Prohibition in the United States

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drunkenness arrests concluded that prohibition had an immediate effect, but no long-term effect. And, yet another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, at first, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level; but, over the next several years, increased to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating beverages, however, it did not outlaw the possession or consumption of alcohol in the United States, which would allow legal loopholes for consumers possessing alcohol.

1001: 1205:, they made major gains. The wets argued that Prohibition was not stopping crime, and was actually causing the creation of large-scale, well-funded, and well-armed criminal syndicates. As Prohibition became increasingly unpopular, especially in urban areas, its repeal was eagerly anticipated. Wets had the organization and the initiative. They pushed the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. President Herbert Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars and satisfied neither side. Franklin Roosevelt's Democratic platform promised repeal of the 18th Amendment. 1356: 1368:

of conservatives who pushed for prohibition in the beginning decreased. Many farmers who fought for prohibition now fought for repeal because of the negative effects it had on the agriculture business. Prior to the 1920 implementation of the Volstead Act, approximately 14% of federal, state, and local tax revenues were derived from alcohol commerce. When the Great Depression hit and tax revenues plunged, the governments needed this revenue stream. Millions could be made by taxing beer. There was controversy on whether the repeal should be a state or nationwide decision. On March 22, 1933, President

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unprecedented height" was a legacy of prohibition. But prohibition can hardly be held responsible for inventing crime, and while supplying illegal liquor proved to be lucrative, it was only an additional source of income to the more traditional criminal activities of gambling, loan sharking, racketeering, and prostitution. The notion of the prohibition-induced crime wave, despite its popularity during the 1920s, cannot be substantiated with any accuracy, because of the inadequacy of records kept by local police departments.

617: 1218: 1980: 1832:. This new norm established women as a notable new target demographic for alcohol marketeers, who sought to expand their clientele. Women thus found their way into the bootlegging business, with some discovering that they could make a living by selling alcohol with a minimal likelihood of suspicion by law enforcement. Before prohibition, women who drank publicly in saloons or taverns, especially outside of urban centers like Chicago or New York, were seen as immoral or were likely to be prostitutes. 1966: 1243:

Naturally, bootleggers bought prescription forms from crooked doctors and mounted widespread scams. In 1931, 400 pharmacists and 1,000 doctors were caught in a scam where doctors sold signed prescription forms to bootleggers. Just 12 doctors and 13 pharmacists were indicted, and the ones charged faced a one-time $ 50 fine. Selling alcohol through drugstores became so much of a lucrative open secret that it is name-checked in works such as The Great Gatsby. Historians speculate that

1094: 1326:, one of the most important alcohol producers before prohibition started, which was ready to resume its position in the industry as soon as possible. Its major brewery had "50,000 barrels" of beer ready for distribution from March 22, 1933, and was the first alcohol producer to resupply the market; others soon followed. After repeal, stores obtained liquor licenses and restocked for business. After beer production resumed, thousands of workers found jobs in the industry again. 741: 10638: 10602: 10648: 585:(1887), Justice Harlan commented: "We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public health, the public morals, and the public safety, may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one, that the idleness, disorder, pauperism and crime existing in the country, are, in some degree...traceable to this evil." In support of prohibition, 286:, Kenneth D. Rose and Georges-Franck Pinard make the opposite claim that there was no increase in crime during the Prohibition era and that such claims are "rooted in the impressionistic rather than the factual." The highest homicide rate in the United States in the first half of the 20th century occurred during the years of prohibition, decreasing immediately after prohibition ended. By 1925, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 837:, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement, World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted. 1773:

an increase in the sales of non-alcoholic beverages to replace the money made from alcohol sales, but this did not happen. Furthermore, "Prohibition caused the shutdown of over 200 distilleries, a thousand breweries, and over 170,000 liquor stores". Finally, it is worth noting that "the amount of money used to enforce prohibition started at $ 6.3 million in 1921 and rose to $ 13.4 million in 1930, almost double the original amount".

1271: 227: 455: 411:, one of the foremost physicians of the late 18th century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, "The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1784), Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health, labeling drunkenness as a disease. Apparently influenced by Rush's widely discussed belief, about 200 farmers in a 1072:, meaning they must include additives to make them unpalatable or poisonous. In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully removed the additives from the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons, including the particularly deadly combination referred to (incorrectly) as "methyl alcohol": 4 parts 1954:

which could be more easily transported. Much of the institutional knowledge was also lost as winemakers either emigrated to other wine-producing countries or left the business altogether. Distilled spirits became more popular during Prohibition. Because their alcohol content was higher than that of fermented wine and beer, spirits were often diluted with non-alcoholic drinks.

1376:, allowing the manufacture and sale of 3.2% beer (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines. The Volstead Act previously defined an intoxicating beverage as one with greater than 0.5% alcohol. Upon signing the Cullen–Harrison Act, Roosevelt remarked: "I think this would be a good time for a beer." According to a 2017 study in the journal 527:, the second president of the WCTU, held that the aims of the organization were to create a "union of women from all denominations, for the purpose of educating the young, forming a better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, and removing the 1090:

alcohol ... et it continues its poisoning processes, heedless of the fact that people determined to drink are daily absorbing that poison. Knowing this to be true, the United States government must be charged with the moral responsibility for the deaths that poisoned liquor causes, although it cannot be held legally responsible."

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hatred of alcohol. He later realized to further the movement he would need more public approval, and fast. This was the start of his policy called ‘Wheelerism' where he used the media to make it seem like the general public was "in on" on a specific issue. Wheeler became known as the "dry boss" because of his influence and power.

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lucrative consumer base in their business chain. Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery, where the saloonkeeper's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer's product to the exclusion of competing brands. A saloon's business model often included the offer of a

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assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 45%, and police department costs rose by 11.4%. This was largely the result of "black-market violence" and the diversion of law enforcement resources elsewhere. Despite the Prohibition movement's hope that outlawing alcohol would reduce crime, the reality was that the

1491:, a national opinion survey found that "About one-third of the people of the United States favor national prohibition." Upon repeal of national prohibition, 18 states continued prohibition at the state level. The last state, Mississippi, finally ended it in 1966. Almost two-thirds of all states adopted some form of 1096: 72: 1950:, four rabbinical groups were approved, which led to some competition for membership, since the supervision of sacramental licenses could be used to secure donations to support a religious institution. There were known abuses in this system, with impostors or unauthorized agents using loopholes to purchase wine. 707:. These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin. Other active organizations included the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperance Crusade, and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction. They were opposed by the wets, primarily liturgical 432:

ideology of "true motherhood" refrained from the consumption of alcohol. Middle-class women, who were considered the moral authorities of their households, consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol, which they believed to be a threat to the home. In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of

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Sources describe negative fiscal effects, with loss of tax revenue and increased enforcement costs, as well as economic impact on regulated and adjacent industries. Prohibition caused the loss of at least $ 226 million per annum in tax revenues on liquors alone; supporters of the prohibition expected

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was a prominent figure in the anti-prohibition fight, founding the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment in 1918. The AAPA was the largest of the nearly forty organizations that fought to end Prohibition. Economic urgency played a large part in accelerating the advocacy for repeal. The number

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writes: "A rich family could have a cellar-full of liquor and get by, it seemed, but if a poor family had one bottle of home-brew, there would be trouble." Working-class people were inflamed by the fact that their employers could dip into a private cache while they, the employees, could not. Within a

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After the 36th state adopted the amendment on January 16, 1919, the U.S. Secretary of State had to issue a formal proclamation declaring its ratification. Implementing and enforcement bills had to be presented to Congress and state legislatures, to be enacted before the amendment's effective date one

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labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers, especially African Americans. Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition, believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products. A particularly effective operator on the political front

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In general, informal social controls in the home and community helped maintain the expectation that the abuse of alcohol was unacceptable: "Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame

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claims that contrary to popular opinion, "violent crime did not increase dramatically during Prohibition" and that organized crime "existed before and after" Prohibition. The historian Kenneth D. Rose corroborates historian John Burnham's assertion that during the 1920s "there is no firm evidence of

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Research indicates that rates of cirrhosis of the liver declined significantly during Prohibition and increased after Prohibition's repeal. According to the historian Jack S. Blocker Jr., "death rates from cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcoholic psychosis hospital admissions, and drunkenness arrests all

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Prohibition became highly controversial among medical professionals because alcohol was widely prescribed by the era's physicians for therapeutic purposes. Congress held hearings on the medicinal value of beer in 1921. Subsequently, physicians across the country lobbied for the repeal of Prohibition

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The proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized, urban workforce. Workingmen's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life. The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a

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had a net social benefit of "$ 432 million per annum in 1934–1937, about 0.33% of gross domestic product. Total benefits of $ 3.25 billion consist primarily of increased consumer and producer surplus, tax revenues, and reduced criminal violence costs." When 3.2 percent alcohol beer was legalized in

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studies show clear epidemiological evidence that "overall cirrhosis mortality rates declined precipitously with the introduction of Prohibition," despite widespread flouting of the law. A 2024 study, which used variations in state legality of alcohol, found that individuals born in the 1930s in wet

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According to a 2010 review of the academic research on Prohibition, "On balance, Prohibition probably reduced per capita alcohol use and alcohol-related harm, but these benefits eroded over time as an organized black market developed and public support for declined." One study reviewing city-level

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Some states like Maryland and New York refused Prohibition. Enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority. Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition. Furthermore, American geography contributed to

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good beer. Since selling privately distilled alcohol was illegal and bypassed government taxation, law enforcement officers relentlessly pursued manufacturers. In response, bootleggers modified their cars and trucks by enhancing the engines and suspensions to make faster vehicles that would improve

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Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, cirrhosis death rates, admissions to state mental hospitals for alcoholic psychosis, arrests for public drunkenness, and rates of absenteeism. While many state that Prohibition stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground,

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Prohibition had a notable effect on the alcohol brewing industry in the United States. Wine historians note that Prohibition destroyed what was a fledgling wine industry in the United States. Productive, wine-quality grapevines were replaced by lower-quality vines that grew thicker-skinned grapes,

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grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a "warning": "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it

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In 1930 the Prohibition Commissioner estimated that in 1919, the year before the Volstead Act became law, the average drinking American spent $ 17 per year on alcoholic beverages. By 1930, because enforcement diminished the supply, spending had increased to $ 35 per year (there was no inflation in

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According to Harvard University historian Lisa McGirr, Prohibition led to an expansion in the powers of the federal state, as well as helped shape the penal state. According to academic Colin Agur, Prohibition specifically increased the usage of telephone wiretapping by federal agents for evidence

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A 2016 NBER paper showed that South Carolina counties that enacted and enforced prohibition had homicide rates increase by about 30 to 60 percent relative to counties that did not enforce prohibition. A 2009 study found an increase in homicides in Chicago during Prohibition. However, some scholars

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for alcohol flourished. Prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish. In one study of more than 30 major U.S. cities during the Prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicides by 13%,

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When Prohibition was introduced, I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Instead, drinking has generally increased;

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Making alcohol at home was common among some families with wet sympathies during Prohibition. Stores sold grape concentrate with warning labels that listed the steps that should be avoided to prevent the juice from fermenting into wine. Some drugstores sold "medical wine" with around a 22% alcohol

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became widespread. In the first six months of 1920, the federal government opened 7,291 cases for Volstead Act violations. In the first complete fiscal year of 1921, the number of cases violating the Volstead Act jumped to 29,114 violations and would rise dramatically over the next thirteen years.

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Before the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect in January 1920, many of the upper classes stockpiled alcohol for legal home consumption after Prohibition began. They bought the inventories of liquor retailers and wholesalers, emptying out their warehouses, saloons, and club storerooms. President

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and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected. Coming from Ohio, his deep resentment for alcohol started at a young age. He was injured on a farm by a worker who had been drunk. This event transformed Wheeler. Starting low in the ranks, he quickly moved up due to his deep-rooted

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groups had formed in eight states, some of them being statewide organizations. The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women. While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health, women who began to embrace the

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On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 1.28%. This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort,

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Criminal gangs controlled the large working-class enclave of Cicero just west of Chicago proper as well; it was soon dubbed "Caponetown." Surrounded by factories, the enclave served as the base for the gangster's operation. Capone operated uninhibited by police, his illegal empire smoothed by his

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These results suggest that Prohibition had a substantial short-term effect but roughly a zero long-term effect on drunkenness arrests. Perhaps most strikingly, the implied behavior of alcohol consumption is similar to that implied by cirrhosis. Dills and Miron (2004) find that Prohibition reduced

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and to New York. This led to the development of different styles in different cities. Due to its popularity in speakeasies and the emergence of advanced recording technology, jazz's popularity skyrocketed. It was also at the forefront of the minimal integration efforts going on at the time, as it

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in the mid-to-late 19th century set the stage for the bond between Pietistic Protestantism and prohibition in the United States: "The greater prevalence of revival religion within a population, the greater support for the Prohibition parties within that population." Historian Nancy Koester argued

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The Twenty-first Amendment does not prevent states from restricting or banning alcohol; instead, it prohibits the "transportation or importation" of alcohol "into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States" "in violation of the laws thereof", thus allowing state and local control of

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The overall effects of Prohibition on society are disputed and hard to pin down. Some research indicates that alcohol consumption declined substantially due to Prohibition, while other research indicates that Prohibition did not reduce alcohol consumption in the long term. Americans who wanted to

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Heavy drinkers and alcoholics were among the most affected groups during Prohibition. Those who were determined to find liquor could still do so, but those who saw their drinking habits as destructive typically had difficulty in finding the help they sought. Self-help societies had withered away

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made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources. Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic, and in many cases, the legislature did not match the general public opinion.

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believed the government took responsibility for murder when they knew the poison was not deterring consumption and they continued to poison industrial alcohol (which would be used in drinking alcohol) anyway. Norris remarked: "The government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in

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Prohibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the United States. Given the mass influx of migrants to the urban centers of the United States, many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the crime and morally corrupt behavior of American cities with

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declined during Prohibition. Because of the lack of uniform national statistics gathered about crime prior to 1930, it is difficult to draw conclusions about Prohibition's impact on crime at the national level. Prohibition had a negative effect on the economy by eliminating jobs dedicated to the

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Physicians wrote an estimated 11 million prescriptions a year throughout the 1920s, and Prohibition Commissioner John F. Kramer even cited one doctor who wrote 475 prescriptions for whiskey in one day. It wasn't tough for people to write—and fill—counterfeit subscriptions at pharmacies, either.

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attempted to enforce the state's ban on alcohol consumption. She walked into saloons, scolding customers, and used her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor. Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group, which she also led. While Nation's vigilante techniques were rare, other

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within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers were shut down, for the most part, and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass-producing and retailing alcoholic

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their large, immigrant populations. Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities were often frequented by politicians who wanted to obtain the immigrants' votes in exchange for favors such as job offers, legal assistance, and food baskets. Thus, saloons were seen as a breeding ground for

523:(WCTU), founded in 1874. The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing, through education, abuse from alcoholic husbands. WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message, it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. 6261:

Proponents of legalization often draw on anecdotal evidence from the prohibition era to argue that the increase in crime during prohibition occurred directly because of the criminalization of alcohol. Owens (2011), however, offers evidence to the contrary—exploiting state-level variation in

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Opponents of prohibition were fond of claiming that the Great Experiment had created a gangster element that had unleashed a "crime wave" on a hapless America. The WONPR's Mrs. Coffin Van Rensselaer, for instance, insisted in 1932 that "the alarming crime wave, which had been piling up to

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talked a great deal about denouncing bootleggers and threatened private vigilante action against known offenders. Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s, it was poorly organized and seldom had an effect. Indeed, the KKK after 1925 helped disparage any enforcement of Prohibition.

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and imposed "rural" Protestant religious values on "urban" America. The Twenty-first Amendment ended Prohibition, though it continued in some states. To date, this is the only time in American history in which a constitutional amendment was passed for the purpose of repealing another.

1112:, a denatured form of ethyl alcohol adulterated with methanol and a jelling agent, commonly known as "canned heat". Forcing the substance through a makeshift filter, such as a handkerchief, created a rough liquor substitute; however, the result was poisonous, though not often lethal. 1100: 1099: 1208:

When Prohibition was repealed in 1933, many bootleggers and suppliers with wet sympathies simply moved into the legitimate liquor business. Some crime syndicates moved their efforts into expanding their protection rackets to cover legal liquor sales and other business areas.

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Grape juice was not restricted by Prohibition, even though if it was allowed to sit for sixty days it would ferment and turn to wine with a twelve percent alcohol content. Many people took advantage of this as grape juice output quadrupled during the Prohibition era.

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from our streets by law". While still denied universal voting privileges, women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard's "Do Everything" doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and

788:, resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day. But new research has discredited Fisher's research, which was based on uncontrolled experiments; regardless, his $ 6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited. 1596:

said that "The slums will soon be only a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs." Since alcohol was to be banned and since it was seen as the cause of most, if not all, crimes, some communities sold their

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Some historians claim that alcohol consumption in the United States did not exceed pre-Prohibition levels until the 1960s; others claim that alcohol consumption reached the pre-Prohibition levels several years after its enactment, and has continued to rise.

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per 100 parts ethyl alcohol. New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before Prohibition ended. New York City medical examiner

829:, ignored the prohibition issue, as did both parties' political platforms. Democrats and Republicans had strong wet and dry factions, and the election was expected to be close, with neither candidate wanting to alienate any part of his political base. 662:

Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s. Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious. Prohibition was supported by the dries, primarily

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declined steeply during the latter years of the 1910s, when both the cultural and the legal climate were increasingly inhospitable to drink, and in the early years after National Prohibition went into effect." Studies examining the rates of

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which enabled residents in political subdivisions to vote for or against local prohibition. Therefore, despite the repeal of prohibition at the national level, 38% of the nation's population lived in areas with state or local prohibition.

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the speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly lessened, and crime has increased to a level never seen before.

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grew grapes for home use. The Act did not prohibit the consumption of alcohol. Many people stockpiled wines and liquors for their personal use in the latter part of 1919 before sales of alcoholic beverages became illegal in January 1920.

71: 3125:"Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957. Prepared by the Bureau of the Census with the Cooperation of the Social Science Research Council. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960. Pp. xi, 789. $ 6.00.)" 952:

Since alcohol was legal in neighboring countries, distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean flourished as their products were either consumed by visiting Americans or smuggled into the United States illegally. The

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According to Harvard University historian Lisa McGirr, Prohibition had a disproportionately adverse effect on African-Americans, immigrants, and poor whites, as law enforcement used alcohol prohibition against these communities.

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members of the constitutional convention voted unanimously on that day to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment, making Utah the 36th state to do so, and putting the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment over the top in needed voting.

1710:, crime rates decreased during the Prohibition era. Crime rates overall declined from the period of 1849 to 1951, making crime during the Prohibition period less likely to be attributed to the criminalization of alcohol alone. 205:

continue drinking alcohol found loopholes in Prohibition laws or used illegal methods to obtain alcohol, resulting in the emergence of black markets and crime syndicates dedicated to distributing alcohol. By contrast, rates of

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and others in the mainline tradition) opposed prohibition laws because they did not want the government to reduce the definition of morality to a narrow standard or to criminalize the common liturgical practice of using wine.

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superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition, after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as

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on December 18, 1917. Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920.

134:. Many communities introduced alcohol bans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and enforcement of these new prohibition laws became a topic of debate. Prohibition supporters, called "drys", presented it as a battle for 73: 3110:

These declines in criminality extended from 1849 to 1951, however, so that it is doubtful that they should be attributed to Prohibition. Crime rates in New York City, too, decreased during the Prohibition period (Willback,

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that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption", and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks". This demand led

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Doctors were able to prescribe medicinal alcohol for their patients. After just six months of prohibition, over 15,000 doctors and 57,000 pharmacists received licenses to prescribe or sell medicinal alcohol. According to

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to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917. By January 16, 1919, the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states, making it law. Eventually, only two

278:. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it. 635: 1382:, representatives from traditional beer-producing states, as well as Democratic politicians, were most in favor of the bill, but politicians from many Southern states were most strongly opposed to the legislation. 772:, who was a dry, wrote extensively about prohibition, including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition. Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions, such as against 1095: 5648: 935:

While the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol was illegal in the United States, Section 29 of the Volstead Act allowed wine and cider to be made from fruit at home, but not beer. Up to 200

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of the liver, a symptom of alcoholism, declined nearly two-thirds during Prohibition. In the decades after Prohibition, any stigma that had been associated with alcohol consumption was erased; according to a

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When the 65th Congress convened in March 1917, the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans. With America's declaration of war against Germany in April,

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churches in the United States (especially Baptist churches, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and others in the evangelical tradition) sought to end drinking and the saloon culture during the

354:, and adopted a law limiting the sale of "strong liquor or wyne", although carving out exceptions for "lodger" and allowing serving to "laborers on working days for one hower at dinner." In May 1657, the 7090:

Welskopp, Thomas. "Bottom of the barrel: The US brewing industry and saloon culture before and during National Prohibition, 1900–1933". "Behemoth: A Journal on Civilisation". Volume: 6. Issue: 1. 2013.

1195:—"the man in the green hat"—came forward and told members of Congress how he had bootlegged for ten years. One of the few bootleggers ever to tell his story, Cassiday wrote five front-page articles for 1665:

It is difficult to draw conclusions about Prohibition's effect on crime at the national level, as there were no uniform national statistics gathered about crime prior to 1930. It has been argued that

589:(1890), remarked: "The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source." 1614: 1337:

urgently needed the tax revenue alcohol sales had generated. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 based in part on his promise to end prohibition, which influenced his support for ratifying the

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became popular and various roads became known as "Thunder Road" for their use by moonshiners. A popular song was created and the legendary drivers, cars, and routes were depicted on film in

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the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition. The varied terrain of valleys, mountains, lakes and swamps, as well as the extensive seaways, ports and borders that the United States shared with

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1915 political cartoon criticizing the alliance between the prohibitionists and women's suffrage movements, showing the Genii of Intolerance, labelled "Prohibition", emerging from its bottle

719:, who denounced the idea that the government should define morality. Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement, led by Norwegian church groups and 4410: 118:, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as 6618: 7083: 193:

was permitted. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, but local laws were stricter in many areas, some states banning possession outright.

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Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition)

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By the late 1920s, a new opposition to Prohibition emerged nationwide. The opposition attacked the policy, claiming that it lowered tax revenue at a critical time before and during the

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cirrhosis by roughly 10–20%...The fact that different proxies tell the same story, however, is at least suggestive of a limited effect of national Prohibition on alcohol consumption.

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Prohibition was a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its repeal was a step toward the amelioration of one sector of the economy. An example of this is the case of

5401: 634: 4751: 7152: 810:(1913), which replaced alcohol taxes that funded the federal government with a federal income tax. The other was women's suffrage, which was granted after the passage of the 3591: 1458:. Federal law also prohibits alcohol on Indian reservations, although this law is currently only enforced when there is a concomitant violation of local tribal liquor laws. 470:(ATS), formed in 1826, helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups. By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with 6637: 5937:

Edwards, G.; Anderson, Peter; Babor, Thomas F.; Casswell, Sally; Ferrence, Roberta; Giesbrecht, Norman; Godfrey, Christine; Holder, Harold D.; Lemmens, Paul H.M.M. (1994).

1176:'shine runners". Shops with wet sympathies were also known to participate in the underground liquor market, by loading their stocks with ingredients for liquors, including 39: 6777: 4121: 11283: 218:

then-fifth largest industry in the United States. Support for Prohibition diminished steadily throughout its duration, including among former supporters of Prohibition.

6262:

prohibition policy, she finds that violent crime trends were better explained by urbanization and immigration, rather than criminalization/decriminalization of alcohol.

5652: 4091: 2499:

Dills, Angela K.; Jacobson, Mireille; Miron, Jeffrey A. (February 2005). "The effect of alcohol prohibition on alcohol consumption: evidence from drunkenness arrests".

2993: 9865: 9044: 6686: 5437: 11225: 7846: 6656: 4441: 1386: 1338: 302: 105: 3837: 885:

Prohibition began on January 17, 1920, when the Volstead Act went into effect. A total of 1,520 Federal Prohibition agents (police) were tasked with enforcement.

764:, one of the leading advocates for prohibition, predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. 7119: 4185: 2435: 1730:

Along with other economic effects, the enactment and enforcement of Prohibition caused an increase in resource costs. During the 1920s the annual budget of the

11220: 9727: 9546: 7841: 7820: 6198:

Asbridge, Mark; Weerasinghe, Swarna (2009). "Homicide in Chicago from 1890 to 1930: prohibition and its impact on alcohol- and non-alcohol-related homicides".

1903: 1828:

died out, public drinking lost much of its macho connotation, resulting in increased social acceptance of women drinking in the semi-public environment of the

1738:

spent an average of $ 13 million annually on enforcement of prohibition laws. These numbers do not take into account the costs to local and state governments.

841: 811: 445: 255: 189:, set down the rules for enforcing the federal ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. Not all alcohol was banned; for example, 101: 5607: 11298: 10168: 807: 301:, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. Subsequently, on December 5, ratification of the 7625: 7703: 2751: 2249: 290:

clubs in New York City alone. Wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime.

11336: 9891: 9881: 7901: 7038:

Sellman, James Clyde. "Social Movements and the Symbolism of Public Demonstrations: The 1874 Women's Crusade and German Resistance in Richmond, Indiana"

3234: 2284: 2162: 4894: 9687: 9534: 5977: 1653: 1578:

that Prohibition was a "victory for progressives and social gospel activists battling poverty". Prohibition also united progressives and revivalists.

10605: 6459: 5013:-------. "Roper Asks Clergy to Aid in Work of Dry Enforcement," The Evening Public Ledger (Philadelphia, PA), p. 1, Image 1, col. 1, January 17, 1920 7630: 5524: 5479: 10087: 9712: 9661: 4967: 5029: 4406: 1698:

led to higher crime rates than were experienced prior to Prohibition and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.

9722: 9540: 9435: 8973: 6615: 3288:

Paul Aaron and David Musto (1981). "Temperance and Prohibition in America: An Historical Overview". In Moore, Mark H.; Gerstein, Dean R. (eds.).

1394: 704: 471: 5773:

Aaron, Paul; Musto, David (1981). "Temperance and Prohibition in America: An Historical Overview". In Moore, Mark H.; Gerstein, Dean R. (eds.).

11372: 11293: 9857: 8436: 7864: 7854: 6865: 6644:; Jack Neely retraces the infamous bootlegger's route as it becomes an official state tourist attraction by Jack Neely MetroPulse June 30, 2010 5829: 5187: 6138:

Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. January 7, 1931

6117: 3019: 2828: 892:, joked that "there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the 11367: 9844: 7886: 6708: 6349: 5463: 6739: 5276: 4542: 247:

was signed, on November 21, 1918. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1 becoming known as the "Thirsty First".

9752: 9692: 9591: 9338: 9266: 9167: 9078: 9054: 8960: 8841: 8757: 8680: 8628: 8548: 4476: 4154: 2985: 1914:

this period). The result was an illegal alcohol beverage industry that made an average of $ 3 billion per year in illegal untaxed income.

1793:

found that counties that adopted Prohibition early subsequently had greater population growth and an increase in farm real estate values.

10523: 9871: 9633: 9448: 7859: 4581: 4045: 3390: 3097: 2867: 2801: 2178: 2007: 100:. The alcohol industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures, and Prohibition was formally introduced nationwide under the 6841: 5999: 5694: 5544: 2474: 2392: 10214: 10160: 10124: 9697: 9086: 7948: 7782: 7397: 7286: 7138:

Federalism, Preemption, and the Nationalization of American Wildlife Management The Dynamic Balance Between State and Federal Authority

6482: 5313: 2072: 1350: 700: 579:

Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition. While some cases ruled in opposition, the general tendency was toward support. In

7647: 1910:'s definition of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers, who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength. 11362: 9770: 9707: 9702: 9655: 9064: 8616: 8576: 5405: 3166: 4743: 4384: 1902:

beverages. Closing the country's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the

10129: 10041: 10027: 9886: 9837: 9790: 9785: 9732: 9682: 9627: 9130: 8995: 8807: 2183: 2022: 1820:, September 1938. Pre-Prohibition saloons were mostly male establishments; post-Prohibition bars catered to both males and females. 1202: 818: 318: 6663:; Man known for whiskey cars, moonshine and rare auto parts is selling out by Fred Brown Knoxville News Sentinel February 13, 2007 4744:"The Chemist's War: The Little-told Story of how the U.S. Government Poisoned Alcohol During Prohibition with Deadly Consequences" 3583: 1669:

received a major boost from Prohibition. For example, one study found that organized crime in Chicago tripled during Prohibition.

10684: 10513: 10173: 10119: 9717: 9676: 9647: 9219: 6634: 1115: 4113: 3124: 597:, where the bill of fare commonly consisted of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink. During the 568:

activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Other

9780: 9619: 9604: 9529: 9512: 7635: 7243:

Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, Tipplers, and Traitors: Ethnicity and Democratic Reform in Nebraska During the Progressive Era."

6599: 3560: 1657:

states had higher later-life mortality than those in dry states, suggesting adverse effects from in utero exposure to alcohol.

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made the sale of strong liquor "whether known by the name of rum, whisky, wine, brandy, etc." to the Native Americans illegal.

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In a backlash to the emerging reality of a changing American demographic, many prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of

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broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption. Preachers such as

343: 155: 9551: 7375: 5501: 4282:

Jacob M. Appel (Summer 2008). "Physicians Are Not Bootleggers: The Short, Peculiar Life of the Medicinal Alcohol Movement".

1307:, Illinois, (a suburb of Chicago) the prevalence of ethnic communities who had wet sympathies allowed prominent gang leader 1201:, in which he estimated that 80% of congressmen and senators drank. The Democrats in the North were mostly wets, and in the 9425: 8338: 7998: 1589:

was seen as the solution to the nation's poverty, crime, violence, and other ills. Upon ratification of the amendment, the

7714: 4442:"United States Department of the Treasury – Internal Revenue Service – Prohibition Unit, U.S. Government, Fallen Officers" 1717:

this supposed upsurge in lawlessness" as "no statistics from this period dealing with crime are of any value whatsoever".

11382: 11324: 10631: 10048: 9798: 9351: 9291: 8881: 8395: 6674: 6327: 5441: 2102: 6653: 5123:

Dwight B Heath, "Prohibition, Repeal, and Historical Cycles," Brown University Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies

760:

Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor of the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition).

11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 10626: 10113: 9876: 9737: 9669: 9609: 9403: 8906: 8896: 8812: 7050: 3829: 3617: 1718: 1534: 1037:

moved his own supply of alcoholic beverages to his Washington residence after his term of office ended. His successor,

626: 382: 309:

without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.

139: 115: 7666: 5074:

Pegram, Thomas R. (2008). "Hoodwinked: The Anti-Saloon League and the Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Prohibition Enforcement".

4328: 3211: 806:

Two other amendments to the Constitution were championed by dry crusaders to help their cause. One was granted in the

9775: 9765: 9301: 8938: 8775: 8358: 7639: 7582: 7567: 7552: 7537: 7515: 7500: 7485: 7452:"How the Klan Fueled Prohibition. The 1920s weren't just gin joints and jazz. Anti-immigrant racism was all the rage" 7443: 7428: 7331: 7316: 7269: 7230: 7215: 7200: 7185: 7103: 7075: 5718:

Revivalism and Cultural Change: Christianity, Nation Building, and the Market in the Nineteenth-Century United States

4998: 4177: 2928: 2425: 1086: 31: 7679: 2579:

Hall, Wayne (2010). "What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933?".

2338:

Hall, Wayne (2010). "What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933?".

961:, Canada. When the U.S. government complained to the British that American law was being undermined by officials in 924:

as it applied to medicinal liquors. From 1921 to 1930, doctors earned about $ 40 million for whiskey prescriptions.

10074: 9328: 9157: 8950: 8829: 8363: 8109: 5611: 4917: 4353: 1555: 1127:

content. In order to justify the sale, the wine was given a medicinal taste. Home-distilled hard liquor was called

865: 712: 151: 147: 59: 7251: 6949: 5883: 5438:"Survey of American Indian Alcohol Statutes, 1975–2006: Evolving Needs and Future Opportunities for Tribal Health" 11258: 10275: 10009: 9965: 9361: 8859: 8715: 8275: 7596: 7081:

Walsh, Victor A. "'Drowning the Shamrock': Drink, Teetotalism and the Irish Catholics of Gilded-Age Pittsburgh,"

7029: 2204: 814:

in 1920; since women tended to support prohibition, temperance organizations tended to support women's suffrage.

754: 275: 17: 11288: 9745: 9614: 9381: 8028: 8013: 7311:

Kavieff, Paul B. (2001). "The Violent Years: Prohibition and the Detroit Mobs". Fort Lee: Barricade Books Inc.

6151:

The Rise and Fall of Prohibition: The Human Side of What the Eighteenth Amendment Has Done to the United States

2748: 2241: 2157: 1276: 355: 4889: 2273: 1024:, wrote that "Prohibition worked best when directed at its primary target: the working-class poor." Historian 888:

Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. One of its creators, Senator

881:

ad from 1919, announcing the reformulation its flagship beer as required under the Act, ready for sale by 1920

10460: 10069: 10054: 9989: 9979: 9950: 9940: 9478: 1484:

survey conducted almost every year since 1939, two-thirds of American adults age 18 and older drink alcohol.

6171:"Blind Tigers and Red-Tape Cocktails: Liquor Control and Homicide in Late-Nineteenth-Century South Carolina" 1537:(German Confessional Lutherans), which is typically considered to be in scope of evangelical Protestantism. 11331: 11303: 11278: 11268: 10059: 10033: 10019: 9994: 9984: 9935: 9851: 9458: 8968: 8742: 8636: 8421: 8347: 7810: 2311: 1333:

that competed with the formal economy, which came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929.

524: 283: 6423: 3434: 3428: 2768: 170:

communities, but the influence of these groups receded from 1917 following the entry of the U.S. into the

11407: 10677: 10489: 10385: 9955: 9224: 8601: 8566: 8259: 7876: 7661: 7015:

Moore, L.J. "Historical interpretation of the 1920s Klan: the traditional view and the popular revision"

5522: 5483: 3716:

Ballard Campbell (1977). "Did Democracy Work? Prohibition in Late Nineteenth-century Iowa: A Test Case".

2152: 1432: 676: 672: 467: 394: 305:

repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of

4959: 903:, returned to the United Kingdom following his tour of Canada in 1919, he recounted to his father, King 389:" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol. The whiskey tax was repealed after 11319: 11273: 11210: 10079: 10064: 9929: 9443: 8785: 8561: 8531: 8496: 8286: 8169: 7933: 7738: 7391: 3083: 2774: 2002: 1844: 1512: 1405:

In the late 1930s, after its repeal, two fifths of Americans wished to reinstate national Prohibition.

1251:

fame, expanded from 20 stores to a staggering 525 during the 1920s thanks to medicinal alcohol sales."

989: 6022: 5026: 2316: 1906:

did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an "intoxicating" beverage, the

1517:

Prohibition in the early to mid-20th century was mostly fueled by the Protestant denominations in the

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had popularized the belief that alcohol was the major cause of most personal and social problems and

1522: 1172:, commonly called "revenue agents" or "revenuers". These cars became known as "moonshine runners" or 1119: 43: 7072:

Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000

6889: 6308:"Negotiated Order: The Fourth Amendment, Telephone Surveillance, and Social Interactions, 1878–1968" 5821: 5195: 2736:

Prohibition in the United States: A History of the Prohibition Party and of the Prohibition Movement

2513: 1029:

week after Prohibition went into effect, small portable stills were on sale throughout the country.

957:, which forms part of the U.S. border with Canada, was notoriously difficult to control, especially 853:—opted out of ratifying it. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, known as the 11202: 10574: 10549: 10465: 10370: 10330: 9922: 9468: 9311: 9296: 9197: 9145: 9103: 9091: 8928: 8730: 8331: 8302: 6994: 6568:

Mar Murphy, "Bootlegging Mothers and Drinking Daughters: Gender and Prohibition in Butte Montana."

6109: 6062:"Exogenous Shocks, the Criminal Elite, and Increasing Gender Inequality in Chicago Organized Crime" 3027: 2545: 1997: 1890: 1609: 1533:

denominations disapproved of its introduction. However, there were exceptions to this, such as the

1000: 680: 9005: 7728: 6716: 4530: 2824: 10564: 10559: 10539: 10430: 10420: 10415: 10395: 9945: 9473: 8790: 8735: 8536: 8239: 8199: 8043: 8018: 7911: 7698: 5062:

political connections, violence and wet sentiments of many of Chicago's ethnic political leaders.

2137: 2132: 1764:

Different metrics have led to different assessments of Prohibition's impact on the U.S. economy.

1462: 1378: 1373: 1355: 298: 8481: 3881: 2636: 601:(1890–1920), hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the 477:

The Prohibition movement, also known as the dry crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by

366:. Excess was a personal indiscretion." When informal controls failed, there were legal options. 10670: 10595: 10579: 10518: 10345: 10260: 10204: 9488: 9420: 9356: 9284: 9049: 8802: 8747: 8658: 8581: 8486: 8471: 8074: 7805: 6939:

Kingsdale, Jon M. "The 'Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon,"

4477:"United States Department of Justice – Bureau of Prohibition, U.S. Government, Fallen Officers" 4251: 4146: 3876:

America Walks into a Bar: A Spirited History of Taverns and Saloons, Speakeasies and Grog Shops

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Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America, 1800–1930

6825: 6319: 5965: 5678: 5540: 4991:"Prohibition is Here to Stay": The Reverend Edward S. Shumaker and the Dry Crusade in America 3953: 2458: 2376: 2168: 2092: 2087: 1777: 1731: 1574: 1281: 1169: 927: 688: 7734: 7277: 3457:

Boyd Vincent, "Why the Episcopal Church Does Not Identify Herself Openly With Prohibition",

3430:

Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920

10651: 10470: 10435: 10340: 10315: 10004: 9501: 9453: 9393: 9229: 9150: 9010: 8933: 8891: 8770: 8720: 8705: 8688: 8588: 8476: 8446: 7751: 7720:, November 1930, pp. 19–21, 146–147, interview with the Prohibition Commissioner 1930. 7644: 7339: 6743: 3162: 2142: 1971: 1837: 1630: 1152: 826: 548: 374: 251: 131: 7800: 3908:, edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, 3: 818–819. London: Macmillan. 874: 563:. Arrested over 30 times and fined and jailed on multiple occasions, prohibition activist 8: 11073: 10902: 10867: 10455: 10405: 10360: 10350: 10335: 10325: 10310: 10290: 10265: 10255: 10245: 9999: 9819: 9809: 9251: 9000: 8693: 8611: 8606: 8556: 8456: 8324: 8224: 8033: 8008: 5749:

Hero of the Heartland: Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society, 1862–1935

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deaths as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimated a decrease in consumption of 10–20%.

1582: 1530: 1244: 1197: 893: 792: 607: 560: 509: 486: 428: 416: 335: 210: 7723: 4147:"Nation Voted Dry, 38 States Adopt the Amendment / Prohibition Map of the United States" 1503:

nationwide poll found that 18% of Americans "believed that drinking should be illegal".

1385:

The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed on December 5, 1933, with the ratification of the

11125: 10942: 10847: 10807: 10475: 10450: 10355: 10295: 10270: 10240: 10230: 9829: 9824: 9814: 9804: 9517: 9495: 9015: 8874: 8849: 8819: 8780: 8663: 8506: 8069: 7963: 7953: 7881: 7693: 6941: 6513: 6451: 6404: 6091: 5986: 5875: 5368: 5343: 5246: 5091: 5027:"III. Bad Features of the Present Situation and Difficulties in the Way of Enforcement" 4858: 4799: 4244: 4224: 3874: 3772: 3764: 3733: 3493: 2958: 2923: 2686: 2661: 2629: 2554: 2430: 2279: 2077: 1917:

The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the

1801: 1543: 1455: 1427: 1369: 1364: 1191:

In October 1930, just two weeks before the congressional midterm elections, bootlegger

777: 729: 602: 501: 402: 306: 294: 159: 97: 6350:"The Unintended Consequences of Prohibition: Negative Economic Impacts of Prohibition" 1804:

documented "a decrease in absenteeism from 2,620 in April 1918 to 1,628 in May 1918."

1044: 11167: 11162: 11145: 11083: 11078: 11038: 11033: 10968: 10907: 10897: 10892: 10872: 10647: 10410: 10365: 10305: 10280: 10235: 10178: 9415: 9246: 9059: 8646: 8441: 8402: 8280: 8119: 8064: 7578: 7563: 7548: 7533: 7519: 7511: 7496: 7481: 7439: 7424: 7409: 7365: 7327: 7312: 7265: 7226: 7211: 7196: 7181: 7142: 7109: 6926: 6881: 6871: 6831: 6540: 6536: 6517: 6505: 6455: 6443: 6408: 6396: 6250: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6149: 6095: 6083: 6042: 5991: 5944: 5938: 5917: 5910: 5786: 5775: 5753: 5684: 5674: 5571: 5373: 5250: 5238: 5218: 5095: 5050: 4994: 4938: 4862: 4803: 4719: 4636: 4571: 4302: 4255: 4035: 4010: 4000: 3957: 3946: 3885: 3808: 3801: 3776: 3672: 3504: 3438: 3301: 3290: 3265: 3144: 3087: 3051: 2963: 2945: 2897: 2857: 2791: 2714: 2691: 2640: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2464: 2382: 2378:

The Law that Changed the Face of America: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

2357: 2353: 1923: 1898: 1864: 1566: 1547: 1069: 1038: 974: 745: 516: 370: 347: 342:

Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the

331: 231: 143: 123: 7656: 6596: 5957: 5879: 5219:"The politics of beer: analysis of the congressional votes on the beer bill of 1933" 3552: 323: 11187: 11068: 11043: 11028: 10822: 10737: 10440: 10320: 10285: 10183: 10098: 10093: 9584: 9022: 8985: 8911: 8869: 8765: 8725: 8526: 8521: 8219: 8129: 7968: 6497: 6435: 6388: 6207: 6178: 6073: 6034: 5981: 5867: 5363: 5355: 5230: 5083: 4850: 4791: 4342: 4216: 3756: 3725: 3136: 2953: 2937: 2681: 2673: 2588: 2543:

Miron, Jeffrey; Zwiebel, Jeffrey (1991). "Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition".

2518: 2349: 2052: 1931: 1856: 1682: 1304: 1177: 981: 720: 581: 490: 424: 398: 390: 214: 197: 7002: 6038: 2522: 11140: 11113: 11093: 11018: 11003: 10993: 10937: 10857: 10852: 10727: 10508: 10445: 10400: 10300: 9306: 9239: 9135: 9096: 8980: 8923: 8795: 8698: 8596: 8516: 8511: 8461: 8254: 8244: 8209: 8174: 8114: 7815: 7683: 7651: 7357: 7347: 7255: 7136: 7033: 7009: 6962: 6953: 6920: 6660: 6641: 6622: 6603: 6323: 5528: 5497: 5033: 4921: 4898: 3744: 3262:

The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment

2755: 2122: 2117: 2067: 1666: 1551: 1217: 1192: 980:

Three federal agencies were assigned the task of enforcing the Volstead Act: the

970: 962: 889: 834: 765: 716: 598: 505: 504:(1861–1865). Following the war, social moralists turned to other issues, such as 206: 171: 163: 135: 7672:

Prohibition in Appalachia: "Little Chicago" The Story of Johnson City, Tennessee

7610: 6424:"Estimates of employment gains attributable to beer legalization in spring 1933" 6241:

Cook, Philip J.; Machin, Stephen; Marie, Olivier; Mastrobuoni, Giovanni (2013).

3613: 2924:"Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation" 2662:"Did Prohibition Really Work? Alcohol Prohibition as a Public Health Innovation" 1451:

and municipalities in the United States that restrict or prohibit liquor sales.

776:, could be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, " 162:. Opposition from the beer industry mobilized "wet" supporters from the wealthy 11135: 11098: 10973: 10947: 10912: 10817: 10792: 10188: 9256: 9234: 9212: 9190: 9185: 8710: 8641: 8571: 8316: 8234: 7871: 7456: 7361: 6771:""Let Them Drink and Forget Our Poverty": Orthodox Rabbis React to Prohibition" 6559:

O'Donnell, Jack. "The Ladies of Rum Row". American Legion Weekly, (May 1924): 3

6379:

Vitaliano, Donald F. (2015). "Repeal of Prohibition: A Benefit-Cost Analysis".

5649:"Professing Faith: Some religious groups supported Prohibition, others did not" 5025:. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Dated January 7, 1931 4854: 4795: 4526: 4069:, "The Economics of War Prohibition", pp. 143–144 in: Survey Associates, Inc., 2107: 1881: 1825: 1670: 1461:

After its repeal, some former supporters openly admitted failure. For example,

1390: 1256:

Paula Mejia, "The Lucrative Business of Prescribing Booze During Prohibition";

1148: 1144: 1034: 1025: 1017: 822: 785: 271: 190: 104:, ratified on January 16, 1919. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the 6501: 6439: 6307: 5234: 5087: 3747:(1992). "Representative Democracy and State Building in the Progressive Era". 3708:

The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures.

3140: 576:, enacted prohibition legislation, as did individual counties within a state. 458:"Who does not love wine, wife and song, will be a fool his whole life long!" ( 181:

in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate" and was

11356: 11182: 11150: 11130: 11120: 11008: 10983: 10932: 10882: 10862: 10837: 10827: 10812: 10802: 10787: 10767: 10742: 10732: 10722: 10693: 9398: 9175: 8249: 8229: 8184: 8164: 8149: 8124: 8079: 7988: 7708: 7343: 6989: 6885: 6802: 6509: 6447: 6422:

Poelmans, Eline; Taylor, Jason E.; Raisanen, Samuel; Holt, Andrew C. (2021).

6400: 6219: 6087: 6078: 6061: 6046: 6021:

Jacks, David S.; Pendakur, Krishna; Shigeoka, Hitoshi; Wray, Anthony (2024).

5359: 5264: 5242: 4831:"NASCAR, an Overview – Part 1". Suite101.com. Google. Web. November 22, 2009. 4299:

Social and Economic Control of Alcohol The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century

4031:

The Nation's Capital Brewmaster: Christian Heurich and His Brewery, 1842–1956

4014: 3163:"Teaching With Documents: The Volstead Act and Related Prohibition Documents" 3148: 2949: 2941: 2677: 2600: 2421: 1918: 1713: 1707: 1706:, rather than to the criminalization of alcohol use. In some cities, such as 1185: 1156: 1065: 1021: 1013: 985: 954: 769: 725: 708: 564: 408: 381:. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed 178: 93: 7545:

The Prohibition Hangover: Alcohol in America from Demon Rum to Cult Cabernet

7098:. Volume: 125. Modern Crime: Its Prevention and Punishment. May 1926. 40–48. 5568:

The Prohibition Hangover: Alcohol in America from Demon Rum to Cult Cabernet

4322: 2779:("The advent of prohibition with the 'thirsty-first' put a sudden stop to " 1287:

Once Prohibition came into effect, the majority of U.S. citizens obeyed it.

1108:

Another lethal substance that was often substituted for alcohol was for the

977:

believed that Prohibition was "an affront to the whole history of mankind".

11230: 11088: 10998: 10978: 10952: 10927: 10832: 10772: 10747: 10717: 10707: 9387: 9323: 8864: 8214: 8194: 8159: 8139: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8023: 7943: 7687: 7279:

American Smuggling and British white-collar crime: A historical perspective

6227: 5995: 5377: 5308: 3203: 2989: 2967: 2695: 2608: 2361: 2194: 1985: 1907: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1678: 1593: 1492: 1488: 1330: 1315: 854: 850: 761: 449: 267: 186: 7523: 6635:

Driving Tennessee's "White Lightnin' Trail" – is it the Real Thunder Road?

5871: 496:

Some successes for the movement were achieved in the 1850s, including the

460:

Wer nicht liebt Wein, Weib & Gesang / Bleibt ein Narr sein Leben lang.

11192: 11157: 11108: 10887: 10842: 10782: 10757: 10712: 9279: 9207: 9123: 8943: 8668: 8134: 8104: 8003: 7973: 7891: 7774: 7676: 6986:. Volume: 163. Prohibition: A National Experiment. September 1932. 46–52. 6861: 5595:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Alcoholic Beverage Study, Inc. 2112: 2082: 2017: 2012: 1939: 1885: 1797: 1686: 1586: 1559: 1481: 1222: 1164: 1128: 1053: 900: 846: 733: 696: 642: 433: 412: 351: 244: 4914: 4347: 857:, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920. 740: 11172: 11023: 10917: 10797: 10762: 9366: 9274: 9180: 9113: 8886: 8189: 8179: 7978: 7916: 7896: 7248: 7026: 6946: 6827:

Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia

6392: 5852: 5435: 4228: 3768: 3526:

Let Something Good Be Said: Speeches and Writings of Frances E. Willard

2558: 2460:

Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia

2242:"Prohibition | Definition, History, Eighteenth Amendment, & Repeal" 2057: 1590: 1448: 1418: 654: 594: 533: 330:– moderate drinking leads to drunkenness and disaster: A lithograph by 127: 119: 9202: 7743: 5217:

Poelmans, Eline; Dove, John A.; Taylor, Jason E. (December 11, 2017).

5023:

Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States

3737: 1836:

along with the alcohol industry. In 1935 a new self-help group called

11058: 11053: 11013: 10922: 10877: 10777: 9032: 8651: 8501: 8154: 8084: 7993: 7958: 7921: 6857: 6584:

Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture

6246: 5163:

Gitlin, Marty. The Prohibition Era. Edina, MN: ABDO Publishing, 2011.

2062: 2042: 1877: 1852: 1829: 1649: 1476: 1414: 1323: 1308: 1248: 1160: 1132: 1005: 878: 773: 668: 569: 528: 497: 482: 287: 240: 7724:"How Are You Going to Wet Your Whistle?" as recorded by Billy Murray 7406:

Smugglers, Bootleggers, and Scofflaws: Prohibition and New York City

7012:. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. September 24, 2001. 6922:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

6675:"Where America Gets Its Booze: An Interview With Dr. James M. Doran" 5680:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896

4220: 3760: 385:, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a " 270:, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President 96:

prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of

11341: 11235: 11177: 11063: 9408: 9346: 9118: 9037: 7938: 6183: 6170: 3729: 2853:

Drugs and Alcohol in the 21st Century: Theory, Behavior, and Policy

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Domesticating Drink: Women, Men, and Alcohol in America, 1870–1940

7436:

The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State

6293:

The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State

5149:

The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State

5047:

The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and The Rise of the American State

3642:

Richard J. Hopkins (September 1925). "The Prohibition and Crime".

1702:

have attributed the crime during the Prohibition era to increased

1270: 454: 226: 7983: 7662:

Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings on Alcohol Prohibition – 1926

6275:

Bureau of Prohibition, Statistics Concerning Intoxicating Liquors

2037: 1943: 1689:

emerged in response to Prohibition. A profitable, often violent,

1538: 1081: 1068:

to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the

966: 692: 664: 478: 386: 378: 112: 47: 10662: 7193:

Bootleg: Murder, Moonshine, and the Lawless Years of Prohibition

6992:

and Zwiebel, Jeffrey. "Alcohol Consumption During Prohibition".

5733:

Introduction to the History of Christianity in the United States

3495:

Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900

11103: 11048: 7223:

Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition

5570:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 22–23. 4841:

Joseph K. Willing (May 1926). "The Profession of Bootlegging".

4703:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 20–21. 3479:

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2631:

Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times, and Places

2219: 1935: 1296: 1292: 1226: 1109: 937: 860: 556: 108:, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. 7626:

The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption (PDF)

7096:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6984:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6616:

Legend of moonshiners' 'Thunder Road' lives on in Baker County

4843:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4784:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4431:

Eleven U.S. Coast Guard men were killed between 1925 and 1927.

7560:

Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800–1933

6960:

Law, Alcohol, and Order: Perspectives on National Prohibition

5964:

Mann, Robert E.; Smart, Reginald G.; Govoni, Richard (2003).

5805: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 4241: 3917:

Fisher, Irving, et al. 1927. "The Economics of Prohibition".

3079:

Clinical Assessment of Dangerousness: Empirical Contributions

2214: 1734:

went from $ 4.4 million to $ 13.4 million. Additionally, the

1598: 941: 7575:

Smugglers of Spirits: Prohibition and the Coast Guard Patrol

6483:"Closing Time: The Local Equilibrium Effects of Prohibition" 6243:

Lessons from the Economics of Crime: What Reduces Offending?

6023:"Later-life mortality and the repeal of federal prohibition" 5936: 5049:. New York: New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 6. 559:

became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its

493:

linked liquor-dispensing saloons with political corruption.

5912:

Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition

5777:

Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition

5174:

Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition

5137:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. p. 49. 4960:"During Prohibition, Doctors Wrote Prescriptions for Booze" 4657:

Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition

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Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition

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3664:

Jews And Booze: Becoming American In The Age Of Prohibition

3614:"Carry A. Nation: The Famous and Original Bar Room Smasher" 3292:

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1947: 1868:

united mostly black musicians with mostly white audiences.

1859:

migratory effects led to the dispersal of jazz music, from

1848: 1674: 1398: 551:

used by Anti-Saloon League and WCTU on the brewers of beer.

369:

Shortly after the United States obtained independence, the

185:

by 46 out of 48 states. Enabling legislation, known as the

177:

The Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919 "with a 68 percent

154:

parties, and gained a national grassroots base through the

6421: 6277:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1930. p. 2. 6240: 5328: 3637: 3635: 3481:, Oxford University Press, 2012; Volume 1, pp. 47–51, 154. 3287: 1454:

Additionally, many tribal governments prohibit alcohol on

1435:(yellow) counties in the United States as of March 2012. ( 439: 6020: 5436:

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (March 1, 2008).

1525:

with a very high Christian church attendance. Generally,

1500: 419:

association in 1789. Similar associations were formed in

82:"Every Day Will Be Sunday When The Town Goes Dry" (1919) 7699:

Collection of newspaper articles during the Prohibition

7478:

We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota

4810: 4345:

series by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick. See video excerpt:

3696:. Harvard University: American Issue Publishing Company. 1781:

1933, it created 81,000 jobs within a three-month span.

995: 899:

At the same time, songs emerged decrying the act. After

7105:

The Bootleggers: The Story of Chicago's Prohibition Era

3712:

Continuity and Change in Electoral Politics, 1893–1928.

3632: 3382: 2790:. Cambridge University Press. p. 407, note 321.2. 1225:-era prescription used by U.S. physicians to prescribe 1168:

their chances of outrunning and escaping agents of the

1041:, relocated his own large supply into the White House. 5810:. Westerville, Ohio: American Issue Press. p. 28. 5498:"Did Alcohol Use Decrease During Alcohol Prohibition?" 5159: 5157: 4782:

Rufus S. Lusk (September 1932). "The Drinking Habit".

4618:

The Great Illusion: An Informal History of Prohibition

3165:. United States National Archives. February 14, 2008. 1621:

during the Prohibition era in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

1372:

signed an amendment to the Volstead Act, known as the

446:

Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

102:

Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

46:

policemen inspect the equipment used in a clandestine

7735:

at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection

7657:

Did Prohibition Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Crime?

5745: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4718:. New York, New York: Penguin Books. pp. Ch. 2. 4635:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 42–45. 4501:

Thirty-four agents were killed between 1930 and 1934.

4407:"United States Coast Guard Office of Law Enforcement" 2986:"Dry Times: Looking Back 100 Years After Prohibition" 2627:

MacCoun, Robert J.; Reuter, Peter (August 17, 2001).

1016:

believed that Prohibition was not working. Historian

931:

Prescription for medicinal alcohol during prohibition

7260:

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7094:

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6147: 5269:"Prohibition Failed to Stop the Liquor Flow in Utah" 4570:. Chicago: Cambridge University Press. p. 255. 3952:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 3528:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 78. 3122: 2622: 2620: 2618: 1961: 1359:

Americans celebrating the end of Prohibition in 1933

1004:

A policeman with wrecked automobile and confiscated

11337:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

7902:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

7733:See more images by selecting the "Alcohol" subject 7667:

Policy Analysis – Alcohol Prohibition Was A Failure

7530:

Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren't

7208:

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Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920

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Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren't

4633:

Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren't

4466:

Fifty-six agents were killed between 1920 and 1927.

4141: 4139: 4027: 3584:"Carrie Nation smashes a Kansas bar, Dec. 27, 1900" 3296:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 3071: 3069: 3067: 2827:. National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. 2783: 2766: 2749:

Burlington Historical Society 2010 March newsletter

2274:"Why Americans Supported Prohibition 100 Years Ago" 2163:

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

1188:; anyone could purchase these ingredients legally. 436:per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010. 7408:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 6918: 6915:. Volume: 222. Number: 828. September 1925. 40–44. 5978:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 5909: 5781:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 5774: 5610:. Alcohol Problems & Solutions. Archived from 5304:"Utah's 1933 Convention Sealed Prohibition's Doom" 5216: 4766: 4243: 3945: 3873: 3871: 3800: 3641: 3523: 3492: 3465:, Volume 25, No. 2, pp. 25–27 (February 15, 1916). 3352: 3350: 3289: 2628: 2498: 2272: 1654:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1122:, sheriff's deputies dumping illegal alcohol, 1932 6972:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979. 6911:Hopkins, Richard J. "The Prohibition and Crime". 6581: 5673: 5468:. New York: Viking Press. 2003. pp. 246–247. 5186:Friedrich, Otto; Gorey, Hays (February 1, 1982). 4937:. New York: Arcade Publishing. pp. 240–242. 4840: 4178:"Common Interpretation: The Eighteenth Amendment" 3798: 3499:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 3283: 3281: 3259: 2738:. New York: George H. Doran Company. p. 446. 2708: 2615: 916:When the rye was opened, the Yanks began to sing, 11354: 8346: 7324:Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition 7178:Prohibition: Thirteen Years That Changed America 7087:vol. 10, no. 1–2 (Fall 1990–Winter 1991): 60–79. 6823: 6533:Prohibition: Thirteen Years that Changed America 5715: 5632: 5480:"The Jazz Age: The American 1920s – Prohibition" 5404:. National Geographic Assignment. Archived from 4817:Oldham, Scott (August 1998). "NASCAR Turns 50". 4673:. Chicago Review Press Incorporated. p. 73. 4513:Amendments XVIII and XXI: Prohibition and Repeal 4136: 3932:Prohibition: Its Economic and Industrial Aspects 3858:Shaw, Elton Raymond and Wheeler, Wayne Bidwell. 3715: 3477:, Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. 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University of Illinois Press. p. 151. 2626: 1064:To prevent bootleggers from using industrial 914:Went across the border to get a drink of rye. 9541:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 7547:. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 6654:Appalachian Journal: The end of Thunder Road 5822:"Prohibition: Unintended Consequences | PBS" 5565: 5390:U.S. Constitution, Amendment XXI, Section 2. 4909:Herbert Brucker, "How Long, O Prohibition?" 4741: 4630: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3904:Coats, A. W. 1987. "Simon Newton Patten" in 3862:Berwyn, Illinois: Shaw Publishing Co., 1924. 3827: 3241:. No. v.11, no. 16. Seattle. p. 12 3075: 3048:American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition 2979: 2977: 2542: 2457:Blocker, Jack S.; et al., eds. (2003). 1673:groups and other criminal organizations and 1104:A 1933 newsreel about the end of Prohibition 918:"God bless America, but God save the King!" 861:Start of national prohibition (January 1920) 515:The dry crusade was revived by the national 7508:Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition 7423:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7421:Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City 6977:Dictionary of American Temperance Biography 6856: 6768: 6586:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 5635:Christianity: A Social and Cultural History 5599: 4533:Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition 4324:Prohibition, Part II: A Nation of Scofflaws 3997:Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition 3978:Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City 3906:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics 3803:Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City 3691: 3660: 3490: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2910: 2891: 2849: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2179:United States Customs and Border Protection 2008:Ethnocultural politics in the United States 1884:before and after Prohibition. In the 1950s 1800:decreased from 10% to 3%. In Michigan, the 1311:to operate despite the presence of police. 1052:After the Eighteenth Amendment became law, 10685: 10671: 8339: 8325: 7949:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 7766: 7752: 6672: 5916:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 5908:Moore, M.H.; Gerstein, D.R., eds. (1981). 5850: 5772: 5608:"Repeal in America (U.S.): 1933 – Present" 5543:. Pubs.niaaa.nih.gov. September 29, 2004. 4296: 3013: 3011: 2887: 2885: 2711:Pretty Bubbles in the Air: America in 1919 2271:Schrad, Mark Lawrence (January 17, 2020). 1351:Repeal of Prohibition in the United States 912:Four and twenty Yankees, feeling very dry, 701:Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America 377:in protest of government-imposed taxes on 92:was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the 9065:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7306:American Smuggling as White Collar Crime. 7210:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 6906:Close the Saloons: A Plea for Prohibition 6801: 6762: 6597:Thunder Road – the First Muscle Car Movie 6524: 6378: 6182: 6168: 6077: 5985: 5367: 5263: 3983: 2974: 2957: 2685: 2512: 2374: 2264: 1274:The Defender Of The 18th Amendment, from 907:, a ditty he had heard at a border town: 474:constituting 35% to 60% of its chapters. 138:and health. The movement was taken up by 3943: 3828:Prof. Hanson, David (December 4, 2015). 3343:. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 10. 3232: 3034: 2407: 2381:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32. 2184:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement 1816:Men and women drinking beer at a bar in 1811: 1634:Prohibition-era prescription for whiskey 1629: 1608: 1426: 1354: 1269: 1216: 1114: 1092: 1043: 999: 926: 873: 864: 797: 748:signs the Indiana Prohibition Act, 1917. 739: 538: 481:religious denominations, especially the 453: 346:. On March 26, 1636, the legislature of 322: 319:Temperance movement in the United States 225: 158:. After 1900, it was coordinated by the 38: 9220:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 7773: 7070:Tracy, Sarah W. and Acker, Caroline J. 6481:Howard, Greg; Ornaghi, Arianna (2021). 6462:from the original on September 22, 2021 5584: 4988: 4888:"Prohibition After the 1932 Elections" 4737: 4735: 4483:from the original on September 27, 2013 4284:The Bulletin of the History of Medicine 3924: 3919:American Economic Review: Supplement 17 3416:. Maine: Maine Law Statistical Society. 3008: 2921: 2882: 2659: 2538: 2536: 2456: 2312:"What were the effects of Prohibition?" 1784: 1767: 1685:, and theft until 1920, when organized 1677:had mostly limited their activities to 1465:, explained his view in a 1932 letter: 1431:Map showing dry (red), wet (blue), and 784:workers experienced after a weekend of 667:Protestant denominations that included 440:Development of the prohibition movement 14: 11355: 7677:Free from the Nightmare of Prohibition 7449: 7396:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7292:from the original on December 10, 2022 7042:. Volume: 32. Issue: 3. 1999. pp 557+. 6908:. 8th ed. Macon, GA: J.W. Burke, 1880. 6783:from the original on November 24, 2021 6290: 6286: 6284: 5808:Anti-Saloon League of America Yearbook 5806:Anti-Saloon League of America (1920). 5606:Hanson, David J. (December 26, 2015). 5605: 5590: 5073: 5044: 4816: 4615: 4250:. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 3911: 3667:. New York University Press. pp. 3426: 3026:. New York. p. 56. Archived from 2733: 2635:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2438:from the original on February 16, 2021 2270: 1843:Prohibition also had an effect on the 1741: 1625: 988:'s IRS Bureau of Prohibition, and the 11373:Great Depression in the United States 10666: 10148: 9910: 9572: 8376: 8320: 7927:List of dry communities by U.S. state 7747: 7532:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. 7464:from the original on January 17, 2019 7155:from the original on January 20, 2023 7122:from the original on January 20, 2023 6982:Lusk, Rufus S. "The Drinking Habit". 6844:from the original on January 20, 2023 6689:from the original on January 20, 2023 6330:from the original on November 2, 2022 6120:from the original on October 17, 2020 6059: 5943:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5697:from the original on January 20, 2023 5504:from the original on February 9, 2014 5342:Jack S. 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Jr (February 2006). 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2477:from the original on January 20, 2023 2426:"Actually, Prohibition Was a Success" 2420: 2395:from the original on January 20, 2023 2287:from the original on January 17, 2020 2252:from the original on January 20, 2023 2023:Women's suffrage in the United States 1934:to priests and ministers and allowed 1930:The Volstead Act allowed the sale of 1871: 1796:During the Prohibition era, rates of 1439:List of dry communities by U.S. state 1423:List of dry communities by U.S. state 1048:Disposal of liquor during Prohibition 996:Bootlegging and hoarding old supplies 11368:Progressive Era in the United States 7999:Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922 7715:"Interview With Dr. James M. Doran". 7645:About.com: Prohibition (in the U.S.) 7631:Hypertext History – U.S. Prohibition 7378:from the original on January 9, 2023 7337: 6625:November 16, 2012 Jacksonville Metro 6530: 6305: 5109:"50,000 barrels ready in St Louis". 4932: 4732: 4713: 4688:. 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January 17, 1919. pp. 1, 4. 3710:(1979) pp. 131–139; Paul Kleppner, 3582:Glass, Andrew (December 27, 2017). 3123:Bureau of the Census, U.S. (1975). 2831:from the original on April 21, 2021 2103:American gangsters during the 1920s 1845:music industry in the United States 1070:denaturation of industrial alcohols 610:, onto their prohibition platform. 24: 8907:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 8897:Assassination of James A. Garfield 8049:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 7847:21st Amendment (U.S. Constitution) 7842:18th Amendment (U.S. Constitution) 7354:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 7285:, British Society of Criminology, 7275: 7169: 7084:Journal of American Ethnic History 7051:State University of New York Press 6002:from the original on March 3, 2016 5940:Alcohol Policy and the Public Good 5547:from the original on March 3, 2016 4958:Mejia, Paula (November 15, 2017). 4742:Deborah Blum (February 19, 2010). 4175: 4114:"Rhode Island Defeats Prohibition" 4084:"Connecticut Balks at Prohibition" 4073:, Volume 38, April–September 1917. 3999:. New York: Scribner. p. 57. 3934:, pp. 240–241, New York: Appleton. 3620:from the original on June 13, 2010 3169:from the original on June 26, 2022 2814:("hen prohibition came in July "). 2565: 2375:Orchowski, Margaret Sands (2015). 2191:Similar policies and institutions 2099:Lawbreakers and illegal practices 2073:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act 1994:Cultural and religious foundation 1721:historian Kenneth D. Rose writes: 1719:California State University, Chico 1619:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 1506: 1447:alcohol. There are still numerous 627:"Save A Little Dram For Me" (1922) 615: 521:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 156:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 25: 11424: 10692: 8939:Assassination of William McKinley 7694:Historic Images of US Prohibition 7640:Alcohol and Drugs History Society 7590: 7450:McGirr, Lisa (January 16, 2019). 7326:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 7195:. New York: Roaring Brook Press. 7076:University of Massachusetts Press 6945:vol. 25 (October 1973): 472–489. 6738:Kelsey Burnham (April 18, 2010). 6715:. August 17, 1931. Archived from 6360:from the original on May 17, 2020 6312:Information & Culture; Austin 5889:from the original on June 2, 2018 5860:American Law and Economics Review 5851:Dills, A.K.; Miron, J.A. (2004). 5482:. Digital History. Archived from 5348:American Journal of Public Health 4683: 4668: 4531:"Temperance to Excess (review of 4448:from the original on May 27, 2013 4413:from the original on June 5, 2013 3749:American Political Science Review 3694:History of the Anti-Saloon League 3233:Holliday, Carl (April 15, 1916). 3129:American Political Science Review 3018:David Von Drehle (May 24, 2010). 2929:American Journal of Public Health 2666:American Journal of Public Health 2489: 2299: 1750: 1212: 944:per year could be made, and some 32:Abolitionism in the United States 11363:Prohibition in the United States 10646: 10637: 10636: 10601: 10600: 9158:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 8951:Nadir of American race relations 8830:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 7404:Lawson, Ellen NicKenzie (2013). 6795: 6731: 6701: 6666: 6647: 6628: 6609: 6590: 6575: 6562: 6553: 6474: 6428:Explorations in Economic History 6415: 6372: 6342: 6299: 6267: 6212:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02466.x 6154:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 6141: 6132: 6102: 6053: 6014: 5930: 5901: 5844: 5814: 5799: 5766: 5739: 5724: 5709: 5667: 5641: 5626: 5559: 5533: 5516: 5490: 5472: 5456: 5429: 5420: 5393: 5384: 5296: 5257: 5210: 5179: 5166: 5141: 5126: 5117: 5102: 5067: 5038: 5016: 5007: 4982: 4951: 4926: 4375:Scott N. Howe (April 25, 2010). 4331:from the original on May 4, 2012 3383:William Harrison De Puy (1921). 2984:Lyons, Mickey (April 30, 2018). 2825:"History of Alcohol Prohibition" 2593:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02926.x 2354:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02926.x 1978: 1964: 1807: 1776:A 2015 study estimated that the 825:, and the Republican candidate, 653:Problems playing this file? See 631: 543:This 1902 illustration from the 485:. The late 19th century saw the 427:in 1808. Within a decade, other 69: 58: 8860:First transcontinental railroad 8276:National Prohibition Party (UK) 7264:. New York: Glenn Young Books. 7180:. New York: Arcade Publishing. 7067:Harvard University Press, 1963. 6356:. Washington State University. 5312:. June 20, 1995. Archived from 4903: 4882: 4869: 4834: 4825: 4707: 4692: 4677: 4662: 4649: 4624: 4609: 4596: 4519: 4504: 4495: 4469: 4460: 4434: 4425: 4399: 4368: 4315: 4290: 4275: 4235: 4200: 4169: 4106: 4076: 4060: 4021: 3970: 3937: 3865: 3852: 3830:"Anti-Saloon League Leadership" 3821: 3792: 3783: 3700: 3685: 3654: 3606: 3575: 3545: 3532: 3517: 3484: 3468: 3451: 3420: 3405: 3376: 3363: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3253: 3235:"World's First Prohibition Law" 3226: 3196: 3181: 3155: 3116: 2843: 2817: 2760: 2742: 2727: 2702: 2653: 2205:Drug Enforcement Administration 1946:and holiday use at home. Among 984:Office of Law Enforcement, the 645:is a small unit of measurement. 547:newspaper humorously shows the 8029:Voluntary Committee of Lawyers 8014:Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913 7240:. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2010. 7058:Prohibition: The Era of Excess 6970:Repealing National Prohibition 6824:Blocker, Jack S., ed. (2003). 5746:Robert Francis Martin (2002). 5344:"Did Prohibition Really Work?" 5135:Repealing National Prohibition 4701:Repealing National Prohibition 3834:Alcohol Problems and Solutions 3461:, December 1915, reprinted in 3190:Repealing National Prohibition 2450: 2368: 2331: 2234: 2149:Law-enforcement organizations 1535:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 1408: 1277:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 1265: 703:and, to a certain extent, the 356:General Court of Massachusetts 239:was passed ten days after the 13: 1: 8306:(2011 documentary miniseries) 7704:Prohibition: How Dry We Ain't 6816: 6740:"Prohibition in Wine Country" 6148:Charles Hanson Towne (1923). 6114:Prohibition | Ken Burns | PBS 6039:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105192 5970:Alcohol Research & Health 4913:, 234#4 (1932), pp. 347–357. 3860:Prohibition: Coming or Going? 3386:The Methodist Year-book: 1921 3264:. HarperCollins. p. 73. 2523:10.1016/j.econlet.2004.07.017 2129:Places involved in smuggling 1855:became very popular, and the 1012:As early as 1925, journalist 819:presidential election of 1916 293:On March 22, 1933, President 11332:American Vineyard Foundation 10028:Hispanic and Latino American 8882:Second Industrial Revolution 8716:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 8422:Exploration of North America 8348:History of the United States 7616:Resources in other libraries 7577:. New York: Hastings House. 7308:(New York: Routledge, 2014). 6776:. American Jewish Archives. 6572:, Vol 46, No 2, p. 177, 1994 6381:Contemporary Economic Policy 6175:NBER Working Paper No. 22980 6066:American Sociological Review 5752:. Indiana U.P. p. 111. 5591:Childs, Randolph W. (1947). 4620:. New York: Greenwood Press. 4028:Mark Elliott Benbow (2017). 3948:The Economics of Prohibition 3807:. Harvard University Press. 3692:Cherrington, Ernest (1913). 2787:The Beautiful and the Damned 2784:F. Scott Fitzgerald (2008). 2767:F. Scott Fitzgerald (1920). 1687:"rum-running" or bootlegging 821:, the Democratic incumbent, 7: 9552:Indictments of Donald Trump 8743:First Industrial Revolution 8577:Declaration of Independence 8567:Second Continental Congress 8260:Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith 7877:American Temperance Society 7419:Lerner, Michael A. (2007). 6919:Jensen, Richard J. (1971). 6490:Journal of Economic History 6027:Journal of Public Economics 4297:Jurkiewicz, Carole (2008). 3872:Christine Sismondo (2011). 3524:Frances E. Willard (2007). 2153:Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith 1957: 1791:Journal of Economic History 840:A resolution calling for a 519:, founded in 1869, and the 468:American Temperance Society 395:Democratic-Republican Party 50:during the Prohibition era. 10: 11429: 11383:1920s in the United States 11320:American Viticultural Area 10149: 9911: 9573: 9444:Killing of Osama bin Laden 8532:First Continental Congress 8377: 8287:Scottish Prohibition Party 7739:Cornell University Library 7682:February 23, 2006, at the 7558:Pegram, Thomas R. (1998). 7438:. New York: W. W. Norton. 7225:. New York: W. W. Norton. 7191:Blumenthal, Karen (2011). 6998:81, no. 2 (1991): 242–247. 6709:"Prohibition: Wine Bricks" 6659:February 10, 2014, at the 6582:Lewis A. Erenberg (1998). 5188:"F.D.R.'s Disputed Legacy" 4989:Lantzer, Jason S. (1994). 4855:10.1177/000271622612500106 4796:10.1177/000271623216300106 4034:. McFarland. p. 171. 3799:Michael A. Lerner (2007). 3427:Foster, Gaines M. (2002). 3260:Anthony Dias Blue (2004). 3084:Cambridge University Press 2709:William D. Miller (2017). 2549:. Papers and Proceedings. 2003:Christian views on alcohol 1759: 1604: 1513:Christian views on alcohol 1510: 1412: 1348: 1020:, summarizing the work of 990:U.S. Department of Justice 715:and German Lutherans) and 572:, especially those in the 443: 316: 312: 282:organized, and widespread 221: 29: 11403:1933 in the United States 11398:1932 in the United States 11393:1931 in the United States 11388:1930 in the United States 11312: 11251: 11201: 10961: 10700: 10622: 10588: 10532: 10496: 10484: 10223: 10197: 10159: 10155: 10144: 9917: 9906: 9579: 9568: 9434: 9337: 9265: 9166: 9077: 9028:Wall Street Crash of 1929 8959: 8840: 8825:Emancipation Proclamation 8756: 8679: 8627: 8594:Articles of Confederation 8547: 8432:Native American epidemics 8412: 8387: 8383: 8372: 8354: 8295: 8268: 8057: 7834: 7781: 7611:Resources in your library 7476:Meyer, Sabine N. (2015). 7245:Pacific Historical Review 7221:Clark, Norman H. (1976). 7040:Journal of Social History 7018:Journal of Social History 6913:The North American Review 6502:10.1017/S0022050721000346 6440:10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101427 6110:"Unintended Consequences" 5716:George M. Thomas (1989). 5633:Howard Clark Kee (1998). 5235:10.1007/s11127-017-0493-1 5088:10.1017/S1537781400001742 4911:The North American Review 4897:January 25, 2021, at the 3644:The North American Review 3557:Kansas Historical Society 3141:10.1017/s0003055400122488 3050:. NYU Press. p. 45. 3046:Rose, Kenneth D. (1997). 2922:Blocker, Jack S. (2006). 2754:January 17, 2011, at the 2734:Colvin, D. Leigh (1926). 2200:Controlled Substances Act 2174:United States Coast Guard 2033:Beer in the United States 1838:Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 1642: 1523:evangelical Protestantism 1389:. Despite the efforts of 1344: 1120:Orange County, California 732:, who made Prohibition a 491:Reverend Mark A. Matthews 405:, came to power in 1800. 10514:Northern Mariana Islands 9087:Strike wave of 1945–1946 7865:Western Australian, 1950 7855:Western Australian, 1925 7562:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. 7340:"Prohibition of Alcohol" 7254:August 18, 2018, at the 7102:Allsop, Kenneth (1961). 6995:American Economic Review 6952:August 18, 2018, at the 6830:. ABC-CLIO. p. 23. 6640:January 3, 2014, at the 6602:January 2, 2014, at the 6079:10.1177/0003122420948510 5527:October 6, 2006, at the 5360:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409 5133:Kyvig, David E. (1979). 4699:Kyvig, David E. (1979). 4616:Asbury, Herbert (1968). 4564:Cohen, Lizabeth (1991). 3339:Jack S. Blocker (1989). 2942:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409 2678:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409 2546:American Economic Review 2463:. ABC-CLIO. p. 23. 2228: 1998:Bootleggers and Baptists 1660: 1184:, scotch mash, and even 1131:in northern cities, and 842:Constitutional amendment 699:, but also included the 681:New School Presbyterians 10049:Middle Eastern American 9866:Technology and industry 8736:Seneca Falls Convention 8537:Continental Association 8437:Settlement of Jamestown 8240:William Harvey Thompson 8200:The LaMontages brothers 8019:United Kingdom Alliance 7718:Popular Science Monthly 7650:August 7, 2011, at the 7573:Waters, Harold (1971). 7506:Okrent, Daniel (2010). 7262:The Speakeasies of 1932 7032:March 26, 2017, at the 6679:Popular Science Monthly 6673:E. E. Free (May 1930). 5032:April 12, 2021, at the 4920:April 21, 2022, at the 4511:Sylvia Engdahl (2009). 3944:Thornton, Mark (1991). 3930:Feldman, Herman. 1930. 3188:David E. Kyvig (2000). 2775:Charles Scribner's Sons 2317:Encyclopædia Britannica 2246:Encyclopædia Britannica 2138:Govenlock, Saskatchewan 2133:Free State of Galveston 1880:was an industry in the 1463:John D. Rockefeller Jr. 1341:to repeal Prohibition. 992:Bureau of Prohibition. 971:British Colonial Office 901:Edward, Prince of Wales 328:The Drunkard's Progress 11226:Twenty-first Amendment 10169:Admission to the Union 9535:Afghanistan withdrawal 9530:January 6 insurrection 9449:Rise in mass shootings 9421:Virginia Tech shooting 8974:Paris Peace Conference 8748:Second Great Awakening 8487:American Enlightenment 8075:Thomas Holliday Barker 7543:Peck, Garrett (2009). 7528:Peck, Garrett (2011). 7510:. New York: Scribner. 7338:Kuhl, Jackson (2008). 7247:(1981) 50#1 pp: 53–75 7135:Lowell, Baier (2022). 6979:Greenwood Press, 1984. 6925:. U of Chicago Press. 5731:Nancy Koester (2007). 5400:Jeff Burkhart (2010). 4716:The Poisoners Handbook 4714:Blum, Deborah (2012). 4182:constitutioncenter.org 3995:Daniel Okrent (2010). 3204:"General Alcohol FAQs" 2210:Harrison Narcotics Act 2029:Controlled substances 1927:will turn into wine". 1821: 1728: 1635: 1622: 1571:Second Great Awakening 1527:evangelical Protestant 1519:Southern United States 1472: 1443: 1360: 1339:Twenty-first Amendment 1329:Prohibition created a 1284: 1263: 1230: 1123: 1105: 1049: 1009: 973:refused to intervene. 959:rum-running in Windsor 932: 921: 882: 871: 803: 749: 620: 587:Crowley v. Christensen 552: 463: 339: 303:Twenty-first Amendment 235: 106:Twenty-first Amendment 51: 27:Alcohol ban, 1920–1933 11243:Vine and Olive Colony 10161:Territorial evolution 9525:George Floyd Protests 9508:Unite the Right rally 9377:Oklahoma City bombing 9372:Republican Revolution 9319:Space Shuttle program 9141:Civil Rights Movement 9109:North Atlantic Treaty 8917:Sherman Antitrust Act 8902:Chinese Exclusion Act 8492:French and Indian War 8482:Prelude to Revolution 8467:First Great Awakening 8427:European colonization 8145:Frederic Richard Lees 8039:Wickersham Commission 7907:Bureau of Prohibition 7860:New South Wales, 1928 7821:Russia / Soviet Union 7636:Prohibition news page 7434:McGirr, Lisa (2015). 7356:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 7322:Kobler, John (1973). 7176:Behr, Edward (1996). 7008:May 25, 2017, at the 7003:"Alcohol Prohibition" 6621:June 1, 2015, at the 6531:Behr, Edward (2011). 6338:– via ProQuest. 6291:McGirr, Lisa (2015). 5655:on September 19, 2016 5566:Garrett Peck (2009). 5486:on September 6, 2006. 5045:McGirr, Lisa (2016). 4933:Behr, Edward (1996). 4686:Gentlemen Bootleggers 4671:Gentlemen Bootleggers 4631:Garrett Peck (2011). 4377:"Probing Prohibition" 3880:. Oxford UP. p. 3412:Henry, Clubb (1856). 2770:This Side of Paradise 2169:Bureau of Prohibition 2093:Repeal of Prohibition 2088:Prohibition in Canada 1815: 1778:repeal of Prohibition 1732:Bureau of Prohibition 1723: 1633: 1612: 1575:Third Great Awakening 1511:Further information: 1467: 1430: 1413:Further information: 1358: 1282:Pillar of Fire Church 1273: 1240: 1220: 1170:Bureau of Prohibition 1118: 1103: 1047: 1003: 930: 909: 877: 868: 801: 743: 619: 542: 457: 326: 262:On October 28, 1919, 229: 191:religious use of wine 42: 11221:Eighteenth Amendment 10075:Palestinian American 9502:Obergefell v. Hodges 9394:September 11 attacks 9230:Second-wave feminism 9151:Cuban Missile Crisis 9011:Bath School disaster 8929:Spanish–American War 8892:The Gospel of Wealth 8771:California Gold Rush 8731:Mexican–American War 8721:Nullification crisis 8689:Era of Good Feelings 8589:Confederation period 8497:Proclamation of 1763 8447:Atlantic slave trade 7364:. pp. 400–401. 7206:Burns, Eric (2003). 6904:Haygood, Atticus G. 6892:on December 25, 2020 6744:Napa Valley Register 6719:on December 14, 2006 6306:Agur, Colin (2013). 5408:on December 27, 2010 5289:(First published in 4090:. February 5, 1919. 3661:Marni Davis (2012). 3491:Ruth Bordin (1981). 3463:The Mixer and Server 3459:The Church Messenger 3414:The Maine Liquor Law 2892:Bob Skilnik (2006). 2850:Dwight Vick (2010). 2424:(October 16, 1989). 2143:Whiskey Gap, Alberta 1972:United States portal 1938:to approve sales of 1904:Eighteenth Amendment 1863:going north through 1847:, specifically with 1789:A 2021 study in the 1785:Positive assessments 1768:Negative assessments 1080:base, and 0.5 parts 827:Charles Evans Hughes 812:Nineteenth Amendment 768:economics professor 755:political corruption 397:, which opposed the 375:western Pennsylvania 297:signed into law the 256:Eighteenth Amendment 132:political corruption 10524:U.S. Virgin Islands 10010:Lithuanian American 9966:Vietnamese American 9312:End of the Cold War 9302:Invasion of Grenada 9252:Iran hostage crisis 9001:Tulsa race massacre 8808:Election of Lincoln 8803:Dred Scott decision 8791:Kansas–Nebraska Act 8694:Missouri Compromise 8612:Northwest Ordinance 8602:Pennsylvania Mutiny 8597:and Perpetual Union 8557:American Revolution 8472:War of Jenkins' Ear 8225:Howard Hyde Russell 8044:Willis–Campbell Act 8009:Temperance movement 7912:Cullen–Harrison Act 7775:Alcohol prohibition 7108:. Arlington House. 7063:Timberlake, James. 7045:Rumbarger, John J. 6809:. pp. 630–631. 5872:10.1093/aler/ahh003 5444:on January 19, 2012 5279:on October 23, 2013 5151:(2015) pp. 231–256. 3976:Michael A. Lerner, 3789:Jensen (1971) ch 5. 1942:to individuals for 1818:Raceland, Louisiana 1742:Powers of the state 1626:Alcohol consumption 1615:temperance fountain 1583:temperance movement 1550:("high") churches ( 1531:Mainline Protestant 1456:Indian reservations 1374:Cullen–Harrison Act 1245:Charles R. Walgreen 1198:The Washington Post 896:tied to its tail." 894:Washington Monument 808:Sixteenth Amendment 695:, and Scandinavian 685:Disciples of Christ 510:temperance movement 487:temperance movement 415:community formed a 350:met at what is now 336:temperance movement 299:Cullen–Harrison Act 211:alcoholic psychosis 98:alcoholic beverages 11408:1920 introductions 10174:Historical regions 10130:Transgender people 9688:Capital punishment 9547:Support of Ukraine 9496:Black Lives Matter 9404:War in Afghanistan 9329:Invasion of Panama 9285:Iran–Contra affair 9146:Early–mid Cold War 9016:Harlem Renaissance 8875:Compromise of 1877 8850:Reconstruction era 8786:Fugitive Slave Act 8781:Compromise of 1850 8726:Westward expansion 8664:Louisiana Purchase 8507:Stamp Act Congress 8452:King William's War 8070:Harry J. Anslinger 7964:Neo-prohibitionism 7954:Molly Pitcher Club 7882:Anti-Saloon League 7304:Karson, Lawrence. 7056:Sinclair, Andrew. 6975:Lender, Mark, ed. 6942:American Quarterly 6570:American Quarterly 6393:10.1111/coep.12065 5593:Making Repeal Work 5273:Utah History to Go 4539:The New York Times 4246:Royal Observations 4209:American Quarterly 4151:The New York Times 4120:. March 13, 1918. 2896:. Baracade Books. 2431:The New York Times 2280:The New York Times 2078:Legal drinking age 1872:Alcohol production 1857:Great Depression's 1822: 1802:Ford Motor Company 1636: 1623: 1544:Third Party System 1444: 1370:Franklin Roosevelt 1365:William H. Stayton 1361: 1285: 1231: 1135:in rural areas of 1124: 1106: 1050: 1010: 969:, the head of the 933: 883: 872: 804: 780:" referred to the 750: 730:Anti-Saloon League 689:Congregationalists 621: 603:Anti-Saloon League 553: 549:water cure torture 502:American Civil War 464: 403:Alexander Hamilton 340: 295:Franklin Roosevelt 236: 160:Anti-Saloon League 52: 11350: 11349: 11163:St. Vincent grape 10660: 10659: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10179:American frontier 10140: 10139: 10070:Lebanese American 10055:Egyptian American 9990:Estonian American 9980:Albanian American 9974:European American 9951:Japanese American 9941:Filipino American 9902: 9901: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9513:COVID-19 pandemic 9416:Hurricane Katrina 9357:Los Angeles riots 9247:Watergate scandal 9092:Start of Cold War 9060:Manhattan Project 8647:Whiskey Rebellion 8477:King George's War 8442:Thirteen Colonies 8403:Pre-Columbian Era 8314: 8313: 8281:Prohibition Party 8269:Political parties 8205:Lanzetta Brothers 8120:Clinton N. Howard 8065:Martha Meir Allen 7597:Library resources 7414:978-1-4384-4816-9 7392:cite encyclopedia 7371:978-1-4129-6580-4 7148:978-1-5381-6491-4 7115:978-0-87000-094-2 6990:Miron, Jeffrey A. 6932:978-0-226-39825-9 6877:978-1-60883-430-3 6837:978-1-57607-833-4 6769:Hannah Sprecher. 6546:978-1-61145-009-5 6537:Arcade Publishing 6256:978-0-262-01961-3 5950:978-0-19-262561-8 5923:978-0-585-11982-3 5792:978-0-585-11982-3 5759:978-0-253-10952-1 5690:978-0-226-39825-9 5675:Richard J. Jensen 5577:978-0-8135-4592-9 5316:on March 27, 2019 5113:. March 23, 1933. 5056:978-0-393-06695-1 4944:978-1-55970-394-9 4819:Popular Mechanics 4725:978-0-14-311882-4 4642:978-1-60949-236-6 4577:978-0-521-42838-5 4308:978-1-4200-5463-7 4261:978-1-55002-076-2 4041:978-1-4766-6501-6 4006:978-0-7432-7702-0 3963:978-0-87480-379-2 3891:978-0-19-975293-5 3814:978-0-674-02432-8 3678:978-0-8147-2028-8 3559:. November 2001. 3510:978-0-87722-157-9 3444:978-0-8078-5366-5 3307:978-0-309-03149-3 3271:978-0-06-054218-4 3093:978-1-139-43325-9 3057:978-0-8147-7466-3 3020:"The Demon Drink" 2903:978-1-56980-312-7 2863:978-0-7637-7488-2 2797:978-0-521-88366-5 2720:978-0-252-01823-7 2646:978-0-521-79997-3 2501:Economics Letters 2470:978-1-57607-833-4 2388:978-1-4422-5137-3 2049:Legal foundation 1899:industrialization 1335:State governments 1280:published by the 1101: 1039:Warren G. Harding 975:Winston Churchill 746:James P. Goodrich 705:Latter-day Saints 677:Southern Baptists 673:Northern Baptists 636: 517:Prohibition Party 371:Whiskey Rebellion 348:New Somersetshire 332:Nathaniel Currier 307:distilled spirits 284:criminal activity 232:political cartoon 174:against Germany. 74: 16:(Redirected from 11420: 11378:Roaring Twenties 11044:Gamay Beaujolais 10687: 10680: 10673: 10664: 10663: 10650: 10640: 10639: 10604: 10603: 10533:Outlying islands 10490:Washington, D.C. 10485:Federal District 10184:Manifest destiny 10157: 10156: 10146: 10145: 10088:Native Americans 10060:Iranian American 10034:Mexican American 10020:Serbian American 10005:Italian American 9995:Finnish American 9985:English American 9936:Chinese American 9923:African American 9908: 9907: 9713:Direct democracy 9703:The Constitution 9662:Higher education 9585:American Century 9570: 9569: 9023:Great Depression 8996:Women's suffrage 8986:Roaring Twenties 8912:Haymarket affair 8870:Enforcement Acts 8659:Jeffersonian era 8607:Shays' Rebellion 8527:Intolerable Acts 8522:Boston Tea Party 8457:Queen Anne's War 8385: 8384: 8374: 8373: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8220:Arnold Rothstein 8130:Enoch L. Johnson 7969:Roaring Twenties 7768: 7761: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7401: 7395: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7141:. Lowell Baier. 7131: 7129: 7127: 7001:Miron, Jeffrey. 6968:Kyvig, David E. 6958:Kyvig, David E. 6936: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6888:. 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Kansas 545:Hawaiian Gazette 399:Federalist Party 391:Thomas Jefferson 230:Pro-prohibition 215:infant mortality 198:Great Depression 76: 75: 62: 21: 11428: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11308: 11247: 11197: 11126:Rogers' Hybrids 10962:Grape cultivars 10957: 10696: 10691: 10661: 10656: 10610: 10584: 10528: 10492: 10480: 10219: 10193: 10151: 10136: 10042:Jewish American 10015:Polish American 9956:Korean American 9946:Indian American 9913: 9898: 9753:Merchant Marine 9723:Law enforcement 9575: 9556: 9430: 9426:Great Recession 9333: 9307:Reagan Doctrine 9261: 9240:Stonewall riots 9162: 9136:Project Mercury 9097:Truman Doctrine 9073: 8981:First Red Scare 8955: 8924:Progressive Era 8836: 8796:Bleeding Kansas 8752: 8699:Monroe Doctrine 8675: 8623: 8582:Treaty of Paris 8543: 8517:Boston Massacre 8512:Sons of Liberty 8408: 8379: 8368: 8350: 8345: 8315: 8310: 8291: 8264: 8255:Frances Willard 8245:Andrew Volstead 8210:The Purple Gang 8175:J. Howard Moore 8115:J. Edgar Hoover 8053: 8034:Webb–Kenyon Act 7830: 7777: 7772: 7706:– slideshow by 7684:Wayback Machine 7652:Wayback Machine 7622: 7621: 7620: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7467: 7465: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7379: 7372: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7276:Karson, Larry, 7256:Wayback Machine 7172: 7170:Further reading 7167: 7158: 7156: 7149: 7125: 7123: 7116: 7034:Wayback Machine 7010:Wayback Machine 6963:Greenwood Press 6954:Wayback Machine 6933: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6847: 6845: 6838: 6819: 6814: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6671: 6667: 6661:Wayback Machine 6652: 6648: 6642:Wayback Machine 6633: 6629: 6623:Wayback Machine 6614: 6610: 6604:Wayback Machine 6595: 6591: 6580: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6529: 6525: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6420: 6416: 6377: 6373: 6363: 6361: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6304: 6300: 6289: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6257: 6239: 6235: 6196: 6192: 6167: 6163: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 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2118:Organized crime 2068:Webb-Kenyon Act 1984: 1979: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1874: 1810: 1787: 1770: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1667:organized crime 1663: 1645: 1628: 1617:erected by the 1607: 1515: 1509: 1507:Christian views 1425: 1411: 1393:, president of 1353: 1347: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1215: 1193:George Cassiday 1173: 1093: 998: 920: 917: 915: 913: 890:Morris Sheppard 863: 660: 659: 651: 649: 648: 647: 646: 639: 632: 629: 622: 616: 599:Progressive Era 525:Frances Willard 506:Mormon polygamy 452: 444:Main articles: 442: 362:for the sin of 344:colonial period 334:supporting the 321: 315: 224: 207:liver cirrhosis 172:First World War 124:family violence 90:Prohibition era 86: 85: 84: 83: 79: 78: 77: 70: 65: 64: 63: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Prohibition Era 15: 12: 11: 5: 11426: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 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10644: 10634: 10632:Historiography 10629: 10623: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10570:Navassa Island 10567: 10562: 10557: 10555:Johnston Atoll 10552: 10547: 10545:Howland Island 10542: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10504:American Samoa 10500: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10426:South Carolina 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10391:North Carolina 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10215:The West Coast 10212: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10189:Indian removal 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10165: 10163: 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7591:External links 7589: 7587: 7586: 7571: 7556: 7541: 7526: 7504: 7489: 7474: 7457:New York Times 7447: 7432: 7417: 7402: 7370: 7362:Cato Institute 7344:Hamowy, Ronald 7335: 7320: 7309: 7302: 7273: 7258: 7241: 7236:Dunn, John M. 7234: 7219: 7204: 7189: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7147: 7132: 7114: 7099: 7092: 7088: 7079: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7043: 7036: 7013: 6999: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6956: 6937: 6931: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6876: 6854: 6836: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6807:The Wine Bible 6794: 6761: 6730: 6700: 6665: 6646: 6627: 6608: 6589: 6574: 6561: 6552: 6545: 6523: 6496:(3): 792–830. 6473: 6414: 6371: 6341: 6318:(4): 419–447. 6298: 6295:. W.W. Norton. 6280: 6266: 6255: 6249:. p. 56. 6233: 6206:(3): 355–364. 6190: 6184:10.3386/w22980 6161: 6140: 6131: 6101: 6072:(5): 895–923. 6052: 6013: 5956: 5949: 5929: 5922: 5900: 5866:(2): 285–318. 5843: 5813: 5798: 5791: 5765: 5758: 5738: 5723: 5708: 5689: 5666: 5640: 5625: 5598: 5583: 5576: 5558: 5532: 5515: 5489: 5471: 5455: 5428: 5426:18 USC, § 1154 5419: 5392: 5383: 5354:(2): 233–243. 5327: 5295: 5291:History Blazer 5256: 5209: 5178: 5165: 5153: 5140: 5125: 5116: 5111:New York Times 5101: 5066: 5055: 5037: 5015: 5006: 4999: 4981: 4950: 4943: 4925: 4902: 4881: 4879:, pp. 125–133. 4868: 4833: 4824: 4809: 4765: 4731: 4724: 4706: 4691: 4676: 4661: 4648: 4641: 4623: 4608: 4595: 4576: 4556: 4527:David Oshinsky 4518: 4503: 4494: 4468: 4459: 4433: 4424: 4398: 4367: 4352:(video). PBS. 4314: 4307: 4289: 4274: 4260: 4234: 4215:(4): 465–482. 4199: 4168: 4135: 4118:New York Times 4105: 4088:New York Times 4075: 4059: 4040: 4020: 4005: 3982: 3969: 3962: 3936: 3923: 3921:(March): 5–10. 3910: 3897: 3890: 3864: 3851: 3820: 3813: 3791: 3782: 3755:(4): 938–950. 3730:10.2307/202597 3699: 3684: 3677: 3653: 3631: 3605: 3574: 3544: 3531: 3516: 3509: 3483: 3467: 3450: 3443: 3419: 3404: 3375: 3362: 3346: 3331: 3329:Hogeland, 242. 3322: 3313: 3306: 3277: 3270: 3252: 3239:The Town Crier 3225: 3195: 3180: 3154: 3115: 3092: 3063: 3056: 3033: 3007: 2973: 2936:(2): 233–243. 2909: 2902: 2881: 2862: 2842: 2816: 2796: 2777:. p. 223. 2759: 2741: 2726: 2719: 2701: 2672:(2): 233–243. 2652: 2645: 2614: 2564: 2553:(2): 242–247. 2532: 2507:(2): 279–284. 2488: 2469: 2449: 2422:Moore, Mark H. 2406: 2387: 2367: 2330: 2298: 2263: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2108:Chicago Outfit 2105: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1975: 1959: 1956: 1882:American South 1873: 1870: 1809: 1806: 1786: 1783: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751:Discrimination 1749: 1743: 1740: 1662: 1659: 1644: 1641: 1627: 1624: 1606: 1603: 1508: 1505: 1487:Shortly after 1410: 1407: 1391:Heber J. Grant 1363:Naval Captain 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1267: 1264: 1258:Gastro Obscura 1253: 1236:Gastro Obscura 1214: 1213:Medical liquor 1211: 1149:South Carolina 1145:North Carolina 1087:Charles Norris 1035:Woodrow Wilson 1026:Lizabeth Cohen 1018:David Oshinsky 997: 994: 910: 862: 859: 823:Woodrow Wilson 786:binge drinking 650: 640: 630: 625: 624: 623: 614: 613: 612: 441: 438: 373:took place in 317:Main article: 314: 311: 272:Woodrow Wilson 223: 220: 81: 80: 68: 67: 66: 57: 56: 55: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11425: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 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10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:New Hampshire 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10808:Massachusetts 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701:Wine by state 10699: 10695: 10694:American wine 10688: 10683: 10681: 10676: 10674: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10643: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10627:List of years 10625: 10624: 10621: 10607: 10599: 10597: 10596:Urban history 10594: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10575:Palmyra Atoll 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10550:Jarvis Island 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10497:Insular areas 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10466:West Virginia 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10371:New Hampshire 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Massachusetts 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 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9803: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9799:Party Systems 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9738:Voting rights 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9571: 9567: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9399:War on terror 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9297:Late Cold War 9295: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9176:Great Society 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9131:Post-war boom 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 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8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Lucky Luciano 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:Bumpy Johnson 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080:Lyman Beecher 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7989:Sly-grog shop 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7826:United States 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709:Life magazine 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7584: 7583:0-8038-6705-0 7580: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568:1-56663-208-0 7565: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7553:0-8135-4592-7 7550: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7538:1-60949-236-6 7535: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7516:0-7432-7702-3 7513: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7501:0-8018-5940-9 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7486:0-252-03935-1 7483: 7479: 7475: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7445: 7444:0-393-06695-9 7441: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7429:0-674-02432-X 7426: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7349:Archived copy 7345: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7332:0-399-11209-X 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317:1-56980-210-6 7314: 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Paul Reeve 5260: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223:Public Choice 5220: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5147:Lisa McGirr, 5144: 5136: 5129: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5082:(1): 89–119. 5081: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5010: 5002: 5000:0-268-03383-8 4996: 4992: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4964:Atlas Obscura 4961: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891:CQ Researcher 4885: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4828: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4515:. Greenhaven. 4514: 4507: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4463: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4344: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3724:(1): 87–116. 3723: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3650:(828): 40–44. 3649: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:"Prohibition" 3548: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3520: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3012: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1976: 1973: 1962: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1919:legal fiction 1915: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1840:was founded. 1839: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1808:Other effects 1805: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1765: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1714:Mark H. Moore 1711: 1709: 1708:New York City 1705: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1640: 1632: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1379:Public Choice 1375: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1203:1932 election 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1186:ethyl alcohol 1183: 1179: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:West Virginia 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1076:, 2.25 parts 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:ethyl alcohol 1062: 1058: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022:Daniel Okrent 1019: 1015: 1014:H. L. Mencken 1007: 1002: 993: 991: 987: 986:U.S. Treasury 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955:Detroit River 950: 947: 943: 939: 929: 925: 919: 908: 906: 902: 897: 895: 891: 886: 880: 876: 867: 858: 856: 852: 848: 843: 838: 836: 830: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 800: 796: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:Irving Fisher 767: 763: 758: 756: 747: 742: 738: 735: 731: 727: 726:Wayne Wheeler 722: 718: 714: 713:Episcopalians 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 658: 656: 644: 628: 611: 609: 604: 600: 596: 590: 588: 584: 583: 577: 575: 571: 566: 565:Carrie Nation 562: 558: 550: 546: 541: 537: 535: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 461: 456: 451: 447: 437: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:Benjamin Rush 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:national debt 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 257: 254:proposed the 253: 248: 246: 242: 233: 228: 219: 216: 212: 208: 202: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 179:supermajority 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136:public morals 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 94:United States 91: 61: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11413:1933 endings 11313:Other topics 11294:South Dakota 11231:Volstead Act 11215: 11089:Minnesota 78 10999:Cayuga White 10908:South Dakota 10898:Rhode Island 10893:Pennsylvania 10873:North Dakota 10565:Midway Atoll 10560:Kingman Reef 10540:Baker Island 10519:Puerto Rico 10431:South Dakota 10421:Rhode Island 10416:Pennsylvania 10396:North Dakota 10112: 10105: 10086: 10047: 10040: 10026: 9972: 9928: 9921: 9864: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9797: 9771:Marine Corps 9758: 9751: 9744: 9708:Debt ceiling 9693:Civil Rights 9675: 9668: 9654: 9640: 9626: 9597: 9592:Antisemitism 9590: 9583: 9539: 9500: 9436:2008–present 9388:Bush v. Gore 9386: 9324:War on drugs 9198:Mid Cold War 9050:Pearl Harbor 9045:World War II 8990: 8865:Ku Klux Klan 8462:Dummer's War 8401: 8394: 8388:Pre-Colonial 8303: 8215:George Remus 8195:Roy Olmstead 8160:Owney Madden 8140:Meyer Lansky 8100:Texas Guinan 8095:Waxey Gordon 8090:Mickey Duffy 8024:Volstead Act 7944:Local option 7825: 7717: 7707: 7688:Harry Browne 7601: 7574: 7559: 7544: 7529: 7507: 7492: 7477: 7466:. Retrieved 7455: 7435: 7420: 7405: 7380:. Retrieved 7353: 7348: 7323: 7305: 7294:, retrieved 7278: 7261: 7244: 7237: 7222: 7207: 7192: 7177: 7157:. Retrieved 7137: 7124:. Retrieved 7104: 7095: 7082: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7046: 7039: 7022: 7016: 6993: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6959: 6940: 6921: 6912: 6896:September 8, 6894:. Retrieved 6890:the original 6866: 6862:Novick, Lynn 6846:. Retrieved 6826: 6806: 6797: 6787:September 4, 6785:. Retrieved 6764: 6752:. Retrieved 6733: 6721:. Retrieved 6717:the original 6712: 6703: 6691:. 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Retrieved 4150: 4126:. Retrieved 4117: 4108: 4096:. Retrieved 4087: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4050:. Retrieved 4030: 4023: 3996: 3980:, pp. 96–97. 3977: 3972: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3844:November 15, 3842:. Retrieved 3833: 3823: 3802: 3794: 3785: 3752: 3748: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3643: 3624:December 21, 3622:. Retrieved 3608: 3596:. Retrieved 3587: 3577: 3567:November 15, 3565:. Retrieved 3556: 3547: 3539: 3534: 3525: 3519: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3429: 3422: 3413: 3407: 3395:. Retrieved 3385: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3357: 3340: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3291: 3261: 3255: 3243:. Retrieved 3238: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3207: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3171:. Retrieved 3157: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3109: 3102:. Retrieved 3078: 3047: 3028:the original 3023: 2998:. Retrieved 2990:Hour Detroit 2933: 2927: 2893: 2872:. Retrieved 2852: 2845: 2833:. Retrieved 2819: 2806:. 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Retrieved 2245: 2236: 2195:War on Drugs 1986:Drink portal 1952: 1929: 1916: 1912: 1908:Volstead Act 1896: 1891:Thunder Road 1889: 1875: 1842: 1834: 1823: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1754: 1747:collection. 1745: 1729: 1724: 1712: 1704:urbanization 1700: 1696:Volstead Act 1691:black market 1679:prostitution 1664: 1646: 1637: 1594:Billy Sunday 1580: 1565: 1516: 1498: 1493:local option 1489:World War II 1486: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1453: 1449:dry counties 1445: 1436: 1404: 1384: 1377: 1362: 1331:black market 1328: 1321: 1316:Ku Klux Klan 1313: 1302: 1289: 1286: 1275: 1257: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1207: 1196: 1190: 1125: 1107: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1031: 1011: 979: 951: 940:of wine and 934: 922: 911: 898: 887: 884: 855:Volstead Act 851:Rhode Island 839: 831: 816: 805: 790: 762:Simon Patten 759: 751: 661: 652: 591: 586: 580: 578: 561:Constitution 554: 544: 514: 495: 476: 465: 459: 450:Volstead Act 423:in 1800 and 407: 368: 360: 341: 327: 292: 280: 268:Volstead Act 261: 249: 237: 203: 195: 187:Volstead Act 176: 140:progressives 110: 89: 87: 36: 11259:New England 11216:Prohibition 11193:Vidal blanc 11158:Scuppernong 11109:Olmo grapes 11074:La Crescent 10823:Mississippi 10738:Connecticut 10580:Wake Island 10346:Mississippi 10261:Connecticut 10205:New England 9872:Agriculture 9791:Coast Guard 9786:Space Force 9634:Immigration 9362:WTC bombing 9280:Reaganomics 9208:Vietnam War 9124:McCarthyism 9006:Second Klan 8991:Prohibition 8969:World War I 8944:Square Deal 8934:Imperialism 8669:War of 1812 8396:Prehistoric 8304:Prohibition 8135:Norman Kerr 8105:Frank Hamer 8004:Teetotalism 7974:Rum-running 7892:Bathtub gin 7602:Prohibition 7468:January 16, 7238:Prohibition 7025:, 341–358. 6867:Prohibition 6848:October 17, 6693:November 7, 5980:: 209–219. 5836:October 18, 5826:www.pbs.org 5701:October 17, 5618:December 3, 5508:November 7, 5448:January 24, 5283:November 7, 4758:November 7, 4588:October 17, 4381:DrinkBoston 4052:November 7, 3397:October 17, 3245:February 7, 3135:(4): 1018. 3000:December 3, 2874:January 18, 2835:November 7, 2808:October 17, 2481:October 17, 2291:January 19, 2113:Rum-running 2083:Prohibition 2018:Teetotalism 2013:Moral panic 1940:kosher wine 1886:muscle cars 1861:New Orleans 1853:Speakeasies 1830:speakeasies 1798:absenteeism 1587:prohibition 1569:during the 1499:In 2014, a 1482:Gallup Poll 1409:Post-repeal 1266:Enforcement 1229:as medicine 1223:Prohibition 1178:Bénédictine 1165:homebrewing 1129:bathtub gin 1054:bootlegging 870:year later. 847:Connecticut 778:Blue Monday 734:wedge issue 709:Protestants 434:hard liquor 413:Connecticut 352:Saco, Maine 266:passed the 252:U.S. Senate 245:World War I 234:, from 1874 166:and German 144:Prohibition 116:Protestants 11357:Categories 11289:New Mexico 11284:New Jersey 11211:California 11173:Traminette 11024:Corot noir 10938:Washington 10858:New Mexico 10853:New Jersey 10728:California 10461:Washington 10381:New Mexico 10376:New Jersey 10251:California 9746:Journalism 9698:Corruption 9677:Government 9628:Demography 9615:Newspapers 9464:Sandy Hook 9367:Waco siege 9275:Reagan era 9181:Space Race 9114:Korean War 9055:home front 8887:Gilded Age 8855:Amendments 8190:Eliot Ness 8180:Bugs Moran 7979:Rum Patrol 7917:Dry county 7897:Blaine Act 7791:Bangladesh 7783:By country 6858:Burns, Ken 6817:References 6685:(5): 147. 6434:: 101427. 6324:1492199073 4549:August 20, 4192:January 9, 4071:The Survey 3598:January 2, 3218:August 27, 3104:October 4, 2058:Dry county 1924:California 1591:evangelist 1567:Revivalism 1548:Liturgical 1419:Dry county 669:Methodists 655:media help 595:free lunch 570:dry states 534:labor laws 483:Methodists 429:temperance 417:temperance 152:Republican 148:Democratic 120:alcoholism 11168:St. Pepin 11146:Massasoit 11084:Marquette 11079:La Crosse 11059:Jaeger 70 11054:Ives noir 11039:Frontenac 11034:Edelweiss 11014:Chardonel 10969:Alexander 10948:Wisconsin 10913:Tennessee 10818:Minnesota 10793:Louisiana 10471:Wisconsin 10436:Tennessee 10341:Minnesota 10316:Louisiana 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2581:Addiction 2509:CiteSeerX 2341:Addiction 2063:Dry state 2043:Moonshine 1878:moonshine 1650:cirrhosis 1558:, German 1556:Episcopal 1539:Pietistic 1477:Cirrhosis 1415:Dry state 1397:, the 21 1324:St. Louis 1309:Al Capone 1249:Walgreens 1161:Tennessee 1133:moonshine 1006:moonshine 946:vineyards 879:Budweiser 774:marijuana 744:Governor 717:Catholics 697:Lutherans 665:pietistic 529:dram-shop 498:Maine law 479:pietistic 288:speakeasy 241:armistice 113:Pietistic 11342:Meritage 11304:Virginia 11279:Missouri 11269:Illinois 11252:Wineries 11236:Vine-Glo 11188:Vignoles 11178:Thomcord 11069:Lakemont 11064:Kay Gray 11029:Delaware 10933:Virginia 10883:Oklahoma 10863:New York 10838:Nebraska 10828:Missouri 10813:Michigan 10803:Maryland 10788:Kentucky 10768:Illinois 10743:Delaware 10733:Colorado 10723:Arkansas 10642:Category 10456:Virginia 10406:Oklahoma 10386:New York 10361:Nebraska 10351:Missouri 10336:Michigan 10326:Maryland 10311:Kentucky 10291:Illinois 10266:Delaware 10256:Colorado 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