Karabakh Khanate - Knowledge

1121: 562: 1358: 1003: 1279:(royal decree) from Fath-Ali Shah, asking him to reaffirm his loyalty and work with him to expel the Russians from Karabakh. In addition to forgiving Mehdi Qoli Khan for his earlier transgressions, Fath-Ali Shah would also install him as Karabakh's governor and work with him to bring back the tribes of Karabakh who had sought asylum in Azerbaijan. Mehdi Qoli Khan, who changed his alliance between Iran and Russia to his greatest advantage like the majority of the khans in the South Caucasus, made the decision to stick by Russia. In an effort to reassure his continuous allegiance to the Russian Empire, he sent Kotliarevskii the 1045:), the Iranian shahs had declared rulership over parts of the Caucasus. This included Nader Shah, Karim Khan and now Agha Mohammad Khan. The neighboring khanates were still seen as Iranian dependencies even when the shahs in mainland Iran lacked the power to enforce their rule in the area. Likewise, Agha Mohammad Khan also considered Georgia to be an Iranian province. He issued threatening letters to the khans who had established connections with Russia in an effort to reestablish Iranian dominance over the border districts. In 1792/93, Agha Mohammad Khan assigned his lieutenant 1234: 40: 1217:

side with Iran, and requested assistance in regaining control of the castle at Shusha. Ibrahim Khalil Khan's change of heart had been caused by the recent death of his eldest son and heir Mohammad Hasan Agha, who was a prominent major-general in the Russian army, and the Russians not seeming to be in a position to defend effectively against the larger Iranian army that was drawing near. Fath-Ali Shah pardoned Ibrahim Khalil Khan, who moved to an adjacent hill outside Shusha so that the Iranian forces could assault its garrison.

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there were 162 Muslim families, whereas the other two-quarters of Shusha were home to 209 Armenian families. The survey also includes a list of Muslim (numbering 765) and Armenian (numbering 326) families who were listed as inhabiting Shusha and its surroundings, originating from several settlements and nomadic fields in Karabakh. They either belonged to the khan's family, the clergy, the government, or the subjects of different officials. Instead of paying taxes, they provided a range of services to the monarch, the

308: 1513:(districts) of Karabakh was composed of 17,101 families of villagers and nomads. Its inhabitants were either classified as Tatars, Armenians, or nomads. There were 8,445 nomadic families, 4,654 Armenian families, and 4,002 Tatar families, which means that the nomads comprised 49.38% of the population, followed by Armenians (27.22%) and then the Tatars (23.40%). The survey adds that by including Shusha, the entire population of Karabakh consisted of 18,563 families. 990:) with Heraclius in 1783. Heraclius, who was worried of reinstatement of fidelty to Iran, agreed to the terms of the treaty, which was to renounce his loyalty to Iran in return for Russian protection. This treaty strained the relationship between Heraclius and Ibrahim Khalil Khan, who also attempted to get in contact with the Russians, but was ignored by Catherine II, as she did not want to get embroiled in the conflict between the khans. 899:, a place in Varanda. Panah Ali Khan relocated the notables, dignitaries, and tribal leaders there. The power of the Javanshir became centered in that stronghold, which would withstand many sieges. The nature of the Javanshir khans' patron-client relationship with Shahnazar II is unclear, but it appears that their control of the fortress was restricted to its southern part, which was its Muslim sector. In 1757, the Qajar chieftain 269: 968:, the future shah of Iran, had been a nominal hostage of Karim Khan in Shiraz and was entirely preoccupied with establishing his authority and eliminating rivals in Iran. As they battled to preserve their autonomy at a time when the Iranians and Russians wanted to incorporate the eastern Caucasus under their own empires, Georgia and Karabakh's partnership turned out to be highly beneficial for both of them. 814: 1617:, and other personnel in the administration of his court and province. In exchange for tax exemption, every Karabakhi tribesman who appeared on the records enrolled the cavalry. Even tax-exempt tribes contributed financially and in kind when mercenaries were needed, but the khan covered the expenses of their equipment and horse fodder when they joined the army. The 1221:

some of his relatives and 30 members of his retinue were killed by a group of Russian soldiers under the instigation of Ja'far Qoli Agha and the commander of the Russian garrison. Although Ja'far Qoli Agha had hoped to become the new khan for helping the Russians against his grandfather's "betrayal", they ultimately appointed Ibrahim Khalil Khan's 30-year-old son

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Iranian province of Azerbaijan, the linguistical similarities between the two places, and so on. However, the vast majority of current European historians, as well as 19th century Russian and Iranian sources, consider them to have been two distinct geographical and political areas. Prior to 1918 the word "Azerbaijan" referred to the Iranian region of Azerbaijan.

1717:, and other Caucasian tribes, is disregarded by Azerbaijani historians, who group them together with the Tatars, considering them all to be "Azerbaijanis." However, before the 20th century, the Azerbaijanis barely constituted as an ethnic group, much less a nation. The people who lived in the present-day country of Azerbaijan identified as either Muslims of the 1171:, but his family was reinstated following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in Shusha on 17 June 1797. Ibrahim Khalil Khan's nephew Mohammad Beg briefly assumed charge of the khanate, but not long after Ibrahim Khalil Khan came back and re-established his authority. He quickly established friendly relations with Agha Mohammad Khan's successor 1735:

policies in Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijani politicians, journalists, and academics asserted that the region had never been a part of historical Armenia and that the region's Armenian residents were immigrants who had slowly relocated there after 1828. The 2003 Azerbaijani edition of the Russian survey

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institution, have been revived in post-Soviet Azerbaijani historiography. They are difficult foundational pieces for a national narrative because of their briefness, diversity, and constant factional strife. Modern Azerbaijani academia and history books refer to all of the khanates north and south of

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stated this passage shows that Javanshirs tribal dominion included more than just pastoral or migratory land. Their forts, which resembled small cities, served as the hubs of the khanate. The strongholds of Bayat, Shah-Bulaghi, and Shusha required a large number of craftsmen and laborers to construct

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Ibrahim Khalil Khan continued his fathers efforts to dominate all of Karabakh, succeeding in retaining Shahnazar II's support and also married his daughter. He also took Melik Bakhtam of Dizak hostage and had him sent to Ardabil in mainland Iran, which Dizak was incorporated into. Ibrahim Khalil also

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was assigned with the task of handling Ibrahim Khalil Khan. The Russians were temporarily interrupted by the murder of Tsitsianov in February 1806. During this period, Ibrahim Khalil Khan sent a letter to Fath-Ali Shah, in which he apologized for yielding to the Russians, declared his willingness to

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Due to the capture of his two nephews and the worsening conditions of the siege, Ibrahim Khalil Khan petitioned for peace and promised that he would acknowledge Agha Mohammad Khan's suzerainty. He sent one of his sons to act as a hostage in his stead, claiming that his age-related ailments prevented

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Karim Khan subsequently appointed Ibrahim Khalil Khan as the new khan of Karabakh. Following Karim Khan's death on 1 March 1779, however, a power struggle ensured amongst his kinsmen. Ibrahim Khalil Khan took advantage on the chaos that followed by pursuing his own goals. He enhanced his standing by

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in honor of Panah Ali Khan. This was the first time silver coins were minted by the khans of Karabakh, a late development compared to other khanates. This was because Panah Ali Khan and Shahnazar II shared control over Shusha, with the minting of silver coins only being a possibility following the

1220:

One of Ibrahim Khalil Khan's grandchildren, Ja'far Qoli Agha, the son of Mohammad Hasan Agha, whose succession was meant to be assured by the Treaty of Kurekchay and who had his own plans for ruling Karabakh, was frightened and angered by this action. On 2 June 1806, Ibrahim Khalil Khan along with

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Agha Mohammad Khan was prepared to reinstate Iranian rule in the southeastern Caucasus by the summer of 1795. He was unafraid to engage the Russians, a trait he retained throughout, and neither the Treaty of Georgievsk nor Russian activity in the southeastern Caucasus seemed to discourage him. His

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and local khans fought over land. Some Turkic tribes took advantage of his death by restoring their power in Iranian Armenia. The Qajars restored their power in Ganja, Erivan and Nakhchivan, while Panah Ali Khan seized control over all of Karabakh, with the exception of the five melikdoms. Ibrahim

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under the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, or Qajar dynasties is the main subject of the majority of Iranian primary sources. Events taking place in remote areas like Karabakh are typically given a brief paragraph in these texts, unless the shah felt it important to visit such areas. Karabakh is only the

1516:

There were roughly 300 settlements in Karabakh, equally split between the Armenians and Tatars. There were a few more people living in Armenian villages than in Tatar ones. The number of nomad pastures was about 375. Accordingly, there were 30 families per settlement and approximately 25 families

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Ibrahim Khalil Khan submitted to the Russians, as he feared them more than the Iranians. Although neither a treaty nor a Russian garrison was established in Karabakh, this event established a model for eventual Russian assertions of sovereignty over Karabakh and other khanates. However, Catherine

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According to the 1823 Russian survey, 371 families were registered as living in Shusha's three-quarters. The Kazanchi and Ahlisi quarters were fully made up of people with Armenian names, whilst the Tabrizi quarter was totally made up of people with Muslim names. In the Tabrizi sector of Shusha,

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region into Karabakh and the rest of Caucasus. Despite this, the Iranian forces succeeded in getting to the other side of the river by using boats, and also rebuilt the bridge. Ibrahim Khalil Khan's forces were defeated and withdrew to Shusha, which was then besieged by Agha Mohammad Khan for 43

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Soon finding himself in a difficult position, Ibrahim Khalil Khan rejoined the Iranians. However, he was shortly afterwards murdered by a group of Russian soldiers under the instigation of his grandson Ja'far Qoli Agha and the Russian garrison leader. The Russians subsequently confirmed Ibrahim

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Modern Azerbaijani scholars and historians claim that the present-day country of Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijan region in present-day northwestern Iran used to be one entity, based on arguments such as Nakhchivan and southern Karabakh being temporarily part of the administrative division of the

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to meddle in the internal affairs of the khanate because of his high regard for Mehdi Qoli Khan. Although Mehdi Qoli Khan held the title of khan of Karabakh, he was in reality a figurehead, the real authority being held by the Russians. In 1807, southern Karabakh had a sizable Iranian military

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As a result of Heraclius' refusal to submit, Agha Mohammad Khan marched to Tiflis and had it ravaged in September 1795. Catherine II, viewing the attack on Tiflis as an offense to Russia, used it as a reason to invade the South Caucasus. In March 1796, she sent a public declaration, written in

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the Aras as "Azerbaijani khanates," reinventing them as the forerunners of the Azerbaijani nation. This includes the Karabakh Khanate, whose Javanshir khans are portrayed as "founding fathers". Additionally, the ethnic heritage of the nomads that lived in Karabakh, which included Turkic,

607:("Black Garden") started slowly replacing the name of the area. Many of the surviving Armenian nobles and their followers resettled in the highlands of Karabakh, where they continued to have authority. The population of the Armenians in the lowlands was further dwindled by 1656:

The administrative and literary language in Karabakh until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with Arabic being used only for religious studies, despite the fact that most of the Muslims in the region spoke a Turkic dialect. Persian was also spoken in the judiciary.

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By 1762, Karim Khan had established his authority across most of Iran, and was eventually acknowledged by Georgia and the various khans of the South Caucasus as their suzerain. This included Panah Ali Khan, who along with some other khans was taken hostage to the city of

750:. Although Davit Bek died between 1726 and 1728, his successors managed to maintain their control over most of the highlands until the resurgence of Iran, now led by Nader Khan Afshar, who repelled the Ottomans in 1735. The following year, he crowned himself as 1730:

Before 1988, Azerbaijani experts did not dispute the historical Armenian presence in Nagorno-Karabakh, which changed when the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh demanded that their region break way from Azerbaijan. In order to defend their government's

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Alexander Akopyan and Pavel Petrov, this was not unusual, as Ibrahim Khalil displayed pro-Russian sentiment and engaged in negotiations with Russian officials, but was also under Iranian influence and tried to have his coins easily spread in Iran.

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him from meeting Agha Mohammad Khan directly. However, he still refused to give entry into Shusha. Agha Mohammad Khan was willing to compromise in order to clear a path to Tiflis due to the campaign's primary goal being the subjugation of Georgia.

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and Khorasan. In terms of structure, the Karabakh Khanate was a miniature version of Iranian kingship. In the same pattern as Afsharid and Zand rulers, Panah Ali Khan's family were all distinguished figures and served as officials. He used

860:. He occasionally attempted to form an alliance with Georgia in an effort to restrain Haji Chalabi Khan's goals, but his efforts were ineffective. In 1752, Panah Ali Khan relocated everyone from Bayat to the newly constructed 1517:

every nomad pasture. Karabakh's overall population is estimated to have been between 113,000 and 115,000 people, taking into account the estimated 5.5–6.5 person average family size in the area throughout the 19th century.

526:, the new ruler of Iran. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in Shusha the same year, Ibrahim Khalil Khan restored his authority in Karabakh. He established friendly relations with Agha Mohammad Khan's successor 1068:. During the siege, Abd al-Samad made an attempt to escape to Karabakh, but was captured and killed near Tehran. This incident upset Ibrahim Khalil, who continued to make excuses to avoid meeting Agha Mohammad Khan. 1141:, to all the khans and important figures of the region. The letter explained her reason behind the invasion as a way to protect Georgia and the rest of the South Caucasus from the "usurper" Agha Mohammad Khan. 1209:, which granted Russia full authority over Karabakh's external affairs in exchange for a yearly payment. Russia also recognized Ibrahim Khalil and his lineage through his eldest son as the rulers of Karabakh. 1092:) entered into correspondence with the Russians, who gave them hope that they could defeat the Iranian forces. Heraclius also contacted the Russians, asking them for assistance against the impending invasion. 731:, the later leaders of the Javanshir belonged to the Sarijalu tribe as they had taken over the leadership of the Javanshir. For decades, the Javanshir had moved its sheep to Karabakh, where they had given the 1736:

of 1823 is an altered version of the original work; in addition to having several typographical errors, it also frequently omits key information, such as the word "Armenian," either mistakenly or on purpose.

663:. The lowlands of Karabakh were dominated by nomadic Turkic tribes, who moved to the hillsides in search of suitable pastures throughout the summer. The highlands of Karabakh were dominated by Armenian 417:. In terms of structure, the Karabakh Khanate was a miniature version of Iranian kingship. The administrative and literary language in Karabakh until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with 1696:(died 1853) is the earliest written source that focuses on Karabakh. It focuses on political and, to a lesser extent, social and economic circumstances in Karabakh from the 1740s until 1806. 1560:

This means that in 1823, there were a total of 1,462 families living in Shusha and its surroundings, with 921 families (63.41%) of them being Muslims and 535 (36.59%) of them being Armenian.

769:; Erivan, Nakhchivan, Ganja, and Karabakh. A khanate was a type of administrative unit governed by a hereditary or appointed ruler subject to Iranian rule. The title of the ruler was either 1076:, advanced into the area in the summer of that year. The first few months were spent by Agha Mohammad Khan winning the Muslim rulers' compliance. Ibrahim Khalil Khan and two other khans ( 907:

and installed his clansman Dargah-Qoli Beg Javanshir its governor, though it is uncertain how long he held the post. Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan is later recorded as its governor under the

1205:, who led the Russian campaign and led the siege of Ganja, soon forced Ibrahim Khalil Khan to yield and accept a Russian garrison in Shusha. In May 1805, Ibrahim Khalil Khan signed the 1163:

In order to exact revenge on the khans who had acknowledged the authority of Russia, Agha Mohammad Khan went back to the Caucasus. Ibrahim Khalil Khan escaped this time to his relative

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in 1813, Iran officially ceded most of their Caucasian holdings (including Karabakh) to Russia. In 1822, Mehdi Qoli Khan fled to Iran as a result of the attempts by the Russian general

1305:

In Iran, Mehdi Qoli Khan was amongst the members of the "war party" or the "hawks", who advocated for war against the Russians. He was later amongst the Iranian soldiers during the

700:

tribe. Following the collapse of the Safavid regime in 1722, the governorship was divided into two distinct areas, each controlled by a local clan. It was during this period that

1056:. He also asked for a deadline of the summer to prepare to make the trip himself. Soleyman Khan took Abd al-Samad as his captive, and by the end of November 1793 went to the 283: 971:

Capitalizing on the turmoil in Iran, as well as the Ottomans inability to confront Russia, a group of Russians politicians, led by the military leader and statesman

685:) that ruled in Karabakh. These Armenian-ruled principalities, which upheld the notion of Armenian statehood, were used by the Safavids to fight the Ottoman Empire. 1568:

Taxes were paid yearly in one single payment by the inhabitants of Shusha. The Armenian quarters were required to pay the most, providing 590 gold rubles and 200

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Khalil Khan and the rest of the Javanshir tribe had also returned to Karabakh. In 1748, Panah Ali Khan declared his allegiance to Nader Shah's son and successor

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eras. A portion from Qom's earnings was provided to Ibrahim Khalil Khan's daughter Agha Baji and her 200 personal attendants from Karabakh after she joined the

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of Varanda and Dizak, while the rest of the villages were populated by Armenians. Overall, there were 1,536 Armenian families and 53 Tatar families in the five

3998: 3244:

The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia

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uses the example of Panah Ali Khan as an argument that the character and design of Iran's political system were unaffected by increased tribal activity.

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Instead of going in person, Ibrahim Khalil Khan dispatched his nephew Abd al-Samad Beg to deliver presents and offerings to Soleyman Khan in the city of

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constructed, in which he housed his entire family, his retinue, dignitaries, and numerous tribal leaders. Panah Ali Khan soon fell into a conflict with

3900: 1396:. The khans of Karabakh never issued coins under their own name, due to lacking the legitimacy of an sovereign monarch and any claims to independence. 781:. Nader Shah also forced several Turkic tribes (including the Javanshir) to mainland Iran in order to guarantee their allegiance. Panah Ali Khan's son 518:

as the new khan. Following Karim Khan's death in 1779, Ibrahim Khalil Khan strived to maintain his autonomy by allying himself with the Georgian king

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side read "There is one God, His name is Allah, and Mohammad was His Prophet", whilst its reverse side read "minted in Panahabad." "Panahabad" was a

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and making contact with the Russian Empire, even briefly submitting to the latter. Because of his defiance, he was in 1797 ousted from Karabakh by

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The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province. A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of Karabagh in the First Half of the 19th Century

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stronghold, which brought him within close proximity of the highlands ruled by the five Armenian melikdoms. Panah Ali Khan made an alliance with

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According to Mirza Jamal Javanshir, Bayat received many new settlers (including artisans) from nearby areas, including Ardabil and Tabriz. The

1265:) officially confirmed him as khan. Kotliarevskii, the new commander of the Russian garrison in Shusha, was forbidden by the Russian commander 1290:, in which Iran agreed to cede the majority of their holdings in the eastern Caucasus to Russia, including Karabakh. The treaty was signed in 1120: 1201:

took place in 1804 between the Iranian and Russian armies, but they had no significant impact on the situation. The Georgian nobleman

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10,000 of Agha Mohammad Khan's forces first marched towards Talesh, which quickly submitted. Meanwhile, Ibrahim Khalil Khan had the

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tribes in the 14th and 15th centuries. By the early 16th century, Armenia had become a focal point of the constant wars between the

466:), who officially appointed him khan of Karabakh. Panah Ali Khan's tenure was marked by building activities (such as the castles of 3319:

From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813

708:, which now dominated the lowlands of Karabakh, as well as the Otuziki and Kebirlu tribal federation. The Safavid-era historian 3893: 537:), who married his daughter and confirmed him as the khan of Karabakh. In May 1805, he submitted to the Russians, signing the 3829: 3709: 3687: 3663: 3644: 3474: 3444: 3425: 3376: 3349: 3330: 3299: 3251: 3232: 3190: 3171: 3147: 3123: 1732: 789:. Panah Ali Khan was an exception, as he was kept hostage. However, following the execution of his brother Behbud Ali Beg in 1429:

was still in circulation in some regions of South Caucasus and Iran up until the early 19th century. The inscription on the

1584:

Karabakh was a province of an imperial structure that was entirely Iranian, in the same fashion as other provinces such as

1540:, which means that in 1822, 96.67% of Nagorno-Karabakh inhabitants were Armenians, with the remaining 3.33% being Tatars. 561: 1705: 603:

invasions, the Armenians there became a minority in the 11th century, and by the 14th century, the Turko-Persian name

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II's death on 17 November 1796 led to the withdrawal of the Russian forces under the orders of her son and successor

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The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832

3871: 1309:. He was finally given permission to go back to Karabakh in 1836, where he retired. He died 1845 and was buried in 3435:

Floor, Willem (2018). "Tribal Resurgence in the Eighteenth Century: A Useful Label?". In Axworthy, Michael (ed.).

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Following Nader Shah's assassination in 1747, Iran fell into turmoil, especially in the South Caucasus. There the

39: 3261:

Bournoutian, George (2016b). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4".

1493:

The majority of the known coins minted by the Karabakh Khanate were issued during their association with Russia.

1441:(honorific) used to refer to Shusha, albeit it was only employed in official, bureaucratic language and not as a 1064:. Abd al-Samad was later part of the retinue that accompanied Agha Mohammad Khan during his siege of the city of 735:

an annual tax in exchange for access to summer pasturage. Karabakh thus held immense significance for the tribe.

648: 1298:

vehemently opposed it. In 1822, Mehdi Qoli Khan fled to Iran as a result of the attempts by the Russian general

1852: 644: 600: 455:) by seizing most of Karabakh. The following year he declared his allegiance to Nader Shah's son and successor 1002: 765:

by acknowledging Karabakh and Zangezur as semi-autonomous regions. He had Iranian Armenia organized into four

1814:

can be translated as "district," "area," or "zone." Occasionally it can be translated as "quarter," although

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of Gulistan, Khachen, and Jraberd, they were the only people there. One Tatar village existed in each of the

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was appointed as the new khan. Despite this, Ibrahim Khalil Khan continued to rule as the khan of Karabakh.

1185:

Fath-Ali Shah was later convinced of Ibrahim Khalil Khan's lack of reliability by his unwillingness to help

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at the same time as Agha Mohammad Khan's authority in Iran was growing. Since the time of the first Safavid

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Khalil Khan's son Mehdi Qoli Khan as the khan, although real power was held by the Russians. By signing the

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Bournoutian, George (1997). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century to the Russian Annexation". In

1769: 1572:("donkey's load") of firewood every year. The Muslim quarter were required to pay 200 gold rubles and 60 1451:

seemingly only had its own name as a result of these coins' weights being different from earlier Iranian

1295: 3161: 3604: 3575: 3524: 3495: 1299: 994:

captured both Melik Abov of Gulistan and Melik Medjlum of Jraberd and granted their domains to others.

742:

were the only parts of Iranian Armenia which managed to fend off the Ottomans, under the leadership of

550: 541:, which granted them full authority over Karabakh's external affairs in exchange for a yearly payment. 421:

being used only for religious studies, despite the fact that most of the Muslims in the region spoke a

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A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh

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Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri

1222: 961: 957: 900: 184: 1723:(community), or Turks, who shared a language family spread out throughout a considerable portion of 3909: 1007: 965: 766: 738:

In 1723, the Ottomans invaded Iran, conquering most of its northeastern part by 1724. Karabakh and

523: 394: 301: 930:

besieged Shusha. Panah Ali Khan made him lift the siege by giving Ibrahim Khalil Khan as hostage.

1291: 1206: 953: 903:

made an unsuccessful attempt at capturing Shusha. Panah Ali Khan afterwards captured the city of

678: 538: 519: 383: 363: 58: 3484:

Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Āghā Muhammad Khān and the establishment of the Qājār dynasty". In

510:), who had established his authority in most of Iran. The latter took Panah Ali Khan hostage to 3593:

Lambton, A.K.S. (1991). "Land Tenure and Revenue Administration in the Nineteenth Century". In

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Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran

1190: 976: 3750:

Yilmaz, Harun (2015). "A Family Quarrel: Azerbaijani Historians against Soviet Iranologists".

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Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In

1693: 1445:, as the word is missing from Turkic texts that date back to the fortress' construction. The 1255: 1156:), and thus an end to the campaign. By January 1797, all the Russian troops had withdrawn to 877: 670: 1212:

In the same year, Fath-Ali Shah led a large force to the Aras River, while the crown prince

2582: 1864: 1294:, a village in Karabakh. The Iranians were disillusioned by the treaty, and officials like 987: 927: 1847:. Unlike Armenians and Georgians, the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the 1818:

is the more appropriate term for quarter. "District" is the most accepted translation for

1251:

Mehdi Qoli Khan consented to abide by the Treaty of Kurekchay on September 22, 1806, when

1233: 880:

agree that it was through the efforts of Shahnazar II (who was in conflict with the other

8: 3945: 3848: 3564:

Kazemzadeh, F. (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In

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and made their subjects pay him taxes. Both Armenian sources and the Javanshir historian

782: 709: 682: 612: 527: 515: 489: 169: 1528:, the Armenians made up the vast majority of the population. In all the villages in the 3860: 3767: 3679:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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have been discovered, one of light weight, which corresponded to one eighth of Iranian

1326: 1287: 1096: 865: 580: 546: 479: 478:) and the subjugation of four of the melikdoms through the assistance of his new ally, 222: 3405: 3993: 3825: 3801: 3771: 3738: 3730: 3705: 3683: 3659: 3640: 3608: 3579: 3528: 3499: 3470: 3440: 3421: 3372: 3345: 3326: 3305: 3295: 3282: 3247: 3228: 3209: 3186: 3167: 3143: 3139:

Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia

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The Safavid regime collapsed in 1722 following their surrender to the Afghans during

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Floor, Willem (2021). "The Safavid court and government". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.).

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tribe which lived in the lowlands of the region. In 1747, the Javanshir chieftain

3960: 3925: 3819: 3677: 3598: 3569: 3518: 3489: 3464: 3364: 3137: 1671: 1618: 1474:, was first minted 1800/01 in the name of Fath-Ali Shah. A unique variant of the 1376: 912: 892: 818: 660: 656: 652: 500: 475: 398: 3600:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

3491:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic

3965: 3930: 3697: 3133: 1844: 1524:(Gulistan, Khachen, Jraberd, Varanda and Dizak) that later came to be known as 1225:, due to the support he enjoyed amongst the distinguished figures of Karabakh. 1089: 1081: 884:) that Panah Ali Khan gained access to the highlands and started attacking the 705: 701: 697: 616: 596: 584: 570: 437: 429: 402: 154: 64: 3856: 3623: 3309: 1375:

stopped being used. It was later re-established by Ibrahim Khalil Khan, being

633:

The Safavids divided their Armenian territories into two provinces ruled by a

3982: 3955: 3935: 3742: 2693: 2681: 2546: 2186: 2147: 1634: 1393: 1266: 857: 433: 3950: 3920: 3878: 3839:

Reid, James J. (1978). "The Qajar Uymaq in the Safavid Period, 1500–1722".

3815: 3413: 3111: 3099:"The Coinage of Īrawān, Nakhjawān, Ganja and Qarabāḡ Khānates in 1747–1827" 1860: 1856: 1724: 1680: 1621: 1366: 1100: 908: 849: 774: 627: 566: 496: 467: 135: 80: 2841: 2839: 2837: 1333:

A common method in a large fortress-town was to have it centered around a

3594: 3565: 3514: 3485: 1840: 1416: 1213: 1164: 1049:

with the task of putting an end to any opposition against his authority.

688:

From 1554 and onwards, the governorship of both Karabakh and its capital

3702:

Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan

2795: 2223: 825:, which served as the center of power of the Karabakh Khanate after 1752 3864: 2834: 2822: 2705: 1836: 1649:, one of Ibrahim Khalil Khan's sons, was given much of the land of the 1186: 1182:), who married his daughter and confirmed him as the khan of Karabakh. 1057: 1015: 751: 635: 445: 440:

capitalized on the turmoil that erupted after the death of the Iranian

414: 334: 2669: 1898: 1709: 1676: 1650: 1638: 835: 830: 743: 720: 592: 456: 3098: 1679:, which were written by Turks of the South Caucasus, later known as 719:) reported that the Javanshir did not belong to the seven principal 3791:. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 3371:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 86–90. 1629: 1585: 1509:

According to a survey conducted by the Russian Empire in 1823, the

1442: 1168: 1035: 739: 576: 406: 2768: 2732: 1411:, and a heavier one, which almost weighted the same as that of 10 3386:

Davud, Seyyed Ali Al-i (2021). Madelung, W.; Daftary, F. (eds.).

2176: 2174: 1765: 1157: 1073: 1027: 904: 797: 410: 329: 53: 1115: 2722: 2720: 1627:

Qajar Iran contains instances that are similar to those of the

1412: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1310: 1275: 1239: 1065: 1061: 1053: 997: 935: 896: 822: 785:

and the rest of the Javanshir tribe were forced to resettle in

665: 511: 418: 112: 89: 3060: 2558: 2171: 723:

tribes, but instead a lower-ranking group referred to as the "

3637:

The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars

3292:

Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914

2888: 2886: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2856: 2854: 2812: 2810: 2785: 2783: 2536: 2534: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2031: 2029: 2027: 1881: 1719: 1714: 1642: 1436: 778: 674: 608: 484: 288: 2756: 2717: 2393: 2123: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 872:

of Varanda, while he imposed his authority on the remaining

630:(1501–1736), which further reduced the Armenian population. 3014: 3012: 2997: 2495: 2357: 2111: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1925: 1252: 1031: 1011: 441: 3072: 3048: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2883: 2866: 2851: 2807: 2780: 2744: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2606: 2570: 2531: 2300: 2276: 2264: 2247: 2198: 2024: 1756:

In Persian, the khanates were historically referred to as

1645:

of Fath-Ali Shah. A lot of crown land was also given out;

813: 587:. The area was originally considered the southern part of 495:

In 1762, Panah Ali Khan acknowledged the authority of the

3821:

Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan

3466:

Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World

3024: 2519: 2507: 2417: 2405: 2369: 2288: 2159: 2135: 2087: 2068: 2056: 1831:

The term "Tatars", employed by the Russians, referred to

3009: 2985: 2483: 2461: 2459: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2046: 2044: 1961: 1949: 1937: 3635:

Matthee, Rudi; Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2013).

3597:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). 3568:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). 3517:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). 3488:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.). 2963: 2961: 2630: 1988: 1482:

be-nām muhrum ṣāḥib az-zamānī, mukram sikke ṣāḥibqirānī

704:

distinguished himself. He was the leader of the Turkic

2973: 2657: 2345: 1915: 1913: 1415:

of the Russian empress Catherine II. According to the

1392:

was modeled after a silver coin variant minted by the

1099:

demolished to stop the Iranian army from crossing the

405:

suzerainty, which controlled the historical region of

2946: 2934: 2618: 2594: 2471: 2456: 2429: 2381: 2335: 2099: 2041: 1683:. All of them, with one exception, wrote in Persian. 388: 368: 3547:"The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study" 3208:. Vol. 1. St. Martin's Press. pp. 81–107. 3036: 2958: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2000: 1884:, and other tribes from Caucasus made up the nomads. 1484:("in the name of the stamp of Sahib al-Zamani, this 1302:

to abolish the khanates, which occurred afterwards.

553:

to abolish the khanates, which occurred afterwards.

223:

Iran officially cedes Karabakh to the Russian Empire

3634: 2774: 2738: 2711: 2012: 1910: 3720: 3387: 3097: 1286:The Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813 ended with the 891:Together, Panah Ali Khan and Shahnazar II had the 845:), who officially appointed him khan of Karabakh. 3163:The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule: 1795–1828 2312: 1665: 1026:caused the Russian troops to abandon the city of 647:. The Iranian-ruled part of Armenia was known as 3980: 3369:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/1: Giōni–Golšani 3206:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times 2591:, pp. 4, 29, 104 (see note 15, 4, and 318). 1699: 1072:60,000 soldiers, which was primarily made up of 1103:. The bridge served as the main route from the 800:, where he concealed himself from Nader Shah. 3999:States and territories disestablished in 1822 3894: 3672: 3656:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747–1779 3439:. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–162. 3095: 3003: 2816: 2789: 2762: 2750: 2726: 2258: 1485: 1475: 1469: 1460: 1452: 1446: 1424: 1406: 1400: 1387: 1380: 1370: 1361:Copper coin, minted at Shusha in 1783 or 1784 1116:Dispute over Karabakh between Iran and Russia 777:, which was identical to the Ottoman rank of 3908: 3342:Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry 3260: 3241: 3078: 2501: 2399: 2363: 2117: 1904: 1859:era", the Tatar group identified itself as " 1434: 1060:region before making his way to the city of 998:First conflict with Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 3795: 3786: 3316: 3289: 3222: 3199: 3180: 3156: 3066: 3054: 3018: 2991: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2877: 2860: 2845: 2828: 2801: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2651: 2612: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2525: 2513: 2306: 2294: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2192: 2180: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2093: 2081: 2062: 2035: 1982: 1970: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1851:. After 1918 with the establishment of the 848:Shortly afterwards, Panah Ali Khan had the 110:(administration, judiciary, and literature) 4004:States and territories established in 1748 3901: 3887: 3758:(5). Cambridge University Press: 769–783. 3563: 3294:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 3096:Akopyan, Alexander; Petrov, Pavel (2016). 2423: 38: 2244:, p. 71 (see also note 171 and 172). 1704:The khanates, which were marginalized in 1273:In June 1812, Mehdi Qoli Khan received a 1193:in 1804. Thus, Ibrahim Khalil Khan's son 1124:Political map of the eastern part of the 946: 18:Khanate under Iranian and Russian control 3718: 1919: 1356: 1232: 1119: 1001: 922:). In the spring or summer of 1761, the 812: 560: 3814: 3621: 3592: 3132: 2979: 2663: 2600: 2489: 2465: 2450: 2438: 2018: 655:, whilst the Ottoman part was known as 234:• Abolished by the Russian Empire 3981: 3749: 3696: 3541: 3512: 3483: 3462: 3358: 3339: 3110: 3042: 3030: 2952: 2940: 2639: 2624: 2477: 2411: 2387: 2375: 2282: 2270: 2105: 2050: 1379:in silver at Shusha under the name of 986:) to agree to a bilateral treaty (the 941: 3882: 3653: 3453: 3434: 3420:. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. 3412: 3396:. Translated by Khaleeli, Alexander. 3385: 2967: 2351: 2339: 2006: 1994: 3838: 3269:(1). Taylor & Francis: 107–124. 1316: 579:is a historic region located in the 69:Under Russian suzerainty (1813–1822) 1795:the siege of their capital, Isfahan 1633:(land grants) made to women in the 1386:death of Shahnazar II in 1792. The 1365:Following the establishment of the 358: 13: 3780: 1228: 428:It was governed by members of the 14: 4015: 3798:The Chronicle of Abraham of Crete 3406:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_062044 2775:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 2739:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 2712:Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013 2702:, p. 51 (see also note 101). 2690:, p. 51 (see also note 103). 2555:, p. 83 (see also note 116). 2195:, p. 63 (see also note 141). 2156:, p. 68 (see also note 161). 1660: 1579: 1480:is engraved with a Persian poem; 808: 409:, now divided between modern-day 3729:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 1501: 1339:(square), which was next to the 975:, convinced the Russian empress 796:, Panah Ali Khan escaped to the 754:, marking the foundation of the 565:The administrative divisions of 306: 281: 267: 3658:. University of Chicago Press. 1874: 1825: 1800: 1787: 1496: 1260: 1177: 1151: 1040: 981: 917: 840: 669:(princes), who had established 532: 505: 461: 450: 3737:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 3704:. Cambridge University Press. 3682:. Cambridge University Press. 3458:. Routledge. pp. 203–224. 3389:"Ibrāhīm Khalīl Khān Jawānshī" 3344:. Edinburgh University Press. 1869:Iranian province of Azarbaijan 1853:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1750: 1666:In contemporary historiography 1468:Another coin type, called the 1307:Russo-Iranian War of 1826–1828 1024:Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 611:'s conquests and invasions of 1: 3764:10.1080/00210862.2015.1058642 3394:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 3275:10.1080/00210862.2016.1159779 3242:Bournoutian, George (2016a). 1891: 1855:, and "especially during the 1700:In Azerbaijani historiography 1459:as well as from the rial and 790: 713: 620: 556: 3796:Bournoutian, George (1999). 3787:Bournoutian, George (1980). 3552:Revue des Études Arméniennes 3317:Bournoutian, George (2021). 3290:Bournoutian, George (2018). 3223:Bournoutian, George (2011). 3181:Bournoutian, George (1994). 3166:. University of California. 2804:, p. 72 (see note 175). 2232:, p. 54 (see note 109). 1343:, the principal mosque, and 591:and was mostly inhabited by 7: 3719:Tsibenko, Veronika (2018). 2848:, p. 35 (see note 25). 2831:, p. 33 (see note 26). 1863:". Prior to 1918 the word " 1247:had sent to Mehdi Qoli Khan 389: 369: 44:Map of the Karabakh Khanate 10: 4020: 3605:Cambridge University Press 3576:Cambridge University Press 3525:Cambridge University Press 3496:Cambridge University Press 3088: 2678:, p. 4 (see note 16). 1708:as remnants of an archaic 1563: 1369:currency in 1790, the ten- 1352: 1300:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov 803: 551:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov 63:Disputed between Iran and 3916: 3857:10.1080/00210867808701542 3359:Daniel, Elton L. (2001). 3340:Broers, Laurence (2019). 3118:. Yale University Press. 2817:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 2790:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 2763:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 2751:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 2727:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 2259:Akopyan & Petrov 2016 1907:, p. 2 (see note 7). 1772:form of the Russian word 1647:Abu'l-Fath Khan Javanshir 1543: 1223:Mehdi Qoli Khan Javanshir 1195:Abu'l-Fath Khan Javanshir 952:forging an alliance with 901:Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar 378: 322: 246: 242: 232: 219: 209: 205: 197: 193: 185:Mehdi Qoli Khan Javanshir 178: 163: 148: 144: 134: 103: 73: 49: 37: 32: 25: 3910:Khanates of the Caucasus 1743: 1296:Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam 1008:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 966:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 761:Nader Shah rewarded the 524:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 302:Elisabethpol Governorate 3654:Perry, John R. (1979). 3246:. Gibb Memorial Trust. 3202:Hovannisian, Richard G. 746:, who led the Armenian 3735:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3674:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 3622:Matthee, Rudi (2008). 3116:Iran: A Modern History 1675:main subject of a few 1486: 1476: 1470: 1465:later weight systems. 1461: 1453: 1447: 1435: 1425: 1407: 1401: 1388: 1381: 1371: 1362: 1248: 1129: 1019: 947:Consolidation of power 826: 573: 514:and appointed his son 390:Karabakhskoye khanstvo 61:suzerainty (1748–1813) 3872:registration required 3628:Encyclopaedia Iranica 1706:Soviet historiography 1694:Mirza Jamal Javanshir 1653:tribe in Azerbaijan. 1490:minted with honor"). 1360: 1236: 1128:between 1795 and 1801 1123: 1005: 878:Mirza Jamal Javanshir 816: 729:Rowzat-al-Safa Naseri 696:family of the Turkic 677:, Gulistan, Jraberd, 564: 104:Common languages 3849:Taylor & Francis 3800:. Mazda Publishers. 3607:. pp. 459–505. 3578:. pp. 314–350. 3527:. pp. 144–173. 3498:. pp. 104–143. 3227:. Mazda Publishers. 3185:. Mazda Publishers. 2714:, pp. 167, 226. 2285:, pp. 112, 114. 2273:, pp. 114, 116. 1243:(royal decree) that 1189:against the Russian 988:Treaty of Georgievsk 928:Fath-Ali Khan Afshar 727:". According to the 639:(governor-general), 3946:Nakhichevan Khanate 3722:"Karabakh, Nagorno" 3463:Fowkes, B. (2002). 3158:Bournoutian, George 3069:, pp. 443–444. 3033:, pp. 116–117. 2567:, pp. 135–136. 2414:, pp. 145–146. 2378:, pp. 325–326. 2183:, pp. 261–262. 1997:, pp. 258–259. 1849:Perso-Arabic script 1330:and maintain them. 1245:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 1207:Treaty of Kurekchay 1173:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 1086:Mohammad Khan Qajar 1047:Soleyman Khan Qajar 942:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 783:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 710:Iskandar Beg Munshi 539:Treaty of Kurekchay 528:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar 516:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 379:Карабахское ханство 359:خانات قره‌باغ 211:• Established 170:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 115:(religious studies) 3725:. In Fleet, Kate; 3555:. Nouvelle série. 3004:Swietochowski 2004 1867:" referred to the 1808:George Bournoutian 1727:, or as Persians. 1363: 1327:George Bournoutian 1288:Treaty of Gulistan 1249: 1130: 1020: 893:Panahabad fortress 856:, the khan of the 827: 819:Panahabad fortress 595:. However, due to 581:Armenian highlands 574: 547:Treaty of Gulistan 3974: 3973: 3831:978-0-85773-181-4 3711:978-0-521-58336-7 3689:978-0-521-52245-8 3665:978-0-226-66098-1 3646:978-0-85772-172-3 3624:"Safavid dynasty" 3543:Hewsen, Robert H. 3476:978-0-333-79256-8 3456:The Safavid World 3446:978-0-19-025033-1 3427:978-1-933823-23-2 3378:978-0-933273-60-3 3361:"Golestān Treaty" 3351:978-1-4744-5052-2 3332:978-90-04-44515-4 3301:978-1-351-06260-2 3253:978-1-909724-80-8 3234:978-1-56859-173-5 3192:978-1-56859-011-0 3173:978-0-939214-18-1 3149:978-0-7556-3737-9 3125:978-0-300-11254-2 3079:Bournoutian 2016a 2642:, pp. 86–90. 2502:Bournoutian 2016b 2492:, pp. 20–21. 2453:, pp. 19–20. 2400:Bournoutian 2016a 2364:Bournoutian 2016b 2354:, pp. 81–82. 2132:, pp. 90–91. 2118:Bournoutian 2016b 1985:, pp. 81–82. 1934:, pp. 15–16. 1905:Bournoutian 2016b 1689:Tarikh-e Qarabagh 1317:Building activity 1126:Southern Caucasus 1097:Khudafarin bridge 938:, where he died. 854:Haji Chalabi Khan 817:The ruins of the 387: 370:Khānāt-e Qarabāgh 367: 343: 342: 318: 317: 314: 313: 294: 293: 189: 180:• 1806–1822 174: 165:• 1762–1806 159: 150:• 1748–1762 96: 86: 4011: 3989:Karabakh Khanate 3941:Karabakh Khanate 3903: 3896: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3835: 3811: 3792: 3775: 3746: 3724: 3715: 3693: 3669: 3650: 3631: 3618: 3589: 3560: 3538: 3509: 3480: 3459: 3450: 3431: 3409: 3391: 3382: 3365:Yarshater, Ehsan 3355: 3336: 3313: 3286: 3257: 3238: 3219: 3196: 3177: 3153: 3129: 3107: 3101: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3067:Bournoutian 2011 3064: 3058: 3055:Bournoutian 2011 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3019:Bournoutian 1994 3016: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2992:Bournoutian 1994 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2929:Bournoutian 2011 2926: 2920: 2917:Bournoutian 2011 2914: 2908: 2905:Bournoutian 2011 2902: 2896: 2893:Bournoutian 2011 2890: 2881: 2878:Bournoutian 2011 2875: 2864: 2861:Bournoutian 2018 2858: 2849: 2846:Bournoutian 2018 2843: 2832: 2829:Bournoutian 1994 2826: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2802:Bournoutian 1994 2799: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2700:Bournoutian 1994 2697: 2691: 2688:Bournoutian 1994 2685: 2679: 2676:Bournoutian 1994 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2652:Bournoutian 2021 2649: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2613:Bournoutian 2021 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2589:Bournoutian 1994 2586: 2580: 2577:Bournoutian 2021 2574: 2568: 2565:Bournoutian 2021 2562: 2556: 2553:Bournoutian 2021 2550: 2544: 2541:Bournoutian 2021 2538: 2529: 2526:Bournoutian 2021 2523: 2517: 2514:Bournoutian 2021 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2310: 2307:Bournoutian 2021 2304: 2298: 2295:Bournoutian 2021 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2245: 2242:Bournoutian 1994 2239: 2233: 2230:Bournoutian 1994 2227: 2221: 2218:Bournoutian 2021 2215: 2196: 2193:Bournoutian 1994 2190: 2184: 2181:Bournoutian 2021 2178: 2169: 2166:Bournoutian 1994 2163: 2157: 2154:Bournoutian 1994 2151: 2145: 2142:Bournoutian 1997 2139: 2133: 2130:Bournoutian 1997 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2094:Bournoutian 1976 2091: 2085: 2082:Bournoutian 1997 2079: 2066: 2063:Bournoutian 1997 2060: 2054: 2048: 2039: 2036:Bournoutian 2021 2033: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1983:Bournoutian 1997 1980: 1974: 1971:Bournoutian 1994 1968: 1959: 1956:Bournoutian 1994 1953: 1947: 1944:Bournoutian 1997 1941: 1935: 1932:Bournoutian 1994 1929: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1902: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1829: 1823: 1804: 1798: 1791: 1785: 1754: 1526:Nagorno-Karabakh 1489: 1479: 1473: 1464: 1458: 1450: 1440: 1428: 1410: 1404: 1391: 1384: 1374: 1323:Iranian American 1264: 1263: 1801–1825 1262: 1203:Pavel Tsitsianov 1199:Multiple clashes 1181: 1180: 1797–1834 1179: 1155: 1154: 1796–1801 1153: 1078:Mir-Mostafa Khan 1044: 1043: 1501–1524 1042: 985: 984: 1762–1796 983: 973:Grigory Potemkin 921: 920: 1751–1779 919: 844: 843: 1747–1748 842: 795: 792: 756:Afsharid dynasty 718: 715: 692:was held by the 625: 622: 536: 535: 1797–1834 534: 509: 508: 1751–1779 507: 465: 464: 1747–1748 463: 454: 453: 1736–1747 452: 392: 382: 380: 372: 362: 360: 347:Karabakh Khanate 310: 309: 298: 297: 285: 284: 275:Safavid Karabakh 271: 270: 264: 263: 248: 247: 188:(third and last) 187: 172: 157: 94: 92:(later "Shusha") 84: 42: 27:Karabakh Khanate 23: 22: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3961:Shirvan Khanate 3926:Derbent Khanate 3912: 3907: 3869: 3841:Iranian Studies 3832: 3808: 3783: 3781:Further reading 3778: 3752:Iranian Studies 3731:Rowson, Everett 3712: 3698:Tapper, Richard 3690: 3666: 3647: 3615: 3586: 3535: 3506: 3477: 3447: 3428: 3379: 3352: 3333: 3302: 3263:Iranian Studies 3254: 3235: 3216: 3193: 3174: 3150: 3142:. I.B. Tauris. 3134:Behrooz, Maziar 3126: 3104:State Hermitage 3091: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765:, pp. 1–2. 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2729:, pp. 6–7. 2725: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2424:Kazemzadeh 1991 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402:, p. xvii. 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1833:Turkic-speaking 1830: 1826: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1788: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1702: 1672:history of Iran 1668: 1663: 1582: 1566: 1546: 1507: 1499: 1355: 1319: 1259: 1231: 1229:Mehdi Qoli Khan 1176: 1150: 1118: 1039: 1000: 980: 958:Eastern Georgia 949: 944: 916: 913:Karim Khan Zand 895:constructed in 839: 811: 806: 793: 716: 706:Javanshir tribe 661:Western Armenia 657:Ottoman Armenia 653:Eastern Armenia 649:Iranian Armenia 623: 559: 531: 504: 501:Karim Khan Zand 460: 449: 339: 307: 282: 268: 235: 225: 212: 181: 166: 151: 126: 121: 116: 111: 99: 93: 83: 68: 62: 56: 45: 28: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4017: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3966:Talysh Khanate 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3931:Erivan Khanate 3928: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3836: 3830: 3824:. I.B.Tauris. 3812: 3806: 3793: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3747: 3727:Krämer, Gudrun 3716: 3710: 3694: 3688: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3639:. I.B.Tauris. 3632: 3619: 3613: 3590: 3584: 3561: 3539: 3533: 3510: 3504: 3481: 3475: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3426: 3410: 3383: 3377: 3356: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3314: 3300: 3287: 3258: 3252: 3239: 3233: 3220: 3214: 3197: 3191: 3178: 3172: 3154: 3148: 3130: 3124: 3108: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 427. 3047: 3035: 3023: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2982:, p. 491. 2972: 2970:, p. 159. 2957: 2955:, p. 116. 2945: 2943:, p. 770. 2933: 2931:, p. 440. 2921: 2919:, p. 435. 2909: 2907:, p. 439. 2897: 2895:, p. 436. 2882: 2880:, p. 437. 2865: 2863:, p. xiv. 2850: 2833: 2821: 2806: 2794: 2779: 2777:, p. 170. 2767: 2755: 2743: 2741:, p. 226. 2731: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2666:, p. 119. 2656: 2654:, p. 285. 2644: 2629: 2627:, p. 195. 2617: 2615:, p. 209. 2605: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 136. 2569: 2557: 2545: 2543:, p. 263. 2530: 2518: 2506: 2504:, p. 109. 2494: 2482: 2480:, p. 127. 2470: 2455: 2443: 2428: 2426:, p. 328. 2416: 2404: 2392: 2390:, p. 326. 2380: 2368: 2366:, p. 108. 2356: 2344: 2311: 2309:, p. 234. 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2220:, p. 262. 2197: 2185: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2120:, p. 107. 2110: 2108:, p. 114. 2098: 2086: 2067: 2055: 2053:, p. 325. 2040: 2038:, p. 261. 2023: 2011: 2009:, p. 221. 1999: 1987: 1975: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1873: 1845:South Caucasus 1824: 1799: 1786: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1701: 1698: 1670:The political 1667: 1664: 1662: 1661:Historiography 1659: 1581: 1580:Administration 1578: 1565: 1562: 1545: 1542: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1354: 1351: 1318: 1315: 1230: 1227: 1191:siege of Ganja 1117: 1114: 1006:A portrait of 999: 996: 962:Kartli-Kakheti 956:, the king of 948: 945: 943: 940: 810: 809:Panah Ali Khan 807: 805: 802: 702:Panah Ali Khan 671:five melikdoms 617:Ottoman Empire 585:South Caucasus 571:South Caucasus 558: 555: 438:Panah Ali Khan 349:(also spelled 341: 340: 338: 337: 332: 326: 324: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 304: 295: 292: 291: 286: 278: 277: 272: 260: 259: 254: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 191: 190: 182: 179: 176: 175: 167: 164: 161: 160: 155:Panah Ali Khan 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 132: 131: 105: 101: 100: 98: 97: 95:(c. 1752–1822) 87: 85:(1748—c. 1752) 77: 75: 71: 70: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4016: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:Shaki Khanate 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936:Ganja Khanate 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3816:Matthee, Rudi 3813: 3809: 3807:1-56859-082-2 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3614:0-521-20095-4 3610: 3606: 3603:. Cambridge: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3585:0-521-20095-4 3581: 3577: 3574:. Cambridge: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3534:0-521-20095-4 3530: 3526: 3523:. Cambridge: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3505:0-521-20095-4 3501: 3497: 3494:. Cambridge: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:Floor, Willem 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3215:0-312-10169-4 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112:Amanat, Abbas 3109: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3081:, p. xv. 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3045:, p. 14. 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3006:, p. 12. 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2603:, p. 85. 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2528:, p. 19. 2527: 2522: 2516:, p. 18. 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2468:, p. 20. 2467: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2441:, p. 19. 2440: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2297:, p. 10. 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2168:, p. 51. 2167: 2162: 2155: 2150: 2144:, p. 91. 2143: 2138: 2131: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2096:, p. 23. 2095: 2090: 2084:, p. 89. 2083: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2065:, p. 88. 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1973:, p. 17. 1972: 1967: 1965: 1958:, p. 16. 1957: 1952: 1946:, p. 82. 1945: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1920:Tsibenko 2018 1916: 1914: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1883: 1877: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:According to 1803: 1796: 1790: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1733:anti-Armenian 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603:eshiq-aghasis 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1577: 1576:of firewood. 1575: 1571: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1505: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1399:Two types of 1397: 1395: 1394:Ganja Khanate 1390: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1267:Ivan Gudovich 1257: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1127: 1122: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 995: 991: 989: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 939: 937: 931: 929: 925: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 858:Shaki Khanate 855: 851: 846: 837: 832: 824: 820: 815: 801: 799: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 637: 631: 629: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 572: 568: 563: 554: 552: 548: 542: 540: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 458: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 385: 376: 371: 365: 356: 352: 348: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 325: 323:Today part of 321: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 290: 287: 280: 279: 276: 273: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 245: 241: 237: 231: 227: 224: 218: 214: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 186: 183: 177: 171: 168: 162: 156: 153: 147: 143: 139: 137: 133: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 106: 102: 91: 88: 82: 79: 78: 76: 72: 66: 60: 55: 52: 48: 41: 36: 31: 24: 21: 16: 3976: 3951:Quba Khanate 3940: 3921:Baku Khanate 3844: 3840: 3820: 3797: 3788: 3755: 3751: 3734: 3701: 3678: 3655: 3636: 3627: 3599: 3595:Avery, Peter 3570: 3566:Avery, Peter 3556: 3550: 3519: 3515:Avery, Peter 3490: 3486:Avery, Peter 3469:. Springer. 3465: 3455: 3436: 3417: 3393: 3368: 3341: 3318: 3291: 3266: 3262: 3243: 3224: 3205: 3182: 3162: 3138: 3115: 3103: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3021:, p. x. 2999: 2994:, p. 1. 2987: 2980:Lambton 1991 2975: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2824: 2819:, p. 9. 2797: 2792:, p. 8. 2770: 2758: 2753:, p. 6. 2746: 2734: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2664:Behrooz 2023 2659: 2647: 2620: 2608: 2601:Behrooz 2023 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2490:Behrooz 2023 2485: 2473: 2466:Behrooz 2023 2451:Behrooz 2023 2446: 2439:Behrooz 2023 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2261:, p. 7. 2237: 2225: 2188: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2058: 2019:Matthee 2008 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1900: 1876: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1810:: "The term 1802: 1789: 1781: 1773: 1764:. The word " 1761: 1757: 1752: 1738: 1729: 1725:Central Asia 1718: 1703: 1687: 1685: 1681:Azerbaijanis 1669: 1655: 1628: 1626: 1622:Willem Floor 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1520:In the five 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1497:Demographics 1492: 1481: 1467: 1422: 1417:numismatists 1398: 1367:Iranian rial 1364: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1320: 1304: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1250: 1238: 1237:Page of the 1219: 1211: 1184: 1162: 1143: 1131: 1110: 1094: 1070: 1051: 1021: 1018:. Dated 1795 992: 977:Catherine II 970: 954:Heraclius II 950: 932: 890: 885: 881: 873: 869: 866:Shahnazar II 862:Shah-Bulaghi 850:Bayat Castle 847: 828: 770: 762: 760: 747: 737: 732: 728: 725:gholam amirs 724: 687: 664: 634: 632: 628:Safavid Iran 604: 575: 567:Safavid Iran 543: 520:Heraclius II 494: 488:(prince) of 483: 480:Shahnazar II 472:Shah-Bulaghi 427: 350: 346: 344: 257:Succeeded by 256: 251: 20: 15: 3851:: 117–143. 3043:Fowkes 2002 3031:Broers 2019 2953:Broers 2019 2941:Yilmaz 2015 2640:Daniel 2001 2625:Amanat 2017 2478:Hambly 1991 2412:Hambly 1991 2388:Hewsen 1972 2376:Hewsen 1972 2283:Tapper 1997 2271:Tapper 1997 2106:Tapper 1997 2051:Hewsen 1972 1861:Azerbaijani 1619:Iranologist 1487:sahibqirani 1477:sahibqirani 1471:sahibqirani 1256:Alexander I 1214:Abbas Mirza 1165:Umma Khan V 794: 1744 717: 1632 626:–1922) and 624: 1299 252:Preceded by 67:(1805–1813) 3983:Categories 3559:: 285–329. 3310:1037283914 2968:Floor 2018 2352:Perry 1979 2340:Davud 2021 2007:Floor 2021 1995:Floor 2008 1892:References 1865:Azerbaijan 1782:khanut'iun 1770:Anglicized 1677:chronicles 1607:keshikchis 1448:panahabadi 1426:panahabadi 1402:panahabadi 1389:panahabadi 1382:panahabadi 1325:historian 1270:presence. 1187:Javad Khan 1105:Azerbaijan 1101:Aras River 1058:Mazandaran 926:chieftain 771:beglarbegi 752:Nader Shah 694:Ziyadoghlu 636:beglarbegi 557:Background 446:Nader Shah 415:Azerbaijan 401:and later 335:Azerbaijan 3772:142718875 3743:1873-9830 3283:163302882 1843:) of the 1835:Muslims ( 1651:Shahsevan 1639:Ilkhanate 1595:yuzbashis 1591:minbashis 1555:tiyuldars 1553:, or the 1349:(baths). 1169:Daghestan 836:Adel Shah 831:Georgians 744:Davit Bek 721:Qizilbash 593:Armenians 476:Panahabad 457:Adel Shah 430:Javanshir 425:dialect. 384:romanized 364:romanized 130:(locally) 125:(locally) 120:(locally) 90:Panahabad 33:1748–1822 3994:Karabakh 3818:(2011). 3733:(eds.). 3700:(1997). 3676:(2004). 3545:(1972). 3416:(2008). 3160:(1976). 3136:(2023). 3114:(2017). 1778:Armenian 1776:and the 1774:khanstvo 1768:" is an 1611:yasavols 1586:Lorestan 1574:kharvars 1570:kharvars 1551:mulkdars 1292:Gulistan 1139:Armenian 1036:Ismail I 787:Khorasan 767:khanates 740:Zangezur 641:Karabakh 605:Karabakh 577:Karabakh 407:Karabakh 393:) was a 351:Qarabagh 173:(second) 123:Armenian 3865:4310299 3847:(1/4). 3367:(ed.). 3204:(ed.). 3089:Sources 1880:Turks, 1816:mahalle 1766:khanate 1715:Kurdish 1599:monshis 1564:Revenue 1502:In the 1443:toponym 1431:obverse 1413:kopecks 1353:Coinage 1346:hammams 1158:Kizlyar 1135:Persian 1074:cavalry 1034:(king) 905:Ardabil 804:History 798:Lezgins 683:Varanda 679:Khachen 613:Turkmen 583:in the 569:in the 490:Varanda 444:(king) 411:Armenia 403:Russian 399:Iranian 395:khanate 386:: 375:Russian 366:: 355:Persian 330:Armenia 221:• 198:History 158:(first) 128:Kurdish 108:Persian 74:Capital 59:Iranian 54:Khanate 3863: 3828: 3804: 3770: 3741: 3708: 3686: 3662: 3643: 3611: 3582: 3531: 3502: 3473: 3443: 3424: 3375: 3348: 3329: 3308: 3298: 3281: 3250: 3231: 3212: 3189: 3170: 3146: 3122: 3106:: 1–9. 1857:Soviet 1710:feudal 1635:Seljuk 1615:nazers 1544:Shusha 1538:mahals 1534:mahals 1530:mahals 1522:mahals 1511:mahals 1504:mahals 1455:abbasi 1377:minted 1341:bazaar 1336:maidan 1311:Aghdam 1281:farman 1276:farman 1240:farman 1147:Paul I 1108:days. 1090:Erivan 1082:Talesh 1066:Kerman 1062:Tehran 1054:Tabriz 1028:Tiflis 1010:, the 936:Shiraz 924:Afshar 911:ruler 897:Shusha 886:meliks 882:meliks 874:meliks 868:, the 823:Shusha 763:meliks 748:meliks 733:meliks 712:(died 666:meliks 645:Erivan 601:Mongol 597:Turkic 512:Shiraz 499:ruler 482:, the 474:, and 434:Turkic 423:Turkic 419:Arabic 397:under 201: 140: 118:Turkic 113:Arabic 65:Russia 57:Under 50:Status 3861:JSTOR 3768:S2CID 3398:Brill 3363:. 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