562:
554:
30:
203:
507:. Apparently, both semantic and phonetic borrowing took place. Many Jurchen characters can be described as copies, or distorted copies, of Chinese and/or large-script Khitan characters with similar meaning; others apparently were derived from Chinese characters whose sound was similar to that of Jurchen words, without semantic connection. There seem to be few Jurchen characters whose shapes can be related to the Khitan small-character script; however, the idea of using phonetic symbols for grammatical
740:, and although the structure of the characters is identical to the Khitan small script she concludes that the script is not actually the Khitan small script but is in fact the otherwise unattested Jurchen small script. She argues that this small script was only used briefly during the last five years of the reign of its creator, Emperor Xizong, and when he was murdered in a coup d'état the small script fell out of use as it was less convenient to use than the earlier large script.
257:
353:. It is apparently an abbreviated translation of the Chinese text on the front of the stele. However, the undated inscription from Qingyuan (Kyŏngwŏn) in northern Korea is now thought to be older, surmised to have been created between 1138 and 1153. The only inscription dating from after the end of the Jin dynasty is the one on the
735:
with the same inscription, apparently in the small Khitan script, were unearthed in northern China. The inscription is structured as a single large character, followed by two clusters each of which contains three characters, in the same layout used by Khitan small script; however, none of these seven
575:
Due to the scarcity of the surviving samples of
Jurchen writing, it was often difficult to determine for the 19th-century (or sometimes even 20th-century) scholars, whether a given inscription was in the "large" or "small" Jurchen script, or whether it was in the Jurchen script at all. Thus, it was
426:
himself soon after his invention of the large-character script. According to its discoverers, this manuscript was a type of textbook, a list of large-script characters, each one usually representing a complete word. This is different from the epigraphic inscriptions, which also contain phonetic
330:
ones (those on monuments etc.), as well as a few short inscriptions on seals, mirrors, ceramics, graffiti, etc. A total of nine epigraphic inscriptions are known so far. The best known (and traditionally thought to be earliest of them) is the
Jurchen inscription on the back of "the Jin Victory
544:
with later inscriptions and Ming dynasty dictionaries, one can detect the direction of the writing system's development from ideographic to combined ideographic-phonetic. Many words originally written with a single character were later written with two or even three, the character originally
404:, below) describes the Leningrad document as "unique" and not yet deciphered. Even more importantly, in 1979 Chinese scholars Liu Zuichang and Zhu Jieyuan reported the ground-breaking discovery of an eleven-page document in the Jurchen script in the base of a stele in
717:
and monumental inscriptions have developed a phonetic function, and can thus be used to express grammatical endings. Kane considers the "large script" to refer to characters used as logograms, and the "small script" to refer to character used as phonograms.
1115:
1099:
919:
period (1120), the composition of the new script was finished". The two dates can be reconciled as one may imagine that the work started in 1119 and was completed in August–September (the eighth month of the
Chinese calendar) of
561:
1101:
Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a
Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature
445:
The
Jurchen script must have become much less known after the destruction of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols, but it was not completely forgotten, because it is attested at least twice during the
673:
has suggested that the large and small
Jurchen scripts are points on a single script continuum: the large script was the earliest form of the Jurchen script, as represented in the manuscript
319:(1161–1189) a large number of Chinese books were translated into Jurchen. The translation program started in 1164; among the translations were Confucian and Taoist classics, histories, and
393:
725:
believes that there were actually two separate
Jurchen scripts, a "large" logographic script modelled on the Khitan large script, and a "small" phonographic script modelled on the
909:
The date of the creation of the script (1119 or 1120) varies in different sources. Franke (1994) says that "he
Jurchens developed ... ... in 1119". Kane (1989) (p. 3) quotes the
389:
511:, for phonetics transcription of Chinese loanwords, or for writing words for which there were no special ideograms, may have been inspired by the Khitan small-character script.
430:
The
Jurchen script was apparently fairly widely known among Jurchens, which is attested by numerous graffiti (unfortunately, mostly illegible) left by Jurchen visitors in
270:: "When a wise king is heedful of virtue, foreigners from all quarters come as guests"). The image was preserved in a Ming dynasty catalog of molds for making ink cakes.
667:. Various theories have been suggested to account for the apparent lack of a Jurchen small script in the extant corpus of monumental inscriptions and manuscript texts.
1117:
Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a
Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.)
1143:
ancient character may have answered the purposes state time being spirit nation sufficient preserve it many generations without national character literature.
591:
533:
However, the boundary between the classes was not precise, as some ideographic characters were also used for their phonetic value as parts of other words.
545:
designating the entire word being later used only for its beginning, and a phonetic character (or two) being used for the last one or two syllable(s),
186:
2236:
1720:
595:
614:
inscription, long thought to be written in the Jurchen script, turned out to be written in the (still undeciphered) Khitan script and, most likely,
2666:
2656:
2231:
2646:
2636:
2226:
2221:
2216:
603:
431:
4362:
2651:
855:. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA: Sino-Platonic Papers, 28
1795:
1527:
4394:
1453:
1384:. (Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 153). Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. Bloomington, Indiana, 1989.
1300:
Aisin-Gioro, Ulhicun (2009). "女真小字金牌・銀牌・木牌考" [Study of gold, silver and wooden paiza written in Jurchen small characters].
587:
1216:(pp. 4, 5, 6, 10); apparently, he is talking about the same monument, and the latter name is simply a shorter form of the former
645:(r. 1135–1150), but which was first officially used in 1145. However, all the extant examples of Jurchen writing, including the
3584:
5464:
1713:
1389:
1357:
476:
During the Yuan and Ming dynasty the Jurchen language continued to be spoken in Manchuria, where it later developed into the
4033:
3470:
1782:
1542:
2006:
736:
characters appear in any other known Khitan small script inscription. Aisin-Gioro has analysed the inscription on these
709:. The earlier and later forms of the script use basically the same set of characters, but whereas the characters in the
1301:
5576:
5232:
5218:
5188:
4327:
1687:
1024:
990:
952:
825:
458:
412:
museum. This manuscript, containing 237 lines of Jurchen script (around 2300 characters), is thought to be a copy of
1417:
1405:
5450:
4167:
3564:
1706:
2011:
315:
There is no historical information about any original books that were written in Jurchen, but during the reign of
3890:
3151:
607:
286:
168:
5457:
4023:
3662:
1348:
4132:
3657:
2715:
1636:
1446:
320:
210:
2994:
5443:
5422:
2710:
2485:
2001:
1777:
1537:
874:
749:
660:
376:
No paper or silk manuscripts in Jurchen were known until 1968, when a Jurchen manuscript was discovered by
206:
182:
178:
5323:
5302:
3982:
3977:
3672:
3574:
2096:
1787:
1335:
1286:
978:
754:
397:
294:
282:
226:
5390:
3987:
3554:
2967:
2028:
1471:
377:
2720:
2038:
3640:
3362:
2915:
2502:
1682:
245:
852:
5140:
5126:
4431:
3014:
2817:
2033:
1439:
599:
488:
derived from the Mongolian script (1632), neither of which has any relation to the Jurchen script.
4745:
2161:
1271:
637:
there were two different Jurchen scripts: a "large script" that was devised in 1120 by command of
5571:
5429:
4457:
3414:
3091:
3070:
2950:
2930:
2762:
2433:
2337:
1814:
1772:
1729:
1595:
1575:
1552:
1521:
1495:
1138:
46:
4147:
3086:
3076:
3009:
2519:
1952:
1377:
1267:
670:
342:
316:
164:
985:, "The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia". Published by Cambridge University Press, 1990.
853:"The Family of Chinese Character-Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Development)"
691:
in 1979; and the small script was the later form of the Jurchen script, as represented on the
5531:
5436:
5225:
5174:
4634:
4556:
4320:
4259:
4244:
3813:
3692:
3434:
3394:
3126:
2802:
1986:
1974:
1947:
1932:
947:
Jing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976,
817:
642:
641:, the first emperor of the Jin dynasty; and a "small script" that was created in 1138 by the
354:
305:
4239:
3444:
1208:
Kane (1989) refers to the Khitan stele that originally was thought to be in Jurchen both as
524:
the first one or two syllables of a word, to be followed by one or several phonetic symbols.
5295:
5046:
4723:
4219:
3874:
3838:
3243:
3166:
2999:
2747:
2737:
2576:
2559:
1875:
1532:
586:) inscription represented the Jurchen large script until, in 1922, the Belgian missionary
8:
4122:
4018:
3740:
3263:
1969:
726:
722:
664:
500:
230:
121:
2285:
1373:
5281:
5258:
4892:
4781:
4771:
4663:
4606:
4592:
4549:
4254:
4137:
3972:
3864:
3823:
3777:
3772:
3667:
3649:
3317:
3248:
3213:
3161:
2974:
2962:
2373:
2295:
2196:
1751:
1641:
1490:
1282:
1132:
106:
4514:
4172:
5404:
5397:
5133:
5119:
5031:
4920:
4830:
4809:
4788:
4716:
4648:
4507:
4465:
4417:
4152:
4142:
3787:
3782:
3687:
3682:
3589:
3544:
3367:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3258:
3253:
3181:
3116:
3101:
3051:
3046:
2989:
2925:
2883:
2725:
2611:
2534:
2050:
2045:
1922:
1385:
1353:
1249:
1244:
Zheng Shaozong 鄭紹宗 (1974). "承德发现的契丹符牌" [Khitan paiza discovered at Chengde].
1020:
986:
948:
868:
821:
810:
598:, where this very script was used, in parallel with Chinese text, for the epitaph of
576:
commonly thought in the 19th century by the Chinese and Western researchers that the
553:
504:
238:
5538:
5476:
5369:
5330:
5316:
5274:
5149:
5095:
5076:
5010:
5002:
4988:
4981:
4906:
4702:
4677:
4613:
4585:
4500:
4486:
4403:
4376:
4313:
4224:
4127:
3949:
3792:
3419:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3268:
3024:
2957:
2945:
2910:
2905:
2888:
2827:
2792:
2752:
2554:
2549:
2497:
2448:
2332:
2266:
2206:
2156:
2101:
2018:
1996:
1981:
1927:
1917:
1851:
1666:
1505:
529:
Phonetic characters, usually recording a CV syllable, a Vn ending, or single vowel.
481:
218:
202:
84:
29:
5376:
4571:
4197:
3848:
3218:
1368:
5362:
5054:
4995:
4941:
4934:
4913:
4899:
4883:
4861:
4816:
4709:
4684:
4656:
4641:
4564:
4542:
4535:
4493:
4453:
4424:
4112:
4082:
3905:
3828:
3594:
3524:
3429:
3377:
3357:
3293:
3283:
3273:
3238:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3106:
3061:
3056:
2940:
2935:
2782:
2772:
2626:
2591:
2586:
2566:
2460:
2418:
2358:
2241:
2211:
2121:
2081:
2023:
1957:
1937:
1885:
1868:
1856:
1421:
1409:
1339:
1028:
994:
615:
514:
The Jurchen characters can be divided into two classes, according to their role:
477:
304:
The second version, the so-called "small script", was promulgated in 1138 by the
234:
116:
88:
3559:
2742:
323:
study guides. However, not even a single fragment of any of the books survived.
5499:
5383:
5267:
5247:
5156:
5024:
4955:
4854:
4802:
4795:
4627:
4620:
4599:
4578:
4479:
4472:
4279:
4234:
4162:
4157:
4008:
3992:
3967:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3609:
3569:
3539:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3449:
3424:
3372:
3312:
3278:
3228:
3176:
3141:
3096:
3066:
3019:
2979:
2878:
2832:
2787:
2705:
2641:
2596:
2581:
2544:
2524:
2492:
2480:
2428:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2315:
2300:
2290:
2256:
2246:
2191:
2176:
2141:
1991:
1895:
1843:
1733:
1605:
1590:
1462:
439:
326:
Most of the samples of the Jurchen writing available to modern researchers are
222:
3709:
1426:
693:
Monument recording the names of successful candidates for the degree of jinshi
5565:
5506:
5355:
5288:
5211:
5181:
5039:
5017:
4948:
4844:
4823:
4670:
4528:
4446:
4439:
4410:
4369:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4056:
3750:
3409:
3352:
3004:
2777:
2661:
2616:
2571:
2539:
2388:
2305:
2278:
2251:
2181:
2166:
2151:
2106:
1863:
1631:
1363:
1253:
622:
485:
381:
275:
2325:
1311:
663:, are written in basically the same script, which is similar in form to the
396:). It is written on two sheets of paper and dates to 1217. Writing in 1990,
4962:
4927:
4868:
4355:
4117:
4013:
3926:
3818:
3719:
3529:
3342:
3307:
3288:
3223:
3111:
2873:
2797:
2606:
2601:
2512:
2507:
2443:
2383:
2363:
2320:
2310:
2261:
2146:
2126:
2116:
1964:
1942:
1900:
1698:
1661:
638:
537:
446:
423:
409:
358:
350:
346:
312:, in 1145 the small script characters were used officially the first time.
298:
290:
278:
56:
3171:
1017:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
229:
in northeastern China in the 12th–13th centuries. It was derived from the
5545:
5309:
5240:
4521:
4212:
4072:
3833:
3677:
3534:
3439:
3208:
3136:
3121:
3029:
2822:
2732:
2631:
2621:
2475:
2438:
2393:
2378:
2353:
2273:
2201:
2186:
1890:
1414:
1402:
982:
454:
366:
308:, and said to have been created by the emperor himself. According to the
111:
41:
981:, "The forest people of Manchuria: Khitans and Jurchens". A chapter in:
4202:
4177:
3745:
3188:
2678:
2673:
2529:
2470:
2111:
1646:
370:
5513:
5492:
5485:
4264:
4101:
3797:
3764:
3599:
3490:
3039:
2767:
2683:
2408:
1615:
1610:
1600:
385:
327:
145:
4207:
394:
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
256:
4229:
4192:
4187:
4067:
4028:
3869:
3628:
3513:
3404:
3146:
3034:
2984:
2855:
2368:
2171:
2131:
1912:
1905:
1756:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1500:
1485:
688:
508:
405:
174:
4249:
1431:
1415:
Jurchens in the Ming Era: From the Nüzhenyiyu to the Yongningsibei
301:, invented the first Jurchen script, known as "the large script".
4336:
3843:
3714:
3604:
3579:
3465:
3302:
3156:
3131:
2900:
2807:
2455:
2069:
1880:
1565:
915:, which states that "n the eighth month of the third year of the
911:
713:
are largely logographic in nature, many of the characters in the
621:
The pioneering work on studies of the Jurchen script was done by
450:
362:
260:
A medallion with the Jurchen translation of the Chinese couplet,
521:
a whole word (one to three, but usually two, syllables long), or
5337:
3081:
2893:
2812:
2757:
2465:
2136:
1651:
435:
3704:
3699:
3549:
3332:
3233:
2920:
1831:
1560:
731:
461:
included in the multilingual "Chinese–Barbarian Dictionary" (
1130:
4182:
4077:
1656:
1403:
The Khitais and Jurchens as Seen from the Korean Peninsula
1382:
The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters
955:. Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", Page 81.
850:
241:). The script has only been decoded to a small extent.
1057:
1055:
851:
Professor ZHOU Youguang (1991). Victor H. Mair (ed.).
647:
Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters
557:
Jurchen inscription dated 1196, on a rock in Mongolia
1097:
173:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1052:
1243:
809:
341:), which was erected in 1185, during the reign of
1308:Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun
5563:
1293:
1124:
187:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
729:. During the 1970s a number of gold and silver
565:Da Jin huang di dutong jinglüe langjun xingji (
518:Ideographic characters, used to record either:
491:The last Jurchen inscription is dated to 1526.
807:
578:Da Jin huang di doutong jinglüe langjun xingji
467:) compiled by the Ming Bureau of Translators (
4321:
1714:
1447:
793:
787:
777:
700:
682:
654:
581:
566:
468:
462:
417:
332:
297:, acting on the orders of the first emperor,
265:
1728:
1210:Da Jin huangdi dotong jinglüe langjun xingji
612:Da Jin huangdi dotong jinglüe langjun xingji
480:. The latter, however, was written first in
1352:, vol 6. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
1299:
974:
972:
970:
217:) was the writing system used to write the
4328:
4314:
1721:
1707:
1454:
1440:
1237:
494:
1344:Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
1279:Towards an Encoding of the Jurchen Script
1177:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1015:Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, Stephen H. West,
1219:
967:
839:hsia script writing inspired east asia.
560:
552:
422:, "Jurchen Character Book"), written by
255:
1526:Languages by writing system /
1131:Alexander Wylie; Henri Cordier (1897).
1009:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
628:
274:After the Jurchen rebelled against the
5564:
1272:"4.1: Large and Small Jurchen Scripts"
1228:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1091:
816:. Cambridge University Press. p.
610:was discovered, and the Jin dynasty's
548:
5465:American Printing House for the Blind
5241:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
4893:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4309:
4099:
4054:
3947:
3626:
3511:
2853:
2067:
1829:
1812:
1702:
1435:
1214:Da Jin huangdi jinglüe langjun xingji
1193:
1120:. Mission Press. 1855. pp. xix–.
1064:
3948:
1372:. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1896.
1266:
958:
941:
923:
881:
177:. For the distinction between ,
4335:
1461:
13:
4055:
1533:Ancient languages corpuses by size
244:The Jurchen script is part of the
14:
5588:
1396:
1369:Die Sprache und Schrift der Jučen
1019:. Published by SUNY Press, 1995.
812:A history of Chinese civilization
233:, which in turn was derived from
625:in the end of the 19th century.
499:Jurchen script was based on the
293:, the "chancellor" of the early
262:Míngwáng shèn dé, sì yí xián bīn
201:
28:
16:Chinese-based script for Jurchen
4100:
1260:
1202:
1108:
1082:
1073:
1043:
1034:
1000:
169:International Phonetic Alphabet
1794:Languages by writing system /
1349:The Cambridge History of China
1310:]. Shokado. Archived from
903:
844:
801:
767:
701:
683:
655:
582:
567:
469:
463:
418:
333:
266:
214:
1:
5233:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5189:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3627:
3512:
2854:
1329:
760:
390:Institute of Oriental Studies
285:in 1115, they were using the
5444:National Braille Association
5423:Braille Institute of America
5141:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
2068:
1538:Undeciphered writing systems
750:List of Jurchen inscriptions
162: This article contains
7:
5324:Refreshable braille display
5303:Optical braille recognition
4900:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4432:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
3575:New Epoch Notation Painting
1543:Creators of writing systems
1031:on Google Books. Pp 228–229
755:Sinicization of the Manchus
743:
484:(1601), and later in a new
10:
5593:
5391:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
1830:
1472:Index of language articles
997:on Google Books. Page 422.
635:History of the Jin Dynasty
459:Chinese–Jurchen dictionary
251:
5523:
5474:
5414:
5347:
5257:
5203:
5166:
5127:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
5106:
5087:
5068:
4973:
4879:
4840:
4767:
4694:
4393:
4386:
4347:
4305:
4108:
4095:
4063:
4050:
4001:
3960:
3956:
3943:
3919:
3883:
3857:
3806:
3763:
3728:
3648:
3641:Chinese family of scripts
3639:
3635:
3622:
3520:
3507:
3458:
2866:
2862:
2849:
2711:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
2698:
2346:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2063:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1796:by first written accounts
1765:
1744:
1740:
1675:
1624:
1551:
1514:
1478:
1469:
1098:Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855).
938:Franke (1994), pp. 31–34.
794:
788:
784:Jurchen script Dictionary
778:
687:) that was discovered in
339:Dà Jīn déshèngtuó sòngbēi
246:Chinese family of scripts
160:
144:
139:
99:
94:
80:
72:
62:
52:
36:
27:
21:
5577:Obsolete writing systems
5114:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4377:Unicode braille patterns
4363:International uniformity
2818:Thomas Natural Shorthand
1528:by first written account
873:: CS1 maint: location (
697:Nüzhen jinshi timing bei
600:Emperor Xingzong of Liao
281:and established the new
5451:Blindness organizations
5430:Braille Without Borders
5219:Canadian currency marks
4841:Egyptian lineage family
4024:Southwest Paleohispanic
1496:History of the alphabet
1088:Kane (1989), pp. 90–91.
808:Jacques Gernet (1996).
715:Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary
707:Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary
661:monumental inscriptions
495:Structure of the script
457:stele of 1413 and in a
400:(perhaps, not aware of
165:phonetic transcriptions
4768:Russian lineage family
4168:Great Lakes Algonquian
3077:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3010:Gabelsberger shorthand
1953:Inscriptional Parthian
1061:Kane (1989), p. 75–76.
711:Jurchen Character Book
675:Jurchen Character Book
572:
558:
503:, inspired in turn by
317:Emperor Shizong of Jin
271:
221:, the language of the
156:, Jurchen
5532:Accessible publishing
5458:Schools for the blind
5437:Japan Braille Library
5226:Computer Braille Code
4880:Indian lineage family
4260:Old Persian cuneiform
3127:Carolingian minuscule
1933:Ancient North Arabian
1190:Kane (1989) pp. 28–30
1181:Kane (1989) pp. 25–28
1169:Kane (1989) pp. 21–24
1070:Kane (1989), pp. 8–9.
964:Tao (1976), pp 76–77.
564:
556:
355:stele erected in 1413
259:
5296:Mountbatten Brailler
4651:(largely reassigned)
4434:(largely reassigned)
3983:Southeastern Iberian
3978:Northeastern Iberian
1876:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1225:Kiyose (1977), p. 22
1199:Kane (1989), pp. 4–6
798:, China, 1984, pp.31
629:Jurchen small script
369:Cliff, on the lower
349:'s victory over the
5248:Nemeth braille code
5034:(reassigned vowels)
4559:(extended to 8-dot)
4133:Canadian Aboriginal
4019:Khitan small script
3741:Khitan large script
2931:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
1212:(pp. 2, 13, 14) as
1157:Kane (1989), p. 99.
1079:Kane (1989), p. 77.
727:Khitan small script
723:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun
721:On the other hand,
665:Khitan large script
592:Liao Imperial Tombs
549:Study of the script
289:. In 1119 or 1120,
5282:Braille translator
5259:Braille technology
5235:(science; GS8/GS6)
5204:Symbols in braille
5134:Taiwanese Mandarin
4649:Taiwanese Mandarin
4255:Nwagu Aneke script
3807:Other logosyllabic
3729:Chinese-influenced
3668:Oracle bone script
3650:Chinese characters
3585:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
2975:Eclectic shorthand
2963:Duployan shorthand
2916:Caucasian Albanian
2716:Canadian syllabics
1752:History of writing
1637:Canadian syllabics
1506:Scripts in Unicode
1491:History of writing
1420:2015-02-08 at the
1408:2019-08-19 at the
1234:Kane (1989), p. 10
1134:Chinese Researches
1049:Kane (1989), p. 63
1040:Kane (1989), p. 59
1006:Kane (1989), p. 42
900:Kane (1989), p. 3.
573:
559:
505:Chinese characters
272:
107:Oracle bone script
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5477:tactile alphabets
5405:William Bell Wait
5398:Sabriye Tenberken
5199:
5198:
5064:
5063:
5049:(Japanese vowels)
4847:-mediated scripts
4774:-mediated scripts
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4153:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4091:
4090:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3759:
3758:
3618:
3617:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2694:
2693:
2059:
2058:
2046:Teeline Shorthand
1804:
1803:
1696:
1695:
1688:In Southeast Asia
1390:978-0-933070-23-3
1358:978-0-521-24331-5
633:According to the
331:Memorial Stele" (
194:
193:
68:12th–16th century
5584:
5548:
5541:
5539:Braille literacy
5534:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5340:
5333:
5331:Slate and stylus
5326:
5319:
5317:Perkins Brailler
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5275:Braille embosser
5270:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5192:
5184:
5177:
5159:
5152:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5099:
5096:American Braille
5080:
5077:Algerian Braille
5057:
5050:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4872:
4864:
4857:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4341:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4097:
4096:
4052:
4051:
3958:
3957:
3950:Semi-syllabaries
3945:
3944:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3509:
3508:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2753:Japanese Braille
2338:Zanabazar square
2207:Nepalese scripts
2097:Bengali–Assamese
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2064:
1982:Pitman shorthand
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1625:Current examples
1606:Semi-syllabaries
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1283:ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2
1281:. pp. 6–7.
1276:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1104:. pp. xix–.
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
976:
965:
962:
956:
945:
939:
936:
921:
907:
901:
898:
879:
878:
872:
864:
862:
860:
848:
842:
841:
836:
834:
815:
805:
799:
797:
796:
792:), Relic Press (
791:
790:
781:
780:
771:
704:
703:
686:
685:
658:
657:
585:
584:
570:
569:
482:Mongolian script
472:
471:
466:
465:
421:
420:
336:
335:
269:
268:
225:who created the
219:Jurchen language
216:
208:
205:
190:
184:
180:
155:
152:
85:Jurchen language
32:
19:
18:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5363:Charles Barbier
5361:
5354:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5195:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5102:
5094:
5088:Frequency-based
5083:
5075:
5060:
5053:
5045:
5038:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4969:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4884:Bharati Braille
4881:
4875:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4769:
4763:
4756:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4458:Unified English
4452:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4387:Braille scripts
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4289:
4104:
4087:
4083:Stokoe notation
4059:
4038:
3997:
3952:
3931:
3915:
3879:
3858:Logoconsonantal
3853:
3802:
3755:
3724:
3631:
3614:
3595:Siglas poveiras
3516:
3495:
3454:
3358:Younger Futhark
3062:Gregg shorthand
2858:
2837:
2690:
2342:
2072:
2055:
1834:
1817:
1800:
1773:Writing systems
1761:
1736:
1734:writing systems
1727:
1697:
1692:
1671:
1620:
1547:
1522:Writing systems
1510:
1474:
1465:
1463:Writing systems
1460:
1422:Wayback Machine
1410:Wayback Machine
1399:
1340:Denis Twitchett
1332:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1303:愛新覺羅烏拉熙春女真契丹學研究
1298:
1294:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
977:
968:
963:
959:
946:
942:
937:
924:
908:
904:
899:
882:
866:
865:
858:
856:
849:
845:
832:
830:
828:
806:
802:
772:
768:
763:
746:
631:
616:Khitan language
590:discovered the
551:
497:
478:Manchu language
361:eunuch admiral
345:, in memory of
343:Emperor Shizong
254:
161:
153:
150:
135:
117:Clerical script
102:
95:Related scripts
89:Manchu language
87:, ancestral to
65:
44:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5572:Jurchen script
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5525:
5524:Related topics
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5500:New York Point
5496:
5489:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5384:Harris Mowbray
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5268:Braille e-book
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4696:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4397:
4395:French-ordered
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Linear Elamite
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:Sign languages
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4034:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Espanca script
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Linear Elamite
3964:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3849:Yi (Classical)
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3673:Bronze scripts
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:Flag semaphore
3483:
3481:New York Point
3478:
3476:Telegraph code
3473:
3471:Maritime flags
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Visible Speech
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:Sorang Sompeng
3392:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Galik alphabet
3276:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3177:Tironian notes
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3020:Garay alphabet
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Sorang Sompeng
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:Déné syllabics
2723:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Proto-Sinaitic
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1819:
1818:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1676:Related topics
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:Jurchen Script
1424:
1412:
1398:
1397:External links
1395:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1361:
1336:Herbert Franke
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1292:
1270:(2023-03-15).
1259:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1123:
1107:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1008:
999:
979:Herbert Franke
966:
957:
940:
922:
902:
880:
843:
826:
800:
765:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
745:
742:
659:) and various
643:Emperor Xizong
630:
627:
550:
547:
531:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
496:
493:
440:Inner Mongolia
398:Herbert Franke
388:branch of the
384:papers in the
306:Xizong Emperor
253:
250:
239:Han characters
223:Jurchen people
198:Jurchen script
192:
191:
185:⟩, see
158:
157:
148:
142:
141:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:Jurchen script
105:
103:
101:Parent systems
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
40:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
22:Jurchen script
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5589:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5507:Night writing
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:Organisations
5413:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:Valentin Haüy
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5356:Louis Braille
5353:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:Braille watch
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:Braille music
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:Luxembourgish
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:Other scripts
4972:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4766:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4746:Northern Sámi
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:Nordic family
4693:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:South African
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4557:Luxembourgish
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:ASCII braille
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Attic (Greek)
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Proto-Elamite
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Elder Futhark
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Old Hungarian
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Masaram Gondi
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Gunjala Gondi
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:Old Sundanese
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:Old Maldivian
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:Bilang-bilang
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
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2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Sylheti Nagri
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Brahmi script
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:South Arabian
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Inscriptional
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
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1870:
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1862:
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1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1797:
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1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
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1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
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1749:
1747:
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1735:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1689:
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1684:
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1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1635:
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1609:
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1602:
1599:
1597:
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1589:
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1579:
1577:
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1572:
1569:
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1564:
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1536:
1534:
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1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:Wilhelm Grube
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1314:on 2015-02-10
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1248:(10): 82–86.
1247:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1025:0-7914-2274-7
1022:
1018:
1012:
1003:
996:
992:
991:0-521-24304-1
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
971:
961:
954:
953:0-295-95514-7
950:
944:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
918:
914:
913:
906:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
876:
870:
854:
847:
840:
829:
827:0-521-49781-7
823:
819:
814:
813:
804:
785:
775:
770:
766:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
741:
739:
734:
733:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
708:
705:) and in the
698:
694:
690:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
623:Wilhelm Grube
619:
618:, after all.
617:
613:
609:
608:Khitan script
605:
604:Empress Renyi
601:
597:
593:
589:
579:
563:
555:
546:
543:
539:
534:
528:
523:
520:
519:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:Khitan script
492:
489:
487:
486:Manchu script
483:
479:
474:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
432:Bai Ta Pagoda
428:
425:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:E.I. Kychanov
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
329:
324:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Khitan script
284:
280:
277:
263:
258:
249:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
231:Khitan script
228:
224:
220:
212:
204:
199:
188:
176:
172:
170:
166:
159:
149:
147:
143:
138:
125:
124:
123:
122:Khitan script
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
104:
98:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:Left-to-right
75:
71:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
20:
5047:Thai and Lao
4724:Scandinavian
4356:1829 braille
4348:Braille cell
4148:Cypro-Minoan
4014:Pahawh Hmong
3927:Sitelen Pona
3891:Hindu-Arabic
3735:
3224:Mundari Bani
2798:Pahawh Hmong
2607:Tamil-Brahmi
2513:Eveyla Akuru
2508:Dhives Akuru
1975:Paleo-Hebrew
1842:
1778:undeciphered
1601:Pictographic
1596:Phonogrammic
1381:
1367:
1347:
1343:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1307:
1302:
1295:
1285:/WG2 N5207;
1278:
1268:West, Andrew
1262:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1045:
1036:
1029:Partial text
1016:
1011:
1002:
995:Partial text
960:
943:
916:
910:
905:
857:. Retrieved
846:
838:
831:. Retrieved
811:
803:
783:
773:
769:
737:
730:
720:
714:
710:
706:
696:
692:
679:Nǚzhēn Zìshū
678:
674:
669:
650:
646:
639:Wanyan Aguda
634:
632:
620:
611:
583:大金皇弟都統經略郎君行記
577:
574:
568:大金皇弟都統經略郎君行記
542:Nüzhen zishu
541:
538:Wanyan Xiyin
535:
532:
513:
498:
490:
475:
447:Ming dynasty
444:
429:
424:Wanyan Xiyin
414:Nüzhen zishu
413:
410:Stele Forest
402:Nüzhen zishu
401:
375:
347:Wanyan Aguda
338:
325:
314:
309:
303:
299:Wanyan Aguda
291:Wanyan Xiyin
279:Liao dynasty
273:
261:
243:
207:/dʒuʃəbitxə/
197:
195:
181:and ⟨
163:
57:Wanyan Xiyin
5546:RoboBraille
5370:Róża Czacka
5310:Perforation
5107:Independent
5005:(Bhutanese)
4740:Greenlandic
4411:Azerbaijani
4213:Jindai moji
4102:Syllabaries
4073:SignWriting
3973:Celtiberian
3875:Hieroglyphs
3678:Seal script
3663:Traditional
3535:Blissymbols
3440:Warang Citi
3415:Tolong Siki
3368:Marcomannic
3348:Dalecarlian
3338:Anglo-Saxon
3318:Pau Cin Hau
3209:Medefaidrin
3162:Merovingian
3122:Blackletter
3030:Asomtavruli
2823:Warang Citi
2632:Ulu scripts
2577:New Tai Lue
2520:Mon–Burmese
2374:Bhattiprolu
2202:Nandinagari
2029:ʾEsṭrangēlā
1788:constructed
1616:Syllabaries
1586:Logographic
1581:Ideogrammic
1378:Daniel Kane
1137:. pp.
983:Denis Sinor
671:Daniel Kane
651:Nǚzhēn Yìyǔ
606:. Thus the
283:Jin dynasty
112:Seal script
64:Time period
42:Logographic
37:Script type
5566:Categories
5098:(obsolete)
5079:(obsolete)
4871:(Pakistan)
4782:Belarusian
4664:Vietnamese
4607:Portuguese
4593:Philippine
4550:Lithuanian
4203:Hentaigana
4198:Man'yōgana
3658:Simplified
3545:Ersu Shaba
3459:Non-linear
3264:Old Uyghur
3254:Old Permic
3249:Old Italic
3182:Visigothic
3117:Beneventan
3052:Glagolitic
3015:Gadabuursi
2679:Kolezhuthu
2674:Vatteluttu
2612:Tanchangya
2535:Saurashtra
2112:Devanagari
1970:Phoenician
1923:Manichaean
1647:Devanagari
1330:Literature
1318:2015-02-10
1289:L2/23-068.
774:Jin Qicong
761:References
536:Comparing
380:among the
371:Amur River
328:epigraphic
295:Jin Empire
227:Jin Empire
200:(Jurchen:
5514:Vibratese
5493:Moon type
5486:Decapoint
5167:Eight-dot
5120:Cantonese
5069:Reordered
5032:Inuktitut
4921:Malayalam
4831:Ukrainian
4810:Mongolian
4789:Bulgarian
4752:Norwegian
4717:Icelandic
4508:Hungarian
4466:Esperanto
4418:Cantonese
4002:Redundant
3814:Anatolian
3765:Cuneiform
3693:bird-worm
3629:Logograms
3600:Testerian
3514:Ideograms
3491:Moon type
3378:Staveless
3269:Mongolian
3214:Molodtsov
3172:Sütterlin
3040:Mkhedruli
2906:Bassa Vah
2856:Alphabets
2828:Mwangwego
2793:Mwangwego
2768:Kharosthi
2721:Blackfoot
2684:Malayanma
2555:Sundanese
2550:Sukhothai
2498:Malayalam
2449:Khom Thai
2409:Goykanadi
2333:Tocharian
2286:ʼPhags-pa
2157:Khudabadi
2102:Bhaiksuki
1997:Samaritan
1928:Nabataean
1783:inventors
1683:In Africa
1667:Mongolian
1611:Shorthand
1571:Alphabets
1501:Graphemes
1254:0511-4772
427:symbols.
392:(now the
386:Leningrad
267:明王慎德.四夷咸賓
146:ISO 15924
140:ISO 15924
81:Languages
73:Direction
47:phonogram
5150:Japanese
5011:Georgian
5003:Dzongkha
4989:Armenian
4907:Gujarati
4772:Cyrillic
4703:Estonian
4678:Yugoslav
4614:Romanian
4586:Nigerian
4501:Hawaiian
4487:Ghanaian
4404:Albanian
4265:Sumerian
4230:Linear B
4193:Katakana
4188:Hiragana
4138:Cherokee
4068:ASLwrite
4029:Bopomofo
3884:Numerals
3870:Hieratic
3829:Isthmian
3798:Sumerian
3778:Assyrian
3773:Akkadian
3430:Vithkuqi
3405:Tifinagh
3373:Medieval
3328:Pisidian
3323:Phrygian
3294:Vagindra
3239:Ol Chiki
3147:Interlac
3102:Kayah Li
3092:Jenticha
3047:Veso Bey
3035:Nuskhuri
3025:Georgian
2995:Formosan
2990:Etruscan
2985:Enochian
2941:Cyrillic
2926:Coelbren
2884:Armenian
2783:Meroitic
2773:Mandombe
2763:Jenticha
2627:Tigalari
2592:Tai Viet
2587:Tai Tham
2567:Tagbanwa
2419:Javanese
2369:Baybayin
2359:Balinese
2347:Southern
2242:Pracalit
2237:Pachumol
2212:Bhujimol
2172:Mahajani
2132:Gurmukhi
2122:Gujarati
2090:Northern
2070:Abugidas
2051:Ugaritic
2039:Maḏnḥāyā
1913:Tifinagh
1906:Solitreo
1844:Numerals
1757:Grapheme
1745:Overview
1576:Featural
1566:Abugidas
1486:Language
1479:Overview
1418:Archived
1406:Archived
869:cite web
744:See also
596:Qingling
179:/ /
175:Help:IPA
5055:Tibetan
4996:Burmese
4982:Amharic
4965:(India)
4942:Sinhala
4935:Punjabi
4914:Kannada
4862:Persian
4817:Russian
4757:Swedish
4735:Finnish
4710:Faroese
4685:Zambian
4657:Turkish
4642:Spanish
4565:Maltese
4543:Latvian
4536:Italian
4515:Iñupiaq
4494:Guarani
4454:English
4425:Catalan
4342:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4337:Braille
4220:Kikakui
4158:Eskayan
4143:Cypriot
3993:Dunging
3865:Demotic
3844:Tenevil
3788:Hittite
3783:Elamite
3736:Jurchen
3715:Sawndip
3710:Chữ Nôm
3610:Zapotec
3605:Yerkish
3580:Nsibidi
3565:Miꞌkmaw
3555:Isotype
3525:Adinkra
3466:Braille
3450:Zaghawa
3420:Vellara
3400:Sunuwar
3390:Sidetic
3385:Shavian
3313:Osmanya
3303:Ol Onal
3157:Kurrent
3142:Insular
3132:Fraktur
3107:Klingon
3097:Kaddare
3071:Archaic
2980:Elbasan
2968:Chinook
2958:Deseret
2946:Bosnian
2901:Avoiuli
2889:Avestan
2879:Ariyaka
2808:Tengwar
2706:Bharati
2667:Serawai
2657:Pasemah
2642:Lampung
2597:Lai Tay
2582:Tai Noi
2545:Sinhala
2525:Pallava
2493:Makasar
2481:Lontara
2456:Kulitan
2429:Kannada
2424:Kadamba
2414:Hanunoo
2404:Grantha
2399:Fakkham
2316:Tibetan
2301:Soyombo
2296:Siddhaṃ
2291:Sharada
2267:Litumol
2257:Tirhuta
2247:Ranjana
2232:Kvemmol
2192:Multani
2177:Marchen
2142:Kalinga
2082:Brahmic
2019:Sogdian
1958:Psalter
1938:Pahlavi
1918:Mandaic
1896:Cursive
1881:Elymaic
1852:Aramaic
1642:Chinese
1591:Numeral
912:Jin Shi
859:June 7,
833:June 7,
702:女真進士題名碑
509:endings
451:Yishiha
365:on the
363:Yishiha
357:by the
334:大金得勝陀頌碑
310:Jin Shi
252:History
235:Chinese
211:Chinese
167:in the
53:Creator
5475:Other
5348:People
5338:Braigo
5157:Korean
5025:Hebrew
4956:Telugu
4855:Arabic
4845:Arabic
4803:Kyrgyz
4796:Kazakh
4730:Danish
4628:Slovak
4621:Samoan
4600:Polish
4579:Navajo
4480:German
4473:French
4340:
4285:Yugtun
4275:Woleai
4225:Kpelle
4208:Sōgana
4128:Byblos
3906:Muisca
3824:Cretan
3793:Luwian
3751:Tangut
3570:Mixtec
3540:Dongba
3445:Yezidi
3435:Wancho
3410:Todhri
3363:Gothic
3343:Cipher
3284:Manchu
3274:Evenki
3259:Orkhon
3204:Manchu
3199:Lydian
3194:Lycian
3137:Gaelic
3087:Hanifi
3082:Hangul
3057:Gothic
3005:Fraser
3000:Fox II
2936:Coptic
2911:Carian
2894:Pazend
2867:Linear
2813:Thaana
2758:Sarati
2699:Others
2662:Rejang
2647:Lembak
2637:Incung
2617:Telugu
2572:Tai Le
2466:Langdi
2389:Chakma
2279:Karani
2252:Tamyig
2227:Kummol
2222:Himmol
2217:Golmol
2197:Nagari
2182:Meitei
2167:Lepcha
2152:Khojki
2137:Kaithi
2024:Syriac
2012:Musnad
1891:Ashuri
1886:Hebrew
1869:Elifba
1864:Arabic
1857:Hatran
1832:Abjads
1652:Hangul
1632:Arabic
1561:Abjads
1388:
1356:
1252:
1246:Wenwu
1023:
989:
951:
917:tianfu
824:
588:L. Ker
436:Hohhot
382:Tangut
276:Khitan
213::
183:
5191:(GS8)
5182:Kanji
5040:Khmer
5018:Greek
4949:Tamil
4882:i.e.
4843:i.e.
4824:Tatar
4770:i.e.
4671:Welsh
4572:Māori
4529:Irish
4447:Dutch
4440:Czech
4250:Nüshu
4118:Bamum
4113:Afaka
3920:Other
3911:Roman
3896:Abjad
3819:Bagam
3720:Bowen
3705:Kanji
3700:Hanja
3688:small
3683:large
3590:Olmec
3560:Kaidā
3550:Emoji
3530:Aztec
3333:Runic
3308:Osage
3289:Oirat
3234:Ogham
3167:Sigla
3112:Latin
3067:Greek
2951:Early
2921:Cirth
2874:Adlam
2743:Geʽez
2738:Fox I
2602:Tamil
2461:Lanna
2444:Khmer
2434:Karen
2384:Buhid
2364:Batak
2321:Uchen
2311:Takri
2262:Limbu
2162:Laṇḍā
2147:Khema
2127:Gupta
2117:Dogri
2034:Serṭā
2007:Zabur
1992:Punic
1965:Pegon
1901:Rashi
1815:Types
1766:Lists
1730:Types
1662:Latin
1553:Types
1515:Lists
1306:[
1275:(PDF)
920:1120.
795:文物出版社
789:女真文辞典
738:paiza
732:paiza
689:Xi'an
449:: on
406:Xi'an
171:(IPA)
154:(510)
4963:Urdu
4928:Odia
4869:Urdu
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