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389:
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696:. Some Caribs worship their ancestors and believe them to have magical power over their crops. One strong religious belief Caribs possess is that Creoles practice a style of indigenous spirituality that has witchcraft-like elements. Creole people are Caribs mixed with those who settled the island. An example of said people are Dominican Creoles, who speak a mix of French and the native Carib language.
661:. Unable to recover from the damage caused by the eruption, 120 of the Yellow Caribs, under Captain Baptiste, emigrated to Trinidad. In 1830, the Carib population numbered less than 100. The population made a remarkable recovery after that, although almost the entire tribe would die out during the 1902 eruption of
864:
the Caribs. On Saint
Vincent they became mixed with runaway slaves, forming the ‘black Caribs’ or Garifuna who were expelled to Honduras in 1797. On Dominica the runaways formed distinct Maroon communities while the Caribs remained distinct. A remnant of these Caribs lives on in the Kalinago Territory.
855:
Once the
Cariban languages family was recognized, the “Caribs” came to be called "Island Caribs" or Kalinago, which is what they called themselves. The Island Caribs spoke a mixture of Carib and Arawak called the Kalinago language. (The Carib language proper is spoken in South America.) The original
871:
Keegan and Hofman note that two models for the origin of the "Caribs" have been proposed. One model describes the Caribs as invaders entering the
Antilles from South America shortly before the arrival of Europeans. The second model proposes that the Caribs developed out of the indigenous peoples of
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tree is not only functional but spiritual and believed to house spirits that would become angered if disturbed. Canoes have been used throughout the history of the
Kalinago and have become a renewed interest within the manufacturing of traditional dugout canoes used for inter-island transportation
772:
The
Kalinago are somewhat known for their extensive use of herbs for medicinal practices. Today, a combination of bush medicine and modern medicine is used by the Kalinago of Dominica. For example, various fruits and leaves are used to heal common ailments. For a sprain, oils from coconuts, snakes,
863:
The fact that they were warlike is supported by
European accounts and by the fact that they held out beyond 1700 while the Arawaks of the Greater Antilles collapsed within a few decades of European arrival. In 1660 the French and English agreed to leave the islands of Dominica and Saint Vincent to
461:
In the 17th century, the
Kalinago regularly attacked the plantations of the English and the French in the Leeward Islands. In the 1630s, planters from the Leewards conducted campaigns against the Kalinago, but with limited success. The Kalinago took advantage of divisions between the Europeans, to
784:
are a significant aspect of the
Kalinago's material culture and economy. They are used for transport from the Southern continent and islands of the Caribbean, as well as providing them with the ability to fish more efficiently and to grow their fishing industry. Canoes, constructed from the
876:
pottery tradition is descended). Cayo pottery was once thought to have preceded
Suazoid pottery in the Lesser Antilles, but more recent scholarship suggests that Cayo pottery gradually replaced Suazoid pottery in the islands. Cayo-style pottery has been found in the Lesser Antilles from
872:
the
Antilles. Archaeological evidence in support of either proposal is sparse, with "no confirmed Carib sites prior to the 1990s." Cayo-style pottery (dated to 1000 to 1500) found in the Lesser Antilles, is similar to the Koriabo complex (from which the mainland Carib or
867:
They seem to have had the custom of attacking an enemy village, killing the men and keeping the women. This is supported by the fact that the Garifuna language is a mixture of Carib and Arawak, has different male and female forms and the male version has more Carib words.
384:
by warfare, extermination, and assimilation. The Taíno had settled the island chains earlier in history, migrating from the mainland. The Taínos told Columbus that Caribs were fierce warriors and cannibals, who made frequent raids on the Taínos, often capturing women.
437:
in Taíno communities. None of the insular Amerindians mined for gold but obtained it by trade from the mainland. The Kalinago were skilled boat builders and sailors. They appear to have owed their dominance in the Caribbean basin to their mastery of warfare.
497:, that were recognised as reserves. However, the English would later ignore the treaty, and pursue a campaign against the Kalinago in succeeding decades. Between the 1660s and 1700, the English waged an intermittent campaign against the Kalinago.
851:
The traditional account, which is almost as old as Columbus, says that the Caribs were a warlike people who were moving up the Lesser Antilles and displacing the original inhabitants. Modern research has modified this in various ways.
259:
who regularly ate roasted human flesh, although this is considered by the community to be an offensive myth. There is no hard evidence of Caribs eating human flesh, though one historian points out it might be useful to frighten enemy
716:
was apparently associated with ritual eating of war enemies. Early European contact accounts the taking of human trophies and the ritual cannibalism of war captives among both Arawak and other Amerindian groups such as the Carib and
247:
and others suggest that a smaller group of mainland peoples migrated to the islands without displacing their inhabitants, eventually adopting the local language but retaining their traditions of a South American origin.
554:
The Kalinago of Dominica maintained their independence for many years by taking advantage of the island's rugged terrain. The island's east coast includes a 3,700-acre (15 km) territory formerly known as the
736:
would always look after the bones and protect their descendants. The Caribs have been described by their various enemies as vicious and violent raiders. Rochefort stated they did not practice cannibalism.
859:
They were accused of cannibalism. Despite rather lurid European accounts, this seems to have been mainly the ritual consumption of captured enemy warriors, a custom also found along the Brazilian coast.
211:, the Kalinago were one of the dominant groups in the Caribbean (the name of which is derived from "Carib", as the Kalinago were once called). They lived throughout north-eastern South America,
1275:
653:(whose population consisted of 4,338 people) to Roatan island, while the Island Caribs (whose population consisted of 80 people) were allowed to stay on St. Vincent. The 1812 eruption of
567:. They elect their own chief. In July 2003, the Kalinago observed 100 Years of Territory, and in July 2014, Charles Williams was elected Kalinago Chief, succeeding Chief Garnette Joseph.
462:
provide support to the French and the Dutch during wars in the 1650s, consolidating their independence as a result. Such wars have led to a geopolitical boundary drawn separating the
1125:
2148:
1607:
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to meet up with the local Kalinago tribes, re-establishing cultural connections with the remaining Kalinago communities along the island chain, documented by the
507:
jumped off of the "Leapers Hill" rather than face slavery under the French invaders, serving as an iconic representation of the Carib spirit of resistance.
2361:
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos
2073:
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos
1947:
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos
235:. However, linguistic and archaeological evidence contradicts the notion of a mass emigration and conquest; the Kalinago language appears not to have been
2481:
2532:
889:. Cayo pottery also shows similarities to the Meillacoid and Chicoid styles of the Greater Antilles, as well as to the South American Koriabo style.
1267:
2248:
657:
destroyed the Carib territory, killing a majority of the Yellow Caribs. After the eruption, 130 Yellow Caribs and 59 Black Caribs survived on
856:
Arawakan inhabitants were the Igneri. They spoke an Arawakian language different from the Arawakian Taino language of the Greater Antillies.
2537:
1608:"La historia de Puerto Rico a través de sus barrios: Daguao de Naguabo (The history of Puerto Rico through its barrios: Daguao in Naguabo)"
2522:
1453:
1249:
231:. Historically, it was thought their ancestors were mainland peoples who had conquered the islands from their previous inhabitants, the
2542:
1117:
2056:
1530:
Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"
692:
Currently, the remaining Kalinago in Dominica practice parts of Catholicism through baptism of children. However, not all practice
1005:
1532:
251:
In the early colonial period, the Kalinago had a reputation as warriors who raided neighboring islands. According to the tales of
2527:
2507:
2517:
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and bay leaves are used to heal the injury. Formerly the Caribs used an extensive range of medicinal plant and animal products.
1998:
2152:
1095:
1065:
1035:
764:(“island of beautiful waters”). Historian William Riviere has described most of the cannibalism as related to war rituals.
208:
2512:
2194:"Canoe Societies in the Caribbean: Ethnography, Archaeology, and Ecology of Precolonial Canoe Manufacturing and Voyaging"
1927:
181:
1591:
1564:
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whose total population is unknown. Some ethnic Carib communities remain on the American mainland, in countries such as
1757:
2484:, Name change announcement of November 15, 2010, by the Office of the Kalinago Council posted at Dominica News Online
2387:
2334:
2112:
1908:
1881:
1809:
1676:
1307:
1825:
721:, though the exact accuracy of cannibalistic reports still remains debated without skeletal evidence to support it.
2502:
1969:
560:
494:
87:
2444:
2130:
823:
artist Aragorn Dick Read set out to build a traditional canoe based on the fishing canoes still used in Dominica,
1299:
1854:
1226:
1183:
1331:
Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions".
2448:
2252:
2048:
571:
309:, were then adopted by other European languages. Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms
17:
1477:
Mendisco, F.; Pemonge, M. H.; Leblay, E.; Romon, T.; Richard, G.; Courtaud, P.; Deguilloux, M. F. (2015).
364:
suggests that the Caribs had a common origin with contemporary groups in the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
115:
Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago; formerly throughout the
978:
422:
was slated to be the capital of Puerto Rico but the area was destroyed by Caribs from neighbor-island
2465:
973:
662:
654:
1900:
The Rapid Growth of Human Populations, 1750-2000: Histories, Consequences, Issues, Nation by Nation
658:
642:
637:
was greater than the one in Dominica. Both the Island Caribs (Yellow Caribs) and the Black Caribs (
634:
615:
607:
392:
2454:
360:
River area in South America to settle in the Caribbean islands about 1200 CE, but an analysis of
132:
41:"Island Caribs" redirects here. For the people of mixed Kalinago descent from Saint Vincent, see
2104:
2097:
1415:
Foster, Byron (1987). "Celebrating autonomy: the development of Garifuna ritual on St Vincent".
264:. The Kalinago and their descendants continue to live in the Antilles, notably on the island of
2460:
1776:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominica : Caribs"
1333:
753:
712:
meant "person", although it became the origin of the English word "cannibal". Among the Caribs
1945:
1898:
1871:
58:
2359:
2071:
1844:
1638:
Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century",
1581:
1218:
1175:
902:
705:
677:. As the Spanish began to colonise the Caribbean area, they wanted to convert the natives to
575:
2431:
1829:
1801:
1554:
1479:"Where are the Caribs? Ancient DNA from ceramic period human remains in the Lesser Antilles"
434:
373:
298:
64:
1250:"Study puts the 'Carib' in 'Caribbean,' boosting credibility of Columbus' cannibal claims"
342:(plural). The name was officially changed from 'Carib' to 'Kalinago' in Dominica in 2015.
8:
1417:
946:
807:
trees, serve different purposes depending on their height and thickness of the bark. The
729:
686:
579:
272:, who share common ancestry with the Kalinago, also live principally in Central America.
212:
99:
2149:"Healthcare Use Patterns in Dominica: Ethnomedical Integration in an Era of Biomedicine"
1483:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
997:
718:
2472:
2215:
1721:
1529:
1507:
1478:
1434:
1397:
1358:
1350:
1313:
803:
519:
377:
35:
1028:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – St Vincent and the Grenadines"
2497:
2383:
2330:
2219:
2108:
1904:
1877:
1850:
1805:
1725:
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1672:
1587:
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1303:
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968:
733:
412:
331:
256:
236:
197:
136:
31:
1990:
2205:
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1794:
1717:
1713:
1502:
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1426:
1389:
1342:
646:
547:
510:
By 1763, the British eventually annexed St Lucia, Tobago, Dominica and St Vincent.
467:
454:
220:
128:
2020:
Whitehead, Neil L. (20 March 1984). "Carib cannibalism. The historical evidence".
446:
281:
2378:
Allaire, Louis (1997). "The Caribs of the Lesser Antilles", in Samuel M. Wilson,
2174:
2134:
1931:
1789:
1536:
1057:
958:
898:
797:
791:
749:
556:
500:
486:
463:
376:'s arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the Caribs mostly displaced the
351:
269:
228:
185:
116:
2290:
John Hemming, Red Gold, A History of the Brazilian Indians, 1500-1760,1978,index
1775:
1087:
1027:
724:
The Caribs had a tradition of keeping bones of their ancestors in their houses.
2466:
Guanaguanare - the Laughing Gull. Carib Indians in Trinidad - includes 2 videos
2322:
1583:
Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498
1543:, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007
963:
936:
908:
2210:
2193:
1924:
538:
2491:
2407:
Davis, D and Goodwin R.C. "Island Carib Origins: Evidence and non-evidence",
1268:"Did Columbus find early Caribs in 15th century Caribbean? Jury is still out"
913:
873:
832:
543:
193:
1686:
1088:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Trinidad and Tobago"
732:
and Cesar de Rochefort, described the practice as part of a belief that the
388:
2281:
Granberry and Vescelius, The Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antillies, 2004
2127:
1516:
1498:
1317:
928:
918:
725:
693:
611:
475:
396:
305:
is that it means "brave warrior". Its variants, including the English word
252:
244:
2033:
1758:"Origines Francaises des Pays D'outre-mer, Les seigneurs de la Martinique"
1702:"Genocide, Narrative, And Indigenous Exile From the Caribbean Archipelago"
1346:
941:
886:
882:
786:
745:
682:
678:
633:
During the beginning of the 18th century, the Island Carib population in
595:
518:
To this day, a small population of around 3,000 Kalinago survives in the
361:
196:(Kalina) of South America, but they spoke an unrelated language known as
160:
93:
1740:
1642:, ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 234.
1640:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire
1438:
1354:
285:
1873:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna
1701:
1401:
1377:
923:
828:
824:
757:
674:
587:
583:
1760:[French origins of overseas countries, the lords Martinique].
1296:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival and the Making of the Garifuna
522:
in northeast Dominica. Only 70 of them considered themselves as pure.
189:
2063:
1393:
381:
816:
650:
638:
623:
603:
591:
564:
490:
265:
224:
216:
148:
81:
42:
740:
During his third voyage to North America in 1528, after exploring
471:
408:
240:
152:
2382:, pp. 180–185. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.
1058:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – St Lucia"
878:
820:
741:
630:
in Central America. The size of these communities varies widely.
599:
504:
423:
419:
357:
30:
This article is about the Kalinago people. For the language, see
2357:
2069:
1943:
530:
323:
reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and
756:
was killed and allegedly eaten by Carib natives on what is now
627:
619:
430:
400:
311:
291:
261:
232:
201:
513:
2432:
Manioc : Livres anciens | L E dernier caraïbe. Bordeaux.
2049:"Controversy: Was the Caribbean really invaded by cannibals?"
1846:
Garífuna, Garínagu, Caribe: historia de una nación libertaria
781:
27:
Group of people who live in Venezuela and the Lesser Antilles
1950:(in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 238
2461:
Yurumein (Homeland): A Documentary on Caribs in St. Vincent
2364:(in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 22
2076:(in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 22
1490:
1378:"Ethnicity, Modernity, and Retention in the Garifuna Punta"
441:
356:
The Caribs are commonly believed to have migrated from the
1476:
2235:
Carib to Creole: contact and culture exchange in Dominica
1617:(in Spanish). Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades
836:
1671:. Paris: Monum, éditions du patrimoine. pp. 46–51.
2430:, Bordeaux : chez les principaux libraires, 1849,
614:," the descendants of the mixture of Africans live in
485:
with Island Caribs, which stipulated that Caribs would
998:"Dominica's Kalinago fight to preserve their identity"
2329:(ebook ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1970:"Carib, Island Carib, Kalinago People (Anthropology)"
649:. After the end of the war, the British deported the
426:
and by Taínos, from the eastern area of Puerto Rico.
1796:
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
563:
in 1903. There are only 3,000 Kalinago remaining in
1745:. New York: Columbia university press. p. 196.
2096:
1826:"Kalinago People | | a virtual Dominica"
1793:
1210:
1167:
534:Distribution of Cariban languages in South America
319:to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with
2489:
2099:The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528
1654:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526
2397:, New York: Macmillan Education, pp. 11–47
1150:
1656:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 135.
570:Several hundred Carib descendants live in the
204:language associated with the Mainland Caribs.
34:. For the Kalinago Territory in Dominica, see
1742:French pioneers in the West Indies, 1624–1664
2320:
2103:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
1454:"Change from Carib to Kalinago now official"
1118:"Change from Carib to Kalinago now official"
2272:Sebastian Lamarche, Tainos and Caribs, 2019
514:Modern-day Kalinago in the Windward Islands
2232:
673:The Caribs are believed to have practiced
327:for groups that they considered friendly.
2533:Indigenous peoples in Trinidad and Tobago
2457:, National Museum of the American Indians
2358:Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
2209:
2137:, William (Para) Riviere, PhD, Historian.
2070:Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
2019:
1944:Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
1552:
1506:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1266:Jennifer, Ouellette (December 29, 2020).
846:
831:. They launched a voyage by canoe to the
689:and killed five of its members, in 1579.
451:A Family of Carib natives drawn from life
1842:
1666:
1265:
537:
529:
481:In 1660, France and England signed the
445:
442:Resistance to the English and the French
387:
367:
239:, but like that of their neighbors, the
159:
2443:Quest of the Carib Canoe - documentary
2046:
2022:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
1896:
1155:. University of Bern. pp. 7, 8, 9.
14:
2490:
2380:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean
2198:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2191:
2179:Indigenous Kalinago People of Dominica
2059:from the original on February 3, 2024.
1869:
1843:Gargallo, Francesca (August 4, 2002).
1788:
1755:
1738:
1699:
1579:
1470:
1414:
1375:
1293:
1282:
1278:from the original on February 3, 2024.
1008:from the original on 15 September 2021
559:that was granted to the people by the
2094:
2001:from the original on 12 February 2015
1934:, Copyright © Delphis Ltd. 1997–2011.
1651:
1634:
1632:
1586:. Yale University Press. p. 32.
1451:
1408:
1369:
1261:
1259:
1208:
1165:
372:Over the two centuries leading up to
2416:The Memoirs of Père Labat, 1693–1705
1541:African Diaspora Archaeology Network
1146:
1144:
1142:
1038:from the original on 4 February 2020
892:
192:. They may have been related to the
110:Regions with significant populations
2538:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
2128:Historical Notes on Carib Territory
1897:Stanton, William (August 4, 2003).
1600:
1330:
1324:
681:. The Caribs destroyed a church of
489:all the Lesser Antilles except for
301:. One hypothesis for the origin of
24:
2523:Indigenous culture of the Americas
2344:
2047:Johnson, Stephen (July 6, 2023) .
1988:
1660:
1629:
1559:. Infobase Publishing. p. 9.
1256:
1217:. Yale University Press. pp.
25:
2554:
2543:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
2437:
2146:
1174:. Yale University Press. p.
1151:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen (2016).
1139:
1068:from the original on 27 June 2017
819:Carib artist Jacob Frederick and
2395:Grenada, A history of its people
2299:Keegan & Hofman 2017:232–233
1556:A Brief History of the Caribbean
1098:from the original on 27 May 2021
88:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
57:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2241:
2226:
2185:
2167:
2140:
2121:
2088:
2040:
2013:
1982:
1962:
1937:
1917:
1890:
1863:
1836:
1818:
1782:
1768:
1749:
1739:Crouse, Nellis Maynard (1940).
1732:
1693:
1645:
1573:
1546:
1523:
1445:
1300:University Press of Mississippi
1128:from the original on 2016-03-08
407:Caribs traded with the Eastern
164:Drawing of a Carib woman (1888)
2528:Indigenous peoples in Dominica
2508:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
1995:Online Etymological Dictionary
1876:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
1718:10.1080/00086495.2014.11671886
1431:10.1080/00086495.1987.11671718
1242:
1202:
1159:
1110:
1080:
1050:
1020:
990:
699:
13:
1:
2393:Steele, Beverley A. (2003).
2327:The Caribbean before Columbus
1870:Taylor, Chris (May 3, 2012).
984:
2449:The Quest of the Carib Canoe
2404:, MacMillan Education, 1995.
2308:Keegan & Hofman 2017:234
1903:. multi-science publishing.
1580:Deagan, Kathleen A. (2008).
1382:Black Music Research Journal
1298:. Caribbean Studies Series.
1294:Taylor, Christopher (2012).
841:The Quest of the Carib Canoe
227:, and possibly the southern
7:
2518:History of Îles des Saintes
2233:Honychurch, Lennox (1997).
2095:Wroth, Lawrence C. (1970).
1700:Newton, Melanie J. (2014).
952:
767:
668:
542:Carib Warrior (mixed media
10:
2559:
2513:History of British Grenada
2314:
2249:"Quest of the Carib Canoe"
1800:. Harper Collins. p.
1376:Greene, Oliver N. (2002).
979:Santa Rosa Carib Community
429:The Kalinago produced the
418:In its early days, Daguao
349:
345:
279:
40:
29:
2211:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101140
1913:– via Google Books.
1886:– via Google Books.
1859:– via Google Books.
1553:Figueredo, D. H. (2008).
974:Kalinago Genocide of 1626
776:
525:
282:Kalina people § Name
147:
142:
127:
122:
114:
109:
77:
72:
56:
1925:"The Caribs in Dominica"
1667:Delpuech, André (2001).
1615:www.pbslearningmedia.org
466:which they inhabit from
2503:Circum-Caribbean tribes
2237:. University of Oxford.
1756:Margry, Pierre (1878).
1669:Guadeloupe amérindienne
1652:Floyd, Troy S. (1973).
483:Treaty of Saint Charles
275:
133:Dominican Creole French
2455:Mainland Carib artwork
2354:, 1950, pp. 214–5
2350:Patrick Leigh Fermor,
2192:Shearn, Issac (2020).
1499:10.1098/rstb.2013.0388
1334:Early American Studies
1209:Rouse, Irving (1992).
1166:Rouse, Irving (1992).
760:, near a place called
754:Giovanni da Verrazzano
626:in South America, and
551:
535:
458:
404:
297:was first recorded by
165:
149:Garifuna (Black Carib)
2400:Honeychurch, Lennox,
2034:10.3406/jsa.1984.2239
1347:10.1353/eam.2013.0007
1153:A Grammar of Garifuna
903:president of Dominica
641:) fought against the
580:Antigua & Barbuda
576:St. Kitts & Nevis
541:
533:
449:
395:ceremonial axe. From
391:
368:Pre-Columbian history
350:Further information:
253:Spanish conquistadors
163:
143:Related ethnic groups
2411:, vol.55 no.1(1990).
2352:The Traveller's Tree
2321:Keegan, William F.;
1832:on October 26, 2010.
1458:Dominica News Online
1452:Admin (2015-02-22).
1122:Dominica News Online
572:U. S. Virgin Islands
470:once settled by the
374:Christopher Columbus
299:Christopher Columbus
286:Garifuna § Name
255:, the Kalinago were
200:. They also spoke a
172:, formerly known as
65:John Gabriel Stedman
2418:, Frank Cass, 1970.
1764:(in French): 287–8.
1706:Caribbean Quarterly
1418:Caribbean Quarterly
947:Jay Emmanuel-Thomas
752:, Italian explorer
730:Jean Baptiste Labat
687:Aguada, Puerto Rico
213:Trinidad and Tobago
100:Trinidad and Tobago
53:
2428:Le dernier Caraïbe
2409:American Antiquity
2402:The Dominica Story
2323:Hofman, Corinne L.
2133:2011-10-06 at the
1930:2012-03-03 at the
1923:Menhinick, Kevin,
1535:2012-02-27 at the
1252:. 10 January 2020.
804:Hymenaea courbaril
561:British government
552:
536:
520:Kalinago Territory
459:
435:Juan Ponce de León
433:products found by
405:
166:
51:
36:Kalinago Territory
2155:on April 22, 2019
1989:Harper, Douglas.
1762:La Revue maritime
969:Cariban languages
893:Notable Kalinagos
885:, and, possibly,
734:ancestral spirits
503:and his men from
457:, c. 1765 – 1770s
413:Caribbean Islands
399:, Mt Irvine Bay,
332:Kalinago language
182:Indigenous people
158:
157:
63:Carib family (by
32:Kalinago language
16:(Redirected from
2550:
2425:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2340:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2251:. Archived from
2245:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2175:"Canoe Building"
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:. Archived from
2144:
2138:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1828:. Archived from
1822:
1816:
1815:
1799:
1790:Ostler, Nicholas
1786:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1544:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1004:. 15 July 2018.
994:
647:Second Carib War
548:George S. Stuart
468:Greater Antilles
455:Agostino Brunias
221:Windward Islands
73:Total population
61:
54:
50:
21:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2488:
2487:
2440:
2423:
2367:
2365:
2347:
2345:Further reading
2337:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2190:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2141:
2135:Wayback Machine
2126:
2122:
2115:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2045:
2041:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1932:Wayback Machine
1922:
1918:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1537:Wayback Machine
1528:
1524:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1450:
1446:
1413:
1409:
1394:10.2307/1519956
1374:
1370:
1329:
1325:
1310:
1292:
1283:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
996:
995:
991:
987:
959:Carib Expulsion
955:
899:Sylvanie Burton
895:
849:
809:Ceiba pentandra
798:Ceiba pentandra
792:Cedrela odorata
779:
770:
750:Lesser Antilles
728:, such as Père
702:
671:
557:Carib Territory
528:
516:
501:Chief Kairouane
464:Lesser Antilles
444:
370:
354:
352:Carib Expulsion
348:
338:(singular) and
288:
278:
229:Leeward Islands
209:Spanish contact
207:At the time of
194:Mainland Caribs
186:Lesser Antilles
117:Lesser Antilles
105:
68:
49:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2438:External links
2436:
2435:
2434:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2375:
2374:
2355:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2240:
2225:
2184:
2166:
2147:Regan, Seann.
2139:
2120:
2113:
2087:
2062:
2039:
2012:
1981:
1961:
1936:
1916:
1909:
1889:
1882:
1862:
1855:
1835:
1817:
1810:
1781:
1767:
1748:
1731:
1692:
1677:
1659:
1644:
1628:
1599:
1593:978-0300133899
1592:
1572:
1566:978-1438108315
1565:
1545:
1522:
1469:
1444:
1425:(3/4): 75–83.
1407:
1388:(2): 189–216.
1368:
1341:(1): 117–132.
1323:
1308:
1281:
1255:
1241:
1227:
1201:
1184:
1158:
1138:
1124:. 2015-02-22.
1109:
1079:
1049:
1019:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:Carib language
961:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
937:Lester Prosper
934:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:Liam Sebastien
906:
894:
891:
848:
845:
812:and fishing.
778:
775:
769:
766:
701:
698:
670:
667:
527:
524:
515:
512:
474:known as the "
443:
440:
369:
366:
347:
344:
277:
274:
156:
155:
145:
144:
140:
139:
125:
124:
120:
119:
112:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:: Small number
97:
96:: Small number
91:
85:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:
62:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2555:
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2445:
2442:
2441:
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2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:Eaden, John,
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:0-8130-1531-6
2385:
2381:
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2376:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2336:9780190647353
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2255:on 2013-09-11
2254:
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2221:
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2195:
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2180:
2176:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2114:0-300-01207-1
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1910:9780906522219
1906:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1883:9781617033100
1879:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1849:. Siglo XXI.
1848:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1811:9780066210865
1807:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:9782858223671
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:9781617033100
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1197:Island Carib.
1187:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:Audel Laville
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:Kellyn George
912:
910:
907:
904:
900:
897:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
842:
838:
834:
833:Orinoco delta
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
810:
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
783:
774:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
715:
711:
707:
697:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
549:
545:
544:wax sculpture
540:
532:
523:
521:
511:
508:
506:
502:
498:
496:
495:Saint Vincent
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
452:
448:
439:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
353:
343:
341:
337:
334:endonyms are
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Island Caribs
171:
162:
154:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
113:
108:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
71:
66:
60:
55:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2476:
2451:- dead link.
2427:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2379:
2366:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2326:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2243:
2234:
2228:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2142:
2123:
2098:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2072:
2065:
2052:
2042:
2028:(1): 69–87.
2025:
2021:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1946:
1939:
1919:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1845:
1838:
1830:the original
1820:
1795:
1784:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1734:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1619:. Retrieved
1614:
1602:
1582:
1575:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1525:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1447:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1295:
1272:Ars Technica
1271:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1212:
1204:
1196:
1189:. Retrieved
1169:
1161:
1152:
1130:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1102:23 September
1100:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1072:23 September
1070:. Retrieved
1061:
1052:
1042:23 September
1040:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1012:23 September
1010:. Retrieved
1001:
992:
929:Garth Joseph
919:Tobi Jnohope
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:The "Caribs"
840:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
780:
771:
761:
739:
726:Missionaries
723:
713:
709:
706:Island Carib
703:
694:Christianity
691:
672:
663:La Soufrière
655:La Soufrière
632:
612:Black Caribs
569:
553:
517:
509:
499:
482:
480:
476:poison arrow
460:
450:
428:
417:
406:
397:shell midden
371:
355:
339:
335:
329:
324:
320:
316:
310:
306:
302:
294:
289:
250:
245:Irving Rouse
206:
198:Island Carib
177:
173:
169:
167:
137:Island Carib
48:Ethnic group
18:Island Carib
2426:Brard, R.,
2424:(in French)
2005:12 February
1318:j.ctt24hxr2
942:Julian Wade
905:since 2023.
887:Saint Kitts
883:Basse-Terre
787:Burseraceae
746:the Bahamas
700:Cannibalism
683:Franciscans
679:Catholicism
659:St. Vincent
645:during the
635:St. Vincent
616:St. Vincent
608:St. Vincent
596:Saint Lucia
362:ancient DNA
135:, formerly
94:Saint Lucia
2492:Categories
2482:"Kalinago"
2477:Ethnologue
2259:2013-09-05
2204:: 101140.
1991:"Cannibal"
1975:2019-03-23
1856:9682323657
1463:2023-05-24
1228:0300051816
1213:The Tainos
1185:0300051816
1170:The Tainos
1132:2016-03-03
985:References
924:Fitz Jolly
829:Martinique
825:Guadeloupe
758:Guadeloupe
675:polytheism
588:Martinique
584:Guadeloupe
546:by artist
478:curtain".
393:Greenstone
380:-speaking
280:See also:
176:or simply
2368:4 January
2220:213414242
2159:April 22,
2080:4 January
2053:BIg Think
1954:4 January
1726:163455608
1621:29 August
1363:144195511
719:Tupinambá
378:Maipurean
257:cannibals
190:Caribbean
180:, are an
123:Languages
2498:Kalinago
2325:(2017).
2131:Archived
2057:Archived
1999:Archived
1928:Archived
1792:(2005).
1712:(2): 5.
1687:48617879
1533:Archived
1517:25487339
1489:(1660).
1439:40654135
1355:23546705
1276:Archived
1126:Archived
1096:Archived
1092:refworld
1066:Archived
1062:refworld
1036:Archived
1032:refworld
1006:Archived
1002:BBC News
953:See also
817:Dominica
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