Fourth International

265: 97: 2255:. It is sometimes known as the United Secretariat of the Fourth International (USFI) after the name of its leading committee, although that committee was replaced in 2003. It is also the only current to have continuously presented itself as "the" Fourth International. It is the largest current and leaders of some other Trotskyist Internationals occasionally refer to it as "the Fourth International": ICFI secretary Gerry Healy, when proposing reunification discussions in the 1970s, described it as "the Fourth International"; the 8461: 7415: 1225: 1810:. In December 1943, they criticised the SWP's view as underestimating the rising prestige of Stalinism and the opportunities for the capitalists to use democratic concessions. The SWP's central committee argued that democratic capitalism could not revive, resulting in either military dictatorship by the capitalists or a workers' revolution. It held that this would reinforce the need for building the Fourth International, and adhered rigidly to their interpretation of Trotsky's works. 1249: 7378: 8473: 7427: 7403: 1237: 7390: 4749: 1835:, a Greek resident in France also known as Michel Pablo, the organisational secretary of its European Bureau. Raptis and other bureau members re-established contact between the Trotskyist parties. The European conference extended the lessons of a revolution then unfolding in Italy, and concluded that a revolutionary wave would cross Europe as the war ended. The SWP had a similar perspective. The British 49: 2050:. At the same time, however, Cannon, Healy and Mandel were deeply concerned by Pablo's political evolution. Cannon and Healy were also alarmed by Pablo's intervention into the French section, and by suggestions that Pablo might use the International's authority in this way in other sections of the Fourth International that felt entryism " 2113:

To sum up: The lines of cleavage between Pablo's revisionism and orthodox Trotskyism are so deep that no compromise is possible either politically or organizationally. The Pablo faction has demonstrated that it will not permit democratic decisions truly reflecting majority opinion to be reached. They

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of socialist parties outside both the Socialist International and the Comintern. Three of those parties joined the Left Opposition in signing a document written by Trotsky calling for a Fourth International, which became known as the "Declaration of Four". Of those, two soon distanced themselves from

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ended with the declaration "Workers – men and women – of all countries, place yourselves under the banner of the Fourth International. It is the banner of your approaching victory!". It declared demands to be placed on capitalists, opposition to the bureaucracy in the

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By declaring themselves the Fourth International, the "World Party of Socialist Revolution", the Trotskyists were publicly asserting their continuity with the Comintern, and with its predecessors. Their recognition of the importance of these earlier Internationals was coupled with a belief that they

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Eventually, Trotsky was sent into internal exile and his supporters were jailed. However, the Left Opposition continued to work in secret within the Soviet Union. Trotsky was exiled to Turkey in 1928. He moved from there to France, Norway and finally to Mexico. He was assassinated on Stalin's orders

1352:. However, although it regarded its own ideas as more advanced and thus superior to those of the Third International, it did not actively push for the Comintern's destruction. The current incarnation of the Fourth International does not operate as a cohesive entity in the manner of its predecessors. 1355:

The Fourth International suffered a major split in 1940 and an even more significant schism in 1953. A partial reunification of the schismatic factions occurred in 1963, but the organization never recovered sufficiently, and it failed to re-emerge as a single transnational grouping. The response of

2027:, to distinguish it from the short-term entry tactic employed before World War II. For example, it meant that the project of building an open and independent Trotskyist party was shelved in France, because it was regarded as not politically feasible alongside entry into the French Communist Party. 2006:

The Third World Congress envisaged the real possibility of an "international civil war" in the near future. It argued that the mass Communist parties "may, under certain favourable conditions, go beyond the aims set for them by the Soviet bureaucracy and project a revolutionary orientation". Given

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In May 1940, an emergency conference of the International met at a secret location "somewhere in the Western Hemisphere". It adopted a manifesto drafted by Trotsky shortly before his murder and a range of policies on the work of the International, including one calling for the reunification of the

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The International's rationale was to construct new mass revolutionary parties able to lead successful workers' revolutions. It saw these arising from a revolutionary wave which would develop alongside and as a result of the coming World War. Thirty delegates attended a founding conference, held in

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positions and its defense of proletarian internationalism. Several of these groups carry the label "Fourth Internationalist" either in their organization's name, important political position documents, or both. In line with Trotskyist theory and thought, the Fourth International tended to view the

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Stalin reacted to the growing strength of Trotsky's supporters with a major political massacre of people within the Soviet Union, and the assassination of Trotsky's supporters and family abroad. He had agents go through historical documents and photos to attempt to erase Trotsky's memory from the

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opposed the convergence. The supporters of Posadas left the International in 1962. At the 1963 reunification congress, the sections of the IC and IS reunified (with two exceptions: the British and French sections of the IC). This was largely a result of their mutual support for Ernest Mandel and

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and nationalist parties in the colonies, pressing for democratic reforms, ostensibly to encourage the left-wing they perceived to exist in the communist parties to join with them in a revolution. Tensions developed between those who subscribed to the mainstream views of Pablo and a minority that

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Over the following decade, the IC referred to the rest of the International as the "International Secretariat of the Fourth International", emphasising its view that the Secretariat did not speak for the International as a whole. The Secretariat continued to view itself as the leadership of the

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The foundation of the Fourth International was therefore spurred in part by a desire to form a stronger political current, rather than being seen as the communist opposition to the Comintern and the Soviet Union. Trotsky believed that its formation was all the more urgent for the role he saw it

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Other groups point to a positive impact. The ICFI claim that "the Fourth International consisted mainly of cadres who remained true to their aims" and describes much of the Fourth International's early activity as "correct and principled". The reunified FI claim that "the Fourth International

1819: 1622:, while documenting the recent course of the Comintern and the Socialist International. In the letter, he called for the urgent formation of a Fourth International. The "First International Conference for the Fourth International" was held in Paris in June 1936, reports giving its location as 1534:

In the early 1930s, Trotsky and his supporters believed that Stalin's influence over the Third International could still be fought from within and slowly rolled back. They organised themselves into the International Left Opposition in 1930, which was intended to be a group of anti-Stalinist

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was the central programmatic statement of the congress, summarising its strategic and tactical conceptions for the revolutionary period that it saw opening up as a result of the war which Trotsky had been predicting for some years. It is not, however, the definitive programme of the Fourth

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just outside Paris. Present at the meeting were delegates from all the major countries of Europe, and from North America (including three from the United States), although for reasons of cost and distance, few delegates attended from Asia or Latin America. An International Secretariat was

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refused to compromise with capitalism either in its fascist or democratic variants." In its view, "many of the predictions made by Trotsky when he founded the Fourth International were proved wrong by history. But what was absolutely vindicated were his key political judgements."

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This perspective was accepted within the Fourth International, yet sowed the seeds for the split in 1953. At the Third World Congress, the sections agreed with the perspective of an international civil war. The French section disagreed with the associated tactic of entryism

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Some tendencies argue that the Fourth International became dislocated politically during the years between Trotsky's murder and the establishment of the ICFI in 1953; they consequently work to "reconstruct", "reorganise" or "rebuild" it. This view originated with

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International – as is often suggested – but instead contains a summation of the conjunctural understanding of the movement at that date and a series of transitional policies designed to develop the struggle for workers' power.

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The foundation of the Fourth International was seen as more than just the simple renaming of an international tendency that was already in existence. It was argued that the Third International had now degenerated completely and was therefore to be seen as a

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In April 1946 delegates from the principal European sections and a number of others attended a "Second International Congress". This set about rebuilding the International Secretariat of the Fourth International with Michel Raptis appointed Secretary and

2098:'s party in Argentina and the Austrian and Chinese sections of the FI. The sections of the ICFI withdrew from the International Secretariat, which suspended their voting rights. Both sides claimed they constituted a majority of the former International. 5230: 2187:

The Sixth World Congress in 1961 marked a lessening of the political divisions between the majority of supporters of the International Secretariat and the leadership of the SWP in the United States. In particular, the congress stressed support for the

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and "clear the road for a fascist overturn". By 1935 he claimed that the Comintern had fallen irredeemably into the hands of the Stalinist bureaucracy. He and his supporters, expelled from the Third International, participated in a conference of the

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Pablo and Mandel aimed to counter the opposition of the majorities inside the British Revolutionary Communist Party and French Internationalist Communist Party. Initially, they encouraged party members to vote out their leaderships. They supported

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In the wake of the World Congress, the line of the International Leadership was generally accepted by groups around the world, including the U.S. SWP whose leader, James P. Cannon, corresponded with the French majority to support the tactic of

4901: 2287:, whose founders dropped out of the reunified FI after 1965, call for a new "revolutionary Fourth International". Indeed, the Fourth International (ICR) reproclaimed the Fourth International at a congress attended by ICR sections in June 1993. 2118:

out of the Fourth International or to muzzle and handcuff them. Their scheme has been to inject their Stalinist conciliationism piecemeal and likewise in piecemeal fashion, get rid of those who come to see what is happening and raise

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Sri Lanka's Lanka Sama Samaja Party, then the country's leading workers' party, took a middle position during this dispute. It continued to participate in the ISFI but argued for a joint congress, for reunification with the ICFI.

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is the only current with direct organisational continuity to the original Fourth International at an international level. The International Committee and International Secretariat reunified at the 1963 congress, but without the

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The sections of the International that recognised the leadership of the International Secretariat remained optimistic about the possibilities for increasing the International's political influence and extended the entryism into

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for his part claimed that "he general opinion seems to be that capitalist methods will be unequal to the task of reconstruction". He regarded it as "not open to doubt that the decay of capitalist society is very far advanced".

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member groups customarily describe themselves as sections of the Fourth International, and the organisation as a whole describes itself as the "leadership of the Fourth International". However, the ICFI presents itself as the

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Another issue that needed to be dealt with was the possibility that the economy would revive. This was initially denied by Mandel (who was quickly forced to revise his opinion, and later devoted his PhD dissertation to

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The wartime debate about post-war perspectives was accelerated by the resolution of the February 1944 European Conference of the Fourth International. The conference appointed a new European Secretariat and elected

2035:, and held that Pablo was underestimating the independent role of the working class parties in the Fourth International. The leaders of the majority of the Trotskyist organisation in France, Marcel Bleibtreu and 1747:

later said that he did not believe the split to be definitive and final, the two groups did not reunite. A new International Executive Committee was appointed, which came under the increasing influence of the

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is an organisation of political parties or activists with the aim of co-ordinating their activity for a common purpose. There had been a long tradition of socialists organising on an international basis, and

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eventually degenerated. Although the Socialist International and Comintern were still in existence, the Trotskyists did not believe those organisations were capable of supporting revolutionary socialism and

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The Third World Congress in 1951 resolved that the economies of the East European states and their political regimes had come to resemble that of the USSR more and more. These states were then described as

1410:. They argued that socialism without democracy is impossible. Thus, faced with the increasing lack of democracy in the Soviet Union, they concluded that it was no longer a socialist workers' state, but a 1327:

by countries such as France and the United States, and by supporters of the Soviet Union. The Fourth International struggled to maintain contact under these conditions of crackdowns and repression during

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the Third International. Stalin's supporters, who dominated the International, would no longer tolerate dissent. All Trotskyists, and those suspected of being influenced by Trotskyism, were expelled.

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argued unsuccessfully against open work. A number of these delegates walked out of the World Congress, and would eventually leave the International, including the leader of the new British section,

1458:' international perspective had been guided by Trotsky's position. Trotsky argued that Stalin's theory represented the interests of bureaucratic elements in direct opposition to the working class. 4886: 2007:

the supposed closeness of war, the FI thought that the Communist Parties and social democratic parties would be the only significant force that could defend the workers of the world against the

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Parts of the International Committee were divided over whether the split with "Pabloism" was permanent or temporary, and it was perhaps as a result of this that it did not declare itself to be

1899:, analysing the unexpected "third age" of capitalist development). Mandel's perspective mirrored uncertainty at that time about the future viability and prospects of capitalism, not just among 1674: 1419: 704: 2441: 4906: 2433: 2014:

In line with this geopolitical perspective, Pablo argued that the only way the Trotskyists could avoid isolation was for various sections of the Fourth International to undertake long-term

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and a growing emphasis on building parties in the imperialist countries. The sixth congress also criticised the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, its Sri Lankan section, for seeming to support the

2437: 3722: 2344:, holds that "Trotsky and everything he represented was defeated and – as we have to recognise in retrospect – defeated for a whole historical period." 2325:

proposed by the Trotskyists. Many Trotskyist groups have been active in anti-fascist campaigns, but the Fourth International has never played a major role in the toppling of a regime.

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The Congress was especially notable for bringing the International into much closer contact with Trotskyist groups from across the globe. These included such significant groups as the

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After the International Workingmen's Association disbanded in 1876, several attempts were made to revive the organisation, culminating in the formation of the Socialist International (

63: 7547: 1839:(RCP) disagreed and held that capitalism was not about to plunge into massive crisis but rather that an upturn in the economy was already underway. A group of leaders of the French 4629: 1658:

to whip up sentiment against Trotsky (as Trotsky was a Jew). Stalin's daughter later claimed that his fight with Trotsky laid the foundations for his later antisemitic campaigns.

4720: 4445: 5235: 1928:, Stalinism, the colonial countries and the specific situations facing sections in certain countries. By this point the FI was united around the view that the Eastern European " 1672:

established, with many of the day's leading Trotskyists and most countries in which Trotskyists were active represented. Among the resolutions adopted by the conference was the

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and some other members of the League who did not support the call for a new International. This group prioritised regroupment with other communist oppositions, principally the

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Soviet Union, and support for workers' action against fascism. Most of the demands on capitalists remain unfulfilled. The collapse of the Soviet Union occurred, but through a

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In uniting the large majority of Trotskyists in one organisation, the Fourth International created a tradition which has since been claimed by many Trotskyist organisations.

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for security reasons. This meeting dissolved the International Communist League, founding in its place the Movement for the Fourth International on Trotsky's perspectives.

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The Stalinist occupation of Eastern Europe was the issue of prime concern, and it raised many problems of interpretation. At first, the International held that, while the

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There is no longer a single, centralized cohesive Fourth International. Throughout most of its existence and history, the Fourth International was hunted by agents of the

1771:. Despite this dislocation, the various groups sought to maintain links and some connections were kept up throughout the early part of the war by sailors enlisted in the 2154: 1698:, in 1939, the International Secretariat was moved to New York City. The resident International Executive Committee failed to meet, largely because of a struggle in the 2636: 1727:. Shachtman and Burnham's tendency resigned from the International in early 1940, alongside almost 40% of the SWP's members, many of whom became founder members of the 4911: 3205: 1714:. The secretariat was composed of those committee members who happened to be in the city, most of whom were co-thinkers of Shachtman. The disagreement centred on the 4989: 2039:, refused to follow the line of the International. The International leadership had them replaced by a minority, leading to a permanent split in the French section. 1779:. Contact was steady, if irregular, between the SWP and the British Trotskyists, with the result that the Americans exerted what influence they had to encourage the 4944: 1360:

across the world, with some divided over which particular organization represents the true legacy and political continuity of the historical Fourth International.

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Those groups which follow traditions that left the Fourth International in its early years argue that, despite initially correct positions, it had little impact.

4964: 1058: 952: 1592: 1802:. This minority anticipated that the Nazi dictatorship would be replaced with capitalism rather than by a socialist revolution, leading to the revival of 1721:

Trotsky opened a public debate with Shachtman and Burnham and developed his positions in a series of polemics written in 1939–1940 and later collected in

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Secretariat members who had supported Shachtman were expelled by the emergency conference, with the support of Trotsky himself. While leader of the SWP

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Despite this, many parts of the world, including Latin America, Europe and Asia, continue to have large Trotskyist groupings who are attracted to its

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Fourth International. Those sections that considered the split permanent embarked on a discussion about the history of the split and its meanings.

2066:" hinted that Pablo's support for their views indicated that the International might also demand Trotskyists in those countries adopt that tactic. 1091: 1025: 5140: 4649: 4151: 3744: 1763:. The survivors, in Europe, Asia and elsewhere, were largely cut off from each other and from the International Secretariat. The new secretary, 1755:

The Fourth International was hit hard during World War II. Trotsky was assassinated, many of the FI's European affiliates were destroyed by the

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Other Trotskyist groups argue that the Fourth International is dead. They call for the establishment of a new "workers' international" or a

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groups, leading to defeats for the Fourth International and the Trotskyists, who subsequently never managed to obtain meaningful influence.

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founded in 1931, co-operated with the International Left Opposition briefly in 1933 but soon abandoned the call for a new International.

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International. It held a Fourth World Congress in 1954 to regroup and to recognise reorganised sections in Britain, France and the U.S.

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Since the 1963 reunification, a number of approaches have developed within international Trotskyism towards the Fourth International.

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elected a United Secretariat of the Fourth International (USFI), by which name the organisation as a whole is often still referred.

8237: 7542: 4700: 4370: 1963: 982: 904: 2884: 1599:. Despite Trotsky, the Spanish section merged with the Spanish section of ICO, forming the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ( 8185: 5255: 4896: 4551: 3831: 3813: 3704: 3326: 3209: 2252: 1780: 1699: 992: 3079: 8498: 7786: 5908: 4774: 2429: 2271:

of the Fourth International and Trotskyism, not as the FI itself. It clearly dates its creation as 1953, rather than from 1938.

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quickly took hold in other countries as well. This theory was advanced in opposition to the view held by the Stalinists that "

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The Second World Congress in April 1948 was attended by delegates from 22 sections. It debated a range of resolutions on the

1073: 899: 35: 264: 7771: 5913: 4606:. Workers Power and the Irish Workers Group. 1983. On the League for a Fifth International Website. Retrieved 21 June 2008. 4499: 4342: 2917: 1974:

of World War II who had fought against Nazi occupation, as opposed to by Stalin's invading armies. The British RCP, led by

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In 1962 the IC and IS formed a Parity Commission to organise a common World Congress. The supporters of Michel Pablo and

1423:, which was drafted during the founding congress of the Fourth International, Trotsky called for the legalization of the 1068: 1048: 909: 2848: 5250: 5155: 5120: 5020: 4974: 4472: 3690: 3376: 3185: 2478: 2409: 2055: 1608: 1584: 1004: 801: 5664: 3105: 427: 8315: 5145: 4921: 4767: 4710: 4281: 2762: 2505: 2367: 2280: 1357: 1162: 894: 684: 339: 1951:, but the previously large Vietnamese Trotskyist groups had mostly been eliminated or absorbed by the supporters of 8336: 7766: 7299: 5715: 5275: 5180: 4959: 4949: 2362: 2256: 1063: 1053: 939: 838: 766: 2180:-led revolutions. According to Robert Alexander, Ernest Mandel has written that an organisation in Indonesia, the 2054:" was not a suitable tactic in their own countries. In particular, minority tendencies, exemplified in Britain by 7776: 7597: 7394: 6053: 5772: 5620: 5225: 5095: 5050: 4863: 4813: 4029:"Letter from the International Secretariat "to all Members and All Organizations of the International Committee"" 3967:"Letter from the International Secretariat "to all Members and All Organizations of the International Committee"" 625: 374: 8109: 4008: 3948: 3874: 8398: 6707: 6597: 5903: 5005: 4517: 4028: 3966: 3472: 3454: 3436: 2818: 2778: 2665: 6522: 3123: 8408: 7537: 6276: 6033: 5635: 5364: 5220: 4868: 4818: 1958:

After the Second World Congress in 1948, the International Secretariat attempted to open communications with

1884: 1411: 1349: 1112: 1102: 309: 294: 1446:. Stalin's theory of socialism in one country was developed in 1924 as an opposition to Trotsky's Theory of 8430: 8346: 8288: 8227: 7648: 7557: 7363: 7338: 7260: 6316: 5110: 3912: 3394: 3129: 2975: 2935: 2176:

and surmised that it was essential to reorient in the colonial states and neocolonies towards the emerging

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had envisaged in 1943 the probability of a "nightmarish combination of the worst features of inflation and

1767:(also known as Gerland), was able to do little more than publish articles in the SWP's theoretical journal 1749: 1515: 1374:

Trotskyists regard themselves as working in opposition to both capitalism and Stalinism. Trotsky advocated

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which was already underway in Britain, Austria and elsewhere. The 1954 congress emphasised entryism into

1795: 1443: 1152: 987: 962: 957: 818: 6251: 4552:"Ernest Mandel, 1923–1995: A critical assessment of his role in the history of the Fourth International" 4491: 4251: 3299: 2953: 319: 8513: 7312: 7156: 6677: 6502: 5534: 5260: 4115: 3057:

Stalin and the Jews: The Red Book: The Tragedy of the Soviet Jews and the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

2216:. This document distinguished between different revolutionary tasks in the imperialist countries, the " 791: 304: 6398: 3758: 3418: 3362: 8393: 7824: 7756: 6542: 6477: 6378: 5551: 5030: 4891: 4315: 4239: 4213: 4009:"Resolution of the International Committee instructing publication of the documents, August 24, 1973" 3879: 3564: 3399: 2823: 2803: 2544:, phrase referring to socialist and communist groups aspiring to create a new workers' international. 2205: 2141: 1718:' disagreements with the SWP's internal policy, and over the FI's unconditional defence of the USSR. 1157: 664: 654: 610: 530: 465: 289: 4097: 3166: 1442:

of the Soviet Union, which they analysed as being partly caused by the poverty and isolation of the

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Fourth International (1938-1953 schism) led by the International Secretariat (ISFI); followed by

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organisation that would in time of crisis defend capitalism. Trotsky believed that the coming

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La dissidenza comunista italiana, Trockij e le origini della Quarta Internazionale. 1928-1938

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worked with the International Left Opposition to declare the International Communist League.

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basis, with component parties required to fight for policies adopted by the body as a whole.

1507: 919: 843: 786: 771: 732: 314: 4603: 8320: 8310: 8247: 8242: 8139: 8119: 7730: 7712: 7517: 6966: 6672: 6627: 6512: 6281: 6088: 6083: 6078: 5954: 5762: 5700: 5446: 5379: 5346: 5342: 5210: 4878: 4836: 4395: 4190: 4072: 3984: 3774:"An Open Letter to Congress, Central Committee and Members of the Yugoslav Communist Party" 3600: 3515: 3143: 2798: 2621: 2456: 2322: 1876:, opposed to the new leadership of the PCI – albeit for differing reasons. 1487: 1447: 1387: 1379: 1324: 1177: 1142: 884: 781: 722: 334: 299: 4561: 2866: 2841:(1954) . "Industrialisation of the country and the right deviation in the C.P.S.U.(B.)"". 1794:

in Europe opened up between the majority of the SWP and a movement led by Van Heijenoort,

8: 8425: 8341: 8270: 8257: 8232: 8205: 8195: 8114: 7999: 7874: 7801: 7761: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7671: 7656: 7552: 7497: 7161: 6991: 6971: 6652: 6472: 6427: 6336: 6326: 6236: 6226: 6205: 6175: 6073: 6013: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5832: 5725: 5642: 5598: 5593: 5586: 4716: 4147: 3875:"Letters exchanged between Daniel Renard and James P. Cannon (16 February 16–9 May 1952)" 2993: 2541: 2462: 2308: 2291: 2173: 2115: 1971: 1764: 1386:

would not be able to hold out against the pressures of a hostile capitalist world unless

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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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Per una storia della IV internazionale: La testimonianza di un comunista controcorrente

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This article is about the Fourth International before 1963. For the FI after 1963, see

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demand complete submission to their criminal policy. They are determined to drive all

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For a history of the IV International: The testimony of a communist against the tide

3661:

Schumpeter, Joseph (1943). "Capitalism in the post-war world". In Harris, S. (ed.).

2082:(ICFI). This was a public faction which initially included, in addition to the SWP, 1891:

entities, because revolution from above was not possible, and capitalism persisted.

874: 470: 8477: 8465: 8356: 8164: 8064: 7959: 7904: 7859: 7849: 7834: 7720: 7623: 7592: 7419: 7407: 7280: 7146: 7131: 7106: 7091: 6926: 6856: 6766: 6737: 6722: 6697: 6657: 6647: 6612: 6607: 6552: 6527: 6517: 6487: 6447: 6256: 6241: 6190: 6170: 6038: 6018: 5927: 5581: 5524: 5451: 5421: 5160: 2213: 2189: 2150: 1873: 1807: 1596: 1588: 1451: 1398:

alone. Furthermore, Trotsky and his supporters harshly criticized the increasingly

1241: 1229: 1203: 1182: 399: 359: 354: 96: 6482: 6467: 3985:"David North addresses Sri Lankan Trotskyists on the 50th anniversary of the ICFI" 2196:, which they saw as bourgeois nationalists; the U.S. SWP made similar criticisms. 7989: 7929: 7919: 7914: 7844: 7613: 7587: 7562: 7522: 7512: 7487: 7151: 7121: 6941: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6821: 6791: 6717: 6577: 6557: 6532: 6462: 6422: 6311: 6306: 6185: 6150: 6145: 6140: 5815: 5678: 5541: 5404: 5399: 4672:

The Reasons for Founding the Fourth International And Why They Remain Valid Today

4635: 4396:"Meetings on 50 years of the International Committee of the Fourth International" 4338: 3596: 3344: 3260: 2909: 2750: 2732: 2333: 2145: 1959: 1925: 1896: 1760: 1744: 1435: 1428: 1399: 1383: 1336:

were often under the influence of Soviet-aligned pro-Stalin parties and militant

1253: 776: 490: 485: 480: 394: 379: 364: 6507: 4353: 3015: 2913: 1651: 1591:

in the Soviet Party, a regroupment which eventually led to the formation of the

8305: 8159: 8099: 8069: 7954: 7949: 7869: 7864: 7839: 7492: 7240: 7181: 7141: 7126: 7061: 7051: 7031: 7021: 7011: 6976: 6956: 6896: 6846: 6806: 6781: 6776: 6702: 6632: 6497: 6442: 6291: 6058: 6043: 5974: 5893: 5603: 4855: 3944: 3832:"The International Situation and Tasks in the Struggle against Imperialist War" 3184:"Declaration on the status of the resident International Executive Committee". 3151: 2931: 2329: 2276: 2158: 2091: 2036: 1904: 550: 540: 7245: 6886: 6562: 4661:

Memoirs of a critical communist. Towards a History of The Fourth International

4579: 3632:

Samuelson, Paul (1943). "Full Employment after the war". In Harris, S. (ed.).

2847:. Vol. 11. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. pp. 255–302. 8492: 8440: 8154: 8134: 8124: 8049: 8004: 7984: 7974: 7899: 7879: 7270: 7111: 7101: 7071: 7046: 7016: 6951: 6946: 6881: 6876: 6796: 6732: 6712: 6622: 6602: 6582: 6432: 6200: 6135: 6125: 6093: 5944: 5932: 5898: 5808: 5799: 5752: 5394: 5075: 4828: 4666: 4513: 4235: 4209: 3560: 3201: 3052: 2842: 2838: 2599: 2472: 2220:", and the colonial and semi-colonial countries. In June 1963, the reunified 2168:

The Secretariat organised a Fifth World Congress in October 1957. Mandel and

2162: 2095: 2018:

in the mass Communist or Social Democratic parties. This tactic was known as

1857: 1844: 1832: 1711: 1703: 1668: 1568: 1551: 1403: 811: 605: 575: 565: 560: 525: 6692: 4615:

World Revolution 1917–1936, The Rise and Fall of the Communist International

3059:. Translated by Friedrich, Mary Beth; Bludeau, Todd. New York: Enigma Books. 2003:, because no workers' revolution had led to the foundation of these states. 1580: 8351: 8144: 8094: 8089: 8079: 8059: 8014: 8009: 7994: 7884: 7819: 7618: 7577: 7211: 7191: 7186: 7176: 7116: 6996: 6866: 6592: 6572: 6567: 6537: 6437: 5959: 5777: 5630: 5566: 5280: 4805: 4759: 4734: 4656: 4623:

International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement.

4609: 4415: 4265: 4111: 4068: 4046: 3940: 3936: 3849: 3791: 3414: 3322: 3223: 2862: 2714: 2666:"Manifesto of the Fourth International on the Dissolution of the Comintern" 2617: 2570: 2169: 2059: 1967: 1929: 1880: 1869: 1799: 1756: 1723: 1715: 1707: 1695: 1655: 1635: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1523: 1395: 1329: 1309: 1305: 1187: 620: 580: 555: 515: 455: 450: 384: 279: 115: 6831: 4525: 8435: 8169: 8149: 8024: 8019: 7979: 7964: 7909: 7814: 7275: 7265: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7171: 7006: 6981: 6936: 6801: 6742: 6682: 6637: 6452: 6359: 6321: 6246: 6195: 6115: 5867: 5571: 5481: 5409: 5245: 5025: 4311: 4156:

International Trotskyism 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement

3455:"Theses on the Liquidation of World War II and the Revolutionary Upsurge" 2425: 2184:, was affiliate to the FI from 1959 until the 1965 coup in that country. 2181: 2083: 2023: 2008: 1975: 1952: 1865: 1847:

argued a similar position until they were expelled from the PCI in 1948.

1643: 1491: 1375: 1356:

Trotskyists to such a situation has been in the form of forming multiple

1337: 806: 796: 535: 495: 389: 7548:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 4887:

Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia

1603:). Trotsky claimed the merger was to be a capitulation to centrism. The 1248: 8039: 8034: 7944: 7939: 7285: 7221: 6901: 6891: 6811: 5949: 5820: 5690: 5649: 5625: 5500: 5461: 4630:

Toward a Balance Sheet of the Fourth International in the United States

3327:"Report on the Fourth International Since the Outbreak of War, 1939–48" 2700: 2684: 2638:

The Soviet Economy on the Brink of Reform: Essays in Honor of Alec Nove

2337: 2200: 1776: 1369: 585: 510: 505: 500: 422: 256: 221: 4902:

International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations

3395:"The Fourth International During World War II (immediately afterward)" 1818: 8415: 8129: 8074: 7829: 7638: 7473: 7333: 7328: 7255: 7081: 6871: 6826: 6761: 6617: 6221: 6160: 6048: 5918: 5794: 5720: 5685: 5509: 5436: 5374: 5332: 4907:

International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations

4846: 4321:

Marxism vs. ultraleftism: the record of Healy's break with Trotskyism

4013: 2418:, sometimes known as the "Black" International (1881-1887); anarchist 2283:

and is shared by others who diverged from the ICFI. For example, the

1995:

in an analogy with the degenerated workers state in Russia. The term

1979: 1908: 1888: 1868:'s opposition in the RCP. In France, they backed elements, including 1803: 1772: 1559: 1476: 1455: 1209: 600: 520: 460: 216: 2070:

Formation of the International Committee of the Fourth International

8386: 8381: 8275: 7666: 7353: 7348: 7250: 6786: 5735: 5730: 5695: 5556: 5466: 3772:

International Secretariat of the Fourth International (July 1948).

2357: 2044: 2019: 2015: 1563: 1490:) in 1889. This was disbanded in 1916 following disagreements over 1136: 545: 432: 329: 324: 3473:"The European Revolution and the Tasks of the Revolutionary Party" 3092:

She was one of three Americans to attend the Fourth International.

2471:(IWUSP), aka 2½ International or Vienna International, founded by 2123: 7661: 7166: 7066: 5991: 5471: 5426: 5010: 2672:. Vol. IV, no. 7. New York. July 1943. pp. 195–99. 2481:(1923-1940), created by merger of Vienna and Berne Internationals 1940: 1450:, which argued that capitalism was a world system and required a 1130: 1434:

Trotsky and his supporters had been organised since 1923 as the

48: 7809: 7096: 7036: 5757: 5236:

International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

4748: 4371:"About the International Committee of the Fourth International" 1948: 1787:, a union that had been requested by the Emergency Conference. 1623: 1172: 828: 8472: 7426: 7402: 2090:, the Internationalist Communist Party in France (then led by 1236: 5741: 7442: 5300: 4677:

Revolutionary Marxism and social reality in the 20th century

178:

International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI)

4650:

The Fourth International: The Long March of the Trotskyists

4120:

The Fourth International: The Long March of the Trotskyists

3516:"The politics of opportunism: the 'radical left' in France" 1600: 1320: 3437:"Perspectives and Tasks of the Coming European Revolution" 2321:

leading to the restoration of capitalism, rather than the

1759:

and several of its Asian affiliates were destroyed by the

4314:(January 1974). "Letter to the Fourth International". In 2997: 1546:

policies of the Comintern had contributed to the rise of

1483:, which later became known as the "first international". 2514:(since 1963), by reunification of ISFI and parts of the 1887:, the post-World War II East European states were still 1740:

then-divided Fourth Internationalist groups in Britain.

4912:

International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties

4420:"A Socialist World is Possible: The history of the CWI" 3911: 2332:

claims that it "did not survive the Second World War".

1702:(SWP) between Trotsky's supporters and the tendency of 4644:, Open University Press, 1990. Retrieved 21 June 2008. 4494:[The programmatic foundations of our policy]. 4343:"Regroupment, Realignment, and the Revolutionary Left" 3723:"The Third World Congress of the Fourth International" 3377:"Resolution On The Unification of the British Section" 3349:"The Fourth International during the Second World War" 2011:

camp in those countries where there were mass forces.

1966:. In their analysis, it differed from the rest of the 1903:

Trotskyist groups, but also among leading economists.

1593:

International Bureau for Revolutionary Socialist Unity

1316:(also known as Comintern or the Third International). 4090:"The Revolutionary Odyssey of John Lawrence (Part 1)" 2914:"The Rocky Road to the Fourth International, 1933–38" 1529: 18:

International Secretariat of the Fourth International

2412:: at first with the 1st International; followed by: 1494:. Although the organisation reformed in 1923 as the 4492:"Les fondements programmatiques de notre politique" 3559: 3419:"The First Phase of the Coming European Revolution" 3331:

Fourth International (December 1948 – January 1949)

3125:

The Founding Conference of the Fourth International

2799:"Working-class Internationalism & Organisation" 2516: