopodium
275:Isoetaceae
212:microphyll
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