125:, and some water-laid deposits. Single Quartz OSL ages can be determined typically from 100 to 350,000 years BP, and can be reliable when suitable methods are used and proper checks are done. Feldspar IRSL techniques have the potential to extend the datable range out to a million years as feldspars typically have significantly higher dose saturation levels than quartz, though issues regarding anomalous fading will need to be dealt with first. Ages can be obtained outside these ranges, but they should be regarded with caution. The uncertainty of an OSL date is typically 5-10% of the age of the sample.
129:
operator does not know the individual figures that are being averaged, and so if there are partially prebleached grains in the sample it can give an exaggerated age. In contrast to the multiple-aliquot method, the SAR method tests the burial ages of individual grains of sand which are then plotted. Mixed deposits can be identified and taken into consideration when determining the age.
146:
transfer of electrons from one trap, to holes located elsewhere in the lattice â necessarily requiring two defects to be in nearby proximity, and hence it is a destructive technique. The problem is that nearby electron/hole trapping centres suffer from localized tunneling, eradicating their signal over time; it is this issue that currently defines the upper age-limit for OSL dating
226:, luminescence dating methods do not require a contemporary organic component of the sediment to be dated; just quartz, potassium feldspar, or certain other mineral grains that have been fully bleached during the event being dated. These methods also do not suffer from overestimation of dates when the sediment in question has been mixed with âold carbonâ, or
108:. The radiation causes charge to remain within the grains in structurally unstable "electron traps". The trapped charge accumulates over time at a rate determined by the amount of background radiation at the location where the sample was buried. Stimulating these mineral grains using either light (blue or green for OSL;
201:. A sample in which the mineral grains have all been exposed to sufficient daylight (seconds for quartz; hundreds of seconds for potassium feldspar) can be said to be of zero age; when excited it will not emit any such photons. The older the sample is, the more light it emits, up to a saturation limit.
267:
carbonate rocks, a process that is also active today. This reworked carbon changed the measured isotopic ratios, giving a false older age. However, the wind-blown origin of these sediments were ideal for OSL dating, as most of the grains would have been completely bleached by sunlight exposure during
141:
In 1963, Aitken et al. noted that TL traps in calcite could be bleached by sunlight as well as heat, and in 1965 Shelkoplyas and
Morozov were the first to use TL to date unheated sediments. Throughout the 70s and early 80s TL dating of light-sensitive traps in geological sediments of both terrestrial
137:
The concept of using luminescence dating in archaeological contexts was first suggested in 1953 by
Farrington Daniels, Charles A. Boyd, and Donald F. Saunders, who thought the thermoluminescence response of pottery shards could date the last incidence of heating. Experimental tests on archaeological
116:
Most luminescence dating methods rely on the assumption that the mineral grains were sufficiently "bleached" at the time of the event being dated. For example, in quartz a short daylight exposure in the range of 1â100 seconds before burial is sufficient to effectively âresetâ the OSL dating clock.
145:
Optical dating using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was developed in 1984 by David J. Huntley and colleagues. HĂŒtt et al. laid the groundwork for the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating of potassium feldspars in 1988. The traditional OSL method relies on optical stimulation and
128:
There are two different methods of OSL dating: multiple-aliquot-dose and single-aliquot-regenerative-dose (SAR). In multiple-aliquot testing, a number of grains of sand are stimulated at the same time and the resulting luminescence signature is averaged. The problem with this technique is that the
959:
Liritzis, Ioannis; Singhvi, Ashok Kumar; Feathers, James K.; Wagner, Gunther A.; Kadereit, Annette; Zacharias, Nikolaos; Li, Sheng-Hua (2013), Liritzis, Ioannis; Singhvi, Ashok Kumar; Feathers, James K.; Wagner, Gunther A. (eds.), "Luminescence-Based
Authenticity Testing",
209:
The minerals that are measured are usually either quartz or potassium feldspar sand-sized grains, or unseparated silt-sized grains. There are advantages and disadvantages to using each. For quartz, blue or green excitation frequencies are normally used and the near
268:
transport and burial. Lee et al. concluded that when aeolian sediment transport is suspected, especially in lakes of arid environments, the OSL dating method is superior to the radiocarbon dating method, as it eliminates a common âold-carbonâ error problem.
138:
ceramics followed a few years later in 1960 by Grögler et al. Over the next few decades, thermoluminescence research was focused on heated pottery and ceramics, burnt flints, baked hearth sediments, oven stones from burnt mounds and other heated objects.
112:
for IRSL) or heat (for TL) causes a luminescence signal to be emitted as the stored unstable electron energy is released, the intensity of which varies depending on the amount of radiation absorbed during burial and specific properties of the mineral.
902:
Lee, M.K., Lee, Y.I., Lim, H.S., Lee, J.I., Choi, J.H., & Yoon, H.I. (2011). "Comparison of radiocarbon and OSL dating methods for a Late
Quaternary sediment core from Lake Ulaan, Mongolia".
276:
One of the benefits of luminescence dating is that it can be used to confirm the authenticity of an artifact. Under proper low light conditions a sample in the tens of milligrams can be used.
872:
Liritzis, I. (2010). "Strofilas (Andros Island, Greece): new evidence for the cycladic final neolithic period through novel dating methods using luminescence and obsidian hydration".
1329:
Wintle A. G., Murray A. S. (2006). "A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols".
1156:
Liritzis I., Sideris C., Vafiadou A., Mitsis J. (2008). "Mineralogical, petrological and radioactivity aspects of some building material from
Egyptian Old Kingdom monuments".
53:(TL). "Optical dating" typically refers to OSL and IRSL, but not TL. The age range of luminescence dating methods extends from a few years to over one million years.
1135:
Liritzis I (2010). "Strofilas (Andros Island, Greece): New evidence of
Cycladic Final Neolithic dated by novel luminescence and Obsidian Hydration methods".
214:
emission is measured. For potassium feldspar or silt-sized grains, near infrared excitation (IRSL) is normally used and violet emissions are measured.
831:
Liritzis, I., Polymeris, S.G., and
Zacharias, N. (2010). "Surface Luminescence Dating of 'Dragon Houses' and Armena Gate at Styra (Euboea, Greece)".
447:
Jacobs, Z and
Roberts, R (2007). "Advances in Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating of Individual Grains of Quartz from Archaeological Deposits".
1384:
1321:
1286:
1218:
1183:
1127:
1079:
1036:
945:
858:
781:
732:
625:
584:
539:
482:
428:
249:, Lee et al. discovered that OSL and radiocarbon dates agreed in some samples, but the radiocarbon dates were up to 5800 years older in others.
2284:
1987:
1663:
1100:
Liritzis I., Guibert P., Foti F., Schvoerer M. (1997). "The temple of Apollo (Delphi) strengthens novel thermoluminescence dating method".
639:
Shelkoplyas, V.N. & Morozov, G.V. (1965). "Some results of an investigation of
Quaternary deposits by the thermoluminescence method".
1294:
Theocaris P. S., Liritzis I., Galloway R. B. (1997). "Dating of two
Hellenic pyramids by a novel application of thermoluminescence".
1113:
153:
were extended to include surfaces made of granite, basalt and sandstone, such as carved rock from ancient monuments and artifacts.
2279:
252:
The sediments with disagreeing ages were determined to be deposited by aeolian processes. Westerly winds delivered an influx of
1191:
Morgenstein M. E., Luo S., Ku T. L., Feathers J. (2003). "Uranium-series and luminescence dating of volcanic lithic artefacts".
977:
1434:
396:
1392:
Fattahi M., Stokes S. (2001). "Extending the time range of luminescence dating using red TL (RTL) from volcanic quartz".
1781:
1982:
1578:
1003:
197:
of the emitted light must have higher energies than the excitation photons in order to avoid measurement of ordinary
46:
1618:
1254:
1044:
Habermann J., Schilles T., Kalchgruber R., Wagner G. A. (2000). "Steps towards surface dating using luminescence".
237:-deficient carbon that is not the same isotopic ratio as the atmosphere. In a study of the chronology of arid-zone
996:
An introduction to optical dating: the dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of photon-stimulated luminescence
242:
746:
HĂŒtt, G., Jaek, I. & Tchonka, J. (1988). "Optical dating: K-feldspars optical response stimulation spectra".
185:/1000 years. The total absorbed radiation dose is determined by exciting, with light, specific minerals (usually
157:, the initiator of ancient buildings luminescence dating, has shown this in several cases of various monuments.
1256:
398:
362:"Precision and accuracy in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary quartz: a status review"
2028:
1776:
1771:
325:
Rhodes, E. J. (2011). "Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 250,000 years".
1226:
Rhodes E. J. (2011). "Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 200,000 years".
964:, SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, pp. 41â43,
1961:
1831:
901:
2171:
2151:
2161:
2133:
1966:
1745:
689:
Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., & Thewalt, M. L. W. (1985). "Optical dating of sediments".
150:
50:
1087:
Liritzis I (1994). "A new dating method by thermoluminescence of carved megalithic stone building".
397:
Roberts, R.G., Jacobs, Z., Li, B., Jankowski, N.R., Cunningham, A.C., & Rosenfeld, A.B. (2015).
2228:
1427:
177:
elements (K, U, Th and Rb) within the sample and its surroundings and the radiation dose rate from
2166:
2116:
1903:
1750:
1359:
1009:
Greilich S., Glasmacher U. A., Wagner G. A. (2005). "Optical dating of granitic stone surfaces".
2066:
1867:
1613:
1512:
1257:"Optical dating in archaeology: thirty years in retrospect and grand challenges for the future"
496:
Daniels, F., Boyd, C.A., & Saunders, D.F. (1953). "Thermoluminescence as a research tool".
399:"Optical dating in archaeology: thirty years in retrospect and grand challenges for the future"
38:
who want to know when such an event occurred. It uses various methods to stimulate and measure
554:
1668:
1378:
1315:
1280:
1212:
1177:
1121:
1073:
1030:
939:
852:
775:
726:
688:
619:
598:
Aitken, M.J., Tite, M.S. & Reid, J. (1963). "Thermoluminescent dating: progress report".
578:
533:
476:
422:
1255:
Roberts R. G., Jacobs Z., Li B., Jankowski N. R., Cunningham A. C., Rosenfeld A. B. (2015).
2101:
2042:
2018:
2013:
1338:
1235:
1053:
911:
840:
755:
698:
663:
505:
334:
165:
Luminescence dating is one of several techniques in which an age is calculated as follows:
23:
8:
1941:
1931:
1706:
1623:
1603:
1593:
1420:
1342:
1247:
1239:
1057:
915:
844:
759:
702:
667:
509:
361:
346:
338:
193:) extracted from the sample, and measuring the amount of light emitted as a result. The
2253:
2233:
2111:
2096:
2081:
2003:
1802:
1766:
1568:
1043:
927:
714:
611:
464:
285:
223:
190:
105:
97:
16:
Form of dating how long ago mineral grains had been last exposed to sunlight or heating
1405:
1065:
2061:
1857:
1852:
1696:
1532:
1022:
999:
973:
931:
767:
675:
521:
198:
118:
93:
468:
2258:
2207:
2123:
2071:
1847:
1825:
1691:
1588:
1401:
1346:
1303:
1268:
1243:
1200:
1165:
1144:
1109:
1061:
1018:
965:
919:
881:
811:
763:
718:
706:
671:
654:
Wintle, A.G. & Huntley, D.J. (1982). "Thermoluminescence dating of sediments".
607:
513:
456:
410:
342:
154:
1350:
2191:
2156:
2143:
2106:
2053:
1911:
1806:
1740:
1701:
1538:
1169:
962:
Luminescence Dating in Archaeology, Anthropology, and Geoarchaeology: An Overview
552:
517:
1190:
969:
830:
2289:
2091:
1889:
1877:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1735:
1658:
1583:
1155:
1272:
1148:
1099:
923:
885:
816:
799:
414:
2273:
2008:
1926:
1921:
1872:
1862:
1502:
495:
35:
1293:
1204:
30:
grains were last exposed to sunlight or sufficient heating. It is useful to
2086:
1884:
1598:
1573:
1558:
1524:
1484:
1307:
1008:
525:
211:
39:
1786:
1683:
1645:
1628:
1563:
1544:
1477:
1457:
182:
174:
70:
1114:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199708)12:5<479::aid-gea3>3.0.co;2-x
1553:
1548:
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597:
460:
178:
2243:
2223:
1956:
1916:
1653:
1462:
710:
264:
77:
31:
745:
100:
they produce is absorbed by mineral grains in the sediments such as
2238:
2076:
1720:
1633:
1357:
555:"Ăber die datierung von keramik und ziegel durch thermolumineszenz"
246:
109:
89:
62:
2248:
1472:
1467:
643:. 7th International Quaternary Association Congress, Kiev: 83â90.
85:
81:
73:
27:
194:
186:
173:
The radiation dose rate is calculated from measurements of the
101:
638:
169:
age = (total absorbed radiation dose) / (radiation dose rate)
1673:
1412:
958:
122:
1607:
1489:
238:
66:
1328:
553:
Grögler, N., Houtermans, F.G., & Stauffer, H. (1960).
1507:
653:
359:
446:
1391:
1360:"TL dating in the Holocene using red TL from quartz"
49:(OSL), infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), and
1988:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1089:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II
217:
641:Materials on the Quaternary Period of the Ukraine
2271:
181:. The dose rate is usually in the range 0.5 - 5
117:This is usually, but not always, the case with
392:
390:
1428:
1228:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
800:"Surface Dating by Luminescence: An Overview"
327:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
324:
320:
318:
1383:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1358:Montret, M., Fain, J., Miallier, D. (1992).
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1225:
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427:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
897:
895:
387:
149:In 1994, the principles behind optical and
1435:
1421:
1134:
1086:
833:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
591:
315:
263:-deficient carbon from adjacent soils and
142:and marine origin became more widespread.
56:
815:
360:Murray, A. S. & Olley, J. M. (2002).
1983:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
892:
2272:
1416:
793:
791:
442:
440:
438:
26:methods of determining how long ago
2285:Dating methodologies in archaeology
1248:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133425
347:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133425
13:
1782:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
788:
612:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1963.tb00581.x
14:
2301:
1296:Journal of Archaeological Science
1261:Journal of Archaeological Science
1137:Journal of Archaeological Science
874:Journal of Archaeological Science
435:
403:Journal of Archaeological Science
121:deposits, such as sand dunes and
47:optically stimulated luminescence
1023:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00224.x
218:Comparison to radiocarbon dating
2280:Geochronological dating methods
1664:English and British regnal year
952:
865:
824:
739:
682:
647:
632:
45:It includes techniques such as
1442:
546:
489:
353:
306:
297:
1:
1777:Old Style and New Style dates
1406:10.1016/S1350-4487(00)00105-0
1351:10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.11.001
1066:10.1016/s1350-4487(00)00066-4
988:
271:
1729:Pre-Julian / Julian
1170:10.1016/j.culher.2007.03.009
1158:Journal of Cultural Heritage
768:10.1016/0277-3791(88)90033-9
676:10.1016/0277-3791(82)90018-X
518:10.1126/science.117.3040.343
7:
1962:Geological history of Earth
1832:Astronomical year numbering
998:. Oxford University Press.
970:10.1007/978-3-319-00170-8_5
312:Fattahi M., Stokes S., 2001
279:
204:
10:
2306:
748:Quaternary Science Reviews
656:Quaternary Science Reviews
160:
132:
2216:
2200:
2184:
2142:
2134:Thermoluminescence dating
2052:
2041:
2029:Samariumâneodymium dating
1996:
1975:
1949:
1940:
1902:
1840:
1795:
1759:
1728:
1719:
1682:
1644:
1523:
1498:
1450:
1273:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.028
1149:10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.041
924:10.1007/s10933-010-9484-7
904:Journal of Paleolimnology
886:10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.041
817:10.2478/s13386-011-0032-7
449:Evolutionary Anthropology
415:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.028
151:thermoluminescence dating
69:contain trace amounts of
51:thermoluminescence dating
1848:Chinese sexagenary cycle
291:
2062:Amino acid racemisation
1205:10.1111/1475-4754.00124
57:Conditions and accuracy
2067:Archaeomagnetic dating
1579:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1394:Radiation Measurements
1331:Radiation Measurements
1308:10.1006/jasc.1996.0124
1046:Radiation Measurements
994:Aitken, M. J. (1998).
559:Helvetica Physica Acta
171:
1967:Geological time units
798:Liritzis, I. (2011).
167:
22:refers to a group of
2019:Law of superposition
2014:Isotope geochemistry
303:Montret et al., 1992
76:of elements such as
24:chronological dating
2152:Fluorine absorption
2129:Luminescence dating
2024:Luminescence dating
1932:Milankovitch cycles
1772:Proleptic Gregorian
1604:Hindu units of time
1343:2006RadM...41..369W
1240:2011AREPS..39..461R
1058:2000RadM...32..847H
916:2011JPall..45..127L
845:2010MAA....10...65L
760:1988QSRv....7..381H
703:1985Natur.313..105H
668:1982QSRv....1...31W
510:1953Sci...117..343D
339:2011AREPS..39..461R
20:Luminescence dating
2254:Terminus post quem
2234:Synchronoptic view
2201:Linguistic methods
2162:Obsidian hydration
2097:Radiometric dating
2082:Incremental dating
2004:Chronostratigraphy
461:10.1002/evan.20150
286:Radiometric dating
191:potassium feldspar
106:potassium feldspar
98:ionizing radiation
96:over time and the
2267:
2266:
2180:
2179:
2037:
2036:
1898:
1897:
1853:Geologic Calendar
1715:
1714:
979:978-3-319-00170-8
697:(5998): 105â107.
504:(3040): 343â349.
199:photoluminescence
2297:
2259:ASPRO chronology
2208:Glottochronology
2124:Tephrochronology
2072:Dendrochronology
2050:
2049:
1947:
1946:
1746:Proleptic Julian
1736:Pre-Julian Roman
1726:
1725:
1521:
1520:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:(5â6): 479â485.
1388:
1382:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1251:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1152:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1040:
1034:
1026:
983:
982:
956:
950:
949:
943:
935:
899:
890:
889:
880:(6): 1367â1377.
869:
863:
862:
856:
848:
828:
822:
821:
819:
795:
786:
785:
779:
771:
754:(3â4): 381â385.
743:
737:
736:
730:
722:
711:10.1038/313105a0
686:
680:
679:
651:
645:
644:
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629:
623:
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366:
357:
351:
350:
322:
313:
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304:
301:
262:
260:
259:
236:
234:
233:
224:carbon-14 dating
155:Ioannis Liritzis
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2212:
2196:
2192:Molecular clock
2185:Genetic methods
2176:
2157:Nitrogen dating
2144:Relative dating
2138:
2107:Potassiumâargon
2054:Absolute dating
2044:
2033:
1992:
1971:
1936:
1912:Cosmic Calendar
1904:Astronomic time
1894:
1836:
1791:
1755:
1741:Original Julian
1711:
1678:
1640:
1539:Ab urbe condita
1517:
1494:
1446:
1441:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1313:
1312:
1278:
1277:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1174:
1119:
1118:
1071:
1070:
1028:
1027:
991:
986:
980:
957:
953:
937:
936:
900:
893:
870:
866:
850:
849:
829:
825:
804:Geochronometria
796:
789:
773:
772:
744:
740:
724:
723:
687:
683:
652:
648:
637:
633:
617:
616:
596:
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568:
566:
551:
547:
531:
530:
494:
490:
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473:
445:
436:
420:
419:
395:
388:
378:
376:
369:Geochronometria
364:
358:
354:
323:
316:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
282:
274:
258:
256:
255:
254:
253:
241:sediments from
232:
230:
229:
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220:
207:
163:
135:
92:. These slowly
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:New Chronology
2226:
2220:
2218:
2217:Related topics
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2092:Paleomagnetism
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1890:New Earth Time
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1751:Revised Julian
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1669:Lists of kings
1666:
1661:
1659:Canon of Kings
1656:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1584:Before present
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1389:
1355:
1337:(4): 369â391.
1326:
1302:(5): 399â405.
1291:
1252:
1223:
1199:(3): 503â518.
1188:
1153:
1132:
1108:(5): 479â496.
1102:Geoarchaeology
1097:
1084:
1052:(5): 847â851.
1041:
1017:(3): 645â665.
1006:
990:
987:
985:
984:
978:
951:
910:(2): 127â135.
891:
864:
823:
810:(3): 292â302.
787:
738:
681:
646:
631:
590:
545:
488:
434:
386:
352:
314:
305:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
281:
278:
273:
270:
257:
231:
219:
216:
206:
203:
162:
159:
134:
131:
58:
55:
36:archaeologists
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:Chronological
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Geochronology
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Geologic time
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Metonic cycle
1925:
1923:
1922:Galactic year
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:ISO week date
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Byzantine era
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1525:Calendar eras
1522:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1367:Ancient TL 10
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:: 1367â1377.
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:(5): 603â610.
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1004:0-19-854092-2
1001:
997:
993:
992:
981:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
947:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
854:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
783:
777:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
728:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
635:
627:
621:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
586:
580:
564:
560:
556:
549:
541:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
484:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
441:
439:
430:
424:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
391:
374:
370:
363:
356:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
321:
319:
309:
300:
296:
287:
284:
283:
277:
269:
266:
250:
248:
244:
240:
225:
215:
213:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
170:
166:
158:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
130:
126:
124:
120:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
54:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2172:Stratigraphy
2128:
2117:Uraniumâlead
2087:Lichenometry
2023:
1885:Winter count
1868:Mesoamerican
1796:Astronomical
1614:Mesoamerican
1599:Sothic cycle
1574:Seleucid era
1559:Bosporan era
1547: /
1537:
1485:Paleontology
1397:
1393:
1379:cite journal
1370:
1366:
1334:
1330:
1316:cite journal
1299:
1295:
1281:cite journal
1264:
1260:
1231:
1227:
1213:cite journal
1196:
1193:Archaeometry
1192:
1178:cite journal
1161:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1122:cite journal
1105:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1074:cite journal
1049:
1045:
1031:cite journal
1014:
1011:Archaeometry
1010:
995:
961:
954:
940:cite journal
907:
903:
877:
873:
867:
853:cite journal
839:(3): 65â81.
836:
832:
826:
807:
803:
776:cite journal
751:
747:
741:
727:cite journal
694:
690:
684:
662:(1): 31â53.
659:
655:
649:
640:
634:
620:cite journal
603:
600:Archaeometry
599:
593:
579:cite journal
569:February 16,
567:. Retrieved
562:
558:
548:
534:cite journal
501:
497:
491:
477:cite journal
452:
448:
423:cite journal
406:
402:
377:. Retrieved
372:
368:
355:
330:
326:
308:
299:
275:
251:
245:in southern
221:
212:ultra-violet
208:
172:
168:
164:
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
115:
60:
44:
40:luminescence
19:
18:
2112:Radiocarbon
1787:Dual dating
1646:Regnal year
1624:Short Count
1564:Bostran era
1545:Anno Domini
1478:Big History
1458:Archaeology
1234:: 461â488.
1164:(1): 1â13.
379:February 8,
333:: 461â488.
179:cosmic rays
175:radioactive
71:radioactive
2274:Categories
1707:Vietnamese
1619:Long Count
1554:Anno Mundi
1549:Common Era
1451:Key topics
1444:Chronology
989:References
455:(6): 218.
272:Other uses
243:Lake Ulaan
239:lacustrine
32:geologists
2244:Year zero
2224:Chronicle
2167:Seriation
2102:Leadâlead
1976:Standards
1957:Deep time
1917:Ephemeris
1803:Lunisolar
1767:Gregorian
1760:Gregorian
1721:Calendars
1684:Era names
1654:Anka year
1533:Human Era
1463:Astronomy
1267:: 41â60.
932:128511753
606:: 65â75.
565:: 595â596
409:: 41â60.
265:Paleozoic
78:potassium
63:sediments
2239:Timeline
2077:Ice core
1950:Concepts
1697:Japanese
1629:Tzolk'in
1594:Egyptian
1373:: 33â36.
526:17756578
469:84231863
280:See also
247:Mongolia
205:Minerals
110:infrared
90:rubidium
74:isotopes
2249:Floruit
1997:Methods
1858:Iranian
1826:Islamic
1692:Chinese
1503:Periods
1473:History
1468:Geology
1339:Bibcode
1236:Bibcode
1054:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
841:Bibcode
756:Bibcode
719:4258671
699:Bibcode
664:Bibcode
506:Bibcode
498:Science
335:Bibcode
222:Unlike
195:photons
161:Physics
133:History
119:aeolian
86:thorium
82:uranium
28:mineral
2045:dating
1841:Others
1807:Hebrew
1702:Korean
1513:Epochs
1002:
976:
930:
717:
691:Nature
524:
467:
375:: 1â16
187:quartz
102:quartz
88:, and
2290:Light
1878:Aztec
1822:Lunar
1817:Solar
1811:Hindu
1674:Limmu
1634:Haab'
1589:Hijri
1363:(PDF)
928:S2CID
715:S2CID
465:S2CID
365:(PDF)
292:Notes
183:grays
123:loess
94:decay
67:soils
1873:Maya
1608:Yuga
1508:Eras
1490:Time
1385:link
1322:link
1287:link
1219:link
1184:link
1128:link
1080:link
1037:link
1000:ISBN
974:ISBN
946:link
859:link
782:link
733:link
626:link
585:link
571:2016
540:link
522:PMID
483:link
429:link
381:2016
104:and
65:and
61:All
34:and
1402:doi
1347:doi
1304:doi
1269:doi
1244:doi
1201:doi
1166:doi
1145:doi
1110:doi
1093:319
1062:doi
1019:doi
966:doi
920:doi
882:doi
812:doi
764:doi
707:doi
695:313
672:doi
608:doi
514:doi
502:117
457:doi
411:doi
343:doi
189:or
2276::
1809:,
1398:32
1396:.
1381:}}
1377:{{
1371:10
1369:.
1365:.
1345:.
1335:41
1333:.
1318:}}
1314:{{
1300:24
1298:.
1283:}}
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1265:56
1263:.
1259:.
1242:.
1232:39
1230:.
1215:}}
1211:{{
1197:45
1195:.
1180:}}
1176:{{
1160:.
1141:37
1139:.
1124:}}
1120:{{
1106:12
1104:.
1091:.
1076:}}
1072:{{
1060:.
1050:32
1048:.
1033:}}
1029:{{
1015:47
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972:,
942:}}
938:{{
926:.
918:.
908:45
906:.
894:^
878:37
876:.
855:}}
851:{{
837:10
835:.
808:38
806:.
802:.
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778:}}
774:{{
762:.
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725:{{
713:.
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670:.
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618:{{
602:.
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563:33
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520:.
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500:.
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453:16
451:.
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421:{{
407:56
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401:.
389:^
373:21
371:.
367:.
341:.
331:39
329:.
317:^
84:,
80:,
42:.
1828:)
1824:(
1813:)
1805:(
1610:)
1606:(
1436:e
1429:t
1422:v
1408:.
1404::
1387:)
1353:.
1349::
1341::
1324:)
1310:.
1306::
1289:)
1275:.
1271::
1250:.
1246::
1238::
1221:)
1207:.
1203::
1186:)
1172:.
1168::
1162:9
1151:.
1147::
1130:)
1116:.
1112::
1082:)
1068:.
1064::
1056::
1039:)
1025:.
1021::
968::
948:)
934:.
922::
914::
888:.
884::
861:)
847:.
843::
820:.
814::
784:)
770:.
766::
758::
752:7
735:)
721:.
709::
701::
678:.
674::
666::
660:1
628:)
614:.
610::
604:6
587:)
573:.
542:)
528:.
516::
508::
485:)
471:.
459::
431:)
417:.
413::
383:.
349:.
345::
337::
261:C
235:C
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