357:
389:
the Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Committee. Al-Hajj was arrested in February 1969. Two of the Politburo members would die under torture. The three other broke down under the pressure of torture, and al-Hajj confessed to his captors. In April 1969 al-Hajj made a televised speech in which he called upon fellow party members to cooperate with the Baath. Scores of Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command members were jailed or killed following al-Hajj's confessions.
208:. Tensions brewed inside the Iraqi Communist Party regarding the docile opposition to the Arif government and its ambiguous stance concerning Kurdish rights. Another oppositional grouping, nicknamed the 'Cadre Faction', emerged from a meeting held on June 30, 1967. The leading figure of the Cadre Faction was Khaled Ahmed Zaki (party-name 'Zafer'), who argued that the party had deviated from the
333:. Following the coup, the Baathists reached out to both communist factions and offered them ministerial cabinet posts in the new government. The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had rejected the offer. For months after the coup a large number of communist cadres were killed, their bodies dumped in rivers or alleyways.
388:
The Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command guerrilla campaign against the Baath government culminated with the arrest of al-Hajj, all other Politburo members and many rank-and-file party members. The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had become a primary target of Baathist repression, more so than
302:
inspirations. The Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command rejected the established Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee tactic of supporting military coups, arguing that the army was "an instrument of the capitalist-feudalist state" and that the senior leadership of army was intimately linked to the
265:
The new party had a five-member
Politburo consisting of Aziz al-Hajj, Kadhim Rida as-Saffar, Ahmad Khadr as-Safi, Ahmad Mahmoud al-Hallaq and Matti Hindi Hindu. Al-Hajj served as general secretary of the party. The party took a militant stance against the government and the bourgeois class. The party
257:
On
September 17, 1967, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command was formally established as a separate organization. The moniker 'Central Command' was used to distinguish it from the pro-Soviet main Iraqi Communist Party, which in turn became nicknamed "Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee". The
284:
The party called for 'arming of the masses' and 'popular armed struggle in the towns and countryside'. In the autumn of 1967 the Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command was engaged in a series of clashes with security forces in southern regions of Middle Euphrates and the marshes. The Iraqi Communist
409:
Following the crack-down the influence of the Iraqi
Communist Party–Central Command was marginalized. After the killings and arrests of the main party leaders, Ibrahim al-Alawi (party name 'Najm Mahmoud') became the de facto party leader of the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command. He convened a
248:
In the midst of growing tensions inside the party, Al-Hajj tried to take prevent a party split by arresting the
Central Committee but this plot failed. Following al-Hajj's failure to take control over the party, al-Hajj and the Cadre Faction joined forces and broke with the Iraqi Communist Party.
244:
and the Middle
Euphrates region. Initially the Baghdad Regional Committee sought support from the Central Committee to confront the Cadre Faction, but this move failed. Al-Hajj then approached the Cadre Faction, to join forces against the Central Committee but the Cadre Faction turned down the
224:
The Cadre
Faction was a relatively small group, but after the June 30, 1967 meeting the group began preparing for armed struggle. It set up armed unites in the southern marshes, the Middle Euphrates region and Kurdistan. The Cadre Faction had a certain degree of influence in Thawrah City and
288:
The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command among few groups, opposed to Moscow and the Arab national bourgeoise, that were labelled was 'pro-Chinese'. But there was no public evidence of any links between the party and its Chinese counterparts, and the party rejected the label 'pro-Chinese'.
266:
called for a 'revolutionary popular democratic regime under the leadership of the workings class'. The party supported the Kurdish right to self-determination. Compared to the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command was more hostile towards the
400:
made a thinly veiled attack on Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command, stating that 'angerous tendencies surfaced in our party, too, as represented by a divisive "ultra-left" group of adventurers. That these tendencies appeared was due to the adventurist policy and nationalist and
413:
In 1972 the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command condemned the move of the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee to allow two communists to take ministerial cabinet posts in the Baath-led government as treason. When the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee joined the
220:
in 1959. Furthermore Zaki argued that the rightist turn had been cemented with the new party line adopted in June–August 1964. Zaki called on the Iraqi Communist Party to purge the party leadership of the supporters of the August 1964 line and hold a party congress.
197:. In Prague, al-Hajj organized an oppositional faction of younger Iraqi communists. He returned to Iraq in January 1967 and emerged as the unofficial leader of the Baghdad Regional Committee of the Communist Party. In February 1967, he was inducted into the
285:
Party–Central Command guerrilla campaign in south Middle Euphrates region and southern marshes provoked fears among both Shia and Sunni religious leaders. The Baathists seized moment by participating in anti-communist rallies Baghdad and elsewhere.
174:
governments. In 1969 the party leadership and many ordinary party members were arrested, many of them being killed in captivity. While the Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command continued, it never regained a prominent role in national politics.
466:
group held a party conference, comparable to a party congress. At the conference, most of the more important members of the pre-split Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command participated, as well as some independent Iraqi Marxists.
401:
anti-internationalist line of the ruling group in China. However, our party has coped with this petty-bourgeois trend, fought it ideologically until it was destroyed, crushed by its own barren sectarian ventures.'
360:
The leadership of Iraqi Communist Party (Central Command), photographed after arrest by authorities in 1969. Back row (standing), from left to right: Saleh Rida al-Askari (Central Committee member, in-charge of
297:
The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command held a party conference on January 2, 1968. The party-adopted tactical line document, based on Zaki's ideas, called for popular armed struggle, a position with
151:, with oppositional factions considering the party line being too docile towards the incumbent government. The Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command attempted to build a guerrilla movement in the
340:', with a campaign of raids on police posts and banks. The party conducted 'expropiations', 'revolutionary hold-ups' and car bombings. At one point the party attacked the residence of
433:
459:
454:
group responded by claiming they were the legitimate leadership of the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command and declared al-Alawi expelled from the party. Effectively the
393:
365:), Peter Yusuf (Central Committee member), Malik Mansur (Central Committee member), Kazem Rida al-Saffar (Poliburo member, second-in-command in the party after al-Hajj).
510:
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers
17:
152:
307:
993:
368:
157:
392:
In June 1969, in the wake of the crack-down, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Committee First Secretary Aziz Mohammed in his address to the
771:
234:
258:
new party attracted a significant following coming from the erstwhile Middle Euphrates Branch of the Iraqi Communist Party, the
946:
886:
859:
832:
805:
741:
693:
661:
620:
582:
518:
384:
magazine, interviewing al-Hajj), Khudayr Abbas az-Zubaydi (Central Committee member), Ahmad Khadr as-Safi (Politburo member).
462:. A sizeable section of Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command cadres sided with the breakaway group. In September 1976 the
373:
988:
415:
107:
905:
356:
312:
193:
in 1959. Al-Hajj would become disatisfied with shifts in the party line and its position towards the government of
306:
On June 3, 1968, Zaki and two other party cadres (Mohsen Hawas and Kazem Manather) were killed in battle at
348:('Strike Force'), led by party Central Committee member Saleh Rida al-Askari, in charge of party security.
87:
147:
in 1967. Disagreements had simmered in the Iraqi Communist Party following the military defeat in the
450:
group of breaching party discipline, and Mahdi and his associates were expelled from the party. The
239:
936:
849:
795:
731:
683:
610:
572:
876:
822:
213:
144:
189:
163:
92:
204:
Divisions in the Iraqi Communist Party Politburo emerged after the military defeat in the
8:
791:
418:
in July 1973, the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command condemned the move as treachery.
421:
In 1974 the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command organized a 'Third Party Conference'.
330:
329:
government, and continued militant struggle against the new Baath government after the
217:
209:
942:
882:
855:
828:
801:
737:
689:
657:
616:
578:
514:
326:
167:
112:
439:
194:
102:
968:
757:
651:
636:
508:
337:
336:
In late 1968 the Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command proclaimed the launch of '
136:
128:
341:
982:
226:
229:(two Baghdad districts), and among officers, intellectuals and peasants in
262:
Party Organization and the workers cells with the Baghdad Workers Bureau.
320:
267:
205:
171:
148:
303:"anti-communist, anti-working class and anti-Kurdish nationalism camp".
918:
972:. Cambridge / New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 236
259:
198:
325:
The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had violently opposed the
772:مع الأعوام. صفحات من تاريخ الحركة الشيوعية في العراق بين 1958-1969
681:
380:
344:. The Iraqi Communist Party–Central Command had an organization,
183:
Aziz al-Hajj was an Iraqi Communist Party cadre who was sent to
397:
299:
230:
184:
878:
City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's Account of War and Resistance
733:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
438:
In the mid-1970s a faction emerged within the party, led by
410:
meeting in August 1969, which elected new party leadership.
434:
Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command (Wihdat al-Qa'idah)
140:
938:
Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook
281:('Path of the People') began publisheing in October 1967.
178:
736:. University of California Press. pp. 229–230, 315.
682:
Beth K. Dougherty; Edmund A. Ghareeb (7 November 2013).
367:
Middle row (seated), from left to right: Aziz al-Hajj,
677:
675:
673:
612:
Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World
394:
International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties
321:
Baathist coup and launch of People's Revolutionary War
292:
851:
The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949-1977
649:
640:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1984. p. 37
577:. Hurst Publishers. pp. 74, 178–180, 182, 198.
670:
187:to represent the party at the editorial office of
906:في الذكرى الـ ٥٤ لاستشهاد .. خالد أحمد زكي «ظافر»
800:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188, 196.
786:
784:
782:
780:
574:Red Star Over Iraq: Iraqi Communism Before Saddam
980:
969:The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq
847:
758:Gazelle Review of Literature on the Middle East
615:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 168–169.
442:. This faction began publishing the periodical
820:
777:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
277:('Party Militant') 1967-1968- The party organ
252:
874:
790:
725:
570:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
502:
500:
351:
273:The party published the irregular periodical
814:
729:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
506:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
446:("Unity of the Base"). Al-Alawi accused the
868:
854:. Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
841:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
460:now constituted a separate party of its own
928:
925:, vol. 62, no. 365, 1972, pp. 31–50. JSTOR
527:
702:
477:
424:
216:after the party becoming subordinated to
643:
637:Near East/South Asia Report, Issue 84160
591:
355:
133:الحزب الشيوعي العراقي – القيادة المركزية
38:الحزب الشيوعي العراقي – القيادة المركزية
179:Factional divide in the Communist Party
125:Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command
35:Iraqi Communist Party – Central Command
14:
981:
962:
960:
958:
934:
824:The Iraq War: Origins and Consequences
994:Political parties established in 1967
895:
761:, Issue 10. Ithaca Press, 1982. p. 72
656:. Brookings Institution. p. 77.
653:Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab World
608:
18:Iraqi Communist Party-Central Command
629:
955:
293:Party conference of January 2, 1968
132:
24:
848:Yitzhak Shichor (23 August 1979).
688:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 241–.
25:
1005:
404:
875:Haifa Zangana (4 January 2011).
507:Hanna Batatu (1 November 2012).
166:. It violently opposed both the
910:
764:
750:
609:Salem, Paul (1 October 1994).
13:
1:
821:James DeFronzo (4 May 2018).
730:Kanan Makiya (15 June 1998).
685:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
650:Christine Moss Helms (1984).
470:
65:September 17, 1967
54:Ibrahim al-Alawi (from 1969)
7:
919:“Iraq under Baathist Rule.”
317:, in the southern marshes.
253:Central Command established
27:Political party in Iraq
10:
1010:
941:. Routledge. p. 101.
431:
416:National Progressive Front
352:Crack-down and confessions
338:people's revolutionary war
989:Communist parties in Iraq
935:Kadhim, Abbas K. (2013).
212:line and shifted towards
143:that broke away from the
98:
86:
76:
61:
44:
32:
201:of the Communist Party.
164:southern marshes of Iraq
51:Aziz al-Hajj (1967–1969)
37:
881:. Seven Stories Press.
571:Johan Franzén (2011).
385:
432:Further information:
359:
331:coup of July 17, 1968
145:Iraqi Communist Party
190:World Marxist Review
386:
966:Ismael, Tareq Y.
948:978-1-85743-584-9
888:978-1-60980-071-0
861:978-0-521-22214-3
834:978-0-429-97603-2
807:978-0-521-52900-6
797:A History of Iraq
743:978-0-520-21439-2
695:978-0-8108-7942-3
663:978-0-8157-3556-4
622:978-0-8156-2628-2
584:978-1-84904-101-0
520:978-0-86356-771-1
464:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
456:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
452:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
448:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
444:Wihdat al-Qa'idah
327:Abdul Rahman Arif
218:Abdul Karim Qasim
121:
120:
108:Political parties
45:General Secretary
16:(Redirected from
1001:
973:
964:
953:
952:
932:
926:
914:
908:
899:
893:
892:
872:
866:
865:
845:
839:
838:
818:
812:
811:
788:
775:
768:
762:
754:
748:
747:
727:
700:
699:
679:
668:
667:
647:
641:
633:
627:
626:
606:
589:
588:
568:
525:
524:
504:
440:Adil Abdul-Mahdi
426:Wihdat al-Qa'dah
377:
363:Jihaz as-Siddami
346:Jihaz as-Siddami
316:
275:Munadhil al-Hizb
243:
195:Abdul Salam Arif
161:
153:Middle Euphrates
134:
103:Politics of Iraq
93:Marxism–Leninism
72:
70:
30:
29:
21:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
979:
978:
977:
976:
965:
956:
949:
933:
929:
923:Current History
916:Thoman, Roy E.
915:
911:
902:Tariq ash-Shaab
900:
896:
889:
873:
869:
862:
846:
842:
835:
819:
815:
808:
794:(27 May 2002).
789:
778:
769:
765:
755:
751:
744:
728:
703:
696:
680:
671:
664:
648:
644:
634:
630:
623:
607:
592:
585:
569:
528:
521:
505:
478:
473:
436:
430:
407:
371:
366:
354:
323:
310:
308:Hawr al-Ghamuka
295:
279:Tariq ash-Shaab
260:at-Thawrah City
255:
237:
181:
162:region and the
155:
137:communist party
117:
81:Tariq ash-Shaab
68:
66:
57:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1007:
997:
996:
991:
975:
974:
954:
947:
927:
909:
894:
887:
867:
860:
840:
833:
813:
806:
776:
774:. 1981. p. 306
763:
749:
742:
701:
694:
669:
662:
642:
628:
621:
590:
583:
526:
519:
475:
474:
472:
469:
429:
423:
406:
405:New leadership
403:
353:
350:
342:Saddam Hussein
322:
319:
294:
291:
254:
251:
180:
177:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
99:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
63:
59:
58:
56:
55:
52:
48:
46:
42:
41:
34:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1006:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
971:
970:
963:
961:
959:
950:
944:
940:
939:
931:
924:
921:
920:
913:
907:
903:
898:
890:
884:
880:
879:
871:
863:
857:
853:
852:
844:
836:
830:
827:. Routledge.
826:
825:
817:
809:
803:
799:
798:
793:
792:Charles Tripp
787:
785:
783:
781:
773:
767:
760:
759:
753:
745:
739:
735:
734:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
697:
691:
687:
686:
678:
676:
674:
665:
659:
655:
654:
646:
639:
638:
632:
624:
618:
614:
613:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
586:
580:
576:
575:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
522:
516:
512:
511:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
476:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
435:
427:
422:
419:
417:
411:
402:
399:
395:
390:
383:
382:
378:(reporter of
375:
370:
364:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
318:
314:
309:
304:
301:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
263:
261:
250:
246:
241:
236:
232:
228:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
176:
173:
169:
165:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
126:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
64:
60:
53:
50:
49:
47:
43:
31:
19:
967:
937:
930:
922:
917:
912:
901:
897:
877:
870:
850:
843:
823:
816:
796:
770:ʻAzīz Ḥājj.
766:
756:
752:
732:
684:
652:
645:
635:
631:
611:
573:
509:
463:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
425:
420:
412:
408:
391:
387:
379:
369:Talal Salman
362:
345:
335:
324:
305:
296:
287:
283:
278:
274:
272:
264:
256:
247:
245:invitation.
223:
203:
188:
182:
124:
122:
80:
372: [
311: [
268:Baath Party
238: [
214:revisionism
206:Six-Day War
156: [
149:Six-Day War
983:Categories
471:References
235:al-Gharraf
231:al-'Amarah
227:al-Shu'ala
69:1967-09-17
381:as-Sayyad
199:Politburo
113:Elections
77:Newspaper
513:. Saqi.
172:Baathist
135:) was a
88:Ideology
67: (
62:Founded
945:
885:
858:
831:
804:
740:
692:
660:
619:
581:
517:
458:group
398:Moscow
300:Maoist
185:Prague
129:Arabic
428:split
376:]
315:]
242:]
160:]
943:ISBN
883:ISBN
856:ISBN
829:ISBN
802:ISBN
738:ISBN
690:ISBN
658:ISBN
617:ISBN
579:ISBN
515:ISBN
210:Fahd
170:and
168:Arif
141:Iraq
123:The
396:in
139:in
985::
957:^
904:.
779:^
704:^
672:^
593:^
529:^
479:^
374:ar
313:ar
270:.
240:ar
233:,
158:ar
131::
951:.
891:.
864:.
837:.
810:.
746:.
698:.
666:.
625:.
587:.
523:.
127:(
71:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.