139:
1287:
3953:
1276:
1308:
116:
413:, which independently has evolved multiflagellated sperm cells with approximately 20 flagella (sperm flagella in other vascular plants can count at least thousand, but is completely absent in seed plants except for Ginkgo and cycads). Because only two flagella puts a size limit on the genome, we find the largest known genomes in the clade in
1551:
Fungal endophytes have been found in many species of lycophyte, however the function of these endophytes in host plant biology is not known. Endophytes of other plant taxa perform roles such as improving plant competitive fitness, conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, promoting plant growth
1328:
The
Lycopodiopsida are distinguished from other vascular plants by the possession of microphylls and by their sporangia, which are lateral as opposed to terminal and which open (dehisce) transversely rather than longitudinally. In some groups, the sporangia are borne on sporophylls that are clustered
809:
classification of 2016 (PPG I), the three orders are placed in a single class, Lycopodiopsida, holding all extant lycophyte species. Older systems have used either three classes, one for each order, or two classes, recognizing the closer relationship between
Isoetales and Selaginellales. In these
706:
The rank and name used for the taxon holding the extant lycophytes (and their closest extinct relatives) varies widely. Table 1 below shows some of the highest ranks that have been used. Systems may use taxa at a rank lower than the highest given in the table with the same circumscription; for
1388:) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape. Unlike modern trees, leaves grew out of the entire surface of the trunk and branches, but fell off as the plant grew, leaving only a small cluster of leaves at the top. The lycopsids had distinctive features such as
2010:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D. & Kirk, Paul M. (2015). "A Higher Level
Classification of All Living Organisms".
1491:, members of this group pioneered the repopulation of habitats as opportunistic plants. The heterogeneity of the terrestrial plant communities increased markedly during the Middle Triassic when plant groups like horsetails, ferns,
605:
As of 2019, there was broad agreement, supported by both molecular and morphological evidence, that the extant lycophytes fell into three groups, treated as orders in PPG I, and that these, both together and individually, are
1586:, the dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. (It was considered safe by the standards of the time.)
990:
of this taxon. Taylor et al. (2009) and
Mauseth (2014) include a number of extinct orders in their division (phylum) Lycophyta, although they differ on the placement of some genera. The orders included by Taylor et al. are:
1566:, a biomedical compound which has been approved as a drug in China and a dietary supplement in the U.S. to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This fungal endophyte can be cultivated much more easily and on a much larger scale than
802:. For example, Kenrick & Crane (1997) use the subdivision Lycophytina for this purpose, with all extant lycophytes falling within the class Lycopsida. Other sources exclude the zosterophylls from any "lycophyte" taxon.
1046:
The relationship between some of these extinct groups and the extant ones was investigated by
Kenrick and Crane in 1997. When the genera they used are assigned to orders, their suggested relationship is:
382:; the gametophyte develops on the mother plant, and only when the sporophyte's primary shoot and root is developed enough for independence is the new plant dropped to the ground. Many club-moss
2175:
Yatsentyuk, S.P.; Valiejo-Roman, K.M.; Samigullin, T.H.; Wilkström, N.; Troitsky, A.V. (2001). "Evolution of
Lycopodiaceae Inferred from Spacer Sequencing of Chloroplast rRNA Genes".
314:
The nomenclature and classification of plants with microphylls varies substantially among authors. A consensus classification for extant (living) species was produced in 2016 by the
798:
Some systems use a higher rank for a more broadly defined taxon of lycophytes that includes some extinct groups more distantly related to extant lycophytes, such as the
2589:
A Field Guide to Ferns and their related families: Northeastern and
Central North America with a section on species also found in the British Isles and Western Europe
362:(quillworts) are heterosporous, with female spores larger than the male. As a result of fertilisation, the female gametophyte produces sporophytes. A few species of
1540:
fungi. In other plant taxa, glomalean networks transfer carbon from neighboring plants to mycoheterotrophic gametophytes. Something similar could be occurring in
810:
cases, a higher ranked taxon is needed to contain the classes (see Table 1). As Table 2 shows, the names "Lycopodiopsida" and "Isoetopsida" are both ambiguous.
1604:
1329:
into strobili. Phylogenetic analysis shows the group branching off at the base of the evolution of vascular plants and they have a long evolutionary history.
3664:
330:.) Alternative classification systems have used ranks from division (phylum) to subclass. In the PPG I system, the class is divided into three orders,
1552:
through phytohormone production or production of limiting nutrients. However, some endophytic fungi in lycophytes do produce medically relevant compounds.
3652:
1364:, growing in equatorial regions, raise the possibility that they drew down enough carbon dioxide to change the Earth's climate significantly. During the
1353:
is another
Silurian genus which appears to be an early member of this group. The group evolved roots independently from the rest of the vascular plants.
1313:
19:
This article is about a group of plants that excludes the extinct zosterophylls. For the more broadly defined group that includes the zosterophylls, see
3658:
1209:
1809:
3468:
2521:
Bacon, C.W. & Hinton, D.M. (2007). "Bacterial endophytes: the endophytic niche, its occupants, and its utility". In
Gnanamanickam, S.S. (ed.).
4110:
3670:
1130:
3800:
2633:
2310:
Hetherington, A.J. & Dolan, L. (2019). "Rhynie chert fossils demonstrate the independent origin and gradual evolution of lycophyte roots".
4136:
1526:
gametophyte, photosynthetic surface-dwelling gametophyte, young sporophyte, and mature sporophyte. Arbuscular mycorrhizae have been found in
1453:, tree-like species apparently became extinct in the Late Pennsylvanian, as a result of a transition to a much drier climate, giving way to
3480:
1606:
Transitions
Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
986:, fall outside the limits of the taxon as defined by the classifications in Table 1 above. However, other extinct groups fall within some
3596:
4084:
2478:
Lara-Pérez, L.A. & Valdés-Baizabal, M.D. (2015). "Mycorrhizal associations of ferns and lycopods of central Veracruz, Mexico".
4123:
2361:
2384:
2153:
1988:
1959:
1881:
1849:
1819:
1614:
1488:
4128:
707:
example, a system that uses Lycopodiophyta as the highest ranked taxon may place all of its members in a single subclass.
4076:
2626:
2113:
Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III".
1446:
1392:
lycophytes, which were marked with diamond-shaped scars where they once had leaves. Quillworts (order Isoetales) and
417:, as multiflagellated sperm is not exposed for the same selection pressure as biflagellate sperm in regard of size.
4231:
4223:
2676:
446:). The sister group of the extant lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives are generally believed to be the
4141:
2671:
401:) are the only vascular plants with biflagellate sperm, an ancestral trait in land plants otherwise only seen in
1536:
During the mycoheterotrophic gametophyte lifecycle stage, lycophytes gain all of their carbon from subterranean
4218:
390:
and long-lived, residing underground for several years before emerging from the ground and progressing to the
2755:
2745:
2728:
2619:
806:
315:
138:
2257:
Hetherington, A.J. & Dolan, L. (2018). "Stepwise and independent origins of roots among land plants".
4025:
191:
987:
443:
435:
288:
1522:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations have been characterized in all stages of the lycophyte lifecycle:
711:
Table 1: Alternative highest ranks used which include only extant species and their closest relatives
4236:
4151:
2401:
1664:
Winther, J.L. & Friedman, W.E. (2008). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodicaceae".
299:
on the sides of the stems at the bases of the leaves. Although living species are small, during the
4016:
2611:
27:
2760:
2222:
Raymond, A.; Gensel, P. & Stein, W.E. (2006). "Phytogeography of Late Silurian macrofloras".
1634:
1432:
1297:
4187:
4177:
4264:
4115:
3978:
2605:
1949:
458:
group. Ignoring some smaller extinct taxa, the evolutionary relationships are as shown below.
4210:
4172:
2723:
2143:
1811:
Plant Genome Diversity Volume 2: Physical Structure, Behaviour and Evolution of Plant Genomes
1702:
1512:
374:
4164:
3961:
2441:"Lycopsids from the Madygen Lagerstätte (Middle to Late Triassic, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia)"
1976:
318:(PPG I), which places them all in the class Lycopodiopsida, which includes the classes
4048:
3956:
3702:
2487:
2452:
2413:
2319:
2266:
2231:
2079:
2020:
1764:
1714:
1021:
8:
4259:
3121:
3104:
3014:
2862:
1396:
are considered their closest extant relatives and share some unusual features with these
2491:
2456:
2417:
2323:
2270:
2235:
2083:
2024:
1768:
1718:
3397:
3148:
3131:
2973:
2857:
2852:
2740:
2718:
2706:
2681:
2569:
2503:
2343:
2287:
2192:
2095:
2043:
1923:
1785:
1752:
1739:
1124:
237:
133:
4159:
3863:
3764:
3752:
3575:
3289:
3109:
3040:
3030:
2960:
2750:
2713:
2701:
2691:
2561:
2557:
2440:
2380:
2335:
2292:
2149:
2127:
2067:
2048:
1984:
1955:
1877:
1845:
1815:
1790:
1683:
1678:
1610:
1583:
1523:
387:
368:
124:
2573:
2402:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
2347:
2196:
1927:
1904:
PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns".
1445:
that dominated tropical wetlands. The complex ecology of these tropical rainforests
3776:
3770:
3734:
3417:
3279:
3164:
3065:
2665:
2553:
2507:
2495:
2464:
2460:
2421:
2327:
2282:
2274:
2243:
2239:
2184:
2122:
2099:
2087:
2038:
2028:
1913:
1780:
1772:
1722:
1673:
1558:
1409:
4030:
814:
Table 2: Alternative arrangements of the orders of extant lycophytes into classes
3868:
3851:
3758:
3284:
3267:
3050:
3009:
2877:
2867:
2847:
2033:
1511:
Lycophytes form associations with microbes such as fungi and bacteria, including
1369:
1027:
996:
968:
304:
227:
4001:
3788:
3728:
3602:
3569:
3440:
3368:
3363:
3311:
2781:
2696:
2643:
1360:
onwards, some species grew large and tree-like. Devonian fossil lycopsids from
954:
669:
492:
465:
431:
339:
260:
218:
163:
2499:
2331:
2278:
2188:
1776:
4253:
3878:
3722:
3685:
3642:
3555:
3531:
3348:
3070:
3045:
2927:
2872:
1374:
1365:
1343:
1292:
1078:
1072:
1033:
1007:
1001:
912:
570:
536:
439:
300:
73:
1808:
Greilhuber, Johann; Dolezel, Jaroslav; Wendel, Jonathan (13 November 2012).
4200:
3939:
3794:
3782:
3522:
3353:
3343:
3143:
3095:
2968:
2565:
2339:
2296:
2052:
1794:
1726:
1687:
1570:
itself which could increase the availability of Huperzine A as a medicine.
1492:
1421:
1349:
983:
898:
799:
629:
484:
447:
331:
212:
2174:
1544:
gametophytes which associate with the same glomalean phenotypes as nearby
1424:, Victoria Park, Glasgow, Scotland, fossilized lycophytes can be found in
4097:
4010:
3746:
3740:
3535:
3516:
3474:
3424:
3231:
3174:
3115:
3060:
2993:
2943:
2913:
2895:
2887:
1563:
1528:
1462:
1337:. Fossils that can be ascribed to the Lycopodiopsida first appear in the
1156:
1066:
1013:
554:
383:
352:
48:
4040:
3946:
3873:
3841:
3827:
3810:
3358:
3035:
2824:
2815:
1537:
1500:
1483:
1450:
1441:
1380:
940:
391:
379:
296:
287:. They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves called
93:
58:
1918:
1842:
The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study
1703:"Motile Gametes of Land Plants: Diversity, Development, and Evolution"
307:) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to
4102:
4061:
3611:
3507:
3373:
3257:
3055:
2835:
2804:
2425:
2148:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN—The World Conservation Union. p. 27.
2145:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: A Global Species Assessment
1579:
1578:
The spores of lycopods are highly flammable and so have been used in
1516:
1474:
1466:
1425:
1322:
926:
653:
607:
451:
402:
335:
206:
176:
98:
20:
3972:
2641:
1286:
4195:
4089:
3995:
3883:
3316:
3299:
2735:
2142:
Baillie, Jonathan; Hilton-Taylor, Craig & Stuart, S.N. (2004).
1361:
1357:
1341:
period, along with a number of other vascular plants. The Silurian
1338:
1318:
115:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
4066:
2536:
Zhu, D. (2010). "A novel endophytic Huperzine A-producing fungus,
2091:
882:
The PPG I system divides up the extant lycophytes as shown below.
3836:
3539:
3338:
2795:
1470:
1454:
1401:
1190:
455:
358:
103:
78:
1275:
2591:. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 215.
1876:(5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
1478:
1449:
during the Middle Pennsylvanian due to a change in climate. In
1397:
1330:
1307:
3230:
2379:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–153.
4053:
3822:
3235:
2933:
2647:
1951:
Paleobotany : The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
1496:
292:
150:
2203:
3607:
3326:
1458:
1417:
1405:
1334:
1301:
550:
350:
Club-mosses (Lycopodiales) are homosporous, but the genera
308:
2935:
2141:
2009:
2477:
2400:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010).
2608:
from the University of California Museum of Paleontology
2399:
1981:
Plant Evolution: An Introduction to the History of Life
1807:
1469:(now South China), tree-like species survived into the
1408:, a modified shoot system acting as roots, bipolar and
2649:
1431:
The Lycopodiopsida had their maximum diversity in the
2362:"Tropical fossil forests unearthed in Arctic Norway"
1948:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009).
224:
1954:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press.
1844:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
3457:
2375:Stewart, Wilson N. & Rothwell, Gar W. (1993).
2221:
2068:"The origin and early evolution of plants on land"
2003:
1947:
1400:lycopods, including the development of both bark,
3406:
3130:
2309:
2256:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1503:and conifers resurfaced and diversified quickly.
610:, being related as shown in the cladogram below:
4251:
2959:
2439:Moisan, Philippe & Voigt, Sebastian (2013).
1700:
1477:(latest Permian), but regained dominance in the
3638:
2374:
1701:Renzaglia, Karen S.; Garbary, David J. (2001).
1663:
1473:. Nevertheless, lycopodiopsids are rare in the
1039:Mauseth uses the order †Asteroxylales, placing
3588:
3237:
2393:
2215:
2135:
1934:
1874:Botany : An introduction to Plant Biology
1639:Cryptogams (Algae, Bryophyta and Pterldophyta)
1435:(Upper Carboniferous), particularly tree-like
26:"Lycopod" redirects here. For other uses, see
2779:
2627:
2209:
2066:Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997b).
2065:
1840:Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997a).
1839:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1347:is one of the earliest identifiable species.
1659:
1657:
1655:
1556:sp Slf14 is an endophytic fungus present in
2520:
2438:
2112:
2059:
3952:
2634:
2620:
2586:
2580:
2514:
2471:
2432:
2368:
2303:
2250:
2106:
1828:
114:
3506:
3255:
2286:
2126:
2042:
2032:
1917:
1784:
1677:
1652:
1506:
2525:. Dorcrecht: Springer. pp. 155–194.
2115:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1641:. Meerut, India: Krishna Prakashan Media
1628:
1626:
1412:, and an upright stance. The remains of
1384:, and other extinct genera of the order
1306:
1285:
1274:
2377:Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1871:
1750:
1632:
1602:
271:. Members of the class are also called
4252:
2168:
1974:
1968:
1333:are abundant worldwide, especially in
3977:
3976:
3229:
2615:
2529:
2445:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2224:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1903:
1858:
1623:
733:Taylor et al. (2009), Mauseth (2014)
617: extant lycophytes
598: (vascular plants)
531: (broadly defined)
516: their extinct close relatives
4224:6ac1036c-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f
4152:5391ef13-fe33-418f-a833-82e62cb0c6be
4077:4d3a494f-0e34-4104-8626-3441527f4d83
2587:Cobb, B. & Foster, L.L. (1956).
1906:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1890:
1740:An Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny
2535:
1317:or related lycopod from the Middle
230:(arborecent lycophytes/scale trees)
13:
1707:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1481:(earliest Triassic), particularly
345:
14:
4276:
2599:
1603:Leonard, Janet L. (21 May 2019).
1489:Permian–Triassic extinction event
701:
3951:
2558:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04777.x
2312:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
2128:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
1679:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02276.x
137:
46:
2546:Journal of Applied Microbiology
2354:
1983:. University of Chicago Press.
877:
438:, distinguishing them from the
397:Lycopodiaceae and spikemosses (
3962:Current definitions of Plantae
2465:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.12.003
2244:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.02.005
1801:
1744:
1733:
1694:
1596:
1:
2606:Introduction to the Lycophyta
1589:
1043:in the Protolepidodendrales.
982:Some extinct groups, such as
833:e.g. Yatsentyuk et al. (2001)
2034:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
1416:lycopods formed many fossil
1270:
902:DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
807:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
514: living lycophytes and
425:
327:
326:used in other systems. (See
316:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
246:
7:
2210:Kenrick & Crane (1997a)
2177:Russian Journal of Genetics
766:Kenrick & Crane (1997)
490: (multiple branches,
420:
303:, extinct tree-like forms (
10:
4281:
1872:Mauseth, James D. (2014).
792:Chase & Reveal (2009)
430:The extant lycophytes are
405:. The only exceptions are
291:and reproduce by means of
25:
18:
3985:
3934:
3850:
3809:
3698:
3683:
3634:
3625:
3584:
3564:
3553:
3502:
3493:
3453:
3438:
3434:
3394:
3390:
3325:
3298:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3225:
3173:
3157:
3139:
3093:
3089:
3023:
3002:
2990:
2986:
2955:
2926:
2904:
2886:
2834:
2814:
2794:
2790:
2775:
2659:
2540:sp. Slf14, isolated from
2523:Plant-Associated Bacteria
2500:10.1007/s13199-015-0320-8
2332:10.1016/j.pbi.2018.12.001
2279:10.1038/s41586-018-0445-z
1777:10.1007/s10265-017-0936-2
1757:Journal of Plant Research
1753:"The tailored sperm cell"
1279:Artist's impression of a
1205:
1186:
1179:
1152:
1145:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1093:
1062:
1055:
862:
851:
666:
650:
643:
626:
619:
567:
547:
540:
512:
488:
477:
469:
243:
236:
203:
198:
134:Scientific classification
132:
122:
113:
37:
1975:Niklas, Karl J. (2016).
1344:Baragwanathia longifolia
1122:†Protolepidodendrales (â€
128:with close-up of branch
28:Lycopod (disambiguation)
16:Class of vascular plants
2189:10.1023/A:1011969716528
1573:
1290:External impression of
755:Ruggiero et al. (2015)
749:Subdivision (subphylum)
215:(clubmosses, firmosses)
1727:10.1080/20013591099209
1633:Awasthi, D.K. (2009).
1513:arbuscular mycorrhizal
1507:Microbial associations
1487:. After the worldwide
1325:
1304:
1283:
4173:Paleobiology Database
1310:
1289:
1278:
886:Class Lycopodiopsida
574: (seed plants)
434:(tracheophytes) with
4074:Euro+Med PlantBase:
3957:List of plant orders
3837:Pinopsida (conifers)
3823:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3815:(living gymnosperms)
3312:Leiosporocerotopsida
3031:Nephroselmidophyceae
1751:Alvarez, L. (2017).
1533:roots and vesicles.
1022:Protolepidodendrales
436:microphyllous leaves
3665:Archaeopteridopsida
3398:Polysporangiophytes
3122:Klebsormidiophyceae
3105:Mesostigmatophyceae
3051:Chlorodendrophyceae
3015:Pyramimonadophyceae
2969:Prasinodermophyceae
2863:Compsopogonophyceae
2492:2015Symbi..65...85L
2457:2013RPaPa.192...42M
2418:2010Geo....38.1079S
2324:2019COPB...47..119H
2271:2018Natur.561..235H
2236:2006RPaPa.142..165R
2084:1997Natur.389...33K
2025:2015PLoSO..1019248R
1769:2017JPlR..130..455A
1719:2001CRvPS..20..107R
1311:Axis (branch) from
1298:Upper Carboniferous
1207:†Lepidodendrales (â€
1064:†Drepanophycales (â€
815:
712:
444:megaphyllous leaves
3856:(flowering plants)
3777:Lyginopteridopsida
3570:Eophyllophytopsida
3523:Zosterophyllopsida
3461:Paratracheophytes*
3239:sensu strictissimo
3149:Coleochaetophyceae
3132:Phragmoplastophyta
2974:Palmophyllophyceae
2896:Glaucocystophyceae
2858:Stylonematophyceae
2853:Porphyridiophyceae
2642:Classification of
1326:
1305:
1284:
1160:, including subg.
918:(16 extant genera)
871:Sellaginellopsida
813:
710:
356:(spikemosses) and
4247:
4246:
4160:Open Tree of Life
3979:Taxon identifiers
3970:
3969:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3864:Basal angiosperms
3765:Gigantopteridales
3714:seed plant groups
3712:and other extinct
3679:
3678:
3653:Noeggerathiopsida
3621:
3620:
3576:Trimerophytopsida
3549:
3548:
3489:
3488:
3445:(vascular plants)
3410:Protracheophytes*
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3349:Andreaeobryopsida
3290:Jungermanniopsida
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3110:Chlorokybophyceae
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3041:Chloropicophyceae
2982:
2981:
2961:Prasinodermophyta
2922:
2921:
2412:(12): 1079–1082.
2386:978-0-521-38294-6
2265:(7722): 235–239.
2155:978-2-8317-0826-3
1990:978-0-226-34214-6
1961:978-0-12-373972-8
1919:10.1111/jse.12229
1883:978-1-4496-6580-7
1851:978-1-56098-730-7
1821:978-3-7091-1160-4
1616:978-3-319-94139-4
1584:Lycopodium powder
1546:Huperzia hypogeae
1542:Huperzia hypogeae
1524:mycoheterotrophic
1314:Archaeosigillaria
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
973:
960:(1 extant family)
959:
945:
932:(1 extant family)
931:
917:
904:(1 extant family)
903:
889:
875:
874:
796:
795:
738:Division (phylum)
727:Division (phylum)
698:
697:
689:
688:
680:
679:
602:
601:
592:
591:
583:
582:
525:
524:
388:mycoheterotrophic
375:S. rupestris
254:
253:
194:
125:Palhinhaea cernua
4272:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3974:
3973:
3955:
3954:
3869:Core angiosperms
3857:
3816:
3811:Acrogymnospermae
3789:Peltaspermopsida
3771:Glossopteridales
3753:Corystospermales
3735:Callistophytales
3715:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3659:Aneurophytopsida
3641:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3586:
3585:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3517:Barinophytopsida
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3418:Horneophytopsida
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3332:
3317:Anthocerotopsida
3305:
3300:Anthocerotophyta
3280:Haplomitriopsida
3273:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3227:
3226:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3165:Zygnematophyceae
3155:
3154:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3066:Trebouxiophyceae
3036:Picocystophyceae
3000:
2999:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2939:
2841:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2688:
2668:
2653:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2552:(4): 1469–1478.
2542:Huperzia serrata
2533:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:10.1130/G31182.1
2397:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2230:(3–4): 165–192.
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2183:(9): 1068–1073.
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1600:
1559:Huperzia serrata
1410:secondary growth
1370:tree-like plants
1182:
1181:
1166:Tetragonostachys
1154:Selaginellales (
1148:
1147:
1116:
1115:
1096:
1095:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
988:circumscriptions
974:(1 extant genus)
971:
957:
946:(1 extant genus)
943:
929:
915:
901:
887:
816:
812:
752:Lycopodiophytina
722:Example sources
713:
709:
646:
645:
622:
621:
614:
613:
543:
542:
480:
479:
472:
471:
462:
461:
324:Selaginellopsida
226:
190:
142:
141:
118:
108:
45:
41:Temporal range:
35:
34:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4217:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3890:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3759:Czekanowskiales
3713:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3639:
3626:
3617:
3589:Moniliformopses
3580:
3554:
3545:
3495:Eutracheophytes
3494:
3485:
3458:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3407:
3395:
3378:
3369:Polytrichopsida
3364:Tetraphidopsida
3330:
3329:
3321:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3285:Marchantiopsida
3271:
3270:
3268:Marchantiophyta
3256:
3243:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3153:
3126:
3094:
3077:
3019:
3010:Mamiellophyceae
2991:
2978:
2947:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2918:
2900:
2882:
2878:Florideophyceae
2868:Rhodellophyceae
2848:Cyanidiophyceae
2839:
2838:
2830:
2810:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2686:
2664:
2655:
2640:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2534:
2530:
2519:
2515:
2476:
2472:
2437:
2433:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2308:
2304:
2255:
2251:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2111:
2107:
2078:(6646): 33–39.
2064:
2060:
2019:(4): e0119248.
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1946:
1935:
1902:
1891:
1884:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1699:
1695:
1666:New Phytologist
1662:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1576:
1509:
1386:Lepidodendrales
1273:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1210:Paralycopodites
1162:Stachygynandrum
1028:Lepidodendrales
997:Drepanophycales
969:Selaginellaceae
880:
852:Lycopodiopsida
837:
832:
823:
704:
699:
690:
681:
603:
593:
584:
573:
526:
515:
432:vascular plants
428:
423:
348:
346:Characteristics
305:Lepidodendrales
261:vascular plants
228:Lepidodendrales
189:
136:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
44:Devonian–Recent
43:
42:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4228:
4215:
4205:
4192:
4188:lycopodiopsida
4182:
4169:
4156:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4071:
4058:
4045:
4035:
4022:
4017:Lycopodiopsida
4007:
3991:
3989:
3987:Lycopodiopsida
3983:
3982:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3795:Pentoxylopsida
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3729:Calamopityales
3725:
3718:
3716:
3693:
3686:Spermatophytes
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3643:Progymnosperms
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:Polypodiopsida
3605:
3603:Cladoxylopsida
3599:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3556:Euphyllophytes
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3528:Lycopodiopsida
3525:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3469:Cooksoniopsida
3464:
3462:
3448:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:Oedipodiopsida
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3261:
3245:
3244:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3003:Prasinophytina
2997:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2950:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2906:incertae sedis
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2785:
2782:Archaeplastida
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:Mesomycetozoea
2758:
2753:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2697:Diaphoretickes
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2644:Archaeplastida
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2600:External links
2598:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2528:
2513:
2470:
2431:
2392:
2385:
2367:
2353:
2302:
2249:
2214:
2212:, p. 239.
2202:
2167:
2154:
2134:
2121:(2): 122–127.
2105:
2058:
2002:
1989:
1967:
1960:
1933:
1912:(6): 563–603.
1889:
1882:
1857:
1850:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1763:(3): 455–464.
1743:
1732:
1713:(2): 107–213.
1693:
1672:(3): 790–801.
1651:
1622:
1615:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1572:
1562:that produces
1519:associations.
1508:
1505:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:
962:
961:
955:Selaginellales
950:
949:
948:
947:
934:
933:
922:
921:
920:
919:
906:
905:
892:
891:
879:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:Selaginellales
865:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:Lycopodiopsida
847:
846:Lycopodiopsida
844:
840:
839:
834:
829:
820:
794:
793:
790:
787:
783:
782:
779:
777:Lycopodiopsida
774:
768:
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
744:Niklas (2016)
742:
741:Lycopodiophyta
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
724:
723:
720:
717:
703:
702:Classification
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:Selaginellales
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
649:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
625:
620:
618:
612:
600:
599:
595:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:spermatophytes
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
546:
541:
539:
537:euphyllophytes
533:
532:
528:
527:
523:
522:
519:
518:
511:
508:lycopodiopsida
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:incertae sedis
487:
478:
476:
470:
468:
460:
440:euphyllophytes
427:
424:
422:
419:
347:
344:
340:Selaginellales
263:also known as
259:is a class of
257:Lycopodiopsida
252:
251:
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
222:
219:Selaginellales
216:
210:
201:
200:
196:
195:
187:Lycopodiopsida
184:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
40:
38:Lycopodiopsida
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4277:
4266:
4265:Plant classes
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:Bennettitales
3720:
3719:
3717:
3704:
3703:Pteridosperms
3697:
3694:
3690:(seed plants)
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:Protopityales
3668:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3442:
3441:Tracheophytes
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Andreaeopsida
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3179:(land plants)
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3072:
3071:Chlorophyceae
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Pedinophyceae
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:Chlorophytina
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:Viridiplantae
2925:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Bangiophyceae
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Stramenopiles
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:(major groups
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:10.1038/37918
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1548:sporophytes.
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:pteridosperms
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:Lepidodendron
1434:
1433:Pennsylvanian
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:deposits. In
1419:
1415:
1414:Lepidodendron
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Lepidodendron
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:Lepidodendron
1371:
1367:
1366:Carboniferous
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:coal deposits
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1293:Lepidodendron
1288:
1282:
1281:Lepidodendron
1277:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:Minarodendron
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:Lycopodiales
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:Drepanophycus
1075:
1074:
1073:Baragwanathia
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:Baragwanathia
1035:
1034:Pleuromeiales
1031:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:Drepanophycus
1004:
1003:
1002:Baragwanathia
998:
994:
993:
992:
989:
985:
984:zosterophylls
970:
966:
965:
964:
963:
956:
952:
951:
942:
938:
937:
936:
935:
928:
924:
923:
914:
913:Lycopodiaceae
910:
909:
908:
907:
900:
896:
895:
894:
893:
885:
884:
883:
870:
867:
866:
859:
856:
855:
848:
845:
842:
841:
835:
830:
827:
826:IUCN Red List
821:
818:
817:
811:
808:
803:
801:
800:zosterophylls
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:PPG I (2016)
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
715:
714:
708:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
672:
671:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
648:
647:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
631:
624:
623:
616:
615:
611:
609:
597:
596:
588:
587:
579:
578:
575:
572:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
545:
544:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
521:
520:
517:
509:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
495:
494:
486:
485:zosterophylls
482:
481:
474:
473:
467:
466:tracheophytes
464:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
448:zosterophylls
445:
442:(plants with
441:
437:
433:
418:
416:
412:
411:Phylloglossum
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
370:
369:S. apoda
365:
361:
360:
355:
354:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:Carboniferous
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
242:
239:
235:
229:
223:
221:(spikemosses)
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
202:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Tracheophytes
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
36:
33:
29:
22:
3986:
3940:paraphyletic
3852:Angiospermae
3829:
3828:Ginkgoales (
3801:Petriellales
3783:Medullosales
3710:(seed ferns)
3527:
3423:
3344:Sphagnopsida
3339:Takakiopsida
3272:(liverworts)
3238:
3232:Embryophytes
3186:(see below↓)
3144:Charophyceae
3114:
3096:Streptophyta
2948:land plants)
2936:
2905:
2823:
2816:Rhodelphidia
2803:
2746:Opisthokonta
2650:
2588:
2582:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2486:(2): 85–92.
2483:
2479:
2473:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2376:
2370:
2356:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2144:
2137:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1994:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1950:
1909:
1905:
1873:
1841:
1814:. Springer.
1810:
1803:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1669:
1665:
1643:. Retrieved
1638:
1609:. Springer.
1605:
1598:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1510:
1482:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1422:Fossil Grove
1413:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1355:
1350:Lycopodolica
1348:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1291:
1280:
1208:
1206:
1189:
1187:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1101:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1012:
1006:
1000:
981:
899:Lycopodiales
881:
878:Subdivisions
863:Isoetopsida
843:Lycopodiales
825:
804:
797:
789:Lycopodiidae
776:
771:
716:Highest rank
705:
667:
651:
630:lycopodiales
627:
608:monophyletic
604:
568:
548:
513:
507:
491:
489:
452:paraphyletic
429:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
384:gametophytes
373:
367:
363:
357:
351:
349:
332:Lycopodiales
323:
319:
313:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
255:
244:
213:Lycopodiales
209:(quillworts)
186:
170:
157:
123:
32:
4098:iNaturalist
4011:Wikispecies
3747:Cordaitales
3741:Caytoniales
3627:Lignophytes
3610:(ferns and
3536:spikemosses
3475:Rhyniopsida
3425:Aglaophyton
3304:(hornworts)
3175:Embryophyta
3158:Anydrophyta
3116:Spirotaenia
3061:Ulvophyceae
2994:Chlorophyta
2944:green algae
2914:Algospongia
2888:Glaucophyta
2840:(red algae)
2318:: 119–126.
1977:"Table 0.1"
1564:Huperzine A
1529:Selaginella
1394:Selaginella
1188:Isoetales (
1157:Selaginella
1067:Asteroxylon
1014:Asteroxylon
999:(including
860:Isoetopsida
475:lycophytes
399:Selaginella
364:Selaginella
353:Selaginella
320:Isoetopsida
289:microphylls
281:spikemosses
4260:Lycophytes
4254:Categories
3874:Magnoliids
3842:Gnetopsida
3612:horsetails
3540:quillworts
3532:clubmosses
3508:Lycophytes
3481:Renaliales
3258:Bryophytes
2836:Rhodophyta
2825:Rhodelphis
2161:2019-10-16
1996:2019-10-22
1645:2019-10-21
1590:References
1568:H. serrata
1517:endophytic
1484:Pleuromeia
1463:horsetails
1451:Euramerica
1442:Sigillaria
1381:Sigillaria
1164:and subg.
1125:Leclercqia
941:Isoetaceae
890:(3 orders)
555:horsetails
403:bryophytes
392:sporophyte
380:viviparous
311:deposits.
285:quillworts
273:clubmosses
269:lycophytes
177:Lycophytes
3374:Bryopsida
3327:Bryophyta
3056:UTC clade
2805:Picomonas
2741:Amoebozoa
2719:Alveolata
2707:Cryptista
2682:Eukaryota
2480:Symbiosis
2451:: 42–64.
1580:fireworks
1538:glomalean
1475:Lopingian
1467:Cathaysia
1447:collapsed
1426:sandstone
1372:(such as
1356:From the
1323:Wisconsin
1296:from the
1271:Evolution
927:Isoetales
857:Isoetales
831:2 classes
822:3 classes
763:Lycopsida
730:Lycophyta
654:Isoetales
426:Phylogeny
378:are also
336:Isoetales
297:sporangia
295:borne in
277:firmosses
207:Isoetales
147:Kingdom:
21:Lycophyte
4219:VicFlora
4201:43000110
4196:Tropicos
4116:11907039
4038:BioLib:
4002:Q1149748
3996:Wikidata
3884:Eudicots
3879:Monocots
3597:Ibykales
3331:(mosses)
3236:Plantae
2934:Plantae
2736:Amorphea
2714:Rhizaria
2702:Hacrobia
2692:Excavata
2677:Bacteria
2648:Plantae
2574:43582152
2566:20602655
2348:56476813
2340:30562673
2297:30135586
2197:22187626
2053:25923521
2013:PLOS ONE
1928:39980610
1795:28357612
1688:17971070
1455:conifers
1362:Svalbard
1358:Devonian
1339:Silurian
1319:Devonian
916:P.Beauv.
786:Subclass
632:
421:Taxonomy
366:such as
265:lycopods
238:Synonyms
4211:9480693
3947:extinct
2796:Picozoa
2751:Animals
2672:Archaea
2508:8550654
2488:Bibcode
2453:Bibcode
2414:Bibcode
2406:Geology
2320:Bibcode
2288:6175059
2267:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
2100:3866183
2080:Bibcode
2044:4418965
2021:Bibcode
1786:5406480
1765:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1554:Shiraia
1501:ginkgos
1471:Permian
1402:cambium
1331:Fossils
1191:Isoetes
1032:Order â€
1026:Order â€
1020:Order â€
995:Order â€
967:Family
944:Dumort.
939:Family
911:Family
836:1 class
805:In the
668:
652:
628:
569:
549:
510:
456:plesion
415:Isoetes
407:Isoetes
394:stage.
359:Isoetes
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