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purposes of later retrieval, and needing to integrate new information into that order permanently. His solution was to keep information on particular subjects on separate sheets, which could be complemented and reshuffled. In the mid 1760s
Linnaeus refined this into what are now called index cards. Index cards could be selected and moved around at will to update and compare information at any time.
273:). Similar catalogs were used by law firms and other entities to organize large quantities of stored documents. However, the adoption of standard cataloging protocols throughout nations with international agreements, along with the rise of the Internet and the conversion of cataloging systems to digital storage and retrieval, has made obsolescent the widespread use of index cards for cataloging.
58:
141:(74 by 105 mm or 2.9 by 4.1 in). Cards are available in blank, ruled and grid styles in a variety of colors. Special divider cards with protruding tabs and a variety of cases and trays to hold the cards are also sold by stationers and office product companies. They are part of standard stationery and office supplies all around the globe.
229:
in order to help deal with the information overload facing early scientists that occurred from overseas discoveries, though there is room for dispute about whether he alone was the index card's inventor. Linnaeus had to deal with a conflict between needing to bring information into a fixed order for
149:
Index cards are used for a wide range of applications and environments: in the home to record and store recipes, shopping lists, contact information and other organizational data; in business to record presentation notes, project research and notes, and contact information; in schools as flash cards
268:
standardized the index cards used in library card catalogs in the 1870s. Until the digitization of library catalogs, which began in the 1980s, the primary tool used to locate books was the card catalog, in which every book was described on three cards, filed alphabetically under its title, author,
644:
Many workers do not use cards at all, but make their notes on bibliography and subject-matter on slips or sheets of paper of uniform size. The use of two cabinets of different sizes, one for bibliography cards and one for subject-matter notes, is likely to prove
165:
is to use the smaller 3-inch by 5-inch cards to record the title and citation information of works cited, while using larger cards for recording quotes or other data, but some people have also given the opposite advice to put everything on one size of card.
256:
dominated sales of index card filing systems worldwide through much of the 20th century. "Kardex" became a common noun, especially in the medical records field where "filing a kardex" came to mean filling out a patient record on an index card.
689:
In extensive library studies, however, it usually saves much time and energy to organize the bibliography cards in one system and all other notes in another system, even though both systems use the same headings and cards of the same
835:
De arte excerpendi vom gelehrten
Buchhalten liber singularis, quo genera & praecepta excerpendi, ab aliis hucusq[ue]; tradita omnia, novis accessionibus aucta, ordinata methodo exhibentur, et suis quaeque materiis
197:) describes a small cabinet that allows users to excerpt books and file their notes in a specific order by attaching pieces of paper to metal hooks labeled by subject headings. Harrison's system was edited and improved by
237:
were invented, which allowed for easy sorting of data by means of a needle-like tool. These edge-notched cards were phased out in the 1980s in favor of computer databases, and they are no longer sold.
900:
608:
Keep bibliographical entries on 3 × 5 cards Notes taken from sources should be written in ink or typed on either 5 × 8 cards or sheets of loose-leaf paper.
93:) cut to a standard size, used for recording and storing small amounts of discrete data. A collection of such cards either serves as, or aids the creation of, an
1397:
398:
908:
933:
Malcolm, Noel (September 2004). "Thomas
Harrison and his 'ark of studies': an episode in the history of the organization of knowledge".
470:
494:
1512:
1390:
1192:
137:. Other sizes widely available include 4 by 6 inches (101.6 by 152.4 mm), 5 by 8 inches (127.0 by 203.2 mm) and
751:
For all these purposes, experience shows that you must take notes in a uniform manner, on paper or cards of uniform size.
796:
In this book, index cards appear in instructions for various procedures for facilitating events, including chapters on
1383:
1278:
1244:
1159:
935:
875:
551:
it is better to use different sizes of cards to avoid confusing the bibliographic and subject notes with each other.
1339:
781:
736:
593:
440:
414:
150:
or other visual aids; and in academic research to hold data such as bibliographical citations or notes in a
1505:
1369:
664:
How to Locate
Educational Information and Data: An Aid to Quick Utilization of the Literature of Education
154:. Professional book indexers used index cards in the creation of book indexes until they were replaced by
1908:
1893:
1142:. History and Foundations of Information Science. Vol. 3. Translated by Peter Krapp. Cambridge, MA:
1888:
407:
212:(1646–1716) was known to have relied on Harrison's invention in at least one of his research projects.
768:
The
Facilitator's Fieldbook: Step-by-Step Procedures, Checklists and Guidelines, Samples and Templates
585:
581:
568:
209:
728:
724:
711:
631:
622:
1472:
189:
The first early modern card cabinet was designed by 17th-century
English inventor Thomas Harrison (
1297:
839:(in Latin). Stockholm; Hamburg: Apud Gottfried Liebezeit, bibliop. literisq Spiringianis. p.
676:
1898:
1524:
1498:
1305:
370:
248:
James Rand, Sr.'s Rand Ledger
Company (founded 1898) with its Visible Ledger system, and his son
668:
658:
1265:(2020). "I is for Index Cards: From Copy Clerks to Office Supplies in the Nineteenth Century".
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An often suggested organization method for bibliographical citations and notes in a
26:"Card index" redirects here. For the rotating device used to store information, see
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972:"Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet?"
885:
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Indexing Nature: Carl
Linnaeus (1707–1778) and his Fact-Gathering Strategies
1847:
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1224:
Forgetting
Machines: Knowledge Management Evolution in Early Modern Europe
667:(4th ed.). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. pp.
603:
240:
138:
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1811:
1624:
1578:
1573:
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327:
270:
106:
98:
1298:"A Bird in the Hand: Index Cards and the Handcraft of Creative Thinking"
415:"Rewriting the System of Nature: Linnaeus's Use of Writing Technologies"
45:. This type of cataloging has mostly been supplanted by computerization.
1816:
1644:
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1017:
Studies in
History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
333:
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86:
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Index cards are used for many events and are helpful for planning.
37:
1490:
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1425:
1421:
1267:
A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order
867:
345:
280:
wrote his works on index cards, a practice mentioned in his work
27:
1013:"Natural history and information overload: the case of Linnaeus"
133:
is 3 by 5 inches (76.2 by 127.0 mm), hence the common name
1718:
1619:
1543:
1364:
773:
1521:
1431:
1227:. Library of the Written Word. Vol. 53. Leiden; Boston:
276:
Many authors have used index cards for the writing of books.
90:
1770:
1060:
Charmantier, Isabelle; Müller-Wille, Staffan (April 2014).
1011:
Müller-Wille, Staffan; Charmantier, Isabelle (March 2012).
57:
1538:
866:. De diversis artibus. Vol. 102. Turnhout, Belgium:
1059:
1010:
193:
1640s). Harrison's manuscript on the "ark of studies" (
130:
1140:
Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548–1929
533:(3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp.
318: – Cards that help speakers remember what to say
181:
Filing cabinet for paper slips in Vincent Placcius's
109:
index). This system is said to have been invented by
397:
Müller-Wille, Staffan; Scharf, Sara (January 2009).
311:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1062:"Carl Linnaeus's botanical paper slips (1767–1773)"
1328:Records Management: Integrated Information Systems
1321:
1296:Maxwell, John W.; Armen, Haig (8 September 2013).
862:Harrison, Thomas (2017). Cevolini, Alberto (ed.).
765:
710:
621:
567:
524:
396:
330: – Satirical pen and paper personal organizer
264:as currently known arose in the 19th century, and
201:in his well-known handbook on excerpting methods (
406:(Working paper). Department of Economic History,
298: – Database used for storing contact details
1880:
1320:Wallace, Patricia E.; Thomas, Violet S. (1987).
531:A Research Manual for College Studies and Papers
763:
657:Alexander, Carter; Burke, Arvid James (1958) .
562:
656:
412:See also the summary of the research project:
365:
363:
361:
1506:
1391:
1319:
1193:"Vladimir Nabokov, The Art of Fiction No. 40"
630:(2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. p.
324: – Index card with notches to store data
1405:
1295:
1102:
659:"Note-taking in Work with Library Materials"
628:Introduction to Research in American History
222:, is said to have "invented the index card"
218:, an 18th-century naturalist who formalized
824:
822:
701:
358:
30:. For the note system used by writers, see
1513:
1499:
1398:
1384:
1330:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. pp.
928:
926:
1137:
1085:
1036:
987:
764:Justice, Thomas; Jamieson, David (1999).
1261:
1220:
969:
963:
901:"How the Index Card Cataloged the World"
861:
828:
819:
522:
239:
176:
56:
48:
36:
1152:10.7551/mitpress/9780262015899.001.0001
1133:
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932:
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619:
371:"Carl Linnaeus Invented The Index Card"
1881:
438:
16:Standard sized card for recording data
1494:
1379:
432:
1190:
1128:
898:
892:
342: – Paper-based recording medium
309: – software brainstorming tool
13:
1520:
1214:
53:A hand-written American index card
14:
1920:
1357:
623:"Forms for Notes on Bibliography"
348: – Rotating card file device
1363:
566:; Schneider, Richard I. (1967).
1221:Cevolini, Alberto, ed. (2016).
1184:
1053:
1004:
855:
756:
695:
336: – Standard sizes of paper
244:Kardex index card filing system
949:10.1080/0268117X.2004.10555543
650:
620:Hockett, Homer Carey (1948) .
613:
556:
516:
487:
463:
417:. Centre for Medical History,
390:
1:
1124:– via Encyclopedia.com.
719:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA:
352:
223:
190:
1078:10.1080/17496977.2014.914643
899:Blei, Daniela (2017-12-01).
7:
1138:Krajewski, Markus (2011) .
1066:Intellectual History Review
1029:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.021
523:Williams, Cecil B. (1963).
471:"Index card sizes compared"
289:
10:
1925:
802:"Brainstorming Variations"
408:London School of Economics
172:
25:
18:
1835:
1799:
1763:
1737:
1701:
1643:
1607:
1531:
1441:
1414:
806:"Moderating Focus Groups"
210:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
116:
1473:Optical mark recognition
976:Croatian Medical Journal
943:(2): 196–232 (220–221).
158:in the 1980s and 1990s.
97:for expedited lookup of
1306:Simon Fraser University
1199:. Summer-Fall 1967 (41)
1114:A Dictionary of Nursing
936:The Seventeenth Century
526:"Notes and Note-taking"
144:
1323:"Card-Storage Systems"
1191:Gold, Herbert (1967).
814:"Gantt Chart Planning"
798:"Storyboarding Basics"
712:"The ABC of Technique"
569:"Research Note-taking"
441:"Information Overload"
439:Everts, Sarah (2016).
245:
186:
62:
54:
46:
1653:Continuous stationery
1564:Corrugated fiberboard
1237:10.1163/9789004325258
970:Calisher, CH (2007).
717:The Modern Researcher
495:"Business card sizes"
243:
220:binomial nomenclature
180:
60:
52:
40:
1372:at Wikimedia Commons
1273:. pp. 197–220.
836:applicantur ...
574:How to Study History
419:University of Exeter
205:, 1689). The German
43:library card catalog
410:. p. 4. 36/08.
233:In the late 1890s,
41:An index card in a
1909:Paper data storage
1894:Index (publishing)
1407:Paper data storage
864:The Ark of Studies
578:Crowell Publishing
246:
235:edge-notched cards
203:De arte excerpendi
187:
183:De arte excerpendi
125:for index card in
83:Australian English
63:
61:A ruled index card
55:
47:
19:For the book, see
1889:Library equipment
1876:
1875:
1745:Ingrain wallpaper
1554:Coffee cup sleeve
1488:
1487:
1467:Edge-notched card
1368:Media related to
1302:publishing.sfu.ca
830:Placcius, Vincent
721:Thomson/Wadsworth
677:2027/uc1.b3389054
564:Cantor, Norman F.
322:Edge-notched card
156:indexing software
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278:Vladimir Nabokov
269:and subject (if
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121:The most common
107:back-of-the-book
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250:James Rand, Jr.
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113:, around 1760.
103:library catalog
75:British English
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379:. 16 June 2009
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21:The Index Card
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