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royally welcomed back as its own; to China where the mandarins and even the coolies look upon it as a helpful sign that the
Occident at last knows what is music; to Siam, where the barbaric tunes strike a kindred note and come home to roost; to India, where the natives receive it dubiously, while the colonists seize upon it avidly; to the East Indies, where it holds sway in its elementary form â ragtime; to Egypt, where it sounds so curiously familiar and where it has set Cairo dance mad; to Palestine, where it is looked upon as an inevitable and necessary evil along with liberation; across the Mediterranean, where all ships and all shores have been inoculated with the germ; to Monte Carlo and the Riviera, where the jazz idea has been adopted as its own enfant-chĂ©ri; to Paris, which has its special versions of jazz; to London, which long has sworn to shake off the fever, but still is jazzing; and back again to Tinpan Alley, where each day, nay, each hour, adds some new inspiration that will slowly but surely meander along jazz latitude.
377:. New York City had, at the height of Prohibition, 32,000 speakeasies. At speakeasies, both payoffs and mechanisms for hiding alcohol were used. Charlie Burns, in recalling his ownership of several speakeasies employed these strategies as a way to preserve his and Jack Kriendler's illegal clubs. This includes forming relationships with local police. Mechanisms that a trusted engineer created include one that when a button was pushed, tongue blocks under shelves of liquor would drop, making the shelves drop back and liquor bottles fall down a chute, break, and drain the alcohol through rocks and sand. An alarm also went off if the button was pushed to alert customers of a raid. Another mechanism used by Burns was a wine cellar with a thick door flush with the wall. It had a small, almost unnoticeable hole for a rod to be pushed in to activate a lock and open the door.
838:
Ideas such as equality and open sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize on these ideas during this period. The 1920s saw the emergence of many famous women musicians, including Bessie Smith. Bessie Smith gained attention because she was not only a great singer but also an
African-American woman as well as an icon in the LGBTQ+ community. Throughout her musical career she was unapologetically herself, expressing the struggles of the Black working class, addressing issues such as poverty, racism, and sexism alongside themes of love and female sexuality in her lyrics. She has grown through the ages to be one of the most well respected singers of all time and inspired later performers such as
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871:. It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that many women jazz singers, such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday, were recognized as successful artists in the music world. Another famous female vocalist who attained stardom at the tail-end of the Jazz Age was Ella Fitzgerald, one of the more popular female jazz singers in the United States for more than half a century and later dubbed "The First Lady of Song". She worked with all the jazz greats of the era, including
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913:, who visited Europe during and after World War I. It was their live performances which inspired European audiences' interest in jazz, as well as the interest in all things American (and therefore exotic) which accompanied the economic and political woes of Europe during this time. The beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz began to emerge in this interwar period.
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originated from clubs in leading centers such as New York, Chicago, Kansas City, and Los
Angeles. There were two categories of live music on the radio: concert music and big band dance music. The concert music was known as "potter palm" and was concert music by amateurs, usually volunteers. Big band dance music is played by professionals and was featured in
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psychology of the 1920s, jazz promoted "childlike" behavior, with frequenters known as
Flappers often called "Jazz Babies." The uninhibited and spontaneous nature of jazz encouraged primal and sensual expression. As the older generation dismissed jazz, it became a vehicle for young women (and men) to challenge the values of their parents and grandparents.
2024:, p. 463: "Calling jazz an 'agency of the devil,' the pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church in New York said in 1926: 'Jazz, with its . . . appeal to the sensuous, should be stamped out.' The rector of the Episcopal Church of the Ascension in New York said in 1922: 'Jazz is retrogression. It is going to the African jungle for our music.'"
202:. New Orleans provided a cultural humus in which jazz could germinate because it was a port city with many cultures and beliefs intertwined. In New Orleans, people of different cultures and races often lived close together which allowed for cultural interaction which facilitated the development of the active musical environment of the city
399:(both involved in organized crime) was to give poor Italian Americans alcohol stills to make alcohol for them at $ 15 per day's work. Another strategy was to buy liquor from rumrunners. Racketeers would also buy closed breweries and distilleries and hire former employees to make alcohol. Another person famous for organized crime named
353:, speakeasies were places (often owned by organized criminals) where customers could drink alcohol and relax or speakeasy. Jazz was played in these speakeasies as a countercultural type of music to fit in with the illicit environment and events going on. Jazz artists were therefore hired to play at speakeasies.
811:, developed by African Americans, suddenly became popular among the youth. Traditionalists were aghast at what they considered the breakdown of morality. Some urban middle-class African Americans perceived jazz as "devil's music", and believed the improvised rhythms and sounds were promoting promiscuity.
883:
The birth of jazz is credited to
African Americans. But it was modified to become socially acceptable to middle-class white Americans. Those critical of jazz saw it as music from people with no training or skill. White performers were used as a vehicle for the popularization of jazz music in America.
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on August 18, 1920, and the entrance of the free-spirited flapper, women began to take on a larger role in society and culture. With women now taking part in the work force after the end of the First World War there were now many more possibilities for women in terms of social life and entertainment.
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Jazz aimed to cultivate empathy by initially challenging established norms and those who adhered to them, before captivating them with its ethereal and enchanting allure. It sought to blur the societal divides of race, class, and political allegiance, as illustrated in James
Baldwin's renowned short
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was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. In the 1920s, the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Well-organized criminal gangs took control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities,
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Jazz latitude is marked as indelibly on the globe as the heavy line of the equator. It runs from
Broadway along Main Street to San Francisco: to the Hawaiian Islands, which it has lyricized to fame; to Japan, where it is hurriedly adopted as some new Western culture; to the Philippines, where it is
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and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of Black-American and
European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation. From African traditions, jazz derived its rhythm, "blues", and traditions of playing or singing in one's own expressive way. From European traditions,
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described three types of jazz music at the time: black music for black audiences, black music for white audiences, and white music for white audiences. Jazz artists like Louis
Armstrong originally received very little airtime because most stations preferred to play the music of white American jazz
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Jazz served as a platform for rebellion on multiple fronts. In dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies, women found refuge from societal norms that confined them to conventional roles. These spaces offered them more freedom in their speech, attire, and behavior. Reflecting the prevalent
Freudian
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The introduction of large-scale radio broadcasts enabled the rapid national spread of jazz in 1932. The radio was described as the "sound factory." Radio made it possible for millions to hear music for free â especially people who never attended expensive, distant big city clubs. These broadcasts
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had some of the best of it. Bill McCoy was in the rum-running business, and at certain points of time was ranked among the best. To avoid being caught, he sold liquor just outside the territorial waters of the United States. Buyers would come to him to pick up his booze as a precaution for McCoy.
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Urban radio stations played African-American jazz more frequently than suburban stations, due to the concentration of African Americans in urban areas such as New York and Chicago. Younger demographics popularized the black-originated dances such as the Charleston as part of the immense cultural
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dance band as featured soloist, leaving in 1925. The original New Orleans style was polyphonic, with theme variation and simultaneous collective improvisation. Armstrong was a master of his hometown style, but by the time he joined Henderson's band, he was already a trailblazer in a new phase of
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American Jazz was imported into Germany in the early 1920s...some two to five years after it had entered Britain or France...genuine American Jazz musicians (such as)... Mike Danzi embarked on a German tour with American bandleader Alex Hyde before deciding to make Berlin his permanent European
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idealized the youthful zeitgeist of the Jazz Age. By the mid-1920s, Whiteman was the most popular bandleader in the U.S. His success was based on a "rhetoric of domestication" according to which he had elevated and rendered valuable a previously inchoate kind of music. Other influential large
950:, which began in 1934. Much of this French jazz was a combination of African-American jazz and the symphonic styles in which French musicians were well-trained; in this, it is easy to see the inspiration taken from Paul Whiteman since his style was also a fusion of the two. Belgian guitarist
1265:, p. 312: "It is here that we find one of the white, or European, influences upon American Negro music; it is the central one, I think, and the one which has the most to do with the birth of jazz. We may call itâ âas I have called it heretoforeâ âthe instrumentalizing of the human voice."
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remembered that 'Scarface got along well with musicians. He liked to come into a club with his henchmen and have the band play his requests. He was very free with $ 100 tips." The illegal culture of speakeasies led to what was known as "black and tan" clubs which had multiracial crowds.
626:
story, "Sonny's Blues," where the transformative power of jazz unites two estranged brothers through the deeply emotive melodies played by Sonny. In Fitzgerald's works and beyond, jazz acted as a leveling influence, fostering a degree of equality within both literature and society.
285:
By the late 1920s, a new opposition mobilized across the U.S. Anti-prohibitionists, or "wets", attacked prohibition as causing crime, lowering local revenues, and imposing rural Protestant religious values on urban America. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the
1325:, p. 76: "Theirs would become the music of choice in cabarets and speakeasies and roadhouses, George Washington was a large supporter of jazz in the 20th century and would provide the accompaniment for the period F. Scott Fitzgerald would soon call the Jazz Age."
635:
epitomized this phase of Fitzgerald's career, capturing the romanticism and superficial charm of the "Jazz Age." This era started with the conclusion of World War I, the onset of women's suffrage, and Prohibition, and ultimately crumbled with the Great Crash of 1929.
391:
McCoy's liquor specialty was selling high-quality whiskey without diluting the alcohol. Bootlegging was making and or smuggling alcohol around the U.S. As selling the alcohol could make plenty of money, there are several major ways this was done. One strategy used by
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jazz, with its emphasis on arrangements and soloists. Armstrong's solos went well beyond the theme-improvisation concept, and extemporized on chords, rather than melodies. According to Schuller, by comparison, the solos by Armstrong's bandmates (including a young
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and His Cambridge Undergraduates began broadcasting on the BBC. Thereafter jazz became an important element in many leading dance orchestras, and jazz instrumentalists became numerous. Very soon, the resulting music craze in the United Kingdom led to a
385:
As to where speakeasies obtained alcohol, there were rum runners and bootleggers. Rum running, in this case, was the organized smuggling of liquor by land or sea into the U.S. Decent foreign liquor was high-end alcohol during prohibition, and
962:", and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel; the main instruments were steel-stringed guitar, violin, and double bass. Solos pass from one player to another as guitar and bass form the rhythm section. Some researchers believe
419:'s Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles, where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings. The year also saw the first recording by
1010:
As jazz flourished, American elites who preferred classical music sought to expand the listenership of their favored genre, hoping that jazz would not become mainstream. Conversely, jazz became an influence on composers as diverse as
584:' Band in Chicago (who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928). All significantly influenced the development of big band-style swing jazz. By 1930, the New Orleans-style ensemble was a relic, and jazz belonged to the world.
502:
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in the 1920s intimated that jazz was responsible for the decline of Western civilization and of the quality of Italian tenors, a poor trade balance with Hungary, a classical musician's fatal heart attack, and frightening bears in
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Armstrong and Lombardo did not view their worlds as diametrically opposed, nor did many other contemporary musicians of the 1930s. ...Lombardo himself always took great pride in the number of black orchestras that imitated his
2127:, p. 129: "Holiday (1919â59) is widely recognized as the greatest jazz vocalist of all time, a performer who revolutionized the art of jazz singing in the 1930s and exerted a powerful influence on subsequent vocalists."
709:
Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America: white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders recruit white ones. In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist
1089:, p. 52: "The popularity of new dance styles helped jazz to develop from the march-like tread of its early days into the snappy, syncopated music so characteristic of what F. Scott Fitzgerald dubbed 'The Jazz Age'."
1352:, p. 212: "Another barrier fell with the arrival of the 'black and tans,' integrated cabarets and nightclubs, usually in black neighborhoods and usually featuring leading African-American jazz musicians."
2034:
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During this period, jazz began to get a reputation as being immoral, and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old cultural values and promoting the new decadent values of the
2199:, p. 463: "Those who opposed jazz with no qualification whatever saw in it an appeal to sensuousness, a return to primitive forms, and described it as the music of persons without any training."
501:
875:, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Benny Goodman. These women were persistent in striving to make their names known in the music industry and to lead the way for many more women artists to come.
361:, states: "The singer Ethel Waters fondly recalled that Capone treated her 'with respect, applause, deference, and paid in full.'" Also from A Renegade History of the United States, "The pianist
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base....As the great majority of German musicians still found jazz very difficult to master, it was Americans and a few Englishmen who came to dominate the jazz scene of the Roaring Twenties...
607:'s claim that "sweet" music was a "weak sister" as compared to the "real music" of America, Lombardo's band enjoyed widespread popularity which crossed racial divides and was even praised by
463:), sounded "stiff, stodgy," with "jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality." The following example shows a short excerpt of the straight melody of "Mandy, Make Up Your Mind" by
278:, and approximately $ 60 million (equivalent to $ 1,271,666,667 in 2023) in illegal alcohol was smuggled across the borders of Canada and the United States. The resulting illicit
706:. Although it was a collective sound, swing also offered individual musicians a chance to "solo" and improvise melodic, thematic solos which could at times be complex "important" music.
467:
and Arthur Johnston (top), compared with Armstrong's solo improvisations (below) (recorded 1924). (The example approximates Armstrong's solo, as it does not convey his use of swing.)
503:
221:
Jazz is seen by many as "America's classical music". The earliest Jazz styles, which emerged in New Orleans, Chicago, and New York in the early 1920s, are sometimes referred to as "
905:
As only a limited number of American jazz records were released in Europe, European jazz traces many of its roots to American artists such as James Reese Europe, Paul Whiteman,
803:
Young people in the 1920s used the influence of jazz to rebel against the traditional culture of previous generations. This youth rebellion of the 1920s included such things as
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1944:
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Top: excerpt from the straight melody of "Mandy, Make Up Your Mind" by George W. Meyer & Arthur Johnston. Bottom: corresponding solo excerpt by Louis Armstrong (1924).
120:
music and dance styles gained worldwide popularity. The Jazz Age's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States, the birthplace of jazz. Originating in
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wrote: "t is not music at all. It's merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion." The media also spoke ill of it.
236:
brought the improvisational solo to the forefront of a piece, replacing the original polyphonic ensemble style of New Orleans jazz. Jazz is generally characterized by
884:
Although jazz was taken over by the white middle-class population, it facilitated the mesh of African American traditions and ideals with white middle-class society.
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big bands, in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as the band leaders. Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers
1383:, p. 264: "Each of the thirty-two thousand speakeasies in New York probably paid a beat cop five dollars a day to keep the taps and the cash register open."
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Several musicians grew up in musical families, where a family member would often teach how to read and play music. Included in this group was the bandleader
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759:. In urban areas, such as Chicago and New York, African-American jazz was played on the radio more often than in the suburbs. Big-band jazz, like that of
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470:
Armstrong's solos were a significant factor in making jazz a true 20th-century language. After leaving Henderson's group, Armstrong formed his virtuosic
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band, which included instrumentalist's Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), and wife Lil on piano, where he popularized
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that grew from this era became lively venues of the "Jazz Age", hosting popular music that included current dance songs, novelty songs and show tunes.
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603:, where they entertained audiences nationwide for decades with a velvety-smooth interpretation of the "sweetest music this side of heaven". Despite
290:, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the latter stages of the
5146:
2139:, p. 128: "Ella Fitzgerald's extensive 'songbook' recordings made between 1956 and 1964 remain among the best-selling vocal albums in jazz."
591:, who collaborated with his brothers Carmen and Lebert in Canada to form the Royal Canadians Orchestra in the early 1920s. By 1929 their "sweet"
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Piano player Lil Hardin Armstrong was originally a member of King Oliver's band with Louis, and went on to play piano in her husband's band the
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357:, the famous organized crime leader, gave jazz musicians previously living in poverty a steady and professional income. Thaddeus Russell, in
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partnered with two other mobsters and legitimate brewer Joseph Stenson to make illegal beer in a total of nine breweries. Finally, some
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pioneered the guitar-violin partnership characteristic of the genre which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on
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America's Music Makers Big bands and Ballrooms 1912-2011 - Shep Fields society band broadcasting on radio from the Palmer House
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marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s. An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or
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McCann, Paul (2008). "Performing Primitivism: Disarming the Social Threat of Jazz in Narrative Fiction of the Early Sixties".
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jazz." In the 1920s, jazz became recognized as a major form of musical expression. It then emerged in the form of independent
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fashions, women who smoked cigarettes in public, a willingness to talk about sex freely, and radio concerts. Dances like the
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848:(1887â1972) was a Chicago-based bandleader, session musician (piano), composer, singer, and arranger during the 1920s
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music, and the painting was later destroyed by its author to placate critics who insisted the work should be burned.
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Several "sweet jazz" dance orchestras also achieved national recognition in big band remote broadcasts including:
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ensembles included Fletcher Henderson's band, Duke Ellington's band (which opened an influential residency at the
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unleashing a crime wave that shocked the U.S. This prohibition was taken advantage of by gangsters such as
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3549:. Vol. 24â25. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: E. F. Houghton & Co. 1919 – via Google Books.
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1168:"Jazz Origins in New Orleans - New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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Biocca, Frank (1990). "Media and Perceptual Shifts: Early Radio and the Clash of Musical Cultures".
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I am not convinced, however, that the 'jazz age' is the cause of the church losing its influence.
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Jackson, Jeffrey (2002). "Making Jazz French: The Reception of Jazz Music in Paris, 1927â1934".
128:, jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period, and its influence on
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Who Is Who In Music. Berghan Publishing Co. 1941 p. 93 Biography of Shep Fields on Google Books
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521:". F. Scott Fitzgerald asserted that the song idealized the youthful zeitgeist of the Jazz Age.
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Lonesome Roads and Streets of Dreams: Place Mobility and Race in Jazz of the 1930s and '40s
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Berger, Morroe (October 1947). "Jazz: Resistance to the Diffusion of a Culture-Pattern".
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939:. The painting has been described as embodying the fears of Western civilization towards
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to join small groups. In the 1930s, Kansas City Jazz as exemplified by tenor saxophonist
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786:(1936), New York City's "Star-light Roof" in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel (1937), and the
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Le Tumulte Noir: Modernist Art and Popular Entertainment in Jazz-Age Paris, 1900-1930
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Dinerstein, Joel (2003). "Music, Memory, and Cultural Identity in the Jazz Age".
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2776:"W.C. Handy, Abbe Niles, and (Auto)biographical Positioning in the Whiteman Era"
167:
further popularized the term with the publication of his short story collection
60:
5822:
5619:
5020:
5008:
4610:
4247:
3889:
3744:
2475:
Barlow, William (January 1, 1995). "Black Music on Radio During the Jazz Age".
839:
756:
715:
675:
550:
396:
334:
147:
nationwide. During this time, the Jazz Age was intertwined with the developing
4113:
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6138:
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6021:
5948:
5943:
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5923:
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5903:
5723:
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5030:
4889:
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4700:
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4500:
4455:
4364:
4001:
3854:
3832:
3398:
3323:
3129:
2813:
2669:
2510:
1893:"SHEP FIELDS, LEADER OF BIG BAND KNOWEN FOR RIPPLING RYTHEM (Published 1981)"
935:
921:
824:
679:
655:
649:
604:
554:
400:
374:
253:
148:
1815:
6043:
5963:
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5707:
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5631:
5626:
5593:
5469:
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5454:
5325:
5037:
4874:
4774:
4590:
4570:
4535:
4515:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4399:
4319:
3882:
3820:
3416:
3022:
2059:
971:
845:
767:
751:
723:
711:
699:
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667:
663:
588:
475:
442:
420:
404:
392:
317:
207:
4077:
3610:
1694:
Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Genres North America
929:
in which the threat of jazz to society was exemplified by Scottish artist
730:
used small combos, uptempo music and blues chord progressions, drawing on
407:
stole industrial grain alcohol and redistilled it to sell in speakeasies.
6124:
6026:
5989:
5683:
5673:
5668:
5653:
5614:
5569:
5483:
5459:
5315:
5295:
5260:
5255:
5240:
5025:
5013:
4998:
4931:
4814:
4794:
4769:
4742:
4510:
4480:
4379:
4349:
4267:
4150:
4026:
3771:
3442:
2935:
2694:
2265:
2252:
Kater, Michael (April 1, 1988). "The Jazz Experience in Weimar Germany".
959:
926:
779:
691:
659:
645:
615:
577:
194:, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in
121:
3779:
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6011:
5999:
5843:
5827:
5733:
5658:
5516:
4983:
4968:
4941:
4921:
4819:
4804:
4565:
4555:
4354:
4292:
4272:
3896:
Daily Life in the United States, 1920â1939: Decades of Promise and Pain
3618:
3331:
2567:
2502:
2469:
Some might, indeed, suppose that this muse had her jazz age behind her.
967:
963:
955:
906:
872:
857:
727:
703:
687:
581:
530:
362:
249:
237:
4119:
2391:
833:âthe right for women to voteâat its peak with the ratification of the
190:
is a music genre that originated in the Black-American communities of
5979:
5728:
5581:
5531:
5423:
5042:
5003:
4926:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4784:
4747:
4530:
4460:
4369:
4334:
4297:
3561:
2719:
868:
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and Fletcher Henderson in New York, attracted large radio audiences.
354:
338:
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279:
275:
241:
222:
3315:
2559:
2494:
1530:
1240:
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5984:
5265:
4993:
4936:
4862:
4852:
4752:
3000:
From Jazz to Swing: Black Jazz Musicians and Their Music, 1917â1935
2756:
2363:
864:
830:
592:
424:
3919:
3419:(2006). "The Search for America's Soul: Theatre in the Jazz Age".
3157:
1355:
6031:
6016:
5878:
4973:
4857:
4359:
3573:
999:
946:
The European style of jazz entered full swing in France with the
804:
416:
370:
330:
211:
199:
151:. The movement also helped introduce the European jazz movement.
66:
4021:
Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920â1941
4009:
3486:
2843:
1756:
1212:
1104:
5536:
4963:
4953:
3957:
3246:
The Creation of Jazz: Music, Race, and Culture in Urban America
2108:
2106:
2104:
1566:
1061:
2552:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History
545:
in an early mixed-race collaboration, then in 1926 formed his
6119:
5994:
5868:
4847:
3296:
Roth, Russell (1952). "On the Instrumental Origins of Jazz".
2327:
2142:
1931:"America's Music Makers: Big Bands & Ballrooms 1912-2011"
1386:
215:
195:
163:
was in popular usage prior to 1920. In 1922, American writer
144:
139:, and overlapped in significant cross-cultural ways with the
3827:
The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s
3719:
Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties
3525:. Studies in Jazz. Vol. 38. Lanham, Maryland / London:
3220:
Circular Breathing: The Cultural Politics of Jazz in Britain
2651:"Musical Literacy and Jazz Musicians in the 1910s and 1920s"
2101:
1228:
1082:
1080:
892:
By the 1920s jazz had spread around the world. According to
878:
4723:
3496:"The Threat of Jazz: John Bulloch Souter's 'The Breakdown'"
1670:. London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 379.
940:
187:
182:
143:. The movement was largely affected by the introduction of
117:
103:
2379:
206:
In New Orleans, the development of jazz was influenced by
135:
The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the
3646:
3074:
2820:
The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s
1846:
1333:
1331:
1304:
1077:
1039:
747:
broadcasts from nightclubs, dance halls, and ballrooms.
4066:"Jazz Places: How Performance Spaces Shape Jazz History"
3798:
American Babel: Rogue Radio Broadcasters of the Jazz Age
2638:(June 29, 1996). "Women in Jazz: Music on Their Terms".
2339:
2166:
1772:
1542:
1470:
1398:
4692:
3669:
Cross the Water Blues: African American Music in Europe
2407:
2315:
2077:
2064:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1458:
1376:
1374:
1292:
1140:
1092:
755:
singers. Other jazz vocalists include Bessie Smith and
2089:
1796:
1578:
1518:
1506:
1446:
1328:
1190:
1188:
3104:
2202:
1834:
1822:
1744:
1554:
1422:
1280:
1268:
1110:
2967:"What the Great Gatsby Got Right About the Jazz Age"
2752:
The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature
1371:
958:, a mix of 1930s American swing, French dance hall "
4278:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
3522:
Jazz in New Orleans: The Postwar Years Through 1970
2431:
2419:
2351:
2178:
2154:
1784:
1482:
1434:
1410:
1185:
1128:
782:'s Rippling Rhythm Orchestra at Chicago's landmark
4048:
4018:
3993:
3973:
3931:
3893:
3858:
3824:
3736:
3716:
3565:
3470:
3393:The Big Book of Blues: A Biographical Encyclopedia
3390:
3243:
3014:
2997:
2939:
2817:
2723:
2693:
2514:
2303:
2003:
1494:
1200:
1116:
6136:
2901:The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond
1945:"Obituaries: Shep Fields Dies -noted bandleader"
918:tour by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1919
770:'s Royal Canadian Orchestra, at New York City's
2453:
2214:
1663:
1055:
4051:Our Times, 1900â1925: Volume IV â The Twenties
3976:Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture
1625:"Famed Orchestra Leader Guy Lombardo, 75, Dies
887:
622:shift the popularity of jazz music generated.
4708:
4263:Association Against the Prohibition Amendment
4135:
3996:The Twenties: Fords, Flappers, & Fanatics
3543:
3473:Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development
1868:Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide
1643:. Bloomington, Il.: AuthorHouse. p. 95.
1600:Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide
1051:
557:'s orchestra. In 1924, Whiteman commissioned
2467:. August 23, 1919 – via Google Books.
1690:
977:
567:, premiered by Whiteman's Orchestra. Writer
3135:Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition
3004:(Ph.D. dissertation). Ann Arbor, Michigan:
1871:. London: McFarland & Co. p. 101.
1730:. University of Chicago Press. p. 45.
1603:. London: McFarland & Co. p. 101.
856:often are ranked as two of the best female
369:There were many speakeasies, especially in
116:was a period in the 1920s and 30s in which
4715:
4701:
4325:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
4142:
4128:
3639:"Fletcher Henderson: 'Architect of Swing'"
3591:Ward, Larry F. (December 2004). "Bessie".
2850:
1691:Horn, David; Shephard, John, eds. (2012).
1664:Stacey, Lee; Henderson, Lol, eds. (2014).
1548:
793:
599:in New York City and later in 1959 at the
380:
230:jazz derived its harmony and instruments.
59:
3556:
3164:
2995:
2964:
2795:
2413:
2397:
2172:
2148:
1961:
1778:
1667:Encyclopedia of music in the 20th Century
1627:Pittsubrg Post Gazette 7 Nov. 1977, p.26
1476:
1365:
1322:
1298:
1246:
1234:
1146:
1071:
879:Influence of middle-class white Americans
3465:
3388:
2878:
2748:
2634:
2112:
2095:
1802:
1697:. Vol. 8. Bloomsbury. p. 472.
1584:
1524:
1512:
1464:
1250:
1134:
441:
5749:
4149:
4064:Teal, Kimberly Hannon (June 15, 2021),
3493:
3342:A Renegade History of the United States
3338:
3268:
3241:
3039:
2934:
2401:
2385:
2373:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2286:Jazz Research and Performance Materials
2283:Meadows, Eddie S. (February 27, 1995).
2282:
2260:(2). Oxford University Press: 145â158.
2220:
1933:. AuthorHouse – via Google Books.
1928:
1762:
1636:
1416:
1361:
1337:
1222:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
359:A Renegade History of the United States
65:King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra in
21:For the 2012 album by Bryan Ferry, see
6137:
3672:(1st ed.). Jackson, Mississippi:
3633:
3506:from the original on November 22, 2021
3415:
3283:from the original on December 13, 2019
3189:
3128:
3092:from the original on November 20, 2021
2942:A History of Jazz in Britain 1919â1950
2857:Conversations with F. Scott Fitzgerald
2773:
2679:from the original on February 25, 2021
2648:
2582:
2539:
2474:
2437:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2021:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1790:
1750:
1724:"The Casino Ballroom: White and Sweet"
1721:
1560:
1500:
1428:
1380:
1349:
1310:
1286:
1274:
1194:
124:as mainly sourced from the culture of
16:American period in the 1920s and 1930s
4696:
4303:List of dry communities by U.S. state
4123:
4055:(1st ed.). New York and London:
3853:(1945). "Echoes of the Jazz Age". In
3739:Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America
3723:(1st ed.). New York and London:
3518:
3363:
3216:
2983:from the original on February 6, 2020
2691:
2609:
2425:
2369:
2357:
2251:
2136:
2124:
1998:Shep Fields is set for the Copacabana
1864:
1766:
1596:
1572:
1536:
1488:
1452:
1440:
1218:
1206:
1086:
639:
4375:Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922
4063:
3665:
3590:
3295:
3012:
2812:
2718:
2509:
2309:
2160:
2083:
2009:
1885:
1404:
1392:
1262:
1152:
1122:
1098:
1067:
4227:Australian prohibition referendums
3934:The Perils of Prosperity, 1914â1932
3653:from the original on April 21, 2018
3269:Rodgers, Andrew (August 27, 1997).
2618:Pennsylvania State University Press
1165:
867:and then his next group called the
618:, learned on homemade instruments.
595:appeared regularly at the landmark
13:
4425:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
4223:21st Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
4218:18th Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
4072:, University of California Press,
3704:
3690:from the original on July 18, 2022
3568:Jazz: A History of America's Music
3165:Orchowski, Margaret Sands (2015).
2922:from the original on July 18, 2022
2879:Germuska, Joe (October 17, 1995).
2233:from the original on June 26, 2022
1968:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 61.
1005:
483:
28:. For the 1998 album by Jack, see
14:
6181:
6070:Album covers of Blue Note Records
4102:
3494:Shearer, Carly (April 24, 2018).
3116:from the original on June 5, 2020
2616:. University Park, Pennsylvania:
2603:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1990.2402_1.x
2289:. Psychology Press. p. 121.
2221:Hershey, Burnet (June 25, 1922).
1996:. February 24, 1945. p. 34.
26:(The Bryan Ferry Orchestra album)
6118:
4000:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
3803:University of Pennsylvania Press
3372:The University of Michigan Press
3210:10.1111/J.1540-5931.2008.00541.X
818:
529:Problems playing this file? See
499:
316:
271:Prohibition in the United States
266:Prohibition in the United States
4652:National Prohibition Party (UK)
3674:University Press of Mississippi
3367:Jazz: America's Classical Music
2965:Henderson, Amy (May 10, 2013).
2862:University Press of Mississippi
2276:
2245:
2190:
2130:
2118:
2052:
2027:
2015:
1982:
1955:
1937:
1929:Behrens, John (March 4, 2011).
1922:
1911:
1858:
1808:
1715:
1684:
1657:
1630:
1617:
1590:
1539:, pp. 56â59, 66â70, 78â79.
1343:
1316:
1256:
948:Quintette du Hot Club de France
933:'s controversial 1926 painting
439:formed The Wolverines in 1924.
5450:Institutions and organizations
4405:Voluntary Committee of Lawyers
4390:Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913
3795:Doerksen, Clifford J. (2005).
3764:Johns Hopkins University Press
3435:Johns Hopkins University Press
3308:Johns Hopkins University Press
3193:The Journal of Popular Culture
2586:The Journal of Popular Culture
2455:"A German Interpreter of Jazz"
2446:
1040:Oxford English Dictionary 2021
987:. Professor Henry van Dyke of
654:The 1930s belonged to popular
297:
259:
1:
6160:Eras of United States history
5147:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
4682:(2011 documentary miniseries)
4059:– via Internet Archive.
4039:– via Internet Archive.
4012:– via Internet Archive.
3984:– via Internet Archive.
3960:– via Internet Archive.
3922:– via Internet Archive.
3879:– via Internet Archive.
3845:– via Internet Archive.
3747:– via Internet Archive.
3727:– via Internet Archive.
3586:– via Internet Archive.
3489:– via Internet Archive.
3411:– via Internet Archive.
3264:– via Internet Archive.
3106:"Jazz Origins in New Orleans"
3050:(1). Durham, North Carolina:
3035:– via Internet Archive.
3017:Defining Moments: Prohibition
3008:– via Internet Archive.
2960:– via Internet Archive.
2846:– via Internet Archive.
2755:. Santa Barbara, California:
2744:– via Internet Archive.
2714:– via Internet Archive.
2662:Columbia University Libraries
2644:. Vol. 108, no. 26.
2535:– via Internet Archive.
2517:Max Perkins: Editor of Genius
1818:– via Internet Archive.
1022:
860:piano players of the period.
176:
154:
4017:Parrish, Michael E. (1992).
3252:University of Illinois Press
2797:10.1080/03007766.2014.994320
2660:. No. 71â73. New York:
2543:The Journal of Negro History
1027:
132:continued long afterwards.
7:
4636:Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith
4253:American Temperance Society
3982:Harcourt, Brace and Company
3940:University of Chicago Press
3666:Wynn, Neil A., ed. (2007).
3647:National Public Radio (NPR)
3601:(2). Middleton, Wisconsin:
3242:Peretti, Burton W. (1992).
2487:Modern Language Association
1962:Baggelaar, Kristin (2006).
888:Beginnings of European jazz
10:
6186:
4663:Scottish Prohibition Party
3762:(2). Baltimore, Maryland:
3572:(1st ed.). New York:
3339:Russell, Thaddeus (2010).
3306:(4). Baltimore, Maryland:
3223:. Durham, North Carolina:
3200:(4). Hoboken, New Jersey:
3108:. New Orleans, Louisiana:
2996:Hennessey, Thomas (1973).
2593:(2). Hoboken, New Jersey:
2485:(2). St. Louis, Missouri:
2463:. Vol. 62. New York:
1865:Crump, William D. (2008).
1722:Berish, Andrew S. (2012).
1597:Crump, William D. (2008).
1575:, pp. 82â83, 100â103.
1111:National Park Service 2015
916:British jazz began with a
822:
643:
611:as one of his favorites.
580:in 1927) in New York, and
410:
349:Formed as a result of the
301:
263:
180:
106:music in the United States
20:
6114:
6062:
5972:
5856:
5836:
5815:
5799:
5716:
5607:
5552:
5509:
5502:
5476:See Template: Jazz theory
5437:
5359:
5223:
5185:
5129:
5051:
4833:
4730:
4671:
4644:
4433:
4210:
4157:
3900:. Westport, Connecticut:
3815:– via Google Books.
3698:– via Google Books.
3603:Music Library Association
3389:Santelli, Robert (2001).
3384:– via Google Books.
3359:– via Google Books.
3237:– via Google Books.
3185:– via Google Books.
3160:– via Google Books.
3081:Oxford English Dictionary
3060:10.1215/00161071-25-1-149
3043:French Historical Studies
2930:– via Google Books.
2874:– via Google Books.
2780:Popular Music and Society
2769:– via Google Books.
2630:– via Google Books.
1990:"New Band for Kelly-Wood"
1395:, pp. 153, 155, 156.
978:Criticism of the movement
511:United States Marine Band
333:await the opening of the
98:
90:
82:
74:
58:
50:
35:. For the 1929 film, see
4722:
4241:Western Australian, 1950
4231:Western Australian, 1925
3173:Rowman & Littlefield
2860:. Jackson, Mississippi:
2749:De Roche, Linda (2015).
2670:10.7916/cm.v0i71-73.4825
798:
737:
543:New Orleans Rhythm Kings
246:call and response vocals
102:Increased popularity of
6155:1930s in American music
6145:1920s in American music
4616:William Harvey Thompson
4576:The LaMontages brothers
4395:United Kingdom Alliance
4109:The Jazz Age In America
4057:Charles Scribner's Sons
4025:. New York and London:
3519:Suhor, Charles (2001).
3498:. Edinburgh, Scotland:
3479:Oxford University Press
3370:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
3086:Oxford University Press
3006:Northwestern University
2977:Smithsonian Institution
2885:Northwestern University
2826:Oxford University Press
2732:Oxford University Press
2550:(4). Washington, D.C.:
2478:African American Review
794:Elements and influences
513:'s 2018 performance of
381:Rum running/bootlegging
94:Jazz musicians and fans
4451:Thomas Holliday Barker
3938:. Chicago and London:
3733:Allen, Frederick Lewis
3713:Allen, Frederick Lewis
3364:Sales, Grover (1984).
3250:. Urbana and Chicago:
3217:McKay, George (2005).
2896:Berendt, Joachim-Ernst
2883:. Evanston, Illinois:
2774:Dunkel, Mario (2015).
2692:Cooke, Mervyn (1998).
2649:Chevan, David (2002).
2336:, pp. 29, 46, 67.
1637:Behrnes, Jack (2011).
903:
488:
447:
329:Several patrons and a
288:Twenty-first Amendment
192:New Orleans, Louisiana
4521:Frederic Richard Lees
4415:Wickersham Commission
4283:Bureau of Prohibition
4236:New South Wales, 1928
4197:Russia / Soviet Union
4078:10.1525/9780520972841
3928:Leuchtenburg, William
3725:Harper & Brothers
3637:(December 19, 2007).
3611:10.1353/not.2004.0171
3279:. Chicago, Illinois.
3225:Duke University Press
3110:National Park Service
3052:Duke University Press
3021:. Detroit, Michigan:
2948:Northway Publications
2904:. Chicago, Illinois:
2891:on December 10, 1997.
2786:(2). United Kingdom:
2414:Ward & Burns 2001
2398:Ward & Burns 2001
2173:Ward & Burns 2001
2149:Ward & Burns 2001
1779:Ward & Burns 2001
1477:Ward & Burns 2001
1366:Ward & Burns 2001
1323:Ward & Burns 2001
1247:Ward & Burns 2001
1147:Ward & Burns 2001
898:
776:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
614:Some musicians, like
601:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
487:
445:
170:Tales of the Jazz Age
5864:Bibliography of jazz
5644:Continental European
4116:from U S History.com
3851:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
3772:10.1353/aq.2003.0012
3645:. Washington, D.C.:
3443:10.1353/tj.2006.0171
3271:"The Genna Brothers"
3171:. Lanham, Maryland:
2975:. Washington, D.C.:
2972:Smithsonian Magazine
2852:Fitzgerald, F. Scott
2610:Blake, Jody (1999).
2523:Simon & Schuster
2151:, pp. 270, 272.
2115:, pp. 1, 94â96.
1951:. February 24, 1981.
1407:, pp. 120, 121.
1101:, pp. 305, 312.
1056:Literary Digest 1919
989:Princeton University
854:Lil Hardin Armstrong
835:Nineteenth Amendment
351:eighteenth amendment
6105:Straight, No Chaser
5894:Straight-ahead jazz
5351:Winter & Winter
4800:French horn in jazz
4601:Howard Hyde Russell
4420:WillisâCampbell Act
4385:Temperance movement
4288:CullenâHarrison Act
4151:Alcohol prohibition
3970:Lynd, Helen Merrell
3643:NPR's Jazz Profiles
3527:The Scarecrow Press
3500:Lyon & Turnbull
3431:Baltimore, Maryland
3084:. Oxford, England:
3013:Hill, Jeff (2004).
2906:Lawrence Hill Books
2465:Funk & Wagnalls
2460:The Literary Digest
2388:, pp. 149â170.
2372:, p. 121â122;
2086:, pp. 458â460.
1899:. February 24, 1981
1855:, pp. 326â327.
1313:, pp. 207â210.
1237:, pp. 470â473.
974:in the late 1920s.
931:John Bulloch Souter
569:F. Scott Fitzgerald
397:Genna brothers gang
308:Black and tan clubs
165:F. Scott Fitzgerald
47:
6049:West African music
5874:British dance band
5664:European free jazz
5637:British dance band
5130:Musicians by genre
4910:Free improvisation
4446:Harry J. Anslinger
4340:Neo-prohibitionism
4330:Molly Pitcher Club
4258:Anti-Saloon League
3869:. pp. 13â22.
3755:American Quarterly
3347:Simon and Schuster
3299:American Quarterly
3132:(April 30, 2010).
3088:. September 2021.
2788:Taylor and Francis
2658:Current Musicology
2266:10.1093/gh/6.2.145
2227:The New York Times
1897:The New York Times
1816:"Big Band Remotes"
1052:Houghton Line 1919
994:The New York Times
894:The New York Times
784:Palmer House Hotel
774:(1929) and at the
761:James Reese Europe
684:Fletcher Henderson
640:Swing in the 1930s
541:recorded with the
495:"Rhapsody in Blue"
489:
456:Fletcher Henderson
448:
45:
6132:
6131:
6005:New Orleans blues
5852:
5851:
5795:
5794:
5369:Beaches (Toronto)
4780:Swing performance
4690:
4689:
4657:Prohibition Party
4645:Political parties
4581:Lanzetta Brothers
4496:Clinton N. Howard
4441:Martha Meir Allen
4087:978-0-520-97284-1
3812:978-0-8122-0176-5
3683:978-1-60473-546-8
3583:978-0-679-76539-4
3558:Ward, Geoffrey C.
3546:The Houghton Line
3536:978-0-8108-3907-6
3467:Schuller, Gunther
3381:978-0-13-509126-5
3356:978-1-4165-7109-4
3234:978-0-8223-8728-2
3182:978-1-4422-5137-3
3149:978-0-7432-7702-0
3032:978-0-7808-0768-6
2871:978-1-57806-605-6
2835:978-0-19-502148-6
2766:978-1-61069-668-5
2711:978-0-500-20318-7
2702:Thames and Hudson
2627:978-0-271-01753-2
2348:, pp. 29â31.
2296:978-0-8153-0373-2
1975:978-0-7385-4919-4
1878:978-0-7864-3393-3
1737:978-0-226-04494-1
1704:978-1-4411-4874-2
1677:978-1-135-92946-6
1650:978-1-4567-2952-3
1610:978-0-7864-3393-3
1455:, pp. 20â21.
1054:, pp. 6, 9;
720:Charlie Christian
553:'s orchestra and
539:Jelly Roll Morton
504:
126:African Americans
110:
109:
6177:
6170:Roaring Twenties
6150:1920s neologisms
6123:
6122:
5889:Continental jazz
5782:Washington, D.C.
5747:
5746:
5649:Czech and Slovak
5507:
5506:
5291:India Navigation
4989:Progressive jazz
4843:Avant-garde jazz
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4596:Arnold Rothstein
4506:Enoch L. Johnson
4345:Roaring Twenties
4144:
4137:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4114:Roaring Twenties
4097:
4096:
4094:
4060:
4054:
4040:
4024:
4013:
3999:
3990:Mowry, George E.
3985:
3979:
3961:
3937:
3923:
3899:
3880:
3864:
3846:
3830:
3816:
3801:. Philadelphia:
3791:
3748:
3742:
3728:
3722:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3630:
3587:
3571:
3553:
3540:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3490:
3476:
3462:
3412:
3396:
3385:
3360:
3335:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3265:
3249:
3238:
3213:
3186:
3161:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3071:
3036:
3020:
3009:
3003:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2961:
2945:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2892:
2887:. Archived from
2875:
2847:
2823:
2809:
2799:
2770:
2745:
2729:
2715:
2699:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2655:
2645:
2636:Borzillo, Carrie
2631:
2606:
2579:
2536:
2520:
2506:
2471:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:, pp. 8â11.
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1037:
985:Roaring Twenties
952:Django Reinhardt
734:from the 1930s.
696:Jimmie Lunceford
632:The Great Gatsby
573:Rhapsody in Blue
564:Rhapsody in Blue
519:Rhapsody in Blue
506:
505:
486:
343:Washington, D.C.
320:
137:Roaring Twenties
63:
53:Roaring Twenties
48:
44:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6125:Jazz portal
6117:
6110:
6091:The Jazz Singer
6058:
6037:Novelty ragtime
5968:
5848:
5832:
5811:
5791:
5745:
5712:
5603:
5548:
5503:Regional scenes
5498:
5433:
5355:
5281:Groove Merchant
5271:Flying Dutchman
5219:
5181:
5125:
5047:
4979:Orchestral jazz
4959:Mainstream jazz
4947:Afro-Cuban jazz
4829:
4738:Outline of jazz
4726:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4667:
4640:
4631:Frances Willard
4621:Andrew Volstead
4586:The Purple Gang
4551:J. Howard Moore
4491:J. Edgar Hoover
4429:
4410:WebbâKenyon Act
4206:
4153:
4148:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4043:
4037:
4016:
3988:
3966:Lynd, Robert S.
3964:
3950:
3926:
3912:
3902:Greenwood Press
3890:Kyvig, David E.
3888:
3877:
3849:
3843:
3819:
3813:
3794:
3751:
3731:
3711:
3707:
3705:Further reading
3702:
3693:
3691:
3684:
3656:
3654:
3584:
3537:
3509:
3507:
3422:Theatre Journal
3409:
3382:
3357:
3316:10.2307/3031415
3286:
3284:
3276:Chicago Tribune
3262:
3235:
3202:Wiley-Blackwell
3183:
3150:
3119:
3117:
3095:
3093:
3033:
2986:
2984:
2958:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2894:
2872:
2836:
2767:
2742:
2712:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2653:
2628:
2595:Wiley-Blackwell
2560:10.2307/2714928
2533:
2495:10.2307/3042311
2449:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:, p. 299;
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2229:. pp. T5.
2223:"Jazz Latitude"
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1549:Fitzgerald 2004
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1164:
1153:
1149:, pp. 2â3.
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1070:, p. 217;
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1017:Herbert Howells
1013:George Gershwin
1008:
1006:Classical music
980:
890:
881:
827:
821:
801:
796:
772:Roosevelt Hotel
740:
714:, vibraphonist
652:
644:Main articles:
642:
609:Louis Armstrong
597:Roosevelt Hotel
547:Red Hot Peppers
536:
535:
527:
525:
524:
523:
522:
515:George Gershwin
507:
500:
497:
490:
484:
465:George W. Meyer
461:Coleman Hawkins
452:Louis Armstrong
450:The same year,
437:Bix Beiderbecke
413:
383:
347:
346:
345:
328:
323:
322:
321:
310:
302:Main articles:
300:
292:Progressive Era
268:
262:
234:Louis Armstrong
185:
179:
157:
141:Prohibition Era
130:popular culture
70:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6130:
6129:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6101:
6098:Round Midnight
6094:
6087:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5828:Latin American
5825:
5819:
5817:
5816:South American
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5757:Baltimore jazz
5753:
5751:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5734:Latin American
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5717:North American
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:Percussionists
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5009:Spiritual jazz
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4731:General topics
4728:
4727:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:Eliza Thompson
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:William Harvey
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:American Mafia
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4104:
4103:External links
4101:
4099:
4098:
4086:
4061:
4045:Sullivan, Mark
4041:
4035:
4014:
3986:
3962:
3948:
3924:
3910:
3886:
3875:
3867:New Directions
3855:Wilson, Edmund
3847:
3841:
3817:
3811:
3792:
3749:
3745:Harper and Row
3729:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3682:
3663:
3631:
3588:
3582:
3554:
3541:
3535:
3529:. p. 18.
3516:
3491:
3463:
3413:
3407:
3386:
3380:
3361:
3355:
3336:
3293:
3266:
3260:
3239:
3233:
3214:
3187:
3181:
3162:
3148:
3130:Okrent, Daniel
3126:
3102:
3076:"jazz age, n."
3072:
3037:
3031:
3010:
2993:
2962:
2956:
2932:
2914:
2876:
2870:
2848:
2834:
2814:Fass, Paula S.
2810:
2771:
2765:
2746:
2740:
2726:Jazz Anecdotes
2716:
2710:
2689:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2607:
2580:
2537:
2531:
2511:Berg, A. Scott
2507:
2472:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2404:, p. 201.
2390:
2378:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2295:
2275:
2254:German History
2244:
2213:
2211:, p. 325.
2201:
2189:
2177:
2175:, p. 272.
2165:
2163:, p. 251.
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2060:"Bessie Smith"
2051:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1981:
1974:
1965:The Copacabana
1954:
1936:
1921:
1910:
1884:
1877:
1857:
1845:
1843:, p. 461.
1833:
1831:, p. 327.
1821:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1781:, p. 107.
1771:
1765:, p. 50;
1755:
1753:, p. 201.
1743:
1736:
1714:
1703:
1683:
1676:
1656:
1649:
1629:
1616:
1609:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 123.
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1479:, p. 101.
1469:
1467:, p. 423.
1457:
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 201.
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1370:
1364:, p. 31;
1354:
1342:
1340:, p. 230.
1327:
1315:
1303:
1299:Orchowski 2015
1291:
1289:, p. 360.
1279:
1277:, p. 321.
1267:
1255:
1249:, p. 10;
1239:
1235:Hennessey 1973
1227:
1221:, p. 52;
1211:
1199:
1184:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 306.
1115:
1103:
1091:
1076:
1072:Henderson 2013
1060:
1044:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1007:
1004:
979:
976:
911:Lonnie Johnson
889:
886:
880:
877:
840:Billie Holiday
823:Main article:
820:
817:
800:
797:
795:
792:
757:Florence Mills
739:
736:
718:and guitarist
716:Lionel Hampton
676:Duke Ellington
641:
638:
551:Jean Goldkette
526:
508:
498:
493:
492:
491:
482:
481:
480:
412:
409:
382:
379:
335:Krazy Kat Klub
325:
324:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
299:
296:
264:Main article:
261:
258:
181:Main article:
178:
175:
156:
153:
108:
107:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
64:
56:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6182:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6054:Western swing
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:New York City
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5701:Flamenco jazz
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5527:South African
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:Discographies
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Vibraphonists
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5031:Swing revival
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4890:Flamenco jazz
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4825:Women in jazz
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Jazz trombone
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Jazz drumming
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:Improvisation
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Wayne Wheeler
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Dutch Schultz
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Carrie Nation
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:William McCoy
4544:
4542:
4541:Joseph Malins
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Lucky Luciano
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Bumpy Johnson
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:Lyman Beecher
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Sly-grog shop
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4202:United States
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4036:0-393-03394-5
4032:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4002:Prentice-Hall
3998:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3949:0-226-47368-6
3945:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3911:0-313-29555-7
3907:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3876:0-8112-0051-5
3872:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:0-8090-1566-8
3838:
3834:
3833:Hill and Wang
3829:
3828:
3822:
3821:Dumenil, Lynn
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:Wilson, Nancy
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:Savran, David
3414:
3410:
3408:0-14-100145-3
3404:
3400:
3399:Penguin Books
3395:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3261:0-252-01708-0
3257:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2957:0-9537040-5-X
2953:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2915:9781556520990
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2893:Derived from
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2741:0-19-505588-8
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2532:0-671-82719-7
2528:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2434:
2428:, p. 18.
2427:
2422:
2416:, p. 78.
2415:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2360:, p. 89.
2359:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2312:, p. 67.
2311:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2113:Borzillo 1996
2109:
2107:
2105:
2098:, p. 20.
2097:
2096:Santelli 2001
2092:
2085:
2080:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2040:
2039:www.d.umn.edu
2036:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2012:, p. 22.
2011:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1994:The Billboard
1991:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1949:The Telegraph
1946:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1805:, p. 18.
1804:
1803:De Roche 2015
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1769:, p. 40.
1768:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1587:, p. 88.
1586:
1585:Schuller 1968
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1551:, p. 93.
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1527:, p. 93.
1526:
1525:Schuller 1968
1521:
1515:, p. 91.
1514:
1513:Schuller 1968
1509:
1502:
1497:
1491:, p. 79.
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1465:Santelli 2001
1461:
1454:
1449:
1443:, p. 54.
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1301:, p. 32.
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1251:Schuller 1968
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1225:, p. 76.
1224:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1135:Germuska 1995
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1058:, p. 31.
1057:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1003:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
986:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
937:
936:The Breakdown
932:
928:
923:
922:Fred Elizalde
919:
914:
912:
908:
902:
897:
895:
885:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
852:era. She and
851:
850:classic blues
847:
843:
841:
836:
832:
829:With women's
826:
825:Women in jazz
819:Role of women
816:
812:
810:
806:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
753:
750:Musicologist
748:
746:
735:
733:
732:boogie-woogie
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Benny Goodman
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
650:1930s in jazz
647:
637:
634:
633:
627:
623:
619:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:Benny Goodman
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
565:
560:
556:
555:Paul Whiteman
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
532:
520:
516:
512:
496:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
453:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
401:Johnny Torrio
398:
394:
389:
388:William McCoy
378:
376:
375:New York City
372:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
319:
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
283:
281:
277:
272:
267:
257:
255:
254:improvisation
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
174:
172:
171:
166:
162:
152:
150:
149:youth culture
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:United States
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
41:
39:
34:
32:
27:
25:
19:
6165:Jazz culture
6116:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6085:(miniseries)
6082:
6074:
6044:Sophisti-pop
5883:
5474:
5465:Jazz royalty
5455:Jazz funeral
5251:Contemporary
5142:Chamber jazz
5096:Saxophonists
5066:Clarinetists
5038:Third stream
4875:Chamber jazz
4775:Scat singing
4679:
4591:George Remus
4571:Roy Olmstead
4536:Owney Madden
4516:Meyer Lansky
4476:Texas Guinan
4471:Waxey Gordon
4466:Mickey Duffy
4400:Volstead Act
4320:Local option
4314:
4091:, retrieved
4069:
4050:
4020:
3995:
3980:. New York:
3975:
3933:
3895:
3883:The Crack-Up
3865:. New York:
3861:The Crack-up
3860:
3831:. New York:
3826:
3797:
3759:
3753:
3743:. New York:
3738:
3718:
3694:November 22,
3692:. Retrieved
3668:
3657:November 21,
3655:. Retrieved
3642:
3598:
3592:
3567:
3550:
3545:
3521:
3510:November 21,
3508:. Retrieved
3477:. New York:
3472:
3426:
3420:
3397:. New York:
3392:
3366:
3345:. New York:
3341:
3303:
3297:
3287:December 13,
3285:. Retrieved
3274:
3245:
3219:
3197:
3191:
3167:
3138:. New York:
3134:
3120:November 21,
3118:. Retrieved
3096:November 20,
3094:. Retrieved
3079:
3047:
3041:
3023:Omnigraphics
3016:
2999:
2987:November 21,
2985:. Retrieved
2970:
2941:
2936:Godbolt, Jim
2926:November 22,
2924:. Retrieved
2900:
2889:the original
2856:
2824:. New York:
2819:
2783:
2779:
2751:
2730:. New York:
2725:
2695:
2683:November 21,
2681:. Retrieved
2657:
2639:
2612:
2590:
2584:
2547:
2541:
2521:. New York:
2516:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2458:
2440:, p. 9.
2433:
2421:
2409:
2402:Peretti 1992
2393:
2386:Jackson 2002
2381:
2374:Shearer 2018
2365:
2353:
2346:Godbolt 2005
2341:
2334:Godbolt 2005
2329:
2322:Godbolt 2005
2317:
2305:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2226:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2187:, p. 3.
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2091:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1924:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1810:
1798:
1793:, p. 3.
1786:
1774:
1763:Peretti 1992
1758:
1746:
1727:
1717:
1708:
1693:
1686:
1666:
1659:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1599:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1417:Rodgers 1997
1412:
1400:
1388:
1362:Peretti 1992
1357:
1345:
1338:Russell 2010
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1253:, p. 3.
1242:
1230:
1223:Peretti 1992
1214:
1209:, p. 3.
1202:
1197:, p. 1.
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1063:
1047:
1035:
1009:
992:
981:
972:Okeh Records
954:popularized
945:
934:
915:
904:
899:
893:
891:
882:
862:
846:Lovie Austin
844:
828:
813:
802:
778:(1959), and
768:Guy Lombardo
765:
752:Charles Hamm
749:
741:
724:Lester Young
712:Teddy Wilson
708:
700:Glenn Miller
672:Tommy Dorsey
664:Cab Calloway
653:
630:
628:
624:
620:
613:
589:Guy Lombardo
586:
572:
571:opined that
562:
537:
528:
476:scat singing
469:
449:
433:Bill Johnson
421:Bessie Smith
414:
393:Frankie Yale
384:
368:
358:
348:
284:
269:
232:
220:
208:Creole music
203:
186:
168:
160:
158:
134:
113:
111:
91:Participants
51:Part of the
38:The Jazz Age
37:
33:(Jack album)
31:The Jazz Age
30:
24:The Jazz Age
23:
18:
6027:Quiet storm
5990:Contradanza
5772:New Orleans
5767:Kansas City
5570:Jazz mugham
5565:Azerbaijani
5489:Second line
5484:Rare groove
5470:Jazz theory
5460:Jazz poetry
5445:Contrafacts
5429:Saint Lucia
5409:New Orleans
5341:Strata-East
5316:MPS Records
5246:Cobblestone
5167:Smooth jazz
5157:Jazz fusion
5101:Trombonists
5014:Sacred jazz
4999:Smooth jazz
4932:Jazz fusion
4815:Jazz violin
4795:Jazz guitar
4770:Jam session
4743:Jazz (word)
4680:Prohibition
4511:Norman Kerr
4481:Frank Hamer
4380:Teetotalism
4350:Rum-running
4268:Bathtub gin
4070:Jazz Places
4027:W.W. Norton
3766:: 303â313.
3437:: 459â476.
3310:: 305â316.
3054:: 149â170.
2790:: 122â139.
2554:: 461â494.
2489:: 325â328.
2447:Works cited
2438:Biocca 1990
2209:Barlow 1995
2197:Berger 1947
2185:McCann 2008
2022:Berger 1947
1903:October 28,
1853:Barlow 1995
1841:Savran 2006
1829:Barlow 1995
1791:Biocca 1990
1751:Chevan 2002
1561:Dunkel 2015
1501:Wilson 2007
1429:Okrent 2010
1381:Okrent 2010
1350:Okrent 2010
1311:Okrent 2010
1287:Okrent 2010
1275:Okrent 2010
1195:Biocca 1990
1172:www.nps.gov
927:moral panic
920:. In 1926,
790:nightclub.
780:Shep Fields
692:Harry James
660:Count Basie
646:Swing music
616:Pops Foster
578:Cotton Club
454:joined the
429:King Oliver
415:From 1919,
341:located in
337:in 1921, a
298:Speakeasies
280:speakeasies
260:Prohibition
250:polyrhythms
227:traditional
122:New Orleans
78:1920sâ1930s
6139:Categories
6012:Brass band
6000:Jump blues
5844:Ethno jazz
5807:Australian
5787:West Coast
5544:Zimbabwean
5384:Copenhagen
5306:Mainstream
5116:Violinists
5106:Trumpeters
5076:Guitarists
4984:Organ trio
4969:Modal jazz
4942:Latin jazz
4922:Gypsy jazz
4820:Vocal jazz
4805:Jazz piano
4566:Eliot Ness
4556:Bugs Moran
4355:Rum Patrol
4293:Dry county
4273:Blaine Act
4167:Bangladesh
4159:By country
3920:2001023857
3562:Burns, Ken
3158:2009051127
2946:. London:
2720:Crow, Bill
2700:. London:
2426:Suhor 2001
2370:McKay 2005
2358:Blake 1999
2137:Cooke 1998
2125:Cooke 1998
1767:Cooke 1998
1623:Obituary:
1573:Cooke 1998
1537:Cooke 1998
1489:Cooke 1998
1453:Cooke 1998
1441:Cooke 1998
1219:Cooke 1998
1207:Sales 1984
1087:Cooke 1998
1023:References
968:Joe Venuti
964:Eddie Lang
956:gypsy jazz
907:Mike Danzi
873:Chick Webb
858:jazz blues
809:Charleston
788:Copacabana
728:jump blues
704:Artie Shaw
688:Earl Hines
582:Earl Hines
531:media help
405:racketeers
363:Earl Hines
242:blue notes
177:Jazz music
155:Background
5980:Acid jazz
5837:Worldwide
5823:Brazilian
5620:Bulgarian
5582:Indo jazz
5532:Cape jazz
5419:North Sea
5374:Cape Town
5361:Festivals
5336:Riverside
5311:Milestone
5236:Blue Note
5231:Bethlehem
5215:post-1950
5187:Standards
5172:Soul jazz
5121:Vocalists
5081:Organists
5053:Musicians
5043:Trad jazz
5004:Soul jazz
4927:Jazz-funk
4915:Punk jazz
4905:Free funk
4900:Free jazz
4895:Folk jazz
4885:Dixieland
4880:Cool jazz
4870:Cape jazz
4785:Jazz bass
4748:Jazz band
4531:Sam Maceo
4461:Al Capone
4370:Speakeasy
4335:Moonshine
4298:Dry state
4093:April 25,
3788:145194943
3627:201766523
3459:192117168
3324:0003-0678
3068:161520728
2938:(2005) .
2881:"The Map"
2806:191480580
2641:Billboard
2576:149563657
2310:Wynn 2007
2161:Crow 1990
2084:Ward 2004
2035:"jazzlib"
2010:Fass 1977
1405:Hill 2004
1393:Hill 2004
1263:Roth 1952
1166:Orleans.
1123:Roth 1952
1099:Roth 1952
1068:Berg 1978
1028:Citations
896:in 1922:
869:Hot Seven
629:In 1925,
427:", where
355:Al Capone
339:speakeasy
304:Speakeasy
276:Al Capone
223:dixieland
159:The term
5985:Afrobeat
5899:Pre-1920
5884:Jazz Age
5800:Oceanian
5750:American
5724:Canadian
5608:European
5599:Japanese
5560:Armenian
5522:Malawian
5517:Ethiopia
5404:Montreux
5399:Montreal
5394:Monterey
5331:Prestige
5301:Landmark
5286:Impulse!
5266:ESP-Disk
5195:Pre-1920
5152:Hard bop
5091:Pianists
5071:Drummers
5061:Bassists
4994:Ska jazz
4937:Jazz rap
4863:Post-bop
4853:Hard bop
4753:Big band
4315:Jazz Age
4211:By topic
4047:(1936).
4010:63-19425
3992:(1963).
3972:(1929).
3930:(1958).
3892:(2002).
3823:(1995).
3780:30041974
3735:(1939).
3715:(1931).
3688:Archived
3651:Archived
3564:(2001).
3504:Archived
3487:68-17610
3469:(1968).
3451:25069871
3281:Archived
3140:Scribner
3114:Archived
3112:. 2015.
3090:Archived
2981:Archived
2920:Archived
2898:(1992).
2854:(2004).
2844:76-42644
2816:(1977).
2757:ABC-Clio
2722:(1990).
2674:Archived
2597:: 1â15.
2513:(1978).
2237:June 27,
2231:Archived
865:Hot Five
831:suffrage
593:big band
559:Gershwin
472:Hot Five
425:Hot Jazz
395:and the
161:jazz age
114:Jazz Age
83:Location
46:Jazz Age
6032:Ragtime
6017:Exotica
5973:Related
5879:Ragtime
5857:History
5762:Chicago
5729:Haitian
5708:Swedish
5696:Spanish
5679:Italian
5632:British
5627:Belgian
5594:Iranian
5510:African
5438:Culture
5414:Newport
5389:Jakarta
5379:Chicago
5276:Freedom
4974:Nu jazz
4858:Neo-bop
4672:Related
4360:Rum row
4182:Iceland
4177:Finland
3958:58-5680
3857:(ed.).
3619:4487383
3574:Pimlico
3332:3031415
2568:2714928
2503:3042311
2069:June 5,
2044:June 5,
1177:June 5,
1000:Siberia
960:musette
805:flapper
431:joined
417:Kid Ory
411:History
371:Chicago
331:flapper
212:ragtime
200:ragtime
99:Outcome
69:in 1921
67:Houston
5684:Polish
5674:German
5669:French
5654:Danish
5615:Balkan
5577:Indian
5537:Marabi
5494:Venues
5021:Stride
4964:Marabi
4954:M-Base
4835:Genres
4434:People
4172:Canada
4084:
4033:
4008:
3956:
3946:
3918:
3908:
3873:
3839:
3809:
3786:
3778:
3680:
3625:
3617:
3580:
3533:
3485:
3457:
3449:
3405:
3378:
3353:
3330:
3322:
3258:
3231:
3179:
3156:
3146:
3066:
3029:
2954:
2912:
2868:
2842:
2832:
2804:
2763:
2738:
2708:
2624:
2574:
2566:
2529:
2501:
2293:
1972:
1875:
1734:
1710:style.
1701:
1674:
1647:
1607:
745:remote
214:, and
145:radios
40:(film)
6063:Media
6022:Plugg
5995:Blues
5949:2010s
5944:2000s
5939:1990s
5934:1980s
5929:1970s
5924:1960s
5919:1950s
5914:1940s
5909:1930s
5904:1920s
5869:Blues
5739:Cuban
5659:Dutch
5587:Sitar
5553:Asian
5346:Verve
5210:1940s
5205:1930s
5200:1920s
5177:Swing
5137:Bebop
5026:Swing
4848:Bebop
4659:(USA)
4310:Islam
4187:India
3784:S2CID
3776:JSTOR
3623:S2CID
3615:JSTOR
3594:Notes
3455:S2CID
3447:JSTOR
3429:(3).
3328:JSTOR
3064:S2CID
2802:S2CID
2677:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2572:S2CID
2564:JSTOR
2499:JSTOR
799:Youth
738:Radio
668:Jimmy
656:swing
238:swing
216:blues
196:blues
6083:Jazz
6076:Bird
5964:2022
5959:2021
5954:2020
5689:Yass
5424:Pori
5326:Muse
5162:Scat
4763:Jazz
4724:Jazz
4192:Iran
4095:2024
4082:ISBN
4031:ISBN
4006:LCCN
3954:LCCN
3944:ISBN
3916:LCCN
3906:ISBN
3881:See
3871:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3696:2021
3678:ISBN
3659:2021
3578:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3512:2021
3483:LCCN
3403:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3320:ISSN
3289:2019
3256:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3154:LCCN
3144:ISBN
3122:2021
3098:2021
3027:ISBN
2989:2021
2952:ISBN
2928:2021
2910:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2840:LCCN
2830:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2696:Jazz
2685:2021
2622:ISBN
2527:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2239:2022
2071:2024
2046:2024
1970:ISBN
1905:2020
1873:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1179:2024
1015:and
966:and
941:jazz
909:and
702:and
670:and
648:and
517:'s "
509:The
373:and
306:and
252:and
240:and
198:and
188:Jazz
183:Jazz
118:jazz
112:The
104:jazz
75:Date
5321:MPS
5296:JMT
5261:ECM
5256:CTI
5241:BYG
4074:doi
3768:doi
3607:doi
3439:doi
3312:doi
3206:doi
3056:doi
2792:doi
2666:doi
2599:doi
2556:doi
2491:doi
2262:doi
561:'s
6141::
4080:,
4068:,
4029:.
4004:.
3968:;
3952:.
3942:.
3914:.
3904:.
3835:.
3805:.
3782:.
3774:.
3760:55
3758:.
3686:.
3676:.
3649:.
3641:.
3621:.
3613:.
3605:.
3599:61
3597:.
3576:.
3560:;
3502:.
3481:.
3453:.
3445:.
3433::
3427:58
3425:.
3401:.
3374:.
3349:.
3326:.
3318:.
3302:.
3273:.
3254:.
3227:.
3204:.
3198:41
3196:.
3175:.
3152:.
3142:.
3078:.
3062:.
3048:25
3046:.
3025:.
2979:.
2969:.
2950:.
2918:.
2908:.
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