28:
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began to reserve the appointment of certain bishops to itself, after which the popes gradually laid claim to the exclusive right to appoint all bishops everywhere. This enabled them to appoint their confidants, thus nullifying the emperors' advantages and thus interest in maintaining and enlarging
83:
that could threaten the power of the ruling family. Upon their deaths, the areas governed by celibate clerics automatically reverted to the ruler, who could then appoint their own new confidants to the position and thus retain control of all parts of the realm. A bishop thus bestowed with temporal
158:. The popes, objecting to Imperial control in the church, called on the bishops to oppose the emperor, managed to strengthen their position in the 11th and 12th century during the
79:. Rulers did this because celibate clergymen could not produce legitimate heirs who could claim their inheritance at death, and thus not establish regional
131:
in the 10th century, the practice of appointing celibate
Catholic clerics in worldly governing positions had already existed during the Merovingian and
146:
The system worked as long as the emperors and kings could control the appointment of the bishops. The
Ottonians even managed to control the
349:
16:
This article is about the clerical governance policy of the early Holy Roman
Emperors and other medieval European rulers. For
295:
Encarta-encyclopedie
Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "bisschop §5.1 Investituurstrijd". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
277:
249:
354:
304:
Encarta-encyclopedie
Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Investituurstrijd". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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162:, and seized indirect control of the appointment of bishops in the Holy Roman Empire with the 1122
159:
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and other medieval
European rulers to entrust the secular governance of the state to as many
184:
27:
8:
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the
Imperial church system. Although some prince-bishoprics continued to exist until the
171:
155:
163:
140:
132:
52:
273:
245:
180:
167:
136:
128:
199:, (military) conflict that arose when the election of a prince-bishop was disputed
147:
72:
21:
319:
The
Imperial Church System of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers. A Reconsideration.
343:
196:
187:(1803), they gradually declined in number and power in subsequent centuries.
151:
89:
17:
88:, on top of his spiritual (religious) power as a bishop, was known as a
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elected the new bishop, and their choice had to be confirmed by the
175:
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56:
267:
80:
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64:
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76:
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115:
Although the phenomenon is most often associated with the
31:
The
Imperial Church System is most often associated with
119:
emperors (and is therefore sometimes also called the
239:
270:The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
242:Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity
166:. Initially, a system was introduced where local
341:
268:Brian A. Pavlac, Elizabeth S. Lott (June 2019).
244:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70, 299.
92:, and his domain as a prince-bishopric (German:
230:(2004) 76–77, 199. Bussum: Uitgeverij Coutinho.
291:
289:
228:Een kennismaking met de middeleeuwse wereld
75:as possible instead of to the non-celibate
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330:Problematik und Gestalt der Reichskirche.
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261:
135:, and in Ottonian times also occurred in
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26:
150:, who were in the process of achieving
51:) was a governance policy by the early
342:
258:
210:
13:
14:
366:
323:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
350:History of the Holy Roman Empire
336:Sigmaringen 1985, p. 83–98.
298:
272:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 170–171.
233:
1:
311:
240:Rosamond McKitterick (2008).
203:
143:, albeit at a smaller scale.
127:introduced the system in the
325:, 33, 1982, p. 347–374.
7:
190:
174:. In the 14th century, the
10:
371:
15:
332:In: Karl Schmid (ed.),
160:investiture controversy
41:imperial church system
36:
84:(secular) power of a
30:
355:Church and state law
328:Josef Fleckenstein,
185:German mediatisation
172:metropolitan bishop
156:Western Christendom
53:Holy Roman emperors
45:Reichskirchensystem
168:cathedral chapters
164:Concordat of Worms
133:Carolingian Empire
49:rijkskerkenstelsel
37:
181:French Revolution
129:Holy Roman Empire
362:
317:Timothy Reuter,
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20:of empires, see
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148:bishops of Rome
121:Ottonian system
73:Catholic Church
59:members of the
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22:imperial church
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11:
5:
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18:state churches
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197:Diocesan feud
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183:or even the
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63:(especially
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44:
40:
38:
106:prinsbisdom
94:Fürstbistum
344:Categories
312:Literature
204:References
123:), since
104:; Dutch:
102:Hochstift
81:dynasties
71:) of the
47:, Dutch:
43:(German:
191:See also
176:Holy See
117:Ottonian
57:celibate
154:inside
141:England
65:bishops
276:
248:
137:France
125:Otto I
110:sticht
86:prince
69:abbots
61:clergy
33:Otto I
98:Stift
77:laity
321:In:
274:ISBN
246:ISBN
139:and
67:and
39:The
112:).
108:or
100:or
346::
288:^
260:^
226:,
212:^
96:,
282:.
254:.
35:.
24:.
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