500:(SDLC), to systematically develop an information system in stages. The stages of the system development lifecycle are planning, system analysis, and requirements, system design, development, integration and testing, implementation and operations, and maintenance. Recent research aims at enabling and measuring the ongoing, collective development of such systems within an organization by the entirety of human actors themselves. An information system can be developed in house (within the organization) or outsourced. This can be accomplished by outsourcing certain components or the entire system. A specific case is the geographical distribution of the development team (
258:: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input/output medium, often a disk or tape. The "software" for pre-computer information systems included how the hardware was prepared for use (e.g., column headings in the ledger book) and instructions for using them (the guidebook for a card catalog).
953:(AIS), and its Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals (202), proposed a list of 11 journals that the AIS deems as 'excellent'. According to the AIS, this list of journals recognizes topical, methodological, and geographical diversity. The review processes are stringent, editorial board members are widely-respected and recognized, and there is international readership and contribution. The list is (or should be) used, along with others, as a point of reference for promotion and tenure and, more generally, to evaluate scholarly excellence.
451:. As the name suggests, each FAIS supports a particular function within the organization, e.g.: accounting IS, finance IS, production-operation management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS. In finance and accounting, managers use IT systems to forecast revenues and business activity, to determine the best sources and uses of funds, and to perform audits to ensure that the organization is fundamentally sound and that all financial reports and documents are accurate.
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988:(ISICO), Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS (itAIS), Annual Mid-Western AIS Conference (MWAIS) and Annual Conference of the Southern AIS (SAIS). EDSIG, which is the special interest group on education of the AITP, organizes the Conference on Information Systems and Computing Education and the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research which are both held annually in November.
276:: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most overlooked element of the system is the people, probably the component that most influences the success or failure of information systems. This includes "not only the users, but those who operate and service the computers, those who maintain the data, and those who support the network of computers".
252:: The term hardware refers to machinery and equipment. In a modern information system, this category includes the computer itself and all of its support equipment. The support equipment includes input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices. In pre-computer information systems, the hardware might include ledger books and ink.
202:, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes.
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Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"—which won't be
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Since the study of information systems is an applied field, industry practitioners expect information systems research to generate findings that are immediately applicable in practice. This is not always the case however, as information systems researchers often explore behavioral issues in much more
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often refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is a technology an organization uses and also the way in which the organizations interact with the technology and the way in which
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Although
Information Systems as a discipline has been evolving for over 30 years now, the core focus or identity of IS research is still subject to debate among scholars. There are two main views around this debate: a narrow view focusing on the IT artifact as the core subject matter of IS research,
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One problem with that approach is that it prevents the IS field from being interested in non-organizational use of ICT, such as in social networking, computer gaming, mobile personal usage, etc. A different way of differentiating the IS field from its neighbours is to ask, "Which aspects of reality
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Certain information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still others, support groups of organizations. Each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs or information systems. These functional area
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has its advantages. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system in which activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving,
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In 1988, a degree program in
Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems
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There is a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline. "Workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills will have the best prospects. Workers with management skills and an understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent
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The first four components (hardware, software, database, and network) make up what is known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and the management of data. These
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The CIO is the executive who is in charge of the IS function. In most organizations, the CIO works with the chief executive officer (CEO), the chief financial officer (CFO), and other senior executives. Therefore, he or she actively participates in the organization's strategic planning process.
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Information technology is important to the operation of contemporary businesses, it offers many employment opportunities. The information systems field includes the people in organizations who design and build information systems, the people who use those systems, and the people responsible for
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Similar to computer science, other disciplines can be seen as both related and foundation disciplines of IS. The domain of study of IS involves the study of theories and practices related to the social and technological phenomena, which determine the development, use, and effects of information
264:: Data are facts that are used by systems to produce useful information. In modern information systems, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them. In pre-computer information systems, the data were generally stored in human-readable form.
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Information technology departments in larger organizations tend to strongly influence the development, use, and application of information technology in the business. A series of methodologies and processes can be used to develop and use an information system. Many developers use a systems
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system. Dashboards are a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. They provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports. Expert systems attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning
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deals with the practical and theoretical problems of collecting and analyzing information in a business function area including business productivity tools, applications programming and implementation, electronic commerce, digital media production, data mining, and decision support.
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Salvatore March and Gerald Smith proposed a framework for researching different aspects of information technology including outputs of the research (research outputs) and activities to carry out this research (research activities). They identified research outputs as follows:
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managing those systems. The demand for traditional IT staff such as programmers, business analysts, systems analysts, and designer is significant. Many well-paid jobs exist in areas of
Information technology. At the top of the list is the chief information officer (CIO).
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Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between
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is a scientific field of study that addresses the range of strategic, managerial, and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing, distributing, and use of information and its associated technologies in society and organizations. The term
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at the top. Although the pyramid model remains useful since it was first formulated, a number of new technologies have been developed and new categories of information systems have emerged, some of which no longer fit easily into the original pyramid model.
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Freeman, Peter; Hart, David (August 2004). "A Science of Design for
Software-Intensive Systems Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with".
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The Domain of
Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and
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In the last ten years, the business trend is represented by the considerable increase of
Information Systems Function (ISF) role, especially with regard to the enterprise strategies and operations supporting. It became a key factor to increase
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and a broad view that focuses on the interplay between social and technical aspects of IT that is embedded into a dynamic evolving context. A third view calls on IS scholars to pay balanced attention to both the IT artifact and its context.
976:(ECIS), the Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), the International Conference on Information Resources Management (Conf-IRM) and the Wuhan International Conference on E-Business (WHICEB). AIS chapter conferences include
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are most meaningful in the IS field and other fields?" This approach, based on philosophy, helps to define not just the focus, purpose, and orientation, but also the dignity, destiny and, responsibility of the field among other fields.
60:. From a sociotechnical perspective, information systems comprise four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology. Information systems can be defined as an integration of components for collection, storage and
609:(CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society, whereas IS emphasizes functionality over design.
521:, land information systems, and disaster information systems are examples of emerging information systems, but they can be broadly considered as spatial information systems. System development is done in stages which include:
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systems in organizations and society. But, while there may be considerable overlap of the disciplines at the boundaries, the disciplines are still differentiated by the focus, purpose, and orientation of their activities.
270:: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of an information system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system.
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In 1999, Clemson
University established a (graduate) degree program that bridges the arts and the sciences... All students in the program are required to complete graduate level work in both the arts and computer
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concerned with the study of the effects of information systems on the behaviour of individuals, groups, and organizations. Hevner et al. (2004) categorized research in IS into two scientific paradigms including
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Computer science spreads out over several related disciplines, and shares with these disciplines certain sub-disciplines that traditionally have been located exclusively in the more conventional disciplines
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Kelly, Sue; Gibson, Nicola; Holland, Christopher; Light, Ben (July 1999). "Focus Issue on Legacy
Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems".
740:– A well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning, and implementation, using a comprehensive approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy.
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Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends".
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Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends".
734:– Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time.
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A computer(-based) information system is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. The basic components of computer-based information systems are:
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Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Research in
Information Systems: Implications of the constant changing nature of IT capabilities in the social computing era, in Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.):
728:– A management information system (MIS) is an information system used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization.
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is a system, which consists of people and computers that process or interpret information. The term is also sometimes used to simply refer to a computer system with software installed.
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Rainer, R. Kelly Jr, and Casey G. Cegielski. Introduction to
Information System: Support and Transforming Business Fourth Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2012. Print.
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Hayes, Helen; Onkar Sharma (February 2003). "A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors".
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CSTA Committee, Allen Tucker, et alia, A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science (Final Report), (Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., 2006) Abstraction & p. 2
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focused undergraduate program designed to better understand the needs of rapidly growing technology in business and IT sector. It is bachelor degree that combines elements of
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823:.The purpose of this course is to equip students with the skills and knowledge needed to effectively manage and utilize information technology in a business and IT industry.
632:, and others. Information systems also can be defined as a collection of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information.
101:. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.
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Given an artefact whose performance has been evaluated, it is important to determine why and how the artefact worked or did not work within its environment. Therefore,
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People from other fields are saying they have discovered information processes in their deepest structures and that collaboration with computing is essential to them.
515:, is a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions, as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.
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Computer Science is the study of all aspects of computer systems, from the theoretical foundations to the very practical aspects of managing large software projects.
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encompasses a variety of topics including systems analysis and design, computer networking, information security, database management, and decision support systems.
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Data is the bridge between hardware and people. This means that the data we collect is only data until we involve people. At that point, data becomes information.
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The "classic" view of Information systems found in textbooks in the 1980s was a pyramid of systems that reflected the hierarchy of the organization, usually
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Pearson Custom Publishing & West Chester University, Custom Program for Computer Information Systems, Pearson Custom Publishing, (2009) Glossary p. 694
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The field of information systems as a separate discipline is relatively new and is undergoing continuous change as technology evolves and the field matures
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depth than practitioners would expect them to do. This may render information systems research results difficult to understand, and has led to criticism.
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D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (2008). "Interdisciplinary Aspects of Information Systems Studies", Physica-Verlag, Springer, Germany, pp. 1–416,
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is also used to describe an organizational function that applies IS knowledge in the industry, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations.
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Orlikowski, W.; Iacono, C. (2001). "Research commentary: desperately seeking the "IT" in IT research—a call to theorizing about the IT artifact".
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As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of
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Several IS scholars have debated the nature and foundations of information systems which have its roots in other reference disciplines such as
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are the devices like the monitor, processor, printer, and keyboard, all of which work together to accept, process, show data, and information.
138:. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.
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Benbasat, I.; Zmud, R. (2003). "The identity crisis within the IS discipline: defining and communicating the discipline's core properties".
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Casalino, N., Mazzone, G. (2008): Externalization of a banking information systems function. Features, regulatory and critical aspects,
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Information technologies are a very important and malleable resource available to executives. Many companies have created a position of
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Alter, S. (2003) "18 Reasons Why IT-Reliant Work Systems Should Replace 'The IT Artifact' as the Core Subject Matter of the IS Field,"
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134:. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end-use of
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123:(ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.
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Sage, S.M. "Information Systems: A brief look into history", Datamation, 63–69, Nov. 1968. – Overview of the early history of IS.
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Agarwal, R.; Lucas, H. (2005). "The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high- visibility and high-impact research".
1504:"The first phase of creating a standardised international innovative technological implementation framework/Software application"
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system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-
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From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields
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O'Brien, J A. (2003). Introduction to information systems: essentials for the e-business enterprise. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA
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In Infotech 2007 – modern information and communication technology in education. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2007. s. 540 – 546.
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Alter, S. (2006) The Work System Method: Connecting People, Processes, and IT for Business Results. Works System Press, CA
688:(IT) in that an information system has an information technology component that interacts with the processes' components.
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John, W., and Joe, P. (2002) "Strategic Planning for Information System." 3rd Ed. West Sussex. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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3114:"Information Systems Research Relevance Revisited: Subtle Accomplishment, Unfulfilled Promise, or Serial Hypocrisy?"
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to differentiate distinct aspects or 'spheres of meaning'. The paper suggests that while computer science finds the
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aspect, of shaping, structuring, processing, of central interest, and business and organizational fields find the
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282:: The internet is a combination of data and people. (Although this component is not necessary for functionality.)
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which extends the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts.
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Neumann, Gustaf; Sobernig, Stefan; Aram, Michael (February 2014). "Evolutionary Business Information Systems".
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942:. To study an information system itself, rather than its effects, information systems models are used, such as
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Mingers, J., and Stowell, F. (eds.). Information Systems: An Emerging Discipline?, McGraw- Hill, London, 1997.
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Silver et al. (1995) provided two views on IS that includes software, hardware, data, people, and procedures.
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1993:"Computer and Logic Essentials – Units of study – Swinburne University of Technology – Melbourne, Australia"
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are the commands for combining the components above to process information and produce the preferred output.
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are run in various parts of the world, the majority of which are peer reviewed. The AIS directly runs the
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the technology works with the organization's business processes. Information systems are distinct from
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solutions and business processes to meet the information needs of businesses and other enterprises."
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which is to develop and verify theories that explain or predict human or organizational behavior and
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is a related discipline that is well-established in several countries, especially in Europe. While
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or guideline) used to perform a task. Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a
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Rockart et al. (1996) Eight imperatives for the new IT organization Sloan Management review.
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opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their revenue."
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and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also
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of central interest while making links with the aspects of the neighbouring disciplines.
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which is a set of propositions or statements expressing relationships among constructs.
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In many organizations, the department or unit responsible for information systems and
30:"Business Information System" redirects here. For the Finnish government service, see
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3018:"The IS core –IX: The 3 faces of IS identity: connection, immersion, and fusion"
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Ubiquity a new interview with Peter Denning on the great principles of computing
5449:
5444:
5439:
5409:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5339:
5264:
5259:
5224:
5184:
5152:
5074:
5059:
4991:
4961:
4838:
4742:
4641:
4487:
4459:
3834:
3703:
3642:
3464:
3388:
Center for Information Systems Research – Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3083:
1078:
1047:
1022:
939:
391:
356:
46:
1889:
1846:
1814:
Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P. Management Information Systems, Macmillan, 1988.
1792:
1596:
1519:
1335:
443:
information systems (FAIS) are supporting pillars for more general IS namely,
428:
are a connecting system that allows diverse computers to distribute resources.
5555:
5434:
5349:
5309:
5194:
5017:
5001:
4727:
4015:
3652:
3588:
3469:
2723:
2550:
Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions
2497:
2448:
2421:
2285:
2241:
2162:
2123:
1913:
1675:
1573:
Kroenke, D M. (2008). Experiencing MIS. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
1083:
605:
processes on building the IT systems within a computer science discipline.
475:
150:
76:
and the data being used to provide information and contribute to knowledge.
2701:
2489:
2115:
1696:
Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Business Information Systems. Palgrave, Basingstoke
5414:
5314:
5239:
4823:
4482:
3728:
3050:
Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia
2179:
Davis, Timothy; Geist, Robert; Matzko, Sarah; Westall, James (March 2004).
1772:
935:
864:
used to describe problems within the domain and to specify their solutions.
294:
115:
Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and
3325:
2276:
2259:
1667:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5324:
5064:
4951:
4813:
4439:
4351:
3397:
3130:
3113:
3109:
3034:
3017:
2006:
1870:"Multilayered analysis of co-development of business information systems"
1626:
1064:
1017:
640:
629:
621:
617:
598:
594:
142:
57:
2994:
2951:
2832:
2638:
aspects of central interest, the Information Systems field can find the
2537:
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Systems
1651:
585:
deals with telecommunication technologies. Information systems bridges
422:
are the gathering of associated files or tables containing related data.
5419:
5274:
4833:
4763:
4356:
4089:
3945:
3850:
3768:
3449:
3334:
2893:
Avgerou, C (2000). "Information systems: what sort of science is it?".
2615:
1355:"Information Technology vs Information Systems: What's The Difference?"
820:
804:
501:
245:
that must come together in order to produce an information system are:
2631:
2627:
5084:
4971:
4338:
4299:
3510:
3454:
2986:
2943:
2824:
1656:
ACM SIGMIS Database: The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems
879:
602:
512:
448:
141:
Alter argues that viewing an information system as a special type of
2639:
4399:
3882:
3479:
3105:
2667:. Sloan Career Cornerstone Center; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. 2008
2635:
1108:
1098:
657:
586:
126:
Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems,
4902:
2798:
The Labyrinths of Information: Challenging the Wisdom of Systems.
2753:"Online Business Information Systems Degree - Ashford University"
718:
Information systems workers enter a number of different careers:
487:
capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.
182:
There are various types of information systems, : including
3382:
2083:
Denning, Peter (July 1999). "Computer Science: The Discipline".
710:
elements and construction and implementation-oriented elements.
4941:
3855:
3515:
3474:
1103:
949:
The international body of Information Systems researchers, the
943:
511:
A computer-based information system, following a definition of
175:
defines "Information systems specialists focus on integrating
2548:
Lee, A. S. Architecture as A Reference Discipline for MIS, in
1148:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
416:
are the programs that allow the hardware to process the data.
2257:
910:
the artefact to determine if any progress has been achieved.
454:
Other types of organizational information systems are FAIS,
3724:
3146:
in Interdisciplinary Aspects of Information Systems Studies
2856:"Design and natural science in Information Technology (IT)"
1652:"A systemic framework for the field of information systems"
1393:"What is Information Systems or Information Services (IS)?"
775:
65:
3280:
1418:"What is IS (information system or information services)?"
225:(CTO). The CTO may also serve as CIO, and vice versa. The
3392:
3295:
3118:
Communications of the Association for Information Systems
3022:
Communications of the Association for Information Systems
2731:"Bachelor of Business Information Systems - APIC Website"
2511:
solved until software design is understood scientifically
1593:
Communications of the Association for Information Systems
2711:. Department of Management Informatics and Communication
1805:
Kroenke, D. M. (2015). MIS Essentials. Pearson Education
1209:
O'Hara, Margaret; Watson, Richard; Cavan, Bruce (1999).
3344:
School information systems (Skolni informacni systemy).
3251:
2178:
2044:
1777:. George Reynolds (14th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage.
702:
has been said to have an "explanation-oriented" focus,
3377:
3265:
3174:"Research - Association for Information Systems (AIS)"
2357:
Computer Science Department, College of Saint Benedict
2258:
Khazanchi, Deepak; Bjorn Erik Munkvold (Summer 2000).
2102:
Coy, Wolfgang (June 2004). "Between the disciplines".
1508:
International Journal of Business and Systems Research
968:(AMCIS), while AIS affiliated conferences include the
439:
actions are known as information technology services.
49:, organizational system designed to collect, process,
3266:"Association of Information Technology Professionals"
1208:
893:
is the realization of an artefact in its environment.
3339:. Kingston University, School of Information Systems
2539:, E. McLean (ed.), Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. 9–18.
3104:
1832:
1744:
Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf)
1742:The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005.
2810:
2780:Exploring Information Systems Research Approaches.
1912:
1614:Journal of the Association for Information Systems
706:has a more "solution-oriented" focus and includes
3311:Rainer, R. Kelly and Cegielski, Casey G. (2009).
2709:"Bachelor of Business Information Systems (BBIS)"
2434:
1650:Bacon, C. James; Fitzgerald, Brian (2001-04-01).
1542:. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007
157:which supports human decision making and action.
5553:
3393:European Research Center for Information Systems
3069:
2085:Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition)
1559:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1175:Piccoli, Gabriele; Pigni, Federico (July 2018).
209:(CIO) that sits on the executive board with the
32:Business Information System (government service)
2652:International Journal of Information Management
2618:International Journal of Information Management
2609:
2586:"Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems"
2038:
1939:
1649:
1378:Jessup, Leonard M.; Joseph S. Valacich (2008).
962:International Conference on Information Systems
2580:
2578:
2576:
1835:Business & Information Systems Engineering
1382:(3rd ed.). Pearson Publishing. Glossary p. 416
1311:
982:Scandinavian Conference on Information Systems
978:Australasian Conference on Information Systems
970:Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems
4918:
3922:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
3898:
3413:
3336:Information Systems – Fundamentals and Issues
2353:Computer science is the study of computation.
2095:
2058:
1877:Journal of Internet Services and Applications
1868:Aram, Michael; Neumann, Gustaf (2015-07-01).
601:to study various business models and related
531:Requirements specification for the new system
3296:"ISCAP Conferences – EDSIGCON & CONISAR"
3281:"ISCAP Conferences – EDSIGCON & CONISAR"
2972:
2929:
2329:Computer science is the study of information
1728:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1181:(4.0 ed.). Prospect Press. p. 28.
1178:Information systems for managers: with cases
1174:
986:Information Systems International Conference
547:
2573:
2474:
2076:
1945:Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems
1867:
1597:http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol12/iss1/23/
1202:
4925:
4911:
3905:
3891:
3427:
3420:
3406:
2853:
2689:. Australian Institute of Higher Education
974:European Conference on Information Systems
966:Americas Conference on Information Systems
832:Information systems research is generally
306:at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by
3378:Association for Information Systems (AIS)
3129:
3033:
2906:
2437:Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
2410:Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
2275:
2230:Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
2151:Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges
2064:
1888:
1736:
1625:
146:manipulating and displaying information.
3573:society as information processing system
3568:humans as information processing systems
2227:
2148:
1227:10.1201/1078/43197.16.3.19990601/31317.9
789:Bachelor of Business Information Systems
783:Bachelor of Business Information Systems
776:Bachelor of Business Information Systems
639:
293:
121:information and communication technology
3359:Computing Essentials Introductory 2008.
3015:
2892:
2309:
2082:
2007:"Building IT Systems – RMIT University"
1501:
904:an artefact to perform a specific task.
27:System that supports business decisions
14:
5554:
4622:Knowledge representation and reasoning
2622:It employs the philosophy of the late
2407:
795:), also Business Information Systems (
4906:
4647:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
3886:
3809:philosophy of artificial intelligence
3401:
3252:"EDSIG Information Systems Educators"
2335:, Gutenberg Information Technologies
1770:
1607:
1211:"Managing the three levels of change"
593:using the theoretical foundations of
525:Problem recognition and specification
5534:
3966:Energy consumption (Green computing)
3912:
3357:O'Leary, Timothy and Linda. (2008).
996:
897:Also research activities including:
644:Information systems relationship to
5476:Systems theory in political science
4932:
4652:Distributed artificial intelligence
3924:ACM Computing Classification System
3499:information processing abstractions
2801:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
2101:
951:Association for Information Systems
322:Some examples of such systems are:
173:Association for Computing Machinery
24:
4157:Integrated development environment
3305:
2333:New Jersey Institute of Technology
713:
227:chief information security officer
25:
5583:
4632:Automated planning and scheduling
4162:Software configuration management
3443:information processes by function
3371:
3293:
3278:
3112:; Myers, M.; Rockart, J. (2002).
2777:, & Newell, S. (Eds) (2006).
1774:Principles of Information Systems
1706:Marc S. Silver, M. Lynne Markus,
856:which are concepts that form the
496:engineering approach such as the
236:
5533:
5521:
5510:
5509:
4886:
4876:
4867:
4866:
3563:nature as information processing
2067:AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences
1114:Predictive Model Markup Language
781:This section is an excerpt from
635:
72:that process data to facilitate
18:Information systems (discipline)
4877:
4280:Computational complexity theory
3287:
3272:
3258:
3244:
3215:
3190:
3166:
3138:
3098:
3063:
3042:
3009:
2966:
2923:
2886:
2847:
2804:
2786:
2767:
2679:
2657:
2645:
2564:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2468:
2459:
2428:
2401:
2392:
2369:
2345:
2321:
2303:
2251:
2221:
2172:
2142:
2013:
1999:
1985:
1961:
1933:
1905:
1861:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1764:
1755:
1699:
1690:
1643:
1634:
1601:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1532:
1495:
1469:
1435:
1410:
1385:
958:information systems conferences
119:. An information system is the
5466:Systems theory in anthropology
4064:Network performance evaluation
1372:
1347:
1324:
1305:
1287:
1258:
1240:
1215:Information Systems Management
1168:
886:(model) of the solution space.
726:Management information systems
519:Geographic information systems
490:
480:supply chain management system
456:transaction processing systems
308:management information systems
304:transaction processing systems
184:transaction processing systems
13:
1:
5471:Systems theory in archaeology
4435:Multimedia information system
4420:Geographic information system
4410:Enterprise information system
3999:Computer systems organization
3720:information processing theory
2917:10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00072-9
2854:March, S.; Smith, G. (1995).
2314:, vol. 2007, p. 1,
1595:, 12(23), Oct., pp. 365–394,
1453:. 2 June 2017. Archived from
1312:Vladimir Zwass (2016-02-10).
1162:
1143:Environmental Modeling Center
1138:Enterprise information system
583:Communications and networking
498:system development life cycle
468:management information system
377:multimedia information system
372:management information system
362:geographic information system
316:executive information systems
4794:Computational social science
4382:Theoretical computer science
4195:Software development process
3971:Electronic design automation
3956:Very Large Scale Integration
3799:computational theory of mind
3198:"AIS affiliated conferences"
3162:10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2_12
3072:Information Systems Research
2872:10.1016/0167-9236(94)00041-2
2310:Denning, Peter (June 2007),
921:theories about IT artefacts.
878:which is a set of steps (an
607:Computer information systems
460:enterprise resource planning
352:enterprise resource planning
192:knowledge management systems
7:
4617:Natural language processing
4405:Information storage systems
2339:September 15, 2008, at the
1971:. Frederick Nyawaya. 2008.
991:
827:
722:Information system strategy
200:database management systems
196:learning management systems
163:
81:computer information system
10:
5588:
4533:Human–computer interaction
4503:Intrusion detection system
4415:Social information systems
4400:Database management system
3700:computational neuroscience
3604:human–computer interaction
3084:10.1287/isre.12.2.121.9700
2454:using the systems approach
1397:Definition from Techopedia
1013:Human–computer interaction
780:
570:The field of study called
551:
387:social information systems
29:
5505:
5484:
5458:
5170:
5103:
5055:
5046:
5010:
4967:Coupled human–environment
4940:
4862:
4799:Computational engineering
4774:Computational mathematics
4751:
4698:
4660:
4607:
4569:
4531:
4473:
4390:
4336:
4298:
4243:
4180:
4113:
4077:
4034:
3998:
3931:
3920:
3843:
3817:
3804:philosophy of information
3791:
3751:
3712:
3674:
3665:
3612:
3581:
3555:
3548:
3498:
3442:
3435:
3383:IS History website by AIS
3223:"AIS chapter conferences"
2478:Communications of the ACM
2366:, Saint John's University
2048:Communications of the AIS
1890:10.1186/s13174-015-0030-8
1847:10.1007/s12599-013-0305-1
1520:10.1504/IJBSR.2013.055312
1380:Information Systems Today
1336:10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2
1299:Principia Cybernetica Web
548:As an academic discipline
506:global information system
367:global information system
207:chief information officer
4809:Computational healthcare
4804:Differentiable computing
4723:Graphics processing unit
4142:Domain-specific language
4011:Computational complexity
3594:brain–computer interface
3108:; Gray, P.; Hoving, R.;
2860:Decision Support Systems
2783:New York, NY: Routledge.
1540:"SEI Report, "Glossary""
312:decision support systems
289:
188:decision support systems
5300:Charles A. S. Hall
4784:Computational chemistry
4718:Photograph manipulation
4609:Artificial intelligence
4425:Decision support system
3783:artificial intelligence
3713:in cognitive psychology
3666:Information processing
3327:Using MIS – 2nd Edition
3324:Kroenke, David (2008).
2490:10.1145/1012037.1012054
2116:10.1145/1024338.1024340
1502:Bulgacs, Simon (2013).
1252:Encyclopædia Britannica
809:business administration
738:Enterprise architecture
554:Information engineering
478:, executive dashboard,
472:decision support system
342:decision support system
298:A four level hierarchy
223:chief technical officer
219:chief operating officer
215:chief financial officer
211:chief executive officer
5220:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
4849:Educational technology
4680:Reinforcement learning
4430:Process control system
4328:Computational geometry
4318:Algorithmic efficiency
4313:Analysis of algorithms
3961:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
3778:computational circuits
3773:information structures
3629:bio-inspired computing
3549:Information processors
3429:Information processing
3333:Lindsay, John (2000).
1477:"Information Services"
1443:"Information Services"
1270:BusinessDictionary.com
1089:Data processing system
858:vocabulary of a domain
801:information technology
708:information technology
686:information technology
661:
646:information technology
577:Information management
566:Information management
562:Information technology
543:Review and maintenance
382:process control system
299:
177:information technology
136:information technology
5497:Principia Cybernetica
5210:Anthony Stafford Beer
5080:Sociotechnical system
4819:Electronic publishing
4789:Computational biology
4779:Computational physics
4675:Unsupervised learning
4589:Distributed computing
4465:Information retrieval
4372:Mathematical analysis
4362:Mathematical software
4245:Theory of computation
4210:Software construction
4200:Requirements analysis
4078:Software organization
4006:Computer architecture
3976:Hardware acceleration
3941:Printed circuit board
3862:Decoding the Universe
3734:cognitive informatics
3668:theories and concepts
3436:Information processes
2665:"Information Systems"
2277:10.1145/381823.381834
1771:Stair, Ralph (2020).
1668:10.1145/506732.506738
1451:Australian Government
1295:"Information Systems"
1248:"Information Systems"
1124:Three schema approach
643:
540:System implementation
528:Information gathering
445:business intelligence
297:
5360:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
5335:Edward Norton Lorenz
5290:Jay Wright Forrester
5095:World-systems theory
5070:Earth system science
4579:Concurrent computing
4551:Ubiquitous computing
4523:Application security
4518:Information security
4347:Discrete mathematics
4323:Randomized algorithm
4275:Computability theory
4253:Model of computation
4225:Software maintenance
4220:Software engineering
4182:Software development
4132:Programming language
4127:Programming paradigm
4044:Network architecture
3868:information overload
3743:behavior informatics
3634:ubiquitous computing
3131:10.17705/1CAIS.00823
3035:10.17705/1cais.01239
2755:. Ashford University
2526:, 1987, pp. 341–353.
2183:. pp. 125–129.
2181:τ´εχνη: A First Step
1708:Cynthia Mathis Beath
1627:10.17705/1jais.00323
1314:"Information system"
1266:"information system"
1119:Semantic translation
1094:Data Reference Model
1043:Disaster informatics
1033:Business informatics
860:. They constitute a
704:business informatics
696:Business informatics
231:information security
110:information services
5562:Information systems
5235:Kenneth E. Boulding
4854:Document management
4844:Operations research
4769:Enterprise software
4685:Multi-task learning
4670:Supervised learning
4392:Information systems
4215:Software deployment
4172:Software repository
4026:Real-time computing
3752:in computer science
3691:genetic informatics
3016:El Sawy, O (2003).
2264:ACM SIGMIS Database
2104:ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
1483:. 12 September 2015
1055:Information science
956:A number of annual
839:behavioural science
817:information systems
700:Information systems
681:Information systems
675:information systems
670:information systems
654:information science
572:information systems
558:Information science
537:System construction
484:electronic commerce
88:Information systems
5567:Business computing
5365:James Grier Miller
5320:Faina M. Kirillova
5280:Heinz von Foerster
5270:Edsger W. Dijkstra
5230:Alexander Bogdanov
5215:Richard E. Bellman
5190:William Ross Ashby
4637:Search methodology
4584:Parallel computing
4541:Interaction design
4450:Computing platform
4377:Numerical analysis
4367:Information theory
4152:Software framework
4115:Software notations
4054:Network components
3951:Integrated circuit
3825:information theory
3764:computation theory
3759:neural computation
3695:cellular computing
3599:physical computing
3318:2010-06-28 at the
3294:EDSIG, ISCAP and.
3279:EDSIG, ISCAP and.
2386:2006-06-19 at the
2362:2007-02-03 at the
1749:2014-10-21 at the
1028:Health informatics
732:Project management
668:In a broad scope,
662:
626:management science
347:enterprise systems
332:computing platform
327:intelligent system
314:, and ending with
300:
229:(CISO) focuses on
132:business processes
39:information system
5549:
5548:
5430:Manuela M. Veloso
5345:Humberto Maturana
5285:Stephanie Forrest
5255:C. West Churchman
5180:Russell L. Ackoff
5166:
5165:
5038:Positive feedback
5033:Negative feedback
4900:
4899:
4829:Electronic voting
4759:Quantum Computing
4752:Applied computing
4738:Image compression
4508:Hardware security
4498:Security services
4455:Digital marketing
4235:Open-source model
4147:Modeling language
4059:Network scheduler
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3818:interdisciplinary
3661:
3660:
3544:
3543:
3526:stream processing
3516:signal processing
3511:sign processesing
3363:Computing2008.com
3352:978-80-7220-301-7
3154:978-3-7908-2009-6
3058:978-82-7962-120-1
2624:Herman Dooyeweerd
2381:Massey University
2190:978-1-58113-798-9
1978:978-9966-781-24-6
1954:978-0-87769-151-8
1926:978-0-13-713029-0
1919:. Kroenke. 2009.
1784:978-0-357-11252-6
1608:Alter, S (2013).
1343:978-3-7908-2009-6
1188:978-1-943153-50-3
1159:
1158:
1008:Formative context
862:conceptualization
834:interdisciplinary
815:with majoring on
464:office automation
397:office automation
92:computer hardware
16:(Redirected from
5579:
5537:
5536:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5425:Francisco Varela
5157:Systems thinking
5090:Urban metabolism
5053:
5052:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4903:
4890:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4690:Cross-validation
4662:Machine learning
4546:Social computing
4513:Network security
4308:Algorithm design
4230:Programming team
4190:Control variable
4167:Software library
4105:Software quality
4100:Operating system
4049:Network protocol
3914:Computer science
3907:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3738:neuroinformatics
3672:
3671:
3639:artificial brain
3553:
3552:
3536:state processing
3531:agent processing
3506:event processing
3440:
3439:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3229:. Archived from
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3200:. Archived from
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3170:
3164:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3102:
3096:
3095:
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3061:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
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3007:
3006:
2987:10.2307/25148689
2970:
2964:
2963:
2944:10.2307/30036527
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2851:
2845:
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2825:10.2307/25148625
2808:
2802:
2790:
2784:
2773:Galliers, R.D.,
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2720:
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2674:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2591:. Archived from
2590:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
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2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2373:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:. Archived from
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1969:Computer Studies
1965:
1959:
1958:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1457:on 27 March 2022
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1359:CityU of Seattle
1351:
1345:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1272:. Archived from
1262:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1172:
1002:Related subjects
997:
813:computer science
650:computer science
614:computer science
591:computer science
128:computer systems
70:digital products
21:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5501:
5480:
5454:
5395:Anatol Rapoport
5380:Talcott Parsons
5355:Donella Meadows
5330:Allenna Leonard
5250:Mary Cartwright
5245:Kathleen Carley
5205:Gregory Bateson
5200:Béla H. Bánáthy
5162:
5099:
5048:
5042:
5028:Limiting factor
5023:Leverage points
5006:
4944:
4936:
4934:Systems science
4931:
4901:
4896:
4887:
4858:
4839:Word processing
4747:
4733:Virtual reality
4694:
4656:
4627:Computer vision
4603:
4599:Multiprocessing
4565:
4527:
4493:Security hacker
4469:
4445:Digital library
4386:
4337:Mathematics of
4332:
4294:
4270:Automata theory
4265:Formal language
4239:
4205:Software design
4176:
4109:
4095:Virtual machine
4073:
4069:Network service
4030:
4021:Embedded system
3994:
3927:
3916:
3911:
3881:
3872:
3839:
3830:decision theory
3813:
3787:
3747:
3708:
3686:systems biology
3667:
3657:
3648:virtual reality
3608:
3577:
3540:
3521:data processing
3494:
3490:decision-making
3431:
3426:
3374:
3361:McGraw-Hill on
3320:Wayback Machine
3308:
3306:Further reading
3303:
3292:
3288:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3227:affiniscape.com
3221:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3143:
3139:
3124:(23): 330–346.
3103:
3099:
3068:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3014:
3010:
2971:
2967:
2928:
2924:
2908:10.1.1.203.4718
2891:
2887:
2852:
2848:
2809:
2805:
2791:
2787:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
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2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2433:
2429:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:Wayback Machine
2374:
2370:
2364:Wayback Machine
2350:
2346:
2341:Wayback Machine
2326:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2256:
2252:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2177:
2173:
2147:
2143:
2100:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:Börje Langefors
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:Wayback Machine
1741:
1737:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1606:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1329:
1325:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1060:Library science
1038:Cheminformatics
994:
964:(ICIS) and the
938:and to support
830:
825:
824:
786:
778:
748:IS organization
716:
714:Career pathways
638:
568:
550:
493:
337:data warehouses
292:
239:
166:
155:formal language
117:decision-making
106:data processing
74:decision making
45:) is a formal,
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5531:
5519:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5450:Anthony Wilden
5447:
5445:Jennifer Wilby
5442:
5440:Norbert Wiener
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5410:Claude Shannon
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5385:Ilya Prigogine
5382:
5377:
5375:Howard T. Odum
5372:
5370:Radhika Nagpal
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5340:Niklas Luhmann
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:George Dantzig
5262:
5260:Manfred Clynes
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5225:Margaret Boden
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5185:Victor Aladjev
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5075:Living systems
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:Control theory
5056:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
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4959:
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4938:
4937:
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4929:
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4884:
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4859:
4857:
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4851:
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4826:
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4811:
4806:
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4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4743:Solid modeling
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Control method
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4594:Multithreading
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:Formal methods
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4460:World Wide Web
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
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4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
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4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
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4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
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4139:
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4129:
4123:
4121:
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4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
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3995:
3993:
3992:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3835:systems theory
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3704:neurocomputing
3697:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:mind uploading
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:
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3570:
3565:
3559:
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3541:
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3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
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3513:
3508:
3502:
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3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3372:External links
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3355:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3286:
3271:
3257:
3243:
3214:
3189:
3165:
3137:
3097:
3078:(2): 121–134.
3062:
3041:
3008:
2981:(3): 381–398.
2965:
2938:(2): 183–194.
2922:
2901:(5): 567–579.
2885:
2866:(4): 251–266.
2846:
2803:
2785:
2766:
2744:
2733:. APIC Website
2722:
2700:
2678:
2656:
2644:
2640:lingual aspect
2608:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2467:
2458:
2443:(3): 217–227.
2427:
2416:(2): 100–106.
2400:
2391:
2368:
2344:
2320:
2302:
2250:
2236:(2): 313–325.
2220:
2189:
2171:
2157:(2): 313–325.
2141:
2094:
2075:
2057:
2037:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1977:
1960:
1953:
1932:
1925:
1904:
1860:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1783:
1763:
1754:
1735:
1698:
1689:
1642:
1633:
1600:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1531:
1494:
1468:
1434:
1409:
1384:
1371:
1346:
1323:
1304:
1286:
1257:
1239:
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1187:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1132:Implementation
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Data architect
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:Geoinformatics
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Bioinformatics
1015:
1010:
1004:
1003:
995:
993:
990:
940:value creation
923:
922:
911:
905:
895:
894:
887:
884:representation
872:
865:
843:design science
829:
826:
787:
779:
777:
774:
761:
760:
757:
754:
749:
746:
744:IS development
741:
735:
729:
723:
715:
712:
637:
634:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
492:
489:
436:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
401:
400:
394:
392:search engines
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:expert systems
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
291:
288:
284:
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
243:six components
238:
237:Six components
235:
165:
162:
47:sociotechnical
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5584:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
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5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:Organizations
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:Kevin Warwick
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
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5396:
5393:
5391:
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5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Margaret Mead
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Lydia Kavraki
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Barbara Grosz
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Ruzena Bajcsy
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:Doubling time
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4893:
4885:
4883:
4875:
4873:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Mixed reality
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4561:Accessibility
4559:
4557:
4556:Visualization
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Dependability
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:in philosophy
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:computational
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3654:
3653:virtual world
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:mixed reality
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:communication
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3233:on 2012-02-27
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3204:on 2012-02-15
3203:
3199:
3193:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:MIS Quarterly
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:MIS Quarterly
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:(1): 75–105.
2818:
2814:
2813:MIS Quarterly
2807:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2754:
2748:
2732:
2726:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2682:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2598:on 2016-07-31
2594:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2524:MIS Quarterly
2519:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2027:on 2022-07-05
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1716:MIS Quarterly
1713:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1623:
1620:(2): 72–121.
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1481:Ramsey County
1478:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1276:on 2020-08-11
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1254:. 2020-11-12.
1253:
1249:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Data modeling
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
931:
927:
920:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
898:
892:
891:instantiation
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
852:
851:
850:
846:
844:
840:
835:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
773:
769:
765:
758:
755:
753:
752:IS consulting
750:
747:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:
719:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
682:
678:
676:
671:
666:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
636:Related terms
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
578:
573:
567:
563:
559:
555:
542:
539:
536:
534:System design
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
516:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
488:
485:
481:
477:
476:expert system
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
440:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
404:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
296:
287:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
246:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
169:
161:
158:
156:
152:
151:communication
147:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
113:
111:
108:is known as "
107:
102:
100:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
77:
75:
71:
68:, comprising
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5459:Applications
5415:Katia Sycara
5315:James J. Kay
5305:Mike Jackson
5240:Murray Bowen
5138:Pharmacology
5133:Neuroscience
4981:
4824:Cyberwarfare
4483:Cryptography
4391:
3860:
3729:intelligence
3358:
3335:
3326:
3289:
3274:
3260:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:the original
3226:
3217:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3192:
3181:. Retrieved
3177:
3168:
3145:
3140:
3121:
3117:
3100:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3049:
3044:
3025:
3021:
3011:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2775:Markus, M.L.
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2659:
2654:, 30, 13–20.
2651:
2647:
2620:, 30, 13–20.
2617:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2566:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2484:(8): 19–21.
2481:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2376:
2371:
2352:
2347:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2270:(3): 24–42.
2267:
2263:
2253:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2015:
2001:
1987:
1968:
1963:
1947:. Auerbach.
1944:
1935:
1914:
1907:
1880:
1876:
1863:
1841:(1): 33–36.
1838:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1738:
1724:cite journal
1715:
1710:(Sep 1995).
1701:
1692:
1662:(2): 46–67.
1659:
1655:
1645:
1636:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1544:. Retrieved
1534:
1523:. Retrieved
1511:
1507:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1361:. 2020-01-16
1358:
1349:
1326:
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