History of the Jews in the United States

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community. The first synagogue, the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland, was founded in 1875. The synagogue, also known as Temple Sinai, took over the religious and burial functions for the community. Jews from Poland predominated in the community, and most of them worked in some aspect of the clothing industry. David Solis-Cohen, the noted author, was a leader in the Oakland Jewish community in the 1870s. In 1879 Oakland's growing Jewish community organized a second congregation, a strictly orthodox group, Poel Zedek. Women's religious organizations flourished, their charitable services extending to needy gentiles as well as Jews. Oakland Jewry was part of the greater San Francisco community, yet maintained its own character. In 1881 the First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland, elected Myer Solomon Levy as its rabbi. The London-born Levy practiced traditional Judaism. Oakland's Jews were pushed hard to excel in school, both secular and religious. Fannie Bernstein was the first Jew to graduate from the University of California at Berkeley, in 1883. First Hebrew Congregation sponsored a Sabbath school which had 75 children in 1887. Oakland Jewry was active in public affairs and charitable projects in the 1880s. Rabbi Myer S. Levy was chaplain to the state legislature in 1885. The Daughters of Israel Relief Society continued its good works both inside and outside the Jewish community. Beth Jacob, the traditional congregation of Old World Polish Jews, continued its separate religious practices while it maintained friendly relations with the members of the first Hebrew Congregation. Able social and political leadership came from David Samuel Hirshberg. Until 1886 he was an officer in the Grand Lodge of B'nai B'rith. He served as Under Sheriff of Alameda County in 1883 and was active in Democratic party affairs. In 1885 he was appointed Chief Clerk of the U.S. Mint in San Francisco. As a politician, he had detractors who accused him of using his position in B'nai B'rith to foster his political career. When refugees from the fire-stricken, poorer Jewish quarter of San Francisco came to Oakland, the synagogue provided immediate aid. Food and clothing were given to the needy and 350 people were given a place to sleep. For about a week the synagogue fed up to 500 people three times a day. A large part of the expenses were paid by the Jewish Ladies' organization of the synagogue.

5359:(NCJW), founded in Chicago in 1893, promoted philanthropy and the Americanization of newly arrived Jewish women. Responding to the plight of Jewish women and girls from Eastern Europe, the NCJW created its Department of Immigrant Aid to assist their travels. The NCJW's Americanization program included assisting immigrants with housing, health, and employment problems, connecting them with organizations where women could begin to socialize, and conducting English classes while helping them maintain a strong Jewish identity. The council, pluralistic rather than conformist, continued its Americanization efforts and fought against restrictive immigration laws after World War I. At the forefront of its activities was the religious education of Jewish girls, who were ignored by the Orthodox community. 7356:

incidents (513) belonged to the category of "harassments, threats and events". Another finding of the audit shows that most of the vandalism incidents occurred in public areas (35%). A review of the results shows that during operation Protective Edge there was a significant increase in the number of antisemitic incidents, as compared to the rest of the year. As usual, the highest totals of antisemitic incidents occurred in states with large Jewish populations: New York State – 231 incidents, California – 184 incidents, New Jersey – 107 incidents, Florida – 70 incidents. In all of these states, more antisemitic incidents were counted in 2014 than in the previous year. In the first two months of 2017, nearly 50 bomb threats were made to Jewish community centers across the country.

6049:. Jews were highly visible as leaders of movements for civil rights for all Americans, including themselves and African Americans. Seymour Siegel argues the historic struggle against prejudice faced by Jewish people led to a natural sympathy for any people confronting discrimination. This further led Jews to discuss the relationship they had with African Americans. Jewish leaders spoke at the two iconic marches of the era. Joachim Prinz, president of the American Jewish Congress, appeared at the March on Washington on 28 August 1963, noting that "As Jews we bring to this great demonstration, in which thousands of us proudly participate, a twofold experience--one of the spirit and one of our history" Two years later 7186:. However, black Americans of all education levels are significantly more likely to be antisemitic than whites who are of the same education level. In the 1998 survey, blacks (34%) were nearly four times more likely (9%) to fall into the most antisemitic category (those who agreed with at least 6 out of 11 statements that were potentially or clearly antisemitic) than whites were. Among blacks with no college education, 43% of them fell into the most antisemitic group (vs. 18% of the general population), which fell to 27% among blacks with some college education, and 18% among blacks with a four-year college degree (vs. 5% of the general population). 5614:) only accepted 31% of Jewish applicants, versus 61% of all others. Similar patterns emerged among elite professions and communities. Law firms hired fewer Jewish lawyers, hospitals gave fewer patients to Jewish doctors, and universities hired fewer Jewish professors. Across the entire United States, only 100 Jewish American professors were employed in 1930. High-end housing communities across the United States, including the social clubs, resorts, and hotels within them, adhered to pacts that prevented Jewish Americans from buying homes and sleeping in rooms in their communities. These pacts limited high-end communities to American " 5082:, which Roosevelt explicitly denounced. But Roosevelt was mediating the war between Russia and Japan and could not publicly take sides. Therefore, Secretary Hay took the initiative in Washington. Finally Roosevelt forwarded a petition to the Tsar, who rejected it claiming the Jews were at fault. Roosevelt won Jewish support in his 1904 landslide reelection. The pogroms continued, as hundreds of thousands of Jews fled Russia, most heading for London or New York. With American public opinion turning against Russia, Congress officially denounced its policies in 1906. Roosevelt kept a low profile as did his new Secretary of State 6931: 4381: 6189:

prominent Nashville families. Both the Orthodox and Conservative congregations had relocated their synagogues to the suburbs by 1949, and the entire Jewish community had shifted southwest by about five miles. Although subtle social discrimination existed, Nashville's Jews enjoyed the respect of the larger community. Public acceptance, however, required complicity in racial segregation. The Observer, Nashville's Jewish newspaper, tried to find a middle ground between assimilation and particularism, but after years of calling for group solidarity, accepted that the Jewish community was pluralistic.

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majority of émigrés who left on visas for Israel 'dropped out' in Vienna and chose to resettle in the West. Several American Jewish organizations helped them obtain visas and aided their resettlement in the United States and other countries. However Israel wanted them and tried to prevent Soviet Jewish émigrés from resettling in the United States after having committed to immigrating to Israel. Israeli officials pressured American Jewish organizations to desist from aiding Russian Jews who wanted to resettle in the United States. Initially, American Jews resisted Israeli efforts. Following

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an effective speaker, with an affinity for alliteration; he had preached on "Women, Weddings and Wives," "Red Heads, Dead Heads and No Heads," and the "Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing." On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men," and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.

5602:) led to restrictions on Jewish American life from elite circles. Restrictions were mostly informal and affected Jewish presence in various universities, professions, and high-end housing communities. Many of the restrictions originated in the 1920s, but popularized and became more practiced throughout the 1930s and into the 1940s due to increasing antisemitic climate. In the East Coast, the Midwest, and the South, public and private universities imposed limits on the number of Jewish applicants they accepted, regardless of high scholastic standing. 4801:

meant to be an American and partly in order to live down General Orders No. 11, Grant consciously worked to assist Jews and secure them equality. ... Through his appointments and policies, Grant rejected calls for a 'Christian nation' and embraced Jews as insiders in America, part of "we the people." During his administration, Jews achieved heightened status on the national scene, anti-Jewish prejudice declined, and Jews look forward optimistically to a liberal epoch characterized by sensitivity to human rights and interreligious cooperation.

4311:, France, and was hired to go to the Colony to teach people how to grow grapes for wine. Elias Legarde was living in Buckroe in Elizabeth City in February 1624. Legarde was employed by Anthonie Bonall, who was a French silk maker and vigneron (cultivator of vineyards for winemaking), one of the men from Languedoc sent to the colony by John Bonall, keeper of the silkworms of King James I. In 1628, Legarde leased 100 acres (40 ha) on the west side of Harris Creek in Elizabeth City. Josef Mosse and Rebecca Isaake are documented in 6135:

vocational opportunities. These restrictive policies led to the emergence of a new political group—the 'refuseniks'—whose main goal was emigrating. The refuseniks (Jews who were refused exit visas) attracted the attention of the West, particularly the United States, and became an important factor influencing economic and trade relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. The 1975 Jackson Amendment to the Trade Reform Act linked granting the USSR 'most favored nation' status to liberalization of Soviet emigration laws.

6233:, and nearby cities. They found familiar foods and better weather, and founded more open, less tradition-bound communities, where greater materialism and more leisure-oriented, less disciplined Judaism developed. Many relaxed their religiosity and attended services only during Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. In South Florida synagogue affiliation, Jewish community center membership, and per capita contributions to the United Jewish Appeal and the Jewish Federation are among the lowest of any Jewish community in the United States. 4262: 5757:, they had a major presence in Hollywood and in network radio. Hollywood films and radio with few exceptions avoided questioning Nazi persecution of Europe's Jews prior to Pearl Harbor. Jewish studio executives did not want to be accused of advocating Jewish propaganda by making films with overtly antifascist themes. Indeed, they were pressured by such organizations as the Anti-Defamation League and by national Jewish leaders to avoid such themes lest American Jews suffer an antisemitic backlash. 5033:, anti-Jewish riots in Russia, of the early 1880s, that the immigration assumed extraordinary proportions. From Russia alone the emigration rose from an annual average of 4,100 in the decade 1871–80 to an annual average of 20,700 in the decade 1881–90. Antisemitism and official measures of persecution over the past century combined with the desire for economic freedom and opportunity have motivated a continuing flow of Jewish immigrants from Russia and Central Europe over the past century. 7451: 12619: 5287: 12896: 1487: 1448: 5483: 1497: 37: 4642: 5681: 4277: 7465: 12606: 4117:), and the Russian-controlled portions of Poland. The latter group clustered in New York City, created the garment industry there, which supplied the dry goods stores across the country, and were heavily engaged in the trade unions. They immigrated alongside indigenous eastern and southern European immigrants, which was unlike the historically predominant American demographic from northern and western Europe; 10539: 6031:. The American Jewish community was divided over whether they agreed with the Israeli response; the great majority came to accept the war as necessary. A tension existed especially for leftist Jews, between their liberal ideology and Zionist backing in the midst of this conflict. This deliberation about the Six-Day War showed the depth and complexity of Jewish responses to the varied events of the 1960s. 6057:

most known Jewish responses to the civil rights movement and black relations lean toward acceptance and against prejudice, as the disproportionate involvement of Jews in the movement would indicate. Despite this history of participation, relations between African Americans and Jews have sometimes been strained by their close proximity and class differences, especially in New York and other urban areas.

7479: 4985: 5078:. Stuart E. Knee reports that in April 1903, Roosevelt received 363 addresses, 107 letters, and 24 petitions signed by thousands of Christians leading public and church leaders—they all called on the Tsar to stop the persecution of Jews. Public rallies were held in scores of cities, topped off at Carnegie Hall in New York in May. The Tsar retreated a bit and fired one local official after the 5102:, which severely restricted immigration from many regions, including Eastern Europe. The Jewish community took the lead in opposing immigration restrictions. In the 1930s they worked hard to allow in Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. They had very little success; the restrictions remained in effect until 1965, although temporary opportunities were given to refugees from Europe after 1945. 5725:

Nazi Germany. German Jews were alarmed at the Nazis but were disdainful of Zionism. Proponents of a Jewish state and Jewish army agitated, but many leaders were so fearful of an antisemitic backlash inside the U.S. that they demanded that all Jews keep a low public profile. One important development was the sudden conversion of most (but not all) Jewish leaders to Zionism late in the war.

5745:, he permitted only a handful of editorials during the war on the extermination of the Jews. He supported the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism. Even after it became known that the Nazis had singled out the Jews for destruction, Sulzberger held that all refugees had suffered. He opposed the creation of Israel. In effect, he muted the enormous potential influence of the 5772:(R; New Jersey), one of a handful of politicians who met with the rabbis on the steps of the U.S. Capitol, proposed legislation that would have allowed as many as 100,000 victims of the Holocaust to emigrate temporarily to the United States. Barbour died six weeks after introducing the bill, and it was not passed. A parallel bill was introduced in the 6383:, but they started their own. The WASP dominance in law ended when a number of major Jewish law firms attained elite status in dealing with top-ranked corporations. As late as 1950 there was not a single large Jewish law firm in New York City. However, by 1965 six of the 20 largest firms were Jewish; by 1980 four of the ten largest were Jewish. 4961:, as was the case for many synagogues in the West. Likewise, many Jewish activists and community leaders became prominent in municipal and state politics, winning election to public office with little attention paid to their Jewish identity. They set up Reform congregations and generally gave little support to Zionism down to the 1940s. 4541:

Hampshire (1877). Despite these restrictions, which were often enforced unevenly, there were really too few Jews in 17th- and 18th-century America for anti-Jewish incidents to become a significant social or political phenomenon at the time. The evolution of Jews from toleration to full civil and political equality that followed the

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regard to trade: They are not hindered, but trade with the same privilege and freedom as other inhabitants. Also, they have many times requested of us the free and public exercise of their abominable religion, but this cannot yet be accorded to them. What they may be able to obtain from your Honors time will tell."

5372:, thus helping bridge the cultural gap. This convergence brought Jews into the political debates in the 1900-1930 period over immigration restriction. Jews were the leading opponents of restrictions, but could not stop their passage in 1924 or their use to keep out most refugees from Hitler in the 1930s. 7095:

Antisemitism continued to be widespread in the United States into the first half of the 20th century. Jews were discriminated against in some fields of employment, they were not allowed to join some social clubs and they were also not allowed to stay in some resort areas, their enrollment at colleges

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Korelitz (1996) shows how American Jews during the late 19th and early 20th centuries abandoned a racial definition of Jewishness in favor of one that embraced ethnicity and culture. The key to understanding this transition from a racial self-definition to a cultural or ethnic one can be found in the

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However, a 2007 study found that 15% of American Jews live below the poverty line; the 2016 Pew study found that number to be 16%. A 2019 study found 20% of American Jews to be in or near poverty, with 45% of Jewish children living in poor or near-poor households. The percentage of Jews at Ivy League

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The number of Jews who served in the American military during World War I was disproportionate to their representation in the American population at large. The 250,000 Jews who served represented approximately 5% of the American armed forces whereas Jews only constituted 3% of the general population.

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Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines, with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews leaning towards support of Zionism, and the established German-American Jewish community largely opposed to it. In 1914–1916, there were few Jewish voices in favor of American entry into the war.

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In one of his letters, Stuyvesant wrote: "The deceitful race—such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ—be not allowed to further infest and trouble this new colony." A year later, he informed the Dutch West India Company of the status of the Jews: "Considering the Jewish nation with

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In April 2015, the Anti-Defamation League published its 2014 audit of antisemitic incidents. According to it, there were 912 antisemitic incidents across the U.S. during 2014. This represents a 21 percent increase from the 751 incidents which were reported during the same period in 2013. Most of the

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poll of 1000 individuals which was conducted in August 2010 indicated that only 13 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Jews, by contrast, the same pole indicated that 43 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Muslims, however, only 17 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of

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Siporin (1990) uses the family folklore of "ethnic" Jews to their collective history and its transformation into an historical art form. They tell us how Jews have survived being uprooted and transformed. Many immigrant narratives bear a theme of the arbitrary nature of fate and the reduced state of

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Beginning in 1967 the Soviet Union allowed some Jewish citizens to leave for family reunification in Israel. Due to the break in diplomatic relations between Israel and the USSR, most émigrés traveled to Vienna, Austria, or Budapest, Hungary, from where they were then flown to Israel. After 1976 the

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Within Judaism, increasing involvement in the civil rights movement caused some tension. Rabbi Bernard Wienberger exemplified this point of view, warning that "northern liberal Jews" put at risk southern Jews who faced hostility from white southerners because of their northern counterparts. However,

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Historians believe American Jewish history has been characterized by an unparalleled degree of freedom, acceptance, and prosperity that has made it possible for Jews to bring together their ethnic identities with the demands of national citizenship far more effortlessly than Jews in Europe. American

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In 1654, the first group of Jews came as refugees from Recife, Brazil to New Amsterdam, which became New York City. Over the years, German, Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews continued to arrive, playing an important part in the city's history and cultural life. In the late 1800s and early 20th century, a

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The Jews of Wichita, Kansas, fashioned an ethnoreligious world that was distinct, vibrant, and tailored to their circumstances. They had migrated west with capital, credit, and know-how, and their family-based businesses were extensions of family businesses in the east. They distinguished themselves

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newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly Yiddish papers and the many magazines. Yiddish theater was very well attended and provided a training ground for performers and producers who moved to Hollywood

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and neighboring countries. Between the last two decades of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century, there was a mass emigration of Jewish peoples from Eastern and Southern Europe. During that period, 2.8 million European Jews immigrated to the United States, with 94% of

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In the nineteenth-century, Jews began settling throughout the American West. The majority were immigrants, with German Jews comprising most of the early nineteenth-century wave of Jewish immigration to the United States and therefore to the Western states and territories, while Eastern European Jews

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An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already a "colonel" in the Woodmen of the World, but he decided to build an organization all his own. He was

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In April 2014, the Anti-Defamation League published its 2013 audit of antisemitic incidents. According to the audit, the number of recorded antisemitic incidents had declined by 19 percent in 2013. The total number of antisemitic attacks which had occurred across the U.S. in 2013 was 751, including

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Demographically, the population is not increasing. With their success, American Jews have become increasingly assimilated into American culture, with high intermarriage rates resulting in either a falling or steady population rate at a time when the country was booming. It has not grown appreciably

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member selection. In 1961 Yavneh House was established as Princeton's first kosher kitchen. In 1971 Stevenson Hall opened as a university-managed kosher eating facility in the midst of the older private eating clubs. Jewish student initiative and Princeton administration openness deserve credit for

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which blamed Jews for the Great Depression and the international crises in Europe. As a result of what Roosevelt did accomplish, "For liberal American Jews, the New Deal was a program worth fighting for even if it meant deferring concerns about the fate of German Jews." According to Henry Feingold,

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Starting in 1914, the American Jewish community mobilized its resources to assist the victims of the European war. Cooperating to a degree not previously seen, the various factions of the American Jewish community—native-born and immigrant, Reform, Orthodox, secular, and socialist—coalesced to form

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through the 1880s, their remoteness and small numbers encouraged the practice of Reform Judaism. The arrival of conservative Jews from Eastern Europe after the 1880s brought tension into the Wichita Jewish community, but also stirred an ethnoreligious revival. The German Jews were well respected in

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Eager to prove that he was above prejudice, Grant appointed more Jews to public office than had any of his predecessors and, in the name of human rights, he extended unprecedented support to persecuted Jews in Russia and Romania. Time and again, partly as a result of this enlarged vision of what it

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The University of Pittsburgh houses and has made available a collection of audio interviews produced by the NCJW. Over one hundred audio interviews produced by the Pittsburgh Chapter of NCJW are available online. Those interviewed describe their interactions and affiliations with historical events

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Another antisemitic trend which is spreading across the country is the republication of antisemitic leaflets which were originally published in Nazi Germany. In August 2014, two cases of this occurred, one case of this occurred during a pro-Palestinian rally which was held in Chicago and the other

7254:, on the door of a Jewish family's house. In May 2014, the Vassar Students for Justice in Palestine published a Nazi World War II propaganda poster. The poster displays Jews as part of a monster who tries to destroy the world. Vassar college president Catharine Hill denounced the antisemitic post. 7018:

Social historians analyze the American population in terms of class, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, region and urbanism. Jewish scholars generally emphasize ethnicity. First, it reflects the suppression of the term "Jewish race," a contested but fairly common usage right into the 1930s and its

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refer to the nation as a whole. However, there have been discussions of how American Exceptionalism has applied to specific subgroups, especially minorities. Scholars comparing the record of persecution and extinction of Jews in Europe and the Middle East with the highly favorable circumstances in

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During the World War II period the American Jewish community was bitterly and deeply divided, and was unable to form a common front. Most Eastern European Jews favored Zionism, which saw a return to their homeland as the only solution; this had the effect of diverting attention from the horrors in

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The first Jews to settle in Chicago after its 1833 incorporation were Ashkenazi. In the late 1830s and early 1840s German Jews arrived in Chicago, mostly from Bavaria. Many Jews in Chicago became street peddlers or eventually opened stores, some of which grew to larger companies. In the early 20th

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Eisenberg, Kahn, and Toll (2009) emphasize the creative freedom Jews found in western society, unburdening them from past traditions and opening up new opportunities for entrepreneurship, philanthropy, and civic leadership. Regardless of origin, many early Jewish settlers worked as peddlers before

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also empowered Jews with the knowledge that they could fight back against bigotry and win, even against a prominent general. The overturning of Grant's order, especially on top of the victory in the chaplaincy affair, appreciably strengthened the Jewish community and increased its self-confidence.

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By 1840, Jews constituted a tiny, but nonetheless stable, middle-class minority of about 15,000 out of the 17 million Americans counted by the U.S. Census. Jews intermarried rather freely with non-Jews, continuing a trend that had begun at least a century earlier. However, as immigration increased

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Following traditional religious and cultural teachings about improving a lot of their brethren, Jewish residents in the United States began to organize their communities in the early 19th century. Early examples include a Jewish orphanage set up in Charleston, South Carolina in 1801, and the first

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discusses the prosperity that Jews earned in the United States following their emigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, and he attributes their success to their familiarity with "trading and exchanging, commerce, city living, property rights, ... and accumulation of funds for future

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opened the Tamarisk Country Club in 1946, after being refused membership in the Los Angeles Lakeside country club. But his connections with Hollywood and corporations alike made his country club a success, and made it a policy to allow Jews and all people, regardless of race and religion, to have

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has found that for the last century the most secular Jews have tended toward the most liberal or even leftist political views, while more religious Jews are politically more conservative. Modern Orthodox Jews have been less active in political movements than Reform Jews. They vote Republican more

5824:. The suburbs facilitated the formation of new centers, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, and synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960; the fastest growth came in Reform and, especially, Conservative congregations. 5715:

Asylum of the European Jewish population was not a priority for the U.S. during the war, and the American Jewish community did not realize the severity of the Holocaust until late in the conflict. This is in part because the Nazis did not allow Jews to leave Occupied Europe or Germany during this

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In the period between 1934 and 1943, the Congress, the Roosevelt Administration, and public opinion expressed concern about the fate of Jews in Europe but consistently refused to permit large-scale immigration of Jewish refugees. In a report issued by the State Department, Undersecretary of State

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Repeated large-scale murderous pogroms in the late 19th and early 20th century increasingly angered American opinion. The well-established German Jews in the United States, although they were not directly affected by the Russian pogroms, were well organized and convinced Washington to support the

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of Ohio. and Max Friedman, who commanded the 65th Pennsylvania Regiment, 5th Cavalry, known as Cameron's Dragoons or the Cameron Dragoons, which had a sizable number of German Jewish immigrants from Philadelphia in its ranks. Several dozens of Jewish officers also fought for the Confederacy, most

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in 1791 more generally. Sephardic Jews became active in community affairs in the 1790s, after achieving "political equality in the five states in which they were most numerous." Other barriers did not officially fall for decades in the states of Rhode Island (1842), North Carolina (1868), and New

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wrote "Jewish family incomes are the highest of any large ethnic group in the US—72% above the national average." Sowell points out that Episcopalians have also experienced similar prosperity—as a group—as Jews, but it is the "social and economic distance covered in a relatively short time" that

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Reform Jews, predominantly German, became Nashville's largest and most influential Jewish community in the first half of the 20th century; they enjoyed good relations with the Orthodox and Conservative congregations. Some German Jewish refugees resettled in Nashville from 1935 to 1939, helped by

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between 1915 and 1925. During this time contributors to the Menorah promoted a cultural, rather than a racial, religious, or other view of Jewishness as a means to define Jews in a world that threatened to overwhelm and absorb Jewish uniqueness. The journal represented the ideals of the menorah

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The Six-Day War of June 1967 marked a turning point in the lives of many 1960s-era Jews. The paralyzing fear of a "second Holocaust" followed by tiny Israel's seemingly miraculous victory over the combined Arab armies arrayed to destroy it struck deep emotional chords among American Jews. Their

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by keeping issues of concern regarding Jews off the editorial page and burying stories about Nazi atrocities against Jews in short items deep inside the paper. In time he grew increasingly out of step with the American Jewish community by his persistent refusal to recognize Jews as a people and

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because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and issuing antisemitic policies. As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war, "The pro-Germanism of America's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia". The fall of the tsarist

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Jews have been living in Maine for 200 years, with significant Jewish communities in Bangor as early as the 1840s and in Portland since the 1880s. The arrival of Susman Abrams in 1785 was followed by a history of immigration and settlement that parallels the history of Jewish immigration to the

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and business ties. This small and private colonial community largely existed as undeclared and non-practicing Jews, a great number deciding to intermarry with non-Jews. Later on, the vastly more numerous Ashkenazi Jews that came to populate New York, New Jersey, and elsewhere in what became the

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Not all criticism of Israel is anti-Israel in nature, and not all anti-Israel rhetoric and activity reflect antisemitism. However, anti-Israel sentiment increasingly crosses the line to antisemitism by invoking antisemitic myths of Jewish control and demonic depictions of Israelis or comparing

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The last large wave of immigration came from the Soviet Union after 1988, in response to heavy political pressure from the U.S. government. After the 1967 Six-Day War and the liberalization tide in Eastern Europe in 1968, Soviet policy became more restrictive. Jews were denied educational and

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during World War II. Committed to classical Reform Judaism, which defined Judaism as a religious faith and not as a people, Sulzberger insisted that as an American he saw European Jews as part of a refugee problem, not separate from it. As publisher of the nation's most influential newspaper,

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even though it was a Conservative project. He took a stand favoring a modified form of Zionism, reversing his earlier opposition. Above all, Schiff believed that American Jewry could live in both the Jewish and American worlds, creating a balance that made possible an enduring American Jewish

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The Jewish community in Oakland, California, is representative of many cities. Jews played a prominent role, and were among the pioneers of Oakland in the 1850s. In the early years, the Oakland Hebrew Benevolent Society, founded in 1862, was the religious, social, and charitable center of the

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In 1790, the approximate 2,500-strong American Jewish community faced a number of legal restrictions in various states that prevented non-Christians from holding public office and voting, though the state governments of Delaware, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Georgia soon eliminated these

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immigrants in a new culture. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show the ethnic more in charge of his life, and perhaps in danger of losing his Jewishness altogether. Some stories show how a family member successfully negotiated the conflict between ethnic and American identities.

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Since the 1820s organized philanthropy has been a core value of the American Jewish community. In most cities the philanthropic organizations are the center of the Jewish community and activism is highly valued. Much of the money now goes to Israel, as well as hospitals and higher education;

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In 1900, five of seven clothing merchants in Clarksburg, West Virginia, were Jewish, and into the 1930s the Jews here were primarily merchants. Because of the need to expand their synagogue, the Orthodox Jewish congregation merged with a smaller Reform group to form a compromise Conservative

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The Russian Jewish population in the United States is the second only to the population of Russian Jews in Israel. According to RINA, there is a core Russian-Jewish population of 350,000 in the U.S. The enlarged Russian Jewish population in the U.S. is estimated to be 700,000. Some 100,000

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and the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law found that 54 percent of its participants had been subjected to or had witnessed antisemitism on their campuses. The survey included 1,157 self-identified Jewish students at 55 campuses nationwide. The most significant origin for

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Palm Springs has the annual "Winter Festival of Lights" parade, which began as a separate parade to celebrate Chanukah in the 1960s. Over time, that and the Christmas-themed parade merged into the one celebrating the season's lights of menorahs, Christmas trees and the calendar new year.

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While earlier Jewish elements from Germany were business oriented and voted as conservative Republicans, the wave of Eastern European Jews starting in the 1880s, were more liberal or left wing and became the political majority. Many came to America with experience in the socialist and

7286:. The report stated that since 2013, the number of antisemitic incidents in the city had increased by 35%. On the other hand, a report of the Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations revealed a significant decrease of 48 percent in anti-Jewish crimes in LA compared to 2013. 5190:. In 1870, the city's elite German Jews founded Temple Sinai, the first synagogue in New Orleans founded as a Reform congregation. Most Jews in New Orleans were loyal supporters of the Confederacy but Orthodox Eastern European Jews never outnumbered the Reform "German Uptown" Jews. 7126:

Antisemitism in the United States has rarely erupted into physical violence against Jews. Some notable cases in which acts of violence were committed against Jews in the United States include the attack on the funeral procession of Rabbi Jacob Joseph by Irish workers and police in

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Jews also began to move to the suburbs, with major population shifts from New York and the Northeast to Florida and California. New Jewish organizations were founded to accommodate an increasing range of Jewish worship and community activities, as well as geographic dispersal.

7193:, with 29% of Hispanics being the most antisemitic (vs. 9% of whites and 36% of blacks); being born in the United States helped alleviate this attitude: 35% of foreign-born Hispanics were antisemitic, but only 19% of those Hispanics who were born in the U.S. were antisemitic. 7019:

replacement by the more acceptable "ethnic" usage. Second, it reflects a post-religious evaluation of American Jewish identity, in which "Jewishness" (rather than "Judaism") is taken to be more inclusive, embracing the secularized as well as the religious experiences of Jews.

4660:, approximately 3,000 Jews (out of around 150,000 Jews in the United States) fought on the Confederate side and 7,000 fought on the Union side. Jews also played leadership roles on both sides, with nine Jewish generals serving in the Union Army, the most notable of whom were 7373:

such as emigration, synagogue events, professional activities and other topics with which they were personally involved. These interviews also include information about personal life events, episodes of discrimination against Jews, moving from Europe to America, meeting

7304:

antisemitism, according to the survey, was "from an individual student" (29 percent). Other origins were in clubs or societies, in lectures and classes, and in student unions. The findings of the research were similar to a parallel study conducted in the United Kingdom.

5503:

regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism. The draft went smoothly in New York City, and left-wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel.

4319:, around 1648, Albino Lupo who traded with his brother, Amaso de Tores, in London. Two brothers named Silvedo and Manuel Rodriguez are documented to be in Lancaster County, Virginia, around 1650. None of the Jews in Virginia were forced to leave under any conditions. 5631:

noted that the United States accepted only 21,000 refugees from Europe and did not significantly raise or even fill its restrictive quotas, accepting far fewer Jews per capita than many of the neutral European countries and fewer in absolute terms than Switzerland.

5827:

Having never been subjected to the Holocaust, the United States stood after the Second World War as the largest, richest, and healthiest center of Judaism in the world. Smaller Jewish communities turned increasingly to American Jewry for guidance and support.

5999:

often than less traditional Jews. In contemporary political debate, strong Orthodox support for various school voucher initiatives undermines the exceptionalist belief that the Jewish community seeks a high and impenetrable barrier between church and state.

7166:

organizations accused Jews of exploiting black laborers, bringing alcohol and drugs into black communities, and unfairly dominating the economy. Furthermore, according to annual surveys which have been conducted by the Anti-Defamation League since 1964, a

5803:

summarized this dilemma when he attempted to understand Auschwitz: "To try to answer is to commit a supreme blasphemy. Israel enables us to bear the agony of Auschwitz without radical despair, to sense a ray God's radiance in the jungles of history."

4928:

became the governor of the Acoma Pueblo Indians. Though these are by no means the only two Jewish immigrants to make names for themselves in the West, they help to showcase the wide variety of paths that Jewish settlers pursued. Organizations like the

4749:, who immediately ordered General Grant to rescind the order. Sarna notes that there was a "surge in many forms of anti-Jewish intolerance" at the time. Sarna, however, concludes that the long-term implications were highly favorable, for the episode: 5325:

Jewish Americans were not just involved in nearly every important social movement but in the forefront of promoting such issues as workers rights, civil rights, civil liberties, woman's rights, freedom of religion, peace movements, and various other

7214:

A July 2013 report which was published by the Anti-Defamation League indicated that there had been a 14 percent decline in the number of recorded antisemitic incidents across the United States. The audit of the 2012 records identified 17 physical

4964:

In the 20th century, Metropolitan Los Angeles became the second-largest Jewish base in the United States. The most dramatic cast of newcomers there was in Hollywood, where Jewish producers were the dominant force in the film industry after 1920.

4204:

that destroyed most of the European Jewish community by 1945; these also made the United States the home for the largest Jewish diaspora population in the world. In 1900 there were 1.5 million American Jews; in 2005 there were 5.3 million. See

4519:

May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in the land continue to merit and enjoy the goodwill of the other inhabitants. While everyone shall sit safely under his own vine and fig-tree and there shall be none to make him afraid.

5579:

in 1939. Roosevelt's programs were not designed to overthrow capitalism as the left wanted, but instead created economic opportunities for working-class city people, especially Catholics and Jews in their roles as voters in a dominant

5511:

what eventually became known as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. All told, American Jews raised $ 63 million in relief funds during the war years and became more immersed in European Jewish affairs than ever before.

4941:

served as a conduit for connecting Jewish newcomers arriving from Europe with settlements in the Upper Midwest, Southwest, and Far West. In other cases, family connections served as the primary network drawing more Jews to the West.

7289:

In October 2014, the Anti-Defamation League published a report which documented Anti-Israel activities on campuses after Protective Edge. The report emphasizes that protests and rallies against Israel frequently become antisemitic:

8917: 5595:"It was the welfare-state aspect of the New Deal, rather than Roosevelt's foreign policy, which attracted the Jewish voter. The war and the holocaust tended to reinforce the left-wing political sentiments of many Jewish voters." 7385:

and other historical figures. Others that were interviewed came to America but were born elsewhere. Jews from Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, Hungary, India, Israel, Korea, Poland, and other countries describe their experiences.

5131:

congregation in 1939, and Jewish community life in Clarksburg centered on this synagogue. The community, which reached a population peak of about three hundred in the mid-1950s, is still represented by about thirty families.

7005:

Politically, the Jewish population remained strongly liberal. The heavily Democratic pattern continued into the 21st century. Since 1936 the great majority of Jews have been Democrats. In 2004 74% of Jews voted for Democrat

6143:'s decision in the late 1980s to allow free emigration for Soviet Jews, the American Jewish community agreed to a quota on Soviet Jewish refugees in the U.S., which resulted in most Soviet Jewish émigrés settling in Israel. 5798:

The Holocaust had a profound impact on the community in the United States, especially after 1960, as Jews tried to comprehend what had happened, and especially to commemorate and grapple with it when looking to the future.

5994:

Jewish exceptionalism differentiates Jews from other American ethnic groups by means of educational and economic attainments and, indeed, by virtue of Jewish values, including a devotion to political liberalism. Historian

6349:

Americans, over 100 were Jewish, which was nine times greater than would be expected based on the overall population. Shapiro also estimates that over 30% of American billionaires are Jewish, and he cites a 1986 issue of

4074:. They initially spoke German, and settled across the nation, assimilating with their new countrymen; the Jews among them commonly engaged in trade, manufacturing, and operated dry goods (clothing) stores in many cities. 4764: 4754:

The successes also validated an activist Jewish communal policy that based claims to equality on American law and values, while relying on help from public officials to combat prejudice and defend Jews' minority rights.

5857:

in the elections of 1940, 1944 and 1948, despite both party platforms supporting the creation of a Jewish state in the latter two elections. During the 1952 and 1956 elections, they voted 60% or more for Democrat

7261:, there were more antisemitic attacks during July. Some of the attacks were directly connected to the operation, such as graffiti paintings of swastika and the word "Hamas" outside a synagogue in South Florida. 5981:'s 38.0%); he received strong support from voters who considered it important to nominate a candidate who is "honest and trustworthy." This made him the first Jewish American to win a U.S. presidential primary.( 5244:

wave of Ashkenazi Jews fleeing the pogroms in Eastern Europe came to the city, bringing New York's Jewish population to over 1 million in 1910, the world's largest Jewish population in any city at that time.

6213:, favoring golf course and mobile home communities. By the 1990s they were a large component of demography in the desert resort. There are 12 Jewish places of worship, including a Jewish community center in 1632:

compared to several other ethnic and religious groups inside America. The Jewish communities in small towns have declined, with the population becoming increasingly concentrated in large metropolitan areas.

4917:, an immediate hit for miners, and later, informal urban wear. Everyone was a newcomer, and the Jews were generally accepted with few signs of discrimination, according to Eisenberg, Kahn, and Toll (2009). 4741:

The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled ... within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order.

6990:. American Jews are disproportionately represented in business, academia and politics. Thirty percent of American Nobel prize winners in science and 37 percent of all American Nobel winners are Jewish. 5229:

United States. What initially brought people to these various towns around Maine was the promise of work, often linked with opportunities that supported Maine's shipbuilding, lumber and mill industries.

5346:

played a major role. As a wealthy German Jew, Schiff shaped key decisions providing help to Eastern European Jews and fought against immigration restriction. A Reform Jew, he backed the creation of the

5544:

of the CIO was especially powerful in the early 1940s at the national level. By the 1930s, Jews were a major political factor in New York City, with strong support for the most liberal programs of the

5386:. From 1917 to 1932 the Julius Rosenwald Foundation set up 5,357 public schools for blacks. He funded numerous hospitals for blacks in the South as well as 24 YMCA's; he was a major contributor to the 5672:

made that illegal and public opinion was strongly opposed. The ship returned to Europe. 620 of the passengers were eventually accepted in continental Europe, of these only 365 survived the Holocaust.

10233: 11299: 5783:

During the Holocaust, fewer than 30,000 Jews a year reached the United States, and some were turned away due to immigration policies. The U.S. did not change its immigration policies until 1948.

4558: 5967:

to be his running mate and the vice presidential candidate for the Democratic Party, marking the first time in history that a practicing Jew was included on a major party's presidential ticket.

4610:

the Jewish population to 50,000 by 1848, negative stereotypes of Jews in newspapers, literature, drama, art and popular culture grew more commonplace, and physical attacks became more frequent.

4247:. However, roughly 25% of American Jews are unaffiliated with any denomination. Conservative Judaism arose in America and Reform Judaism was founded in Germany and popularized by American Jews. 5418:

was convicted for the murder of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old Christian girl in his employ. Frank was sentenced to death. Today, the consensus of researchers is that Frank was wrongly convicted.

4816:

In the middle of the 19th century, a number of German Jews founded investment banking firms which later became mainstays of the industry. Most prominent Jewish banks in the United States were

6198: 5145:

the Wichita community, which facilitated the integration of the Eastern European newcomers. The Jewish community was characterized by a "dynamic tension" between tradition and modernization.

10104:

Paper Presented at the International Conference "Russian-speaking Jewry in Global Perspective: Assimilation, Integration and Community-building" June 14–16, 2004, Bar Ilan University, Israel

6007:

the United States, debate to what extent the American treatment of Jews has been unique in world history, and how much it has become a model of pluralism at least in regards to this group.

5486:

1917 World War I poster in Yiddish. Translation: "Food will win the war – You came here seeking freedom, now you must help to preserve it – Wheat is needed for the allies – waste nothing".

4404:

of Sephardic settlement, which, in 1816, numbered over 600—then the largest Jewish population of any city in the United States. Sephardic Dutch Jews were also among the early settlers of

10615: 7705:

The 2018 American Jewish Year Book (AJYB) estimate for the US Jewish population is about 6.925 million and is based, as in previous years, on the aggregation of over 900 local estimates.

7611:

The 2018 American Jewish Year Book (AJYB) estimate for the US Jewish population is about 6.925 million and is based, as in previous years, on the aggregation of over 900 local estimates.

5036:

The Russian pogroms, beginning in 1900, forced large numbers of Jews to seek refuge in the U.S. Though most of these immigrants arrived on the Eastern seaboard, many came as part of the

4051:. Statistics demonstrate that there was a myth that no Jews returned to their previous diasporic lands, but while the rate was around 6%, it was much lower than for other ethnic groups. 12595: 10096: 4909:, which sprung up throughout the resource-rich West. The most popular specialty was clothing merchant, followed by the small-scale manufacturing and general retailing. For example, 4428:

is the oldest continuous congregation started in 1687 having their first synagogue erected in 1728, and its current building still houses some of the original pieces of that first.

6245:

improved rapidly since the end of World War II, when Jewish students were few and isolated. In 1958 Jewish students were more numerous; they protested against the Bicker system of

5302:

With the influx of Jews from Central and Eastern Europe many members of the Jewish community were attracted to labor and socialist movements and numerous Jewish newspapers such as

10199: 4901:

establishing themselves as merchants. Numerous entrepreneurs opened shop in large cities like San Francisco to service the mining industry, as well as in smaller communities like

7211:

Catholics and only 29 percent of Americans have unfavorable views of Mormons according to the pole. By contrast, antisemitic attitudes are much higher in Europe and are growing.

5760:

Despite strong public and political sentiment to the contrary, however, there were some who encouraged the U.S. government to help victims of Nazi genocide. In 1943, just before

4945:

Jeanette Abrams argues persuasively that Jewish women played a prominent role in the establishment of Jewish communities throughout the West. For example, the first synagogue in

9714: 4992:

greeting card from the early 20th century, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews would flee the

5437:

when he announced the creation of the ADL, but was not the reason for the group's founding. The ADL became the leading Jewish group fighting antisemitism in the United States.

5466:, inaugurating a revival of the Ku Klux Klan. The event was attended by 15 charter members and a few aging survivors of the original Klan. The Klan disseminated the view that 1526: 11184: 6015:

With its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel became the focal point of American Jewish life and philanthropy, as well as the symbol around which American Jews united.

6998:

since 1960, comprises a smaller percentage of America's total population than it had in 1910, and seems likely to witness an actual decline in numbers in the decades ahead.

11210: 11073: 10983: 8094: 7238:

In the first few months of 2014, at least two antisemitic incidents of swastika drawings on Jewish belongings occurred in universities. On April 1, a former member of the

7852:

The Jews in America 1621-1977, A Chronology & Fact Book" Compiled and edited by Irving J. Sloan. Published in 1978 by Oceana Publications, Inc. Dobbs Ferry, New York.

2694: 5568:. By the mid-1960s, however, the Black Power movement caused a growing separation between blacks and Jews, though both groups remained solidly in the Democratic camp. 10706:(2004), who sees American Jewish history primarily in religious terms: "a story of people who lose their faith and a story of people who regain their faith," (p. xiv) 6946:

ranked as the most financially successful religious group in the United States, with 44% of Jews living in households with incomes of at least $ 100,000, followed by

4625:, or Jewish Enlightenment. It was in the United States during the 19th century that two of the major branches of Judaism were established by these German immigrants: 8994: 1628:

since the 1930s, although recently there is a conservative Republican element among the Orthodox. They have displayed high education levels and high rates of upward

787: 339: 1578:, South Carolina, was the largest in North America. In the late 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s, many Jewish immigrants arrived from Europe. For example, many 11336: 5368:

previously it went to poor Jews. This meant in the 1880-1930 era wealthy German Reform Jews were subsidizing poor Orthodox newcomers, and helping their process of

4130: 7694: 7600: 5584:

and as union members. Roosevelt's coalition was so delicate that he could not afford to let ethnic or racial tensions tear it apart. His deliberate policy (until

8641: 5905:

and only favored the Democrat by 65%, while Nixon more than doubled Republican Jewish support to 35%. In the election of 1976, Jewish voters supported Democrat

12588: 11368: 7754:"Jonathan D. Sarna "The Myth of No Return: Jewish Return Migration to Eastern Europe, 1881-1914" American Jewish History, December 1981, Volume LXXI, Number 2" 3272: 649: 506: 10488: 4121:

between 1880 and 1920 that these new immigrants rose from less than five percent of all European immigrants to nearly 50%. This feared change caused renewed

2927: 2622: 1077: 6175:. Another large pocket of Russian Jewish residence is Northeast Philadelphia and surrounding Bucks and Montgomery Counties, as well as Northern New Jersey. 4181:, 500,000 American Jews, about half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50, enlisted for service, and after the war, Jewish families joined the new trend of 11907: 11310: 10907: 7961: 17: 11432:"Pittsburgh and Beyond: The Experience of the Jewish Community (National Council of Jewish Women Oral History Collection at the University of Pittsburgh)" 2814: 6024:

financial support for Israel rose sharply in the war's wake, and more of them than ever before chose in those years to make Israel their permanent home.

5495:

as hostile to Jewish interests. New York City, with its well-organized Jewish community numbering 1.5 million Jews, was the center of anti-war activism.

5098:

By 1924, 2 million Jews had arrived from Central and Eastern Europe. Anti-immigration feelings growing in the United States at this time resulted in the

4564:

Jewish school, Polonies Talmud Torah, established in New York in 1806. In 1843, the first national secular Jewish organization in the United States, the

1594:, in 1880–1914, brought a new wave of Jewish immigration to New York City, including many who became active in socialism and labor movements, as well as 813: 803: 8207: 5704:, news of which began to reach the United States in 1941 and 1942 and it has been estimated that 190,000–200,000 Jews could have been saved during the 4811: 4796:

Grant very much regretted his wartime order; he publicly apologized for it. When he became president in 1869, he set out to make amends. Sarna argues:

4039:; emigration was initially inspired by the pull of American social and entrepreneurial opportunities, and later was a refuge from the peril of ongoing 4022: 1519: 1046: 609: 12573: 12836: 12829: 12581: 7502: 6108: 4401: 1786: 1575: 1451: 12563: 10311: 9804:... Mr. Sanders was the choice, nearly unanimously, among voters who said it was most important to have a candidate who is "honest and trustworthy." 5924:

During the Reagan re-election campaign of 1984, the Jews returned home to the Democratic Party, giving Reagan only 31% compared to 67% for Democrat

5660:

sailed from Germany in May 1939 carrying 936 (mainly German) Jewish refugees. On 4 June 1939, it was also refused permission to unload on orders of

12277: 8599: 8452: 2809: 1004: 634: 583: 10015:

Women Rabbis: Exploration & Celebration: Papers Delivered at an Academic Conference Honoring Twenty Years of Women in the Rabbinate, 1972-1992

5382:

into the largest retailer in America. He used his wealth for philanthropy targeted especially at the plight of rural blacks in collaboration with

4872:

was a large investment bank from the 1860s to the 1920s. By the 1930s, Jewish presence in private investment banking had diminished dramatically.

11133: 8603: 8456: 5537: 3057: 1625: 644: 460: 11267: 9755:

Seelye, Katharine Q. (August 8, 2000). "The 2000 Campaign: The Vice President; Lieberman Will Run With Gore; First Jew On A Major U.S. Ticket".

12925: 12900: 9816: 8516: 779: 10810: 12370: 9180: 5590:

in 1938) was not to publicly criticize the atrocities developing in Nazi Germany, nor the domestic anti-Semitism typified by Catholic priest

3311: 1512: 11159: 9711: 6926:

Note: These charts are for the U.S. core Jewish population only. 1810 is an extrapolation as figures are not available for this exact year.

10343: 9331:

Jews, Wars, and Communism. Vol. I: The Attitude of American Jews to World War I, the Russian Revolutions of 1917, and Communism (1914-1945)

7425: 7064: 5599: 4920:

Though many Jewish immigrants to the West found success as merchants, others worked as bankers, miners, freighters, ranchers, and farmers.

1566:

Private and civically unrecognized local, regional, and sometimes international networks were noted in these groups in order to facilitate

674: 614: 499: 438: 416: 383: 350: 295: 251: 229: 196: 163: 130: 10107: 7640:

Tighe, Elizabeth; de Kramer, Raquel Magidin; Parmer, Daniel; Nussbaum, Daniel; Kallista, Daniel; Seabrum, Xajavion; Saxe, Leonard (2009).

12846: 12718: 12531: 12057:

Sorin, Gerald. "Mutual Contempt, Mutual Benefit: The Strained Encounter between German and Eastern European Jews in America, 1880–1920."

10207: 2296: 2259: 1468: 1425: 793: 555: 9984: 5040:, through which Jewish immigrants settled in Texas as well as the western states and territories. In 1915, the circulation of the daily 4769:

Jews also began to organize as a political group in the United States, especially in response to the United States reaction to the 1840

4197:

rates soared to nearly 50%. Synagogue membership, however, grew considerably, from 20% of the Jewish population in 1930 to 60% in 1960.

12723: 10883: 10835: 8887:"David Solis-Cohen: Pioneer Lawyer, Poet, Speaker, Merchant and Banker of Portland, Oregon – JMAW – Jewish Museum of the American West" 7839: 5606:

believed that if it accepted students based only on merit, the student body would become majority Jewish, and for the same reason, the

4606:

became a surgeon to revolutionary Texan forces in 1835, participated in the capture of Béxar, and joined the Texas Navy the next year.

1123: 1068: 1041: 619: 8008: 7182:

are, but among members of all races, there is a strong correlation between a person's level of education and his or her rejection of

6209:

Many elderly American Jews from the East coast and the Los Angeles metropolitan area come to retire in the warm climates such as the

4316: 3235: 692: 629: 624: 591: 577: 512: 11773:

Fermaglich, Kirsten. " 'Too Long, Too Foreign...Too Jewish': Jews, Name Changing, and Family Mobility in New York City, 1917-1942."

10639: 9155:

Jerome A. Chanes (2001). "Who Does What?". In Louis Sandy Maisel; Ira N. Forman; Donald Altschiller; Charles Walker Bassett (eds.).

12787: 12743: 12340: 7523: 7513: 5952: 5787: 5399: 4206: 944: 808: 759: 712: 707: 654: 604: 549: 10283: 7032:

and others to promote a revival in Jewish cultural identity and combat the idea of race as a means to define or identify peoples.

5560:. By the 1940s they were inside the Democratic Party, and helped overthrow Tammany Hall. They continued as a major element of the 12873: 12861: 12792: 10567: 10066:

Lazin, Fred A. (2006). "'Freedom of Choice': Israeli Efforts to Prevent Soviet Jewish Emigres to Resettle in the United States".

7943: 7545: 4256: 4150: 4090: 2608: 1415: 1036: 639: 598: 569: 12553: 12010: 11218: 11081: 10991: 10393: 9842: 8913: 8833: 1645: 12753: 7540: 5773: 5552:, which was in full charge of the Democratic Party in New York City. Therefore, they worked through third parties, such as the 5348: 4774: 4015: 3185: 3120: 3002: 702: 541: 526: 8151: 7648: 7359:

After the massacres of October 7th, the United States saw the most significant explosion of antisemitism in American history.

12851: 12173: 11570: 10142: 10023: 8625: 8492: 8126: 7068: 5732:

was largely ignored by American media as it was happening. Why that was is illuminated by the anti-Zionist position taken by

4696: 4162: 4070:

Jewish immigrants to the U.S. came from diaspora communities in German-speaking states, in addition to the larger concurrent

2306: 1544: 1490: 1118: 1082: 1023: 931: 681: 563: 520: 328: 118: 9866: 5378:(1862–1932) moved to Chicago in the late 1880s. Purchasing a half-interest in 1895, he transformed a small mail order house 12770: 12733: 12674: 12654: 12283:

Sussman, Lance J. "'Historian of the Jewish People': A Historiographical Reevaluation of the Writings of Jacob R. Marcus."

12131:

Alroey, Gur. "Two Historiographies: Israeli Historiography and the Mass Jewish Migration to the United States, 1881–1914."

8279: 7565: 7535: 6295: 6246: 5533: 5253: 4468:

and became one of the key financiers to the Continental Army. The highest ranking Jewish officer in the Patriot forces was

4118: 2744: 8998: 12809: 12804: 11393: 10664: 8709:

Yiddish is a dialect of German written in the Hebrew alphabet and based entirely in the East European Jewish population.

7530: 7246:

and murdered three people, two of whom were on their way to the church. After his capture, the suspect was heard saying "

7096:

was limited by quotas, and they were also not allowed to buy certain properties. In response, Jews established their own

4881:

migrated in greater numbers and comprised most of the migratory westward wave at the close of the century. Following the

4700: 4066:, the American Jewish community grew to about 15,000 by 1840, and to about 250,000 by 1880. Most of the mid-19th century 3012: 2829: 2819: 2059: 1478: 965: 720: 100: 11343: 11017: 1644:

In the 1940s, Jews comprised 3.7% of the national population. As of 2019, at about 7.1 million, the population is 2% of

12821: 12644: 12603: 12288: 11103: 10368: 9164: 9139: 7793: 7435: 6962:(13.3 million) reside in households with a yearly income of $ 100,000 or more than any other religious group. The 2021 6201:. The world-famous desert resort community has been widely known for its Hollywood celebrities. Philadelphia publisher 5974: 5529: 5327: 4979: 3408: 3358: 3323: 3017: 2882: 2749: 1473: 1030: 798: 659: 531: 12156: 7269:, where a Jewish store owner received handwritten flyers which contained swastikas and threats. Earlier that year the 7047:

provided Jews with a rationale for their ethnic distinction at a time when other minorities were asserting their own.

4938: 4706:

Several Jewish bankers played key roles in providing government financing for both sides of the Civil War: Speyer and

12814: 12782: 12760: 12528: 12510: 12322: 11712: 10958: 10182: 10050: 9478: 9440: 9298: 9258: 8722: 8552: 8428: 8400: 8342: 7270: 7056: 6087:, the main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or 6040: 5668:

between Florida and Cuba. Initially, Roosevelt showed limited willingness to take in some of those on board. But the

4661: 4546: 4393: 4185:, as they became wealthier and more mobile. The Jewish community expanded to other major cities, particularly around 4008: 3100: 3062: 3037: 2957: 2942: 2789: 2729: 2684: 1634: 697: 687: 88: 11915:

Going to America, Going to School: The Jewish Immigrant Public School Encounter in Turn-of-the-Century New York City

10723: 7814: 7085:) of expulsion against Jews from the portions of Tennessee, Kentucky and Mississippi which were under his control. ( 4913:(1829 – 1902) started as a wholesale dealer in with clothing, bedding, and notions; by 1873 he introduced the first 12920: 12881: 12713: 12298: 10496: 8655: 7060: 6951: 5887: 5492: 5356: 4786: 4444:

who immigrated from the Dutch Republic, Great Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula. Many American Jews supported the

4396:

granted liberty of conscience to all settlers, expressly mentioning "Jews, heathens, and dissenters." As a result,

3393: 3375: 3281: 3175: 3027: 3022: 2947: 2912: 2779: 991: 766: 405: 11761: 9084:

Seth Korelitz, "'A Magnificent Piece of Work': the Americanization Work of the National Council of Jewish Women."

7931: 12765: 12708: 12691: 11369:"Audit: In 2014 Anti-Semitic Incidents Rose 21 Percent Across The U.S. In A "Particularly Violent Year for Jews"" 9998: 7959: 7283: 6291: 5831:

Immediately after the Second World War, some Jewish refugees resettled in the United States, and another wave of

5701: 5238: 4664:

Edward Solomon (who attained the rank at the age of 29) and Frederick Knefker. There were also twenty-one Jewish

4338: 3911: 3810: 3365: 3348: 3301: 3200: 3110: 3047: 2997: 2977: 2972: 2892: 2866: 2841: 2719: 2709: 2699: 2679: 2674: 1184: 926: 877: 12168:

Frankel, Richard. "One Crisis Behind?: Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany."

7675: 4035:

The Jewish population of the U.S. is the product of waves of immigration primarily from diaspora communities in

12866: 12696: 12684: 12636: 12250: 12190: 11925:

Chiswick, Barry R. "Jewish immigrant wages in America in 1909: An analysis of the Dillingham Commission data."

9504:"The American Experience. America and the Holocaust. People & Events | Breckinridge Long (1881 -1958)" 8668: 7497: 7204:. The city of New York has officially endorsed the project, but nationwide, public opinion has been hostile. A 5571:

In Washington, 15% of FDR's appointees were Jewish, including top positions such as Secretary of the Treasury,

5141: 5116: 4678: 4501: 4312: 4292: 4126: 3384: 3370: 3338: 3318: 3286: 3230: 3205: 3180: 3160: 3150: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3105: 3095: 3090: 3067: 2982: 2967: 2887: 2846: 2799: 2794: 2714: 2659: 1579: 667: 536: 11418: 10932: 10692: 10689: 5398:

and to various Jewish philanthropies were on a similar grand scale. He spent $ 11 million to fund the Chicago

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United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 4: The East European Period: The Emergence of the American Jew; Epilogue.

11241: 11048: 8069: 7753: 7641: 7550: 7300: 7190: 6376: 5936:

polled 35%. Bush's Jewish support collapsed during his re-election in 1992, to just 11%, with 80% voting for

5339: 4925: 4445: 3805: 3343: 3328: 3291: 3253: 3225: 3215: 3210: 3195: 3190: 3170: 3155: 3140: 3115: 3081: 3052: 2952: 2937: 2861: 2851: 2769: 2739: 2664: 2650: 1609: 1369: 986: 971: 901: 891: 862: 852: 12141:

Appel, John J. "Hansen's Third-Generation" Law" and the Origins of the American Jewish Historical Society."

9788: 9668: 8211: 7870:

volume 31 of The New England Historical and Genealogical Register published 1877, By David Clapp, 1877, page

7043:

in 1967 that resulted in the survival of Israel had major impacts on fashioning Jewish ethnic identity. The

6934:

Jewish population today tends to be concentrated in larger cities, Florida, and the states of the Northeast.

12841: 12703: 12649: 11886:

Weiner, Deborah R. "Insiders and Outsiders: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Baltimore during the Interwar Era'

8903:

1978 10 (2): 99-125, (3): 238-259, (4): 353-373; 11(1): 69-86; 1979 11(2): 173-186, (3): 265-278. 0043-4221

8025: 7971: 7555: 6100: 5985:, the 1964 Republican presidential nominee, was the first winner of Jewish heritage, but was a Christian). 5611: 5607: 5223: 4869: 4707: 4571: 4537: 4425: 4299:

first set foot in what is now Texas in 1570. The first Jewish-born person to set foot on American soil was

4174: 3413: 3333: 3296: 3220: 3165: 3032: 3007: 2932: 2907: 2897: 2836: 2759: 2754: 2734: 2724: 2704: 2689: 2582: 2286: 2050: 2045: 1669: 1582:

arrived in the middle of the 19th century, established clothing stores in towns across the country, formed

976: 950: 936: 906: 896: 847: 773: 306: 66: 12043:

Rockaway, Robert, and Arnon Gutfeld. "Demonic images of the Jew in the nineteenth century United States."

10321: 9106:

The Foundation gave away all its money and closed down in 1948. Lawrence P. Bachmann, "Julius Rosenwald,"

9019: 5455:. As a result of public outrage over this act, a Georgia mob kidnapped Frank from prison and lynched him. 12777: 9493:

David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 (New York, 1984), p. 5.

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Stuart E. Knee, "The Diplomacy of Neutrality: Theodore Roosevelt and the Russian Pogroms of 1903-1906,"

7921: 4303:

in 1584. Elias Legarde (a.k.a. Legardo) was a Sephardic Jew who arrived at James City, Virginia, on the

12541: 11958:

World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made

8654:

Bard, M.G. (n.d.). Jews in America: The Jewish American family. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved from

7010:, a Catholic of partial Jewish descent, and in 2006 87% voted for Democratic candidates for the House. 6938:

American Jews continued to prosper throughout the early 21st century. According to a 2016 study by the

6267: 6168: 5913:'s 27%, but in 1980 they abandoned Carter, leaving him with only 45% support, while Republican winner, 5525: 5290:

Half-length portrait of two girls wearing banners with slogan "ABOLISH CHILD SLAVERY!!" in English and

4453: 4437: 4397: 4232: 3877: 3722: 3430: 2824: 2020: 2010: 1746: 1657: 996: 981: 841: 12000: 9691: 7595:

An estimated figure, as the following sources claim the number to be either slightly higher or lower:

5532:

and helped to found unions in the "needle trades" (clothing industry) that played a major role in the

12366:. Vol. 1. New York; Philadelphia, Pa: Columbia University Press; The Jewish Publication Society. 12099:

The Independent Orders of B'nai B'rith and True Sisters: Pioneers of a New Jewish Identity, 1843-1914

11964:, classic account; exaggerates importance of Yiddish culture and socialism; neglects role of religion 11274: 10836:"Poll: Anti-Semitic views in the U.S. at a historic low - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News" 10543: 10068: 9851:

Sanders, a self-identified democratic socialist, has repeatedly described himself as a secular Jew...

9571:

Laurel Leff, "A Tragic 'Fight In The Family': The New York Times, Reform Judaism and the Holocaust."

7698: 7604: 6955: 6707: 6694: 6681: 6668: 6655: 6642: 6629: 6616: 6603: 6590: 6577: 6564: 6551: 6538: 6525: 6512: 6499: 6486: 6473: 6460: 6447: 6434: 6421: 6356:

that listed the top 100 money makers in 1985, and "half the people mentioned" were Jewish, including

5844: 5557: 5187: 5087: 5055: 3991: 3684: 3535: 3476: 2367: 1673: 1638: 1405: 1334: 1299: 872: 361: 10715:

Eli Lederhendler, "The New Filiopietism, or toward a New History of Jewish Immigration to America,"

9936:

David Sorkin, "Is American Jewry Exceptional? Comparing Jewish Emancipation in Europe and America,"

7989: 7726: 7632: 7407: 6386:

By the 1990s Jews were becoming prominent in Congress and state governments throughout the country.

5944:. Clinton's re-election campaign in 1996 maintained high Jewish support at 78%, with 16% supporting 10814: 8485:

Roads taken : the great Jewish migrations to the new world and the peddlers who forged the way

8089: 6164: 5022: 4954: 4495: 4370: 4059: 3694: 3674: 2784: 2264: 1805: 1374: 1279: 1239: 834: 11838:

Moore, Deborah Dash. "Jewish migration in postwar America: The case of Miami and Los Angeles." in

9190: 8050: 4885:

of 1849, Jews established themselves prominently on the West Coast, with important settlements in

4365:

by discriminating against other religions, but religious pluralism was already a tradition in the

11013: 9769: 8334: 7201: 6214: 6122:

by a rabbinical seminary, and the second formally ordained female rabbi in Jewish history, after

6003: 5765: 5669: 5203: 5099: 4711: 4686: 4665: 4646: 4138: 3835: 3825: 3790: 3669: 3659: 3442: 2613: 2555: 2389: 2068: 2025: 1740: 1665: 1339: 1329: 1324: 1304: 11876:

Smith, William L., and Pidi Zhang. "Southern Jews and Jewish Southerners in Savannah, Georgia."

10861: 10258: 7273:

in Poughkeepsie published on Twitter an antisemitic picture first published in Germany in 1944.

4380: 4085:-speaking Ashkenazi Jews immigrated from diaspora communities in Eastern Europe, where repeated 4071: 11778: 10492: 8121:. New York State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. (First ed.). Syracuse, N.Y. 8084: 7492: 7251: 6050: 5894:

garnered 81% of the Jewish vote in the 1968 elections, in his losing bid for president against

5800: 5769: 5733: 5459: 5426: 5207: 4902: 4613:

During the 19th century, (especially the 1840s and 1850s), Jewish immigration was primarily of

4040: 3954: 3689: 3603: 2669: 2221: 1840: 1810: 1637:

has endured into the 21st century, although numerous cultural changes have taken place such as

1441: 1420: 1254: 1169: 1113: 185: 12245:

Kramer, Michael P. "Acts of Assimilation: The Invention of Jewish American Literary History."

12073:

Power, protest, and the public schools: Jewish and African American struggles in New York City

11554:

Her Works Praise Her: A History of Jewish Women in America from Colonial Times to the Present.

9288: 8390: 8328: 7861:

William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, Volume 25, The College, 1917, Page 297

6930: 6053:

of the Jewish Theological Seminary marched in the front row of the Selma-to-Montgomery march.

5639:, "The United States and its Allies were willing to attempt almost nothing to save the Jews." 4598:

in 1816, and Maurice Henry was in Velasco in the late 1820s. Jews fought in the armies of the

4325:, a Jewish merchant, arrived in Boston in 1649; subsequently, he was given a stipend from the 1639:

the election of many Jews into governmental positions at the local, state, and national levels

12308: 10013: 9430: 9248: 8712: 8001: 7775: 7560: 7378: 7266: 7243: 7155: 6271: 6046: 5850: 5661: 5565: 5395: 5391: 5271: 5191: 4682: 4603: 4512: 4405: 4362: 4269: 3845: 3840: 3785: 3573: 2488: 2216: 2203: 2098: 1815: 1289: 1284: 1159: 885: 449: 394: 372: 12052:

Alternatives to Assimilation: The Response of Reform Judaism to American Culture, 1840-1930.

7421: 7111:

Antisemitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period. The rise of the second

5528:, based in Eastern Europe. Many Jews rose to leadership positions in the early 20th century 78: 12558: 12379: 12359: 12088: 11337:"National Demographic Survey of American Jewish College Students 2014 ANTI-SEMITISM REPORT" 10246: 9220:

Mary Ann Irwin, "'The Air is Becoming Full of War': Jewish San Francisco and World War I,"

8871:"'Same Horse, New Wagon': Tradition and Assimilation among the Jews of Wichita, 1865-1930." 8870: 7456: 6242: 6230: 6112: 5863: 5572: 5553: 5383: 5259: 5174:

from South Carolina, helped found the first Jewish congregation in Louisiana in the 1830s.

5167: 4882: 4630: 4529: 4482:

was Jewish is still the subject of debate among historians. Other American Jews, including

4240: 3916: 3868: 3608: 3466: 2279: 2144: 2133: 2091: 1599: 1500: 1379: 1344: 1249: 1224: 921: 911: 218: 207: 152: 12180:

Handbook of American-Jewish literature: an analytical guide to topics, themes, and sources

11342:. The Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law; Trinity College. Archived from 10786: 8005: 5768:

in Washington to draw attention to the plight of Holocaust victims. A week later, Senator

4193:. Their young people attended secular high schools and colleges and met non-Jews, so that 8: 12007:

Unwanted: Italian and Jewish Mobilization against Restrictive Immigration Laws, 1882–1965

11737:

Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941

9131: 9125: 8921: 8886: 8853:

Deborah R. Weiner, "The Jews of Clarksburg: Community Adaptation and Survival, 1900-60."

8830:

Unwanted: Italian and Jewish Mobilization against Restrictive Immigration Laws, 1882–1965

8714:

Why Didn't the Press Shout?: American & International Journalism During the Holocaust

7575: 7416: 7402: 7183: 7105: 7097: 6939: 6321: 5821: 5628: 5441: 5067: 4837: 4778: 4542: 4194: 4170: 4134: 4122: 3969: 3664: 2342: 2209: 2112: 2105: 2035: 1923: 1798: 1661: 1649: 1552: 1364: 1314: 1269: 1259: 1244: 1234: 1219: 1199: 1174: 1164: 1154: 916: 741: 731: 141: 12151:

Butler, Jon. "Jacob Rader Marcus and the Revival of Early American History, 1930–1960."

10908:"ADL Audit: Anti-Semitic Incidents Declined 19 Percent Across the United States in 2013" 9669:"The American Jewish Experience in the Twentieth Century: Antisemitism and Assimilation" 9376:

Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941

7888:

American Jewish Historical Quarterly, Volume 20 American Jewish Historical Society, 1911

12274:

The Impossible Jew: Identity and the Reconstruction of Jewish American Literary History

12199:(2013). "Writing New York's Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey". 12083: 11650: 11639: 10887: 10228: 9906: 9611: 9071:

Evyatar Friesel, "Jacob H. Schiff and the Leadership of the American Jewish Community.

8593: 8510: 8446: 7711: 7617: 7508: 7144: 7074: 6279: 5859: 5603: 5581: 5561: 5448: 5430: 5422: 5315: 5071: 5037: 5004:

None of the early migratory movements assumed the significance and volume of that from

4958: 4817: 4657: 4650: 4565: 4524:

A small Jewish community had developed in Newport over the 18th century; this included

4460:

became the first American Jew to be killed in action during the war, while businessman

4392:

Religious tolerance was also established elsewhere in the colonies. The charter of the

4285: 4217: 4094: 3820: 3770: 3717: 3712: 3626: 3496: 2764: 2593: 2352: 2272: 2126: 1692: 1621: 1384: 1359: 1264: 1204: 1179: 1149: 1139: 751: 746: 736: 726: 262: 240: 11864:

Cosmopolitans: A Social and Cultural History of the Jews of the San Francisco Bay Area

9923:

Tony Michels, "Is America 'Different'? A Critique of American Jewish Exceptionalism,"

9313:

Zosa Szajkowski, "Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief (1914-1938),"

8968:

Cosmopolitans: A Social and Cultural History of the Jews of the San Francisco Bay Area

7947: 6304:

has an estimated Jewish population of about 1.8 million; of these 1.1 million live in

5009:

them coming from Eastern Europe. This emigration, mainly from diaspora communities in

4440:

in 1776, around 2,000 Jews lived in the British North American colonies, most of them

12524: 12506: 12318: 12219: 12196: 12136: 12104: 11938: 11708: 11605: 11588: 11566: 10811:"Poll Results: Americans' Views on the Campaign, Religion and the Mosque Controversy" 10738:

Seth Korelitz, "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, From Race to Ethnicity,"

10401: 10254: 10178: 10138: 10081: 10046: 10019: 9970:

Plaskow, Judith. "Jewish Feminist Thought" in Frank, Daniel H. & Leaman, Oliver.

9898: 9474: 9436: 9294: 9254: 9160: 9135: 8942: 8789:

Alan J. Ward, "Immigrant minority 'diplomacy': American Jews and Russia, 1901–1912."

8763:

Taylor Stults, "Roosevelt, Russian Persecution of Jews, and American Public Opinion"

8718: 8621: 8581: 8558: 8548: 8498: 8488: 8434: 8424: 8396: 8338: 8132: 8122: 7833: 7175: 7163: 6987: 6336: 6140: 5933: 5901:

During the Nixon re-election campaign of 1972, Jewish voters were apprehensive about

5879: 5867: 5709: 5693: 5576: 5452: 5211: 4934: 4692: 4669: 4504: 4476: 4472: 4413: 4385: 3964: 3906: 3886: 3703: 3263: 2902: 2362: 2233: 2163: 2040: 1953: 1820: 1653: 1496: 1319: 1274: 1214: 1189: 1144: 1087: 106: 11431: 10269:

Marianne Sanua, "Stages in the Development of Jewish Life at Princeton University,"

6155:

emigrated to the United States. Large pockets of Russian-Jewish Communities include

5866:

garnered 40% for his reelection; the best showing to date for the Republicans since

4765:

Relationship of American Jews to the U.S. Federal Government before the 20th century

4377:

overruled him. In 1664 the English conquered New Amsterdam and renamed it New York.

12489: 12383: 12355: 12208: 11961: 10077: 8055: 7570: 7196:

As an example of religious tensions, in 2010, a widespread debate erupted over the

7120: 7078: 6301: 6210: 6202: 5918: 5777: 5591: 5521: 5375: 5063: 5018: 4886: 4857: 4782: 4718: 4599: 4595: 4575: 4528:, a Jewish merchant who played a significant role in the town's involvement in the 4457: 4449: 4358: 4281: 4244: 4142: 4137:

of 1921 established immigration restrictions specifically on these groups, and the

3934: 3815: 3775: 3739: 3437: 2987: 2498: 2254: 2158: 2073: 1963: 1755: 1595: 1349: 1229: 1194: 1092: 1015: 1010: 492: 317: 11918: 10798: 10665:"Jewish Populations are Falling at Schools Like Harvard and Yale. Should We Care?" 10042:'Silent No More': Saving the Jews of Russia, the American Jewish Effort, 1967–1989 9817:"Bernie Sanders becomes first Jewish, non-Christian candidate to win U.S. primary" 9250:"Silent No More": Saving the Jews of Russia, the American Jewish Effort, 1967-1989 8269:(eds. Jean Powers Soman & Frank L. Bryne), University of Nebraska Press, 1985. 5708:

had it not been for bureaucratic obstacles to immigration deliberately created by

5214:

in 2005, only about 70% of the city's pre-Katrina Jewish population had returned.

5122:

century, a wave of Ashkenazi Jews arrived, fleeing the pogroms in Eastern Europe.

5029:

Jews went to the United States during the succeeding decade, it was not until the

5017:, began as far back as 1821, but did not become especially noteworthy until after 4212:

The most recent Jewish communities to immigrate to the United States en masse are

12394: 12312: 12304: 12119: 11758:

A fortress in Brooklyn: Race, real estate, and the making of Hasidic Williamsburg

11681: 10727: 10172: 10132: 10040: 9870: 9863: 8980: 8177: 8012: 7975: 7965: 7206: 7179: 7159: 7082: 6967: 6943: 6380: 6352: 6072: 6066: 5982: 5978: 5929: 5902: 5891: 5883: 5871: 5854: 5817: 5369: 5310: 5079: 4950: 4906: 4849: 4821: 4770: 4746: 4587: 4508: 4487: 4465: 4409: 4315:

in 1624. John Levy patented 200 acres (81 ha) of land on the main branch of

4288:

by a Sephardic Jew from Portugal. Earliest surviving Jewish residence in the U.S.

4265: 4182: 3896: 3855: 3850: 3830: 3752: 3746: 3679: 3631: 3471: 3452: 2603: 2332: 2244: 2227: 1771: 1677: 1629: 1606: 1410: 1354: 1309: 1209: 284: 11705:

Jews on the Frontier An Account of Jewish Pioneers and Settlers in Early America

8656:

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0006_0_06269.html

4166:(German for "Territorial Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. 1620:. Politically, American Jews have been especially active as part of the liberal 11934: 11843: 7484: 7470: 6365: 6328: 6160: 6148: 6104: 6084: 6080: 5995: 5970: 5925: 5541: 5499: 5463: 5444: 5183: 5014: 5005: 4997: 4861: 4833: 4793:

only offering equality to Jews and Catholics in 1877, the last state to do so.

4789:

the following year). Official government antisemitism continued, however, with

4626: 4614: 4322: 4261: 4236: 4067: 4063: 3996: 3795: 3650: 3530: 3509: 3486: 3481: 3459: 3447: 3042: 2523: 2457: 2422: 2400: 2337: 2175: 2153: 2015: 1994: 1970: 1736: 1718: 1591: 1583: 1097: 174: 12228:

Handlin, Oscar. "A Twenty Year Retrospect of American Jewish Historiography."

11394:"Jewish community centers in US receive nearly 50 bomb threats in 2017 so far" 11022: 8136: 7235:

31 physical assaults, 315 incidents of vandalism and 405 cases of harassment.

7123:

in the late 1930s indicated the intensity of attacks on the Jewish community.

4200:

The earlier waves of immigration and immigration restriction were followed by

12914: 12493: 10405: 10284:"The Jewish Traveler: Los Angeles - Hadassah Magazine | HadassahMagazine.org" 9902: 9718: 9185: 8585: 8562: 8502: 7431: 7398: 7374: 7278: 7258: 7128: 7029: 6983: 6979: 6395: 6361: 6317: 6305: 6172: 6152: 6076: 5960: 5914: 5895: 5875: 5729: 5689: 5665: 5586: 5295: 5195: 5175: 5171: 4989: 4894: 4825: 4790: 4674: 4583: 4441: 4354: 4350: 4334: 4228: 4201: 4055: 3944: 3939: 3145: 3072: 2598: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2427: 2405: 2357: 2119: 1958: 1863: 1825: 1776: 1613: 1556: 1540: 45: 41: 30: 11519:

Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830-1914

11111: 7979: 7898: 6217:, where an estimated 20–25 percent of the population are of Jewish descent. 5070:, they organized protest meetings, issued publicity, and met with President 12469:

How We Lived, 1880-1930: A Documentary History of Immigrant Jews in America

12185:

Gordon, Lewis R. "Rarely kosher: Studying Jews of color in North America."

11419:

https://www.jns.org/the-worst-eruption-of-antisemitism-in-american-history/

10316: 9588:

2001 89(1): 61–89; Joyce Fine, "American Radio Coverage of the Holocaust,"

9402:

White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics

8438: 8267:

A Jewish Colonel in the Civil War: Marcus M. Spiegel of the Ohio Volunteers

8237: 8116: 7239: 7171: 7151: 7112: 7101: 6725:

Core Jewish population as a % of the total U.S. population since 1790:

6357: 6275: 6123: 5937: 5906: 5832: 5813: 5705: 5654: 5648: 5549: 5343: 5278:, LGBT rights activist and politician, were famous Jewish San Franciscans. 5263: 5059: 5010: 4910: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4829: 4591: 4491: 4461: 4417: 4300: 4213: 4178: 4146: 3974: 3800: 3641: 3636: 3594: 3547: 2641: 2508: 2493: 2452: 2417: 2030: 1872: 1617: 10720: 10234:

To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A.

8669:"Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis" 5338:

The rapid assimilation into American culture of recent immigrants, dubbed

5093: 12464: 11577:

Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present

9560:

Buried by The Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Important Newspaper

9457:

Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the present

9345: 8866: 8636: 8578:

Jewish women pioneering the frontier trail a history in the American West

7879:

Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers, 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary

7818: 7505:, includes information about the history of insignia for Jewish chaplains 7247: 7189:

The 2005 Anti-Defamation League survey includes data on the attitudes of

7040: 6975: 6369: 6259: 6229:

After 1945 many northeastern Jews moved to Florida, especially to Miami,

6028: 5956: 5910: 5636: 5458:

On November 25, 1915, two months after Frank was lynched, a group led by

5434: 5304: 5275: 4865: 4730: 4525: 4479: 4366: 4221: 4186: 4078: 3959: 3901: 3566: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2432: 1560: 12267: 12233: 11881: 11850:

Brownsville, Brooklyn: blacks, Jews, and the changing face of the ghetto

11833:

To the golden cities: Pursuing the American Jewish dream in Miami and LA

9985:"America's First Female Rabbi Reflects on Four Decades Since Ordination" 9910: 9886: 9318: 9209:

Good Americans: Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War

8295:(eds. Jonathan D. Sarna & Adam Mendelsohn), NYU Press: 2010, p. 240. 7282:

released the contents of a report which was originally published by the

5849:

American Jews voted 90% against the Republicans and supported Democrats

5286: 5166:, Jews were excluded from the French territory of Louisiana until 1803. 4559:

History of Jewish education in the United States before the 20th century

4216:, who primarily immigrated to the United States in the aftermath of the 1559:

immigrants from Brazil, Amsterdam, or England, many of them fleeing the

12421:

Central European Jews in America, 1840-1880: Migration and Advancement.

12402: 12212: 12146: 11547: 11536: 11510: 11500: 11490: 11480: 11470: 10616:"Study Claims Jewish Poverty Rate in the U.S. Is Higher Than in Israel" 9389:

What Went Wrong? The Creation and Collapse of the Black-Jewish Alliance

9333:(New York: KTAV, 1973) includes a great deal of undigested information. 9047:

Jews against prejudice: American Jews and the fight for civil liberties

8244:(eds. Jonathan D. Sarna & Adam Mendelsohn), NYU Press: 2010, p. 36. 7382: 7220: 7116: 7007: 6971: 6963: 6346: 5941: 5761: 5083: 4921: 4621:, bringing a liberal, educated population that had experience with the 4145:, and despite worsening conditions for Jews in Europe with the rise of 3617: 2631: 2560: 2518: 2347: 2327: 1886: 1793: 1713: 427: 273: 12161:

Diner, Hasia, and Tony Michels. "Considering American Jewish History"

12066:

Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America.

11819: 9428: 8815:

Ann E. Healy, "Tsarist Anti-Semitism and Russian-American Relations."

7794:"Jewish Migrations to the United States in the Late Twentieth Century" 7791:

Jewish Migrations to the United States in the Late Twentieth Century,

7044: 5820:. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising 5482: 5322:

played an important part in Jewish community life until World War II.

12427:

East European Jews in America, 1880-1920: Immigration and Adaptation.

12031:

Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890-1940

11160:"Nazi-era antisemitic propaganda handed out at pro-Palestinian rally" 11023:"Kansas Jewish Center Shooting Suspect Appears to Yell 'Heil Hitler'" 10591: 8739:

From Hester Street to Hollywood: The Jewish-American Stage and Screen

8070:"Haym Solomon: The Man Behind the Myth of the Dollar's Star of David" 7228: 7140: 7132: 6959: 5685: 5471: 5467: 5415: 5199: 5182:, opened a clothing business in 1844. Isidore Newman established the 5163: 4726: 4586:

did not welcome easily identifiable Jews, but they came in any case.

4421: 4374: 4308: 4157: 4102: 3780: 3765: 2855: 2803: 2565: 2513: 2503: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2085: 1845: 49: 12497: 11622: 10478:

60 (2007): 1803-1866; discrimination p. 1838 and statistics p. 1805.

7422:

A Guide to the National Council of Jewish Women, San Antonio Section

4641: 2533: 12240:

Shul with a Pool: The" synagogue-center" in American Jewish History

11908:

History of antisemitism in the United States § Further reading

11665:

United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 3: The Germanic Period, Part 2.

11602:

Adventure in freedom; three hundred years of Jewish life in America

10344:"7 things to know about the Jews of New York for Tuesday's primary" 8995:"Levi Strauss: The Jewish Immigrant Turned California Entrepreneur" 6263: 6156: 6119: 5945: 5680: 5545: 5179: 5075: 4984: 4734: 4622: 4326: 4276: 3949: 3559: 3491: 2322: 1830: 1781: 1567: 36: 11744:

Metropolitan Jews: politics, race, and religion in postwar Detroit

11680:(2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2007), 775pp; comprehensive coverage by experts; 11563:

Jews of the Pacific Coast: Reinventing Community on America's Edge

11273:. Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations. Archived from 8618:

Jews of the Pacific Coast: Reinventing Community on America's Edge

7412: 7231:

in which the target was Jewish and the alleged motive was hatred.

6241:

The development of Jewish (particularly Orthodox) student life at

6099:, and women's inability to function as witnesses, and to initiate 5086:. In late 1906, Roosevelt appointed the first Jew to the cabinet: 4329:

there, on the condition that he leave on the next passage back to

4149:, these quotas remained in place with minor alterations until the 4054:

From a population of 1,000–2,000 Jewish residents in 1790, mostly

12538:

The Jewish Americans: three centuries of Jewish voices in America

9789:"Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Win the New Hampshire Primaries" 9547:

Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust

7642:

American Jewish Population Estimates 2019: Summary and Highlights

7216: 7168: 6095: 5964: 5615: 5411: 5291: 5041: 5026: 4946: 4890: 4618: 4469: 4330: 4296: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4082: 3925: 3891: 3760: 3554: 2543: 2538: 2410: 2301: 2196: 2192: 2188: 1937: 1932: 1909: 1891: 1766: 1761: 1751: 1729: 1704: 1587: 1586:, and were active in banking in New York. Immigration of Eastern 12605: 12388:

The Jews of the United States, 1790-1840: A Documentary History.

11300:"Anti-Israel Activity on Campus After Operation Protective Edge" 11185:"Anti-Semitic Flyers Surface At Jewish-Owned Business Near UCLA" 10474:

Eli Wald, "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms."

10394:"After Declining, New York City's Jewish Population Grows Again" 8118:

Moses Hazen and the Canadian refugees in the American Revolution

7408:

National Council of Jewish Women, Indianapolis Section, Archives

5598:

In the 1930s, increasing antisemitism in the United States (see

5548:. However their leaders were excluded from the Irish-controlled 4486:, suffered from their association with Continental Army officer 12364:

The Jews of the United States, 1790–1840: A Documentary History

9235:

Jewish Immigrants and World War I: A Study of Yiddish Attitudes

7969: 7224: 7197: 7178:

are significantly more likely to hold antisemitic beliefs than

7136: 6341: 6197:

About 32,000 Jews reside in the Palm Springs area, reports the

6089: 5898:; such a high level of Jewish support has not been seen since. 5835:

settled in the U.S. after expulsion from their home countries.

5140:

in educational, leadership, and civic positions. Predominantly

5030: 4993: 4579: 4346: 4342: 4156:

Jews quickly created support networks consisting of many small

4098: 4086: 4048: 4044: 4036: 3585: 3580: 3540: 3525: 2636: 2528: 1948: 1914: 1900: 1835: 9473:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 209–210. 9363:

Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor

8414: 8412: 6278:

who largely came to the United States in the aftermath of the

6258:

An estimated 20-25 percent of the population of this affluent

5812:

500,000 American Jews (or half of the eligible men) fought in

4633:, in reaction to the perceived liberalness of Reform Judaism. 4412:, the country's oldest surviving synagogue building, stands), 4141:

further tightened and codified these limits. With the ensuing

10984:"Suspect in Jewish center shootings a 'long-time antisemite'" 10157:

Rob Spinney, "The Jewish Community in Nashville, 1939-1949."

8114: 7426:

University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries (UTSA Libraries)

7362: 6966:

includes several Jews among the top 10 wealthiest Americans:

6947: 6178: 6116: 5816:, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of 5387: 5379: 5314:

had a socialist orientation. Left wing organizations such as

5267: 4914: 4897:, which became the second-largest Jewish city in the nation. 4190: 2548: 1977: 1881: 1850: 11612:

Portrait of American Jews: The Last Half of the 20th Century

9786: 9666: 9612:"If You Don't Have Mandatory Holocaust Education, Demand It" 9584:

Felicia Herman, "Hollywood, Nazism, and the Jews, 1933–41."

8981:"History of Jews in San Francisco | American Jerusalem" 8029: 7639: 7295:

Israel's actions to those of the Nazis during the Holocaust.

7158:, anti-Jewish sentiment waned. However, some members of the 5719: 4602:

of 1836, some with Fannin at Goliad, others at San Jacinto.

12262:

Robinson, Ira. "The Invention of American Jewish History."

12116:

The Jewish Unions in America: Pages of History and Memories

11951:

Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America.

11809:

New York Jews and the Decline of Urban Ethnicity, 1950-1970

11661:

United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 2: The Germanic Period.

11657:

United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 1: The Sephardic Period

10249:, "Blood and Sand: the Jewish Community of South Florida." 10097:"Russian Jews in America: Status, Identity and Integration" 8409: 8240:, Overview: The War Between Jewish Brothers in America, in 5753:

While Jews owned few prestigious newspapers other than the

4930: 1700: 1548: 11929:

29.3 (1992): 274-289. doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(92)90039-Y

9843:"Sanders 1st Jewish candidate to win presidential primary" 6345:

magazine survey from the 1980s, which showed that, of the

12568: 12295:

History Lessons: The Creation of American Jewish Heritage

12080:

New York Jews and the Great Depression: Uncertain Promise

11134:"Anti-Semitic Vandalism Found at South Florida Synagogue" 10772:(1999); Monty Noam Penkower, "Shaping Holocaust Memory," 8152:"The 18th-Century Jewish Merchant Prince of Rhode Island" 7649:

Steinhardt Social Research Institute, Brandeis University

5750:

despite obvious flaws in his view of American democracy.

11497:

A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920-1945

11211:"SJP Vassar posts a Nazi World War II propaganda poster" 11074:"SJP Vassar posts a Nazi World War II propaganda poster" 9534:

A Time for Searching: Entering the Mainstream, 1920–1945

8844:

Cutler, Irving. "Jews." Encyclopedia of Chicago History.

8791:

Bulletin of the British Association for American Studies

8575: 7399:

Guide to the National Council of Jewish Women Collection

7039:

After 1960 memories of the Holocaust, together with the

6311: 5021:

fell off in 1870. Though nearly 50,000 Russian, Polish,

4721:, angry at the illegal trade in smuggled cotton, issued 4507:

remembered the Jewish contribution when he wrote to the

4177:, and Jews quickly became part of American life. During 12439:

Transplantations, Transformations, and Reconciliations.

10751:

Steve Siporin, "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore,"

10461: 10459: 8918:

Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life

8752:

An empire of their own: How the Jews invented Hollywood

8642:

An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood

8418: 8178:

Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History

5342:, was a high priority for the established German Jews. 5294:. Most likely taken during May 1, 1909 labor parade in 5094:

Restricting immigration from Eastern Europe – 1924-1965

4725:

expelling Jews from areas under his control in western

12476:

The Jews in America: A Treasury of Art and Literature.

9034:

A fire in their hearts: Yiddish socialists in New York

6994:

Universities has dropped steadily in the past decade.

5928:. The same 2–1 pattern reappeared in 1988 as Democrat 1555:. Early Jewish communities were primarily composed of 12165:(2007) 35#4 pp 9+; short article covers 1970 to 2007. 12109:

The Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature

12036:

Neu, Irene D. "The Jewish Businesswoman in America."

11768:

Zion in the Valley: The Jewish Community of St. Louis

11507:

A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II

11477:

A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820-1880

9974:, Routledge, first published 1997; this edition 2003. 8899:

William M. Kramer, "The Emergence of Oakland Jewry."

8082: 5474:

and Jews were subverting American values and ideals.

1571:

United States of America altered these demographics.

12523:

University Press of New England, 2004; 371 pp.

12024:

At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews.

11785:

On middle ground: a history of the Jews of Baltimore

11619:

Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia,

11585:

Jewish-American history and culture: an encyclopedia

10518:"Jewish Population in the United States, Nationally" 10456: 9787:

Patrick Healy; Jonathan Martin (February 10, 2016).

8710: 7446: 7250:". Later that month a sprayed swastika was found in 7050: 6129: 6115:

in Cincinnati, thus becoming America's first female

5977:

on February 9, 2016, by 22.4% of the vote (60.4% to

5258:

Jews formed a community in San Francisco during the

5105: 4785:, were elected in 1845 (although Yulee converted to 4307:

in 1621. According to Leon Huhner, Legarde was from

3564: 3545: 1968: 12499:

The Reform Judaism Reader: North American Documents

12415:

The Colonial and Early National Periods, 1654-1840.

12223:

American Jewish orthodoxy in historical perspective

11826:

City of promises: A history of the Jews of New York

11487:

A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920

11467:

A Time for Planting: The First Migration, 1654-1820

10862:"Xenophobia on the Continent - Pew Research Center" 9341: 9339: 9127:

B'nai B'rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership

9097:

Diner, The Jews of the United States 135-40, 173-82

8778:

A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880-1920

7944:"A "portion of the People" | Harvard Magazine" 7661:

A total of 7.5 million people in the US are Jewish.

7198:

building of an Islamic cultural center and a mosque

10200:"Seniors Opting to Go West, Build New Jewish Life" 10011: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 8423:. Rochlin, Fred, 1923-. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 7432:National Council of Jewish Women, New York Section 6027:A lively internal debate commenced, following the 6010: 4812:History of investment banking in the United States 4043:. Few ever returned to Europe, although many have 1648:—and shrinking as a result of low birth rates and 11942:The Presidents of the United States and the Jews. 11814:Levinson, Robert E. "American Jews in the West." 11676:Norwood, Stephen H., and Eunice G. Pollack, eds. 11671:(Wayne State University Press, 1989–1993) 3119pp. 11561:Eisenberg, Ellen, Ava F. Kahn, and William Toll, 11544:A New Promised Land: A History of Jews in America 10884:"ADL reports downtrend in anti-Semitic incidents" 10702:For a dissenting opinion, see Jonathan D. Sarna, 10369:"Jewish Population in the United States by State" 10174:Legacy: A Biography of Moses and Walter Annenberg 9246: 8202: 8200: 7697:". In Sheskin, Ira M.; Dashefsky, Arnold (eds.). 7603:". In Sheskin, Ira M.; Dashefsky, Arnold (eds.). 7299:A survey which was published in February 2015 by 6109:Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion 5421:In response to attacks on Jews, in October 1913, 4924:helped to build railroads across Colorado, while 12912: 11983:Jewish girls coming of age in America, 1860-1920 9336: 9154: 8616:Ellen Eisenberg, Ava F. Kahn, and William Toll, 7692: 7598: 7394:Other collections and archives can be found at: 7081:issued an order (quickly rescinded by President 4973: 1652:. The largest Jewish population centers are the 12317:. New York; London: NYU Press. pp. 52–61. 11969:The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820-1870 11242:"Hate crimes spike against Jews, Muslims: NYPD" 10568:"How income varies among U.S. religious groups" 9836: 9834: 9723: 9653: 9429:Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman (2013). 8542: 8482: 7700:The American Jewish Year Book, 2018, Volume 118 7606:The American Jewish Year Book, 2018, Volume 118 6325:makes the Jewish experience in America unique. 12314:The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide 12017:GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation 11617:Hyman, Paula E., and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. 10305: 10303: 9948: 9946: 9130:. State University of New York Press. p. 8280:Jews Fight the Ban on Rabbis as Army Chaplains 8197: 7061:Geography of antisemitism § United States 5878:, and in 1964, 90% of American Jews voted for 5700:The United States' tight immigration policies 5266:, founder of the first company to manufacture 5048: 4339:twenty-three Jews from the Sephardic community 29:For contemporary American Jewish culture, see 12589: 11857:The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914 11688:Jews and Gentiles in Early America: 1654-1800 9880: 9878: 9523:(William D. Rubinstein, "The Myth of Rescue") 9181:"The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan" 8531:Jeans: a cultural history of an American icon 7812:National Jewish Population Survey 2000-2001, 7589: 5870:43% in 1920. In 1960, 83% voted for Democrat 5621: 5194:was the first female physician in Louisiana. 4224:who came after the fall of the Soviet Union. 4016: 1520: 12483:The Jew in the American World: A Source Book 12125: 11794:(New York UP, 2013), Gotham is New York City 11104:"Antisemitic Incidents in the United States" 10640:"Dispelling the Myth About Jews and Poverty" 10537: 9964: 9831: 9601:Davis S. Wyman Institute; The New York Times 8598:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8451:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7693:Sheskin, Ira M.; Dashefsky, Arnold (2018). " 7599:Sheskin, Ira M.; Dashefsky, Arnold (2018). " 7065:History of antisemitism in the United States 6253: 5917:, garnered 39%, and 14% went to independent 5600:History of Antisemitism in the United States 5247: 5202:'s favorite architect, and designed the new 5125: 5090:, becoming Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 5000:to the safety of the U.S. from 1881 to 1924. 4758: 11990:A Portrait of the American Jewish Community 11890:110#4 (2015) pp. 463-488 in 19203 and 1930s 11783:Goldstein, Eric L., and Deborah R. Weiner. 11751:The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. 11629:The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism 11552:Diner, Hasia R. and Benderly, Beryl Lieff. 10300: 9943: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9350:The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 6958:(32%), though owing to their numbers, more 6192: 6045:Jews proved to be strong supporters of the 5890:but his paternal grandparents were Jewish. 5675: 4549:would never become as common as in Europe. 2260:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 12596: 12582: 12488: 12451:America, American Jews, and the Holocaust. 12303: 11728:Abramovitch, Ilana and Galvin, Sean, eds. 11597:(1957, revised 1972), classic in sociology 10018:. Hebrew Union College Press. p. 20. 9875: 9290:A concise history of American antisemitism 8901:Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly 8602:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8515:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8455:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8083:Cooksey, Elizabeth B. (January 11, 2008). 7363:Jewish historical archives and collections 6262:suburb is Jewish, and about 20 percent is 6179:Local developments 20th and 21st centuries 5232: 4272:, is America's oldest surviving synagogue. 4023: 4009: 1527: 1513: 12371:"The Jews: Next Year in Which Jerusalem" 12354: 11583:Fischel, Jack, and Sanford Pinsker, eds. 10933:"Swastika carved into UNM dorm room door" 9884: 9780: 9694:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise 9293:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 101. 9159:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 105. 8914:"Digital Archive: New Orleans, Louisiana" 8291:Robert N. Rosen, Jewish Confederates, in 7899:"Boston Jews Petition for First Cemetery" 7703:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 251–348. 7609:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 251–348. 6093:, the exemption from positive time-bound 5780:(D; New York). This also failed to pass. 5720:American Jewish response to The Holocaust 5514: 5157: 12612:History of the Jews in the United States 12521:The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook 12341:Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory 12242:(University Press of New England, 1999.) 11976:American Reform Judaism: An Introduction 11756:Deutsch, Nathaniel, and Michael Casper. 11702: 11533:The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 11334: 11309:. Anti Defamation League. Archived from 11239: 10956: 10038: 9770:"New Hampshire Primary Election Results" 9675: 9471:The Jews of the United States, 1654-2000 8421:Pioneer Jews: a new life in the Far West 8326: 8210:. Texancultures.utsa.edu. Archived from 7524:History of the Jews in Greater Cleveland 7514:History of the Jews in the American West 7413:National Council of Jewish Women Records 6929: 6236: 6075:can be traced to the early 1970s in the 5788:laws requiring teaching of the Holocaust 5679: 5481: 5433:. The Leo Frank affair was mentioned by 5405: 5285: 4983: 4640: 4386:Thirteen British North American colonies 4379: 4333:. In September 1654, shortly before the 4275: 4260: 4207:Historical Jewish population comparisons 35: 12569:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 12457:American Zionism: Mission and Politics. 11678:Encyclopedia of American Jewish history 11565:(University of Washington Press, 2009) 11049:"Swastika painted on Jewish man's home" 10561: 10559: 10005: 9862:See American Jewish Historical Society 9692:"Jewish Vote In Presidential Elections" 9604: 9286: 8935: 8620:(University of Washington Press, 2009) 7583: 7546:History of the Jews in Colonial America 7536:History of the Jews in southern Florida 7503:United States military chaplain symbols 7325: Jewish institution / school (11%) 7115:in the 1920s, the antisemitic works of 6266:. About a quarter of the membership of 6183: 5281: 4582:explorers arrived in the 16th century. 4257:History of the Jews in Colonial America 4151:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 1541:Jewish communities in the United States 60:This article is part of a series on the 14: 12913: 12399:Jews in America: A Contemporary Reader 12195: 11636:The American Jew, 1585-1990: a history 11240:Jamieson, Amber (September 11, 2014). 10881: 10391: 10130: 10094: 9887:"Exceptionalism and Jewish Liberalism" 9435:. Harvard UP. pp. 53–63, 148–50. 9413: 8682:(7). Minnesota Historical Society: 259 8388: 7838:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7541:History of the Jews in Omaha, Nebraska 6414: 6375:Very few Jewish lawyers were hired by 5148: 4875: 4775:United States House of Representatives 12926:History of the United States by topic 12577: 12333:In Search of American Jewish Culture. 12101:(Wayne State University Press, 2011). 12092:In Search of American Jewish Culture. 11895:Jews of Florida: Centuries of stories 10959:"Swastika scratched on student's car" 10859: 10197: 10170: 10065: 9840: 9468: 9123: 9110:1976 66(1): 89-105; Peter M. Ascoli, 8666: 8395:. Taylor & Francis. p. 236. 8359:When General Grant Expelled the Jews 7695:United States Jewish Population, 2018 7601:United States Jewish Population, 2018 6312:Rise to affluence in the 20th century 5410:In 1913, a Jewish factory manager in 4515:, in a letter dated August 17, 1790: 4384:A map of Jewish congregations in the 4091:Jewish diaspora communities of Russia 1683: 1547:, with individuals living in various 12478:Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, (1994) 12230:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 12038:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 11995:Maisel, Sandy, and Ira Forman, eds. 11690:(University of Michigan Press. 2005) 11647:The American Jewish woman, 1654-1980 10957:McCarthy, Ciara (January 14, 2014). 10770:The Americanization of the Holocaust 10556: 10309: 9999:"University of Southern Mississippi" 9729:Mark R. Levy and Michael S. Kramer, 9667:Jonathan D. Sarna; Jonathan Golden. 9315:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 9173: 9108:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 8471:The Jews in the California Gold Rush 8330:The New Hampshire State Constitution 7566:History of the Jews in New York City 7389: 6389: 6296:History of the Jews in New York City 6199:United Jewish Congress of the Desert 5790:are on the books in 16 U.S. states. 5702:were not lifted during the Holocaust 5498:Of greatest concern to Jews was the 5254:History of the Jews in San Francisco 5110: 4668:who fought for the Union, including 4431: 4089:made life untenable. They came from 18:Immigration of Eastern European Jews 12559:Timeline of American Jewish History 12257:The Holocaust and collective memory 12225:(KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 1996) 11901: 9841:Krieg, Gregory (February 5, 2016). 8149: 8115:Everest, Allan S. (Allan Seymour). 8076: 8043: 7531:History of the Jews in Pennsylvania 7367: 7343: Private building / area (12%) 4824:. Important banking firms included 4701:Secretary of War of the Confederacy 4629:(out of German Reform Judaism) and 4129:, and congressional studies by the 24: 12554:American Jewish Historical Society 12348: 11775:Journal of American Ethnic History 11703:Sharfman, Rabbi I. Harold (1977). 11699:(2004), standard scholarly history 11528:(Oxford UP, 1999), a short summary 11448: 11335:Kosmin, Barry A.; Keysar, Ariela. 11265: 10842:. Haaretz.com. Reuters. 2009-10-29 10813:. Time. 2010-08-18. Archived from 9742:Sandy Maisel and Ira Forman, eds. 9562:(Cambridge University Press, 2005) 7436:American Jewish Historical Society 6409: 6270:, a prominent synagogue in nearby 6060: 5575:in 1933 and Supreme Court Justice 5333: 5134: 4980:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 4464:joined the New York branch of the 4349:, then a Dutch colony, arrived in 470: Modern Era 25: 12937: 12547: 12075:(Rutgers University Press, 2010). 11799:When Harlem was Jewish, 1870-1930 10565: 9416:Anti-Semitism in American history 9157:Jews in American Politics: Essays 8741:(Indiana University Press, 1983). 8576:Abrams, Jeanne E., 1951- (2006). 8028:. Jews In America. Archived from 7069:African American–Jewish relations 7057:Antisemitism in the United States 7051:Antisemitism in the United States 6130:Immigration from the Soviet Union 6083:, who has focused on feminism in 6041:Jews in the civil rights movement 5988: 5833:Jewish refugees from Arab nations 5394:. His major contributions to the 5106:Local developments 1600s to 1900s 4773:. The first Jewish member of the 4235:, of which the most numerous are 2051:Historical population comparisons 12895: 12894: 12617: 12604: 12564:Jews and the Founding of America 12433:American Jewish Life, 1920-1990. 12001:with voting statistics on p. 153 11927:Explorations in Economic History 11424: 11412: 11386: 11361: 11328: 11292: 11259: 11233: 11203: 11177: 11152: 11126: 11096: 11066: 11041: 11006: 10976: 10950: 10925: 10900: 10875: 10853: 10828: 10803: 10791: 10779: 10758: 10745: 10732: 10709: 10696: 10682: 10657: 10632: 10608: 10584: 10531: 10510: 10481: 10468: 10447: 10438: 10418: 10385: 10361: 10336: 10276: 10263: 10240: 10222: 10191: 10164: 10151: 10124: 10088: 10082:10.1111/j.1541-1338.2006.00207.x 10059: 10032: 10012:Zola, Gary Phillip, ed. (1996). 9991: 9977: 9955: 9930: 9917: 9856: 9809: 9762: 9749: 9736: 9705: 9640: 9631: 9618: 9595: 9578: 9565: 9552: 9539: 9526: 9517: 9496: 9487: 8483:Diner, Hasia R. (January 2015). 8419:Rochlin, Harriet, 1924- (1984). 8293:Jews and the Civil War: A Reader 8242:Jews and the Civil War: A Reader 7477: 7463: 7449: 7242:arrived at the Jewish center of 7013: 6285: 5975:New Hampshire Democratic primary 5909:by 71% over incumbent president 5696:for special services and prayer. 5564:, giving special support to the 5357:National Council of Jewish Women 5054:cause of Jews in Russia. Led by 4959:Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Society 4341:in the Netherlands, coming from 2695:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2609:Historical population by country 1495: 1486: 1485: 1447: 1446: 77: 12393:Farber, Roberta Rosenberg, and 10540:"World Jewish Population, 2010" 9462: 9449: 9422: 9418:. University of Illinois Press. 9407: 9394: 9381: 9368: 9355: 9323: 9307: 9280: 9267: 9240: 9227: 9214: 9201: 9189:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 9148: 9117: 9100: 9091: 9078: 9065: 9060:The Americanization of the Jews 9052: 9039: 9026: 9012: 8987: 8973: 8960: 8906: 8893: 8879: 8860: 8847: 8838: 8822: 8809: 8796: 8783: 8770: 8757: 8744: 8731: 8703: 8694: 8660: 8648: 8630: 8610: 8569: 8536: 8523: 8476: 8463: 8392:American Jewish life, 1920-1990 8382: 8373: 8364: 8351: 8320: 8307: 8298: 8285: 8272: 8260: 8247: 8231: 8225: 8184: 8169: 8143: 8108: 8085:"Mordecai Sheftall (1735-1797)" 8062: 8018: 7994: 7983: 7936: 7925: 7913: 7891: 7882: 7873: 7864: 7855: 6292:History of the Jews in New York 6034: 6011:Creation of the State of Israel 5688:on West Twenty-Third Street in 5642: 5429:(ADL) under the sponsorship of 5362: 5320:Jewish People's Fraternal Order 5239:History of the Jews in New York 4957:, was established by the local 4717:In December 1862 Major General 4552: 4250: 4173:and integration into the wider 12082:(Yale University Press, 1996) 11840:American Jewish Life, 1920-199 11604:(1954), by a leading scholar. 10882:Wilner, Michael (2013-07-22). 10797:Anti-Defamation League Survey 10785:Anti-Defamation League Survey 10776:2000 88(1): 127–132. 0164-0178 10768:(1999); Hilene Flanzbaum, ed. 10766:The Holocaust in American Life 10755:1990 22(3): 230–242. 0749-5471 10273:1987 76(4): 391-415. 0164-0178 10161:1993 52(4): 225-241. 0040-3261 10159:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 9626:The Holocaust in American Life 9590:Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual 9058:Robert M. Seltzer et al. eds. 8970:(U of California Press, 2009). 8804:Presidential Studies Quarterly 8473:(Ktav Publishing House, 1978). 7846: 7806: 7785: 7769: 7746: 7733: 7686: 7668: 7498:Jewish American Heritage Month 7156:American Civil Rights Movement 6047:American Civil Rights Movement 6018: 5477: 5400:Museum of Science and Industry 5117:History of the Jews in Chicago 5100:National Origins Quota of 1924 4870:J. & W. Seligman & Co. 4494:) during his defection to the 4127:Immigration Restriction League 4077:Between 1880 and the start of 1576:Jewish community of Charleston 13: 1: 12344:(U of Washington Press, 2012) 12118:(Open Book Publishers, 2018) 11866:(U of California Press, 2009) 11722: 11682:excerpt and text search vol 1 10753:Western States Jewish History 10742:1997 85(1): 75–100. 0164-0178 10392:Berger, Joseph (2012-06-11). 10045:. Syracuse University Press. 9277:(2003), 68-69, 76, 79, 167-69 8876:1995 15(2): 83-104. 0275-7664 8711:Robert Moses Shapiro (2003). 8580:. New York University Press. 8257:, Branden Books: 1997, p. 57. 7741:The Jews of the United States 7551:History of the Jews in Dallas 7331: Non-Jewish school (12%) 7313: Private residence (22%) 5953:2000 US Presidential Election 4974:Immigration of Ashkenazi Jews 4448:, with some enlisting in the 4295:, a Spanish conquistador and 4231:are divided into a number of 2266:Christianity and Judaism 12311:. In Jack Wertheimer (ed.). 11919:1982 75 page version, online 11888:Maryland Historical Magazine 11878:Michigan Sociological Review 11824:Moore, Deborah Dash, et al. 11816:Western Historical Quarterly 11539:, standard scholarly history 11460:The Jewish People in America 10860:Kohut, Andrew (2008-10-30). 9972:History of Jewish Philosophy 9940:96 (Sept. 2010), pp 175–200. 9819:. The Week. February 9, 2016 9124:Moore, Deborah Dash (1981). 7676:"The Vanishing American Jew" 7556:History of Jews in San Diego 7119:, and the radio speeches of 7104:, and universities, such as 6377:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant 5940:and 9% going to independent 5608:New Jersey College for Women 5330:such as fighting prejudice. 5224:History of the Jews in Maine 4968: 4931:Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society 4636: 4490:(Franks served Arnold as an 4426:Congregation Shearith Israel 4125:sentiment, the birth of the 945:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 12178:Fried, Lewis, et al., eds. 11897:(Arcadia Publishing, 2020). 11869:Sarna, Jonathan D., et al. 11852:(U of Chicago Press, 2002). 11746:(U of Chicago Press, 2015). 11697:American Judaism: A History 10704:American Judaism: A History 10198:Klein, Amy (May 20, 2009). 10171:Ogden, Christopher (1999). 10134:The Soviet Jewish Americans 10039:Feingold, Henry L. (2007). 9592:1988 5: 145–165. 0741-8450. 9575:2000 88(1): 3-51. 0164-0178 9253:. Syracuse UP. p. 13. 8780:(1995) pp 200–206, 302–303. 8547:. Wayne State Univ. Press. 8389:Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1998). 8327:Marshall, Susan E. (2011). 8315:American Judaism: A History 7519:History of the Jews in Ohio 7442: 6002:Most of the discussions of 5882:; his Republican opponent, 5838: 5349:Jewish Theological Seminary 5049:Response to Russian pogroms 4939:Jewish Agricultural Society 4745:Jews appealed to President 3565: 3546: 3273:Latin America and Caribbean 1969: 10: 12942: 11905: 11842:(Routledge, 2013). 35-50. 11453: 10719:Volume: 93#1 2007. pp 1+. 10688:From national exit polls, 10430:, Basic Books, 1983, p 98. 9927:96 (Sept. 2010), pp 201–24 9759:. Retrieved July 15, 2021. 9247:Henry L. Feingold (2007). 8737:Sarah Blacher Cohen, ed., 8095:Georgia Humanities Council 7901:. Mass Moments. 4 May 2008 7200:in New York City near the 7162:and some members of other 7054: 6393: 6289: 6064: 6038: 5932:had 64%, while victorious 5842: 5807: 5692:remained open 24 hours on 5664:as the ship waited in the 5646: 5622:Refugees from Nazi Germany 5251: 5236: 5221: 5178:, a Jewish immigrant from 5114: 4977: 4809: 4805: 4762: 4712:Emile Erlanger and Company 4556: 4398:Charleston, South Carolina 4254: 4169:Leaders of the time urged 4072:Christian German migration 3878:Jewish political movements 3575:Conversion to Judaism 1616:and, after 1970, from the 28: 12892: 12627: 12481:Marcus, Jacob Rader, ed. 12445:Anti-Semitism in America. 12338:Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim. 12309:"American Jewish History" 12126:Historiography and memory 12107:, and Michael P. Kramer. 11997:Jews in American Politics 10544:University of Connecticut 10428:Ethnic America: a History 10348:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 10310:West, Kevin (July 2009). 10177:. Boston: Little, Brown. 10131:Orleck, Annelise (1999). 10069:Review of Policy Research 9744:Jews in American Politics 9414:Gerber, David A. (1986). 9222:Pacific Historical Review 8857:1995 54: 59-77. 0043-325x 8545:Jews of the American west 8051:A "portion of the People" 7319: College campus (7%) 7265:case of this occurred in 7257:As a result of operation 7131:in 1902, the lynching of 6429:— 6254:Beverly Hills, California 5948:and 3% supporting Perot. 5845:American Jews in politics 5793: 5558:Liberal Party of New York 5524:movements as well as the 5462:burned a cross on top of 5248:San Francisco, California 5126:Clarksburg, West Virginia 4759:Participation in politics 4369:and his superiors at the 4293:Luis de Carabajal y Cueva 4081:in 1914, about 2,000,000 2281:Hinduism and Judaism 12505:. New York: UAHC Press. 12441:vol. 5. (1998). 1375 pp. 12429:vol. 3. (1998). 1295 pp. 12417:, vol. 1 (1998). 486 pp. 12407:Gurock, Jeffrey S., ed. 12285:American Jewish Archives 12153:American Jewish Archives 12040:66 (1976–1977): 137–153. 11268:"2013 Hate crime report" 10520:. Jewish Virtual Library 10373:jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9938:American Jewish History, 9925:American Jewish History, 9885:Dollinger, Marc (2002). 9864:2010 Scholars Conference 9469:Diner, Hasia R. (2006). 9287:Michael, Robert (2005). 8667:Lewin, Rhoda G. (1979). 8543:Rischin, Moses. (1992). 8090:New Georgia Encyclopedia 7028:movement established by 6224: 6206:access to his facility. 6193:Palm Springs, California 6111:on June 3, 1972, at the 6073:Jewish feminist movement 6071:In its modern form, the 5774:House of Representatives 5764:, 400, mostly Orthodox, 5676:Immigration restrictions 5500:tsarist regime in Russia 5217: 4436:By the beginning of the 4394:colony of South Carolina 4371:Dutch West India Company 4317:Powell's Creek, Virginia 4227:On a theological level, 2107:Temple in Jerusalem 1800:Bar and bat mitzvah 1635:Antisemitism in the U.S. 448: 426: 404: 393: 371: 360: 338: 327: 316: 305: 283: 272: 261: 239: 217: 206: 184: 173: 151: 140: 12921:Jewish-American history 12467:and Kenneth Libo, eds. 12459:vol. 8. (1998). 489 pp. 12447:vol. 6. (1998). 909 pp. 12435:vol. 4. (1998). 370 pp. 12423:vol. 2. (1998). 392 pp. 12409:American Jewish History 12403:excerpt and text search 12264:American Jewish History 12249:103.4 (2013): 556-579. 12247:Jewish Quarterly Review 12189:100.1 (2016): 105-116. 12187:American Jewish History 12182:(Greenwood Press, 1988) 12170:American Jewish History 12133:Jewish Quarterly Review 12059:American Jewish History 12045:American Jewish History 11988:Linzer, Norman, et al. 11962:excerpt and text search 11627:Kaplan, Dana Evan, ed. 11548:excerpt and text search 11537:excerpt and text search 11511:excerpt and text search 11501:excerpt and text search 11491:excerpt and text search 11481:excerpt and text search 11471:excerpt and text search 10774:American Jewish History 10740:American Jewish History 10717:American Jewish History 10271:American Jewish History 10251:American Jewish History 9891:American Jewish History 9586:American Jewish History 9573:American Jewish History 9207:Christopher M. Sterba, 9086:American Jewish History 8806:(1989), 19#1 pp. 71-78. 8700:Hardwick (2002), pg. 13 8335:Oxford University Press 8194:(2004) ch. 2 and p. 374 8156:Jewish Telegraph Agency 8059:, January–February 2003 7337: Public area (35%) 7276:In September 2014, the 7202:World Trade Center site 7184:antisemitic stereotypes 6004:American Exceptionalism 5670:Immigration Act of 1924 5530:American labor movement 5233:New York City, New York 5074:and Secretary of State 5013:and other areas of the 4935:Baron Maurice de Hirsch 4139:Immigration Act of 1924 4133:from 1907 to 1911. The 2069:Twelve Tribes of Israel 966:Middle Eastern American 788:Technology and industry 12837:Southern United States 12519:Staub, Michael E. ed. 12453:vol. 7 (1998). 486 pp. 12375:April 10, 1972, online 12331:Whitfield, Stephen J. 12287:50.1/2 (1998): 10–21. 12172:97.3 (2013): 235-258. 12155:50#1/2 (1998): 28–39. 12135:105.1 (2015): 99-129. 11848:Pritchett, Wendell E. 11373:Anti Defamation League 10963:The Daily Northwestern 10493:Jewish Virtual Library 10312:"The Persian Conquest" 9049:. (Columbia U., 1997). 8947:Jewish Virtual Library 8874:Great Plains Quarterly 8053:", Nell Porter Brown, 7297: 7252:Price Hill, Cincinnati 6935: 6051:Abraham Joshua Heschel 5874:, a Catholic, against 5801:Abraham Joshua Heschel 5770:William Warren Barbour 5734:Arthur Hays Sulzberger 5697: 5515:1930s and World War II 5487: 5427:Anti-Defamation League 5299: 5272:Levi Strauss & Co. 5158:New Orleans, Louisiana 5001: 4903:Deadwood, South Dakota 4803: 4756: 4743: 4653: 4522: 4509:Sephardic congregation 4389: 4289: 4273: 4058:who had immigrated to 4041:antisemitism in Europe 1605:Refugees arrived from 1078:Admission to the Union 53: 12360:Baron, Salo Wittmayer 12143:Jewish Social Studies 12089:Whitfield, Stephen J. 12047:89#4 (2001): 355–381. 12022:Moore, Deborah Dash. 12015:Moore, Deborah Dash. 12005:Marinari, Maddalena. 11913:Brumberg, Stephan F. 11906:Further information: 11893:Zerivitz, Marcia Jo. 11831:Moore, Deborah Dash. 11818:5.3 (1974): 285–294. 11742:Berman, Lila Corwin. 11655:Marcus, Jacob Rader. 11645:Marcus, Jacob Rader. 11634:Marcus, Jacob Rader. 11606:online free to borrow 11589:online free to borrow 10592:"The Forbes 400 2021" 10253:1994 82(1-4): 73-96. 9387:See Murray Friedman, 9073:Jewish Social Studies 8855:West Virginia History 8819:42.3 (1983): 408-425. 8767:(1971) 33#3 pp 13-22. 8765:Jewish Social Studies 7780:A History of the Jews 7561:Jews in New York City 7493:List of American Jews 7292: 7267:Westwood, Los Angeles 6933: 6401:Historical population 6237:Princeton, New Jersey 5851:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5683: 5566:Civil Rights Movement 5485: 5406:Lynching of Leo Frank 5396:University of Chicago 5392:National Urban League 5289: 5192:Elizabeth D. A. Cohen 4987: 4978:Further information: 4810:Further information: 4798: 4763:Further information: 4751: 4739: 4714:for the Confederacy. 4683:quartermaster general 4675:Abraham Charles Myers 4644: 4536:barriers, as did the 4517: 4513:Newport, Rhode Island 4383: 4363:Dutch Reformed Church 4361:tried to enhance his 4284:, built in 1714 near 4279: 4270:Newport, Rhode Island 4264: 4160:and Ashkenazi Jewish 4131:Dillingham Commission 2815:São Tomé and Príncipe 2810:Republic of the Congo 2204:Second Temple Judaism 2075:Kingdom of Judah 2046:Modern historiography 1612:during and after the 1610:communities in Europe 1574:Until the 1830s, the 1069:Territorial evolution 362:Post-World War II Era 39: 12380:Salo Wittmayer Baron 12272:Schreier, Benjamin. 11981:Klapper, Melissa R. 11811:(Syracuse UP, 2001). 11777:34.3 (2015): 34-57. 11707:. Chicago: Regnery. 11623:complete text online 11509:, (Volume 5) (1992) 10465:Shapiro, pp. 117–118 10433:See also Krefetz p 8 10247:Stephen J. Whitfield 10095:Kliger, Sam (2004). 9193:on August 19, 2008. 9088:1995 83(2): 177-203. 8828:Maddalena Marinari, 8717:. KTAV. p. 18. 8469:Robert E. Levinson, 8361:(2012), Introduction 7584:Notes and references 7457:United States portal 7428:Special Collections. 7089:General Order No. 11 6381:white-shoe law firms 6243:Princeton University 6184:Nashville, Tennessee 6107:was ordained by the 5573:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 5554:American Labor Party 5445:John Marshall Slaton 5384:Booker T. Washington 5316:The Workmen's Circle 5282:Progressive movement 5260:California Gold Rush 5168:Abraham Cohen Labatt 4883:California Gold Rush 4771:Damascus Blood Libel 4723:General Order No. 11 4631:Conservative Judaism 4574:have been a part of 4424:. In New York City, 4241:Conservative Judaism 4233:Jewish denominations 3917:World Agudath Israel 3058:United Arab Emirates 2145:Second Temple period 2135:Babylonian captivity 992:Palestinian American 208:Era of Good Feelings 153:Confederation period 90:Timeline and periods 12474:Karp, Abraham, ed. 12259:(Bloomsbury, 2000). 12114:Wolfthal, Maurice. 12097:Wilhelm, Cornelia. 12061:81#1 (1993): 34–59. 12050:Silverstein, Alan. 11974:Kaplan, Dana Evan. 11859:(Harvard UP, 1977). 11835:(Harvard UP, 1996). 11807:Lederhendler, Eli. 11797:Gurock, Jeffrey S. 11790:Gurock, Jeffrey S. 11695:Sarna, Jonathan D. 11610:Heilman, Samuel C. 11575:Feingold, Henry L. 11505:Shapiro, Edward S. 11495:Feingold, Henry L. 11421:, JNS, October 2023 11280:on 17 December 2014 10572:Pew Research Center 10476:Stanford Law Review 10210:on October 21, 2016 9532:Henry L. Feingold, 9317:57#1 (1967) 52-106 9224:74#3 (2005): 331-66 9075:2002 8(2-3): 61-72. 9036:(Harvard UP, 2009). 8357:Jonathan D. Sarna, 8313:Jonathan D. Sarna, 8253:George E. Berkley, 8175:Alexander DeConde, 7576:Jews in Long Island 7417:Library of Congress 7403:Leo Baeck Institute 7349: Cemetery (1%) 7227:, and 440 cases of 6940:Pew Research Center 6727: 6402: 6322:Stanford University 6316:In 1983, economist 5736:, publisher of the 5662:President Roosevelt 5447:, commuted Frank's 5149:Oakland, California 5068:Stephen Samuel Wise 4891:Seattle, Washington 4876:Western settlements 4779:Lewis Charles Levin 4710:for the Union, and 4545:helped ensure that 4543:American Revolution 4538:U.S. Bill of Rights 4400:has a particularly 4268:, built in 1759 in 4135:Emergency Quota Act 2210:Hellenistic Judaism 1788:Land of Israel 1747:Principles of faith 1650:Jewish assimilation 1553:American Revolution 927:Lithuanian American 878:Vietnamese American 142:American Revolution 12276:(NYU Press, 2015) 12220:Gurock, Jeffrey S. 12213:10.1111/hic3.12033 12197:Gurock, Jeffrey S. 12105:Wirth-Nesher, Hana 12071:Weiner, Melissa F. 12064:Staub, Michael E. 11985:(NYU Press, 2005). 11939:Kolatch, Alfred J. 11880:33 (2019): 46–75. 11871:The Jews of Boston 11828:(NYU Press, 2012). 11787:(JHU Press, 2018). 11739:(JHU Press, 2019). 11499:(Volume 4) (1992) 11479:(Volume 2) (1992) 11469:(Volume 1) (1992) 10888:The Jerusalem Post 10817:on August 22, 2010 10726:2011-08-14 at the 10538:Berman Institute. 10453:Krefetz, pp. 41–44 10398:The New York Times 10229:Deborah Dash Moore 9961:Staub (2004) p. 90 9869:2010-01-06 at the 9793:The New York Times 9774:The New York Times 9757:The New York Times 9712:Abba Hillel Silver 9545:Deborah Lipstadt, 9455:Henry L. Feingold 9233:Joseph Rappaport, 8150:Solomon, Zachary. 8011:2007-09-30 at the 7974:2014-04-19 at the 7964:2013-10-29 at the 7680:The New York Times 7509:Galveston Movement 7379:Robert Oppenheimer 7145:Crown Heights riot 6936: 6723: 6400: 6379:("WASP") upscale, 6280:Islamic Revolution 6157:Brooklyn, New York 6113:Plum Street Temple 5864:General Eisenhower 5743:The New York Times 5698: 5604:Harvard University 5582:New Deal coalition 5562:New Deal coalition 5493:British government 5491:Many regarded the 5488: 5460:William J. Simmons 5423:Sigmund Livingston 5328:progressive causes 5300: 5072:Theodore Roosevelt 5038:Galveston Movement 5019:German immigration 5002: 4697:Secretary of State 4662:brigadier generals 4658:American Civil War 4654: 4651:Clinton, Louisiana 4390: 4290: 4286:Marlboro, New York 4274: 4218:Islamic Revolution 4095:Pale of Settlement 3771:Jewish Koine Greek 3313:Dominican Republic 2594:Judaism by country 2273:Jews and Christmas 2128:Assyrian captivity 1684:Jewish immigration 1654:metropolitan areas 1646:the national total 1622:New Deal coalition 1047:Transgender people 610:Capital punishment 263:Reconstruction Era 54: 12908: 12907: 12494:Plaut, W. Gunther 12490:Meyer, Michael A. 12356:Blau, Joseph Leon 12266:(1994): 309–320. 12232:(1976): 295–309. 11949:Dollinger, Marc. 11917:(Praeger, 1986); 11862:Rosenbaum, Fred. 11766:Ehrlich, Walter. 11735:Bayor, Ronald H. 11730:Jews of Brooklyn. 11686:Pencak, William. 11571:978-0-295-98965-5 11400:. 4 February 2017 11191:. August 14, 2014 10864:. Pewresearch.org 10324:on March 18, 2016 10204:JewishJournal.com 10144:978-0-313-30074-5 10025:978-0-87820-214-0 9731:The Ethnic Factor 9637:Staub (2004) p.80 9536:(1992), pp 225–65 9400:Joshua M. Zeitz, 9374:Ronald H. Bayor, 9329:Zosa Szajkowski, 8676:Minnesota History 8626:978-0-295-98965-5 8494:978-0-300-21019-4 8317:(2004). pp 121-22 8128:978-1-68445-006-0 7719:External link in 7625:External link in 7390:Written resources 7176:African Americans 7164:Black Nationalist 7143:in 1984, and the 6988:Michael Bloomberg 6927: 6923: 6922: 6719: 6718: 6390:Current situation 6337:Edward S. Shapiro 6169:Sunny Isles Beach 6141:Mikhail Gorbachev 5710:Breckinridge Long 5577:Felix Frankfurter 5453:life imprisonment 5212:Hurricane Katrina 5111:Chicago, Illinois 4893:; and especially 4693:Judah P. Benjamin 4670:Marcus M. Spiegel 4568:was established. 4505:George Washington 4477:Brigadier general 4475:; whether or not 4473:Mordecai Sheftall 4438:Revolutionary War 4432:Revolutionary era 4163:Landsmannschaften 4033: 4032: 3982: 3981: 3730: 3729: 3477:Reconstructionist 3421: 3420: 2573: 2572: 2380: 2379: 2217:Jewish–Roman wars 2165:Hasmonean dynasty 2081:Kingdom of Israel 1985: 1984: 1584:Reform synagogues 1537: 1536: 1459: 1458: 1088:American frontier 987:Lebanese American 972:Egyptian American 902:Estonian American 892:Albanian American 886:European American 863:Japanese American 853:Filipino American 477: 476: 450:Post-Cold War Era 107:Pre-Columbian Era 69: 16:(Redirected from 12933: 12898: 12897: 12874:Washington, D.C. 12622: 12621: 12620: 12613: 12608: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12575: 12574: 12536:Wenger, Beth S. 12516: 12504: 12367: 12328: 12305:Wertheimer, Jack 12293:Wenger, Beth S. 12238:Kaufman, David. 12216: 12078:Wenger, Beth S. 11902:Specialty topics 11873:(Yale UP, 2005). 11855:Rischin, Moses. 11760:(Yale UP, 2021) 11749:Cutler, Irving. 11718: 11600:Handlin, Oscar. 11595:American Judaism 11593:Glazer, Nathan. 11517:Cohen, Naomi W. 11475:Diner, Hasia A. 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11428: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11390: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11349:on 18 March 2015 11348: 11341: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11304: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11279: 11272: 11266:Molina, Gloria. 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11217:. 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Grant 6925: 6728: 6722: 6416: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6211:Coachella Valley 6203:Walter Annenberg 6171:neighborhood of 5963:, was chosen by 5778:Samuel Dickstein 5706:Second World War 5629:Stuart Eizenstat 5612:Douglass College 5592:Charles Coughlin 5538:Democratic Party 5442:Georgia governor 5376:Julius Rosenwald 5198:became Governor 5064:Mayer Sulzberger 4887:Portland, Oregon 4858:Salomon Brothers 4822:commercial banks 4818:investment banks 4783:David Levy Yulee 4719:Ulysses S. Grant 4687:Confederate Army 4673:notably Colonel 4645:Grave of Jewish 4600:Texas Revolution 4596:Galveston, Texas 4578:since the first 4458:Francis Salvador 4454:South Carolinian 4450:Continental Army 4359:Peter Stuyvesant 4282:Gomez Mill House 4245:Orthodox Judaism 4175:American culture 4143:Great Depression 4119:Records indicate 4025: 4018: 4011: 3874: 3873: 3755: 3576: 3570: 3551: 3515: 3514: 3462: 3409:New Zealand 3361: 3324:El Salvador 3314: 3246:Northern America 3238: 2832: 2588: 2587: 2499:Crimean Karaites 2395: 2394: 2373: 2371: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2255:Rabbinic Judaism 2236: 2230: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2166: 2159:Maccabean Revolt 2136: 2129: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2076: 2000: 1999: 1974: 1869: 1868: 1801: 1789: 1688: 1687: 1670:Washington, D.C. 1626:Democratic Party 1539:There have been 1529: 1522: 1515: 1499: 1489: 1488: 1450: 1449: 1093:Manifest destiny 1083:Historic regions 1065: 1064: 1005:Native Americans 977:Iranian American 951:Mexican American 937:Serbian American 922:Italian American 907:Finnish American 897:English American 848:Chinese American 835:African American 635:Direct democracy 625:The Constitution 584:Higher education 493:American Century 395:Civil Rights Era 373:Civil Rights Era 329:Great Depression 318:Roaring Twenties 186:Jeffersonian Era 96: 95: 91: 81: 67: 56: 55: 44:(dark green) in 40:Location of the 21: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12930: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12904: 12888: 12826:South Carolina 12623: 12618: 12616: 12611: 12602: 12550: 12513: 12502: 12395:Chaim I. Waxman 12362:, eds. (1963). 12351: 12349:Primary sources 12325: 12255:Novick, Peter. 12201:History Compass 12128: 12094:(1999). 307 pp. 12068:(2002). 392 pp. 12054:(1994). 275 pp. 12029:Morowska, Ewa. 11953:(2000). 296 pp. 11935:Dalin, David G. 11910: 11904: 11732:(2002). 400 pp. 11725: 11715: 11621:2 vol. (2006). 11556:(2002). 462 pp. 11526:Jews in America 11485:Sorin, Gerald. 11456: 11451: 11449:Further reading 11446: 11437: 11435: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11417: 11413: 11403: 11401: 11392: 11391: 11387: 11377: 11375: 11367: 11366: 11362: 11352: 11350: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11302: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11222: 11209: 11208: 11204: 11194: 11192: 11183: 11182: 11178: 11168: 11166: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11141: 11140:. July 28, 2014 11132: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11114:on 30 July 2014 11102: 11101: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11072: 11071: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11032: 11030: 11021: 11018:Wayback Machine 11011: 11007: 10997: 10995: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10967: 10965: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10892: 10890: 10880: 10876: 10867: 10865: 10858: 10854: 10845: 10843: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10820: 10818: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10780: 10763: 10759: 10750: 10746: 10737: 10733: 10728:Wayback Machine 10714: 10710: 10701: 10697: 10687: 10683: 10674: 10672: 10669:Tablet Magazine 10663: 10662: 10658: 10649: 10647: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10624: 10622: 10614: 10613: 10609: 10600: 10598: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10576: 10574: 10564: 10557: 10548: 10546: 10536: 10532: 10523: 10521: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10502: 10500: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10473: 10469: 10464: 10457: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10423: 10419: 10410: 10408: 10390: 10386: 10377: 10375: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10353: 10351: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10327: 10325: 10308: 10301: 10292: 10290: 10282: 10281: 10277: 10268: 10264: 10245: 10241: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10211: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10169: 10165: 10156: 10152: 10145: 10129: 10125: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10099: 10093: 10089: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10037: 10033: 10026: 10010: 10006: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9983: 9982: 9978: 9969: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9951: 9944: 9935: 9931: 9922: 9918: 9883: 9876: 9871:Wayback Machine 9861: 9857: 9839: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9797: 9795: 9785: 9781: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9754: 9750: 9741: 9737: 9728: 9724: 9710: 9706: 9697: 9695: 9690: 9689: 9676: 9665: 9654: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9632: 9623: 9619: 9610: 9609: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9583: 9579: 9570: 9566: 9557: 9553: 9544: 9540: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9509: 9507: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9467: 9463: 9454: 9450: 9443: 9427: 9423: 9412: 9408: 9399: 9395: 9386: 9382: 9373: 9369: 9360: 9356: 9344: 9337: 9328: 9324: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9285: 9281: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9232: 9228: 9219: 9215: 9206: 9202: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9167: 9153: 9149: 9142: 9122: 9118: 9105: 9101: 9096: 9092: 9083: 9079: 9070: 9066: 9057: 9053: 9044: 9040: 9031: 9027: 9018: 9017: 9013: 9004: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8965: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8943:"New York City" 8941: 8940: 8936: 8927: 8925: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8898: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8865: 8861: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8827: 8823: 8814: 8810: 8801: 8797: 8793:9 (1964): 7-23. 8788: 8784: 8775: 8771: 8762: 8758: 8749: 8745: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8635: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8591: 8590: 8574: 8570: 8555: 8541: 8537: 8533:(Gotham, 2007). 8528: 8524: 8508: 8507: 8495: 8481: 8477: 8468: 8464: 8444: 8443: 8431: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8370:Krefetz p 54-55 8369: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8337:. p. 147. 8325: 8321: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8290: 8286: 8278:Patrick Young, 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8252: 8248: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8217: 8215: 8208:"Jewish Texans" 8206: 8205: 8198: 8189: 8185: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8158: 8148: 8144: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8048: 8044: 8035: 8033: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8013:Wayback Machine 7999: 7995: 7988: 7984: 7976:Wayback Machine 7966:Wayback Machine 7953: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7831: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7815:"Archived copy" 7813: 7811: 7807: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7774: 7770: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7738: 7734: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7691: 7687: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7654: 7652: 7644: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7615: 7614: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7392: 7370: 7365: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7301:Trinity College 7259:Protective Edge 7219:, 470 cases of 7180:white Americans 7160:Nation of Islam 7121:Father Coughlin 7083:Abraham Lincoln 7071: 7055:Main articles: 7053: 7025:Menorah Journal 7016: 6968:Mark Zuckerberg 6735: 6398: 6392: 6353:Financial World 6314: 6298: 6290:Main articles: 6288: 6256: 6250:this progress. 6239: 6227: 6195: 6186: 6181: 6159:, specifically 6132: 6079:. According to 6069: 6067:Jewish feminism 6063: 6061:Jewish feminism 6043: 6037: 6021: 6013: 5991: 5983:Barry Goldwater 5979:Hillary Clinton 5930:Michael Dukakis 5903:George McGovern 5892:Hubert Humphrey 5884:Barry Goldwater 5872:John F. Kennedy 5860:Adlai Stevenson 5855:Harry S. Truman 5847: 5841: 5818:suburbanization 5810: 5796: 5738:New York Times, 5722: 5678: 5651: 5645: 5624: 5517: 5480: 5408: 5370:Americanization 5365: 5340:Americanization 5336: 5334:Americanization 5311:Morgen Freiheit 5284: 5256: 5250: 5241: 5235: 5226: 5220: 5162:Because of the 5160: 5151: 5137: 5135:Wichita, Kansas 5128: 5119: 5113: 5108: 5096: 5080:Kishinev pogrom 5051: 4982: 4976: 4971: 4955:Temple Emanu-El 4907:Bisbee, Arizona 4878: 4862:Bache & Co. 4850:Lehman Brothers 4814: 4808: 4787:Episcopalianism 4767: 4761: 4747:Abraham Lincoln 4708:Seligman family 4639: 4604:Dr. Albert Levy 4588:Jao de la Porta 4561: 4555: 4488:Benedict Arnold 4466:Sons of Liberty 4434: 4410:Touro Synagogue 4335:Jewish New Year 4266:Touro Synagogue 4259: 4253: 4183:suburbanization 4029: 3984: 3983: 3871: 3861: 3860: 3851:Judeo-Malayalam 3831:Judaeo-Georgian 3751: 3742: 3732: 3731: 3632:Yiddish theatre 3574: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3460: 3433: 3423: 3422: 3359: 3312: 3236: 2830: 2614:Genetic studies 2585: 2575: 2574: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2369: 2368: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2270: 2265: 2247:and Middle Ages 2245:Rabbinic period 2232: 2226: 2219: 2207: 2178: 2164: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2092:in Judaism 2089: 2074: 1997: 1987: 1986: 1866: 1856: 1855: 1799: 1787: 1732: 1686: 1660:(2.1 million), 1630:social mobility 1533: 1461: 1460: 1062: 1054: 1053: 959:Jewish American 932:Polish American 912:German American 868:Korean American 858:Indian American 829: 821: 820: 675:Merchant Marine 645:Law enforcement 513:Racial violence 487: 479: 478: 285:Progressive Era 93: 89: 70: 68:History of the 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12939: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12906: 12905: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12876: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12839: 12834: 12833: 12832: 12824: 12819: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12802: 12797: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12763: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12706: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12689: 12688: 12687: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12601: 12600: 12593: 12586: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12549: 12548:External links 12546: 12545: 12544: 12534: 12517: 12511: 12486: 12479: 12472: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12454: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12405: 12391: 12384:Joseph L. Blau 12377: 12368: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12336: 12329: 12323: 12301: 12291: 12281: 12270: 12260: 12253: 12243: 12236: 12226: 12217: 12207:(3): 215–226. 12193: 12183: 12176: 12166: 12163:OAH Newsletter 12159: 12149: 12145:(1961): 3–20. 12139: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12120:online edition 12112: 12102: 12095: 12086: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12013: 12003: 11993: 11986: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11956:Howe, Irving. 11954: 11946: 11945: 11931: 11930: 11922: 11921: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11891: 11884: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11853: 11846: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11812: 11805: 11795: 11792:Jews in Gotham 11788: 11781: 11771: 11770:(2 vol. 2002). 11764: 11754: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11713: 11700: 11692: 11691: 11684: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11643: 11632: 11625: 11615: 11608: 11598: 11591: 11580: 11579: 11573: 11558: 11557: 11550: 11542:Diner, Hasia. 11540: 11531:Diner, Hasia. 11529: 11524:Diner, Hasia. 11522: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11503: 11493: 11483: 11473: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11423: 11411: 11385: 11360: 11327: 11291: 11258: 11232: 11221:on 18 May 2014 11202: 11176: 11151: 11125: 11095: 11084:on 18 May 2014 11065: 11040: 11005: 10975: 10949: 10924: 10899: 10874: 10852: 10827: 10802: 10790: 10778: 10764:Peter Novick, 10757: 10744: 10731: 10721:online edition 10708: 10695: 10681: 10656: 10644:Jewish Journal 10631: 10607: 10583: 10566:Masci, David. 10555: 10530: 10509: 10480: 10467: 10455: 10446: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10417: 10384: 10360: 10335: 10299: 10275: 10262: 10239: 10221: 10190: 10183: 10163: 10150: 10143: 10123: 10087: 10076:(2): 387–411. 10058: 10051: 10031: 10024: 10004: 9990: 9976: 9963: 9954: 9942: 9929: 9916: 9897:(2): 161–164. 9874: 9855: 9830: 9808: 9779: 9776:. August 2017. 9761: 9748: 9735: 9722: 9717:2012-08-04 at 9704: 9674: 9652: 9650:(2004) p 284-5 9639: 9630: 9624:Peter Novick, 9617: 9603: 9594: 9577: 9564: 9551: 9538: 9525: 9516: 9495: 9486: 9479: 9461: 9448: 9441: 9421: 9406: 9393: 9380: 9367: 9361:Steve Fraser, 9354: 9335: 9322: 9306: 9299: 9279: 9275:Good Americans 9266: 9259: 9239: 9226: 9213: 9200: 9172: 9166:978-0742501812 9165: 9147: 9141:978-0873954808 9140: 9116: 9099: 9090: 9077: 9064: 9051: 9038: 9032:Tony Michels, 9025: 9011: 8986: 8972: 8959: 8934: 8905: 8892: 8878: 8859: 8846: 8837: 8821: 8808: 8795: 8782: 8776:Gerald Sorin, 8769: 8756: 8743: 8730: 8723: 8702: 8693: 8659: 8647: 8629: 8609: 8568: 8553: 8535: 8522: 8493: 8475: 8462: 8429: 8408: 8401: 8381: 8372: 8363: 8350: 8343: 8319: 8306: 8297: 8284: 8271: 8259: 8246: 8230: 8224: 8196: 8183: 8168: 8142: 8127: 8107: 8075: 8061: 8042: 8017: 7993: 7982: 7935: 7924: 7912: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7805: 7784: 7768: 7745: 7732: 7722:|chapter= 7685: 7667: 7665: 7664: 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3363: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3237:United Kingdom 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2670:Bilad-el-Sudan 2667: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2623:Land of Israel 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2481:Related groups 2478: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2338:Jewish atheism 2335: 2330: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289:Islamic–Jewish 2284: 2277: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2214: 2201: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2154:Yehud Medinata 2148: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2103: 2095: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2060:Ancient Israel 2056: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2016:Land of Israel 2013: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971:Shulchan Aruch 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1749: 1744: 1737:God in Judaism 1733: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1697: 1696: 1685: 1682: 1676:(294,280) and 1592:Ashkenazi Jews 1545:colonial times 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1493: 1482: 1481: 1479:Historiography 1476: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1124:The West Coast 1121: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1098:Indian removal 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1001: 1000: 999: 997:Saudi American 994: 989: 984: 982:Iraqi American 979: 974: 962: 955: 954: 953: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 917:Irish American 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 882: 881: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 842:Asian American 838: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 784: 783: 782: 780:Sexual slavery 770: 763: 756: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 717: 716: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 678: 671: 664: 663: 662: 657: 652: 650:Postal service 647: 642: 640:Foreign policy 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 595: 588: 587: 586: 574: 573: 572: 560: 559: 558: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 517: 516: 515: 503: 496: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 475: 474: 471: 467: 466: 464: 456: 455: 452: 445: 444: 442: 434: 433: 430: 423: 422: 420: 412: 411: 408: 401: 400: 397: 390: 389: 387: 379: 378: 375: 368: 367: 364: 357: 356: 354: 346: 345: 342: 335: 334: 331: 324: 323: 320: 313: 312: 309: 302: 301: 299: 291: 290: 287: 280: 279: 276: 269: 268: 265: 258: 257: 255: 247: 246: 243: 236: 235: 233: 225: 224: 221: 219:Jacksonian Era 214: 213: 210: 203: 202: 200: 192: 191: 188: 181: 180: 177: 175:Federalist Era 170: 169: 167: 159: 158: 155: 148: 147: 144: 137: 136: 134: 126: 125: 122: 114: 113: 110: 94: 87: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 63: 62: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12938: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12903: 12902: 12891: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12847:Brazos County 12845: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12772: 12771:New York City 12769: 12768: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12690: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12655:San Francisco 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12614: 12607: 12599: 12594: 12592: 12587: 12585: 12580: 12579: 12576: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12533: 12532:online review 12530: 12529:1-58465-417-1 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12512:0-8074-0732-1 12508: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12473: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12458: 12455: 12452: 12449: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12422: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12324:0-8147-9261-8 12320: 12316: 12315: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12177: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12129: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12110: 12106: 12103: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11810: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11716: 11714:9780809278497 11710: 11706: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11433: 11427: 11420: 11415: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11316:on 2014-10-27 11312: 11308: 11301: 11295: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11247: 11246:New York Post 11243: 11236: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11139: 11135: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11069: 11054: 11050: 11044: 11028: 11024: 11019: 11015: 11009: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10863: 10856: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10754: 10748: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10690: 10685: 10670: 10666: 10660: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10573: 10569: 10562: 10560: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10519: 10513: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10477: 10471: 10462: 10460: 10450: 10444:Sowell, p. 99 10441: 10432: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10304: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10194: 10186: 10184:9780316092449 10180: 10176: 10175: 10167: 10160: 10154: 10146: 10140: 10137:. Greenwood. 10136: 10135: 10127: 10113:on 2017-02-01 10109: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10062: 10054: 10052:9780815631019 10048: 10044: 10043: 10035: 10027: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10008: 10000: 9994: 9987:. 8 May 2012. 9986: 9980: 9973: 9967: 9958: 9949: 9947: 9939: 9933: 9926: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9879: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9859: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9835: 9818: 9812: 9805: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9758: 9752: 9745: 9739: 9733:(1973) p. 103 9732: 9726: 9720: 9719:archive.today 9716: 9713: 9708: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9670: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9634: 9627: 9621: 9614:. 2021-04-24. 9613: 9607: 9598: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9558:Laurel Leff, 9555: 9548: 9542: 9535: 9529: 9520: 9505: 9499: 9490: 9482: 9480:9780520248489 9476: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9452: 9444: 9442:9780674073678 9438: 9434: 9433: 9425: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9397: 9390: 9384: 9377: 9371: 9364: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9340: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9302: 9300:9780742543133 9296: 9292: 9291: 9283: 9276: 9270: 9262: 9260:9780815631019 9256: 9252: 9251: 9243: 9237:(1951), p. 78 9236: 9230: 9223: 9217: 9211:(2003), 61-63 9210: 9204: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9186:Time magazine 9182: 9176: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9120: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9094: 9087: 9081: 9074: 9068: 9061: 9055: 9048: 9042: 9035: 9029: 9021: 9020:"Harvey Milk" 9015: 9001:on 2016-04-06 9000: 8996: 8990: 8982: 8976: 8969: 8963: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8924:on 2013-09-21 8923: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8902: 8896: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8856: 8850: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8818: 8817:Slavic Review 8812: 8805: 8799: 8792: 8786: 8779: 8773: 8766: 8760: 8753: 8750:Neal Gabler, 8747: 8740: 8734: 8726: 8724:9780881257755 8720: 8716: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8554:0-8143-2171-2 8550: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8518: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8487:. New Haven. 8486: 8479: 8472: 8466: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8430:0-395-31832-7 8426: 8422: 8415: 8413: 8404: 8402:9780415919258 8398: 8394: 8393: 8385: 8379:Krefetz, p 46 8376: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8346: 8344:9780199877706 8340: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8323: 8316: 8310: 8304:Baron, p. 224 8301: 8294: 8288: 8281: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8256: 8250: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8214:on 2010-06-16 8213: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8187: 8180: 8179: 8172: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8079: 8072:. 2014-01-03. 8071: 8065: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8046: 8032:on 2010-09-28 8031: 8027: 8021: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7950:on 2008-12-01 7949: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7900: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7841: 7835: 7821:on 2006-10-28 7820: 7816: 7809: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7755: 7749: 7742: 7739:Hasia Diner, 7736: 7728: 7713: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7662: 7650: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7619: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7475: 7472: 7461: 7458: 7447: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7375:Enrico Caruso 7360: 7357: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7279:New York Post 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7135:in 1915, the 7134: 7130: 7129:New York City 7124: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7098:country clubs 7093: 7091: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7030:Horace Kallen 7026: 7020: 7014:Self identity 7011: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6984:Steve Ballmer 6981: 6980:Larry Ellison 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6956:Presbyterians 6953: 6952:Episcopalians 6949: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6721: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6413: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6396:American Jews 6387: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6362:Asher Edelman 6359: 6355: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6332:investment." 6330: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6318:Thomas Sowell 6309: 6307: 6306:New York City 6303: 6297: 6293: 6286:New York City 6283: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6222: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6176: 6174: 6173:South Florida 6170: 6167:, and in the 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6077:United States 6074: 6068: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6016: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5997: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5961:Joe Lieberman 5958: 5954: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5919:John Anderson 5916: 5915:Ronald Reagan 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5896:Richard Nixon 5893: 5889: 5886:, was raised 5885: 5881: 5877: 5876:Richard Nixon 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5822:intermarriage 5819: 5815: 5805: 5802: 5791: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5690:New York City 5687: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666:Caribbean Sea 5663: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5635:According to 5633: 5630: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610:(present-day 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5587:Kristallnacht 5583: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5297: 5296:New York City 5293: 5288: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5240: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5204:state capitol 5201: 5197: 5196:Leon C. Weiss 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176:Leon Godchaux 5173: 5172:Sephardic Jew 5169: 5165: 5155: 5146: 5143: 5132: 5123: 5118: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4990:Rosh Hashanah 4986: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4895:San Francisco 4892: 4888: 4884: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4826:Goldman Sachs 4823: 4819: 4813: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4791:New Hampshire 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4681:graduate and 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4649:soldier near 4648: 4643: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4584:Spanish Texas 4581: 4577: 4576:Texas History 4573: 4572:Jewish Texans 4569: 4567: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446:Patriot cause 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355:New York City 4352: 4351:New Amsterdam 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229:American Jews 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4202:the Holocaust 4198: 4196: 4195:intermarriage 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060:Great Britain 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Judeo-Aramaic 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3826:Judeo-Italian 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3806:Ghardaïa Sign 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3431:Denominations 3427: 3426: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3259:United States 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2745:Guinea-Bissau 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2599:Lists of Jews 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2374: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2358:The Holocaust 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959:Mishneh Torah 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719:Who is a Jew? 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1474:List of years 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1453: 1445: 1443: 1442:Urban history 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 968: 967: 963: 961: 960: 956: 952: 949: 948: 947: 946: 942: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 883: 879: 876: 874: 873:Thai American 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 843: 839: 837: 836: 832: 831: 825: 824: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 789: 785: 781: 778: 777: 776: 775: 771: 769: 768: 764: 762: 761: 757: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 723: 722: 721:Party Systems 718: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 684: 683: 679: 677: 676: 672: 670: 669: 665: 661: 660:Voting rights 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 601: 600: 596: 594: 593: 589: 585: 582: 581: 580: 579: 575: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 561: 557: 554: 553: 552: 551: 547: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 518: 514: 511: 510: 509: 508: 504: 502: 501: 497: 495: 494: 490: 489: 483: 482: 472: 469: 468: 465: 463: 462: 458: 457: 453: 451: 447: 446: 443: 441: 440: 436: 435: 431: 429: 425: 424: 421: 419: 418: 414: 413: 409: 407: 403: 402: 398: 396: 392: 391: 388: 386: 385: 381: 380: 376: 374: 370: 369: 365: 363: 359: 358: 355: 353: 352: 348: 347: 343: 341: 337: 336: 332: 330: 326: 325: 321: 319: 315: 314: 310: 308: 304: 303: 300: 298: 297: 293: 292: 288: 286: 282: 281: 277: 275: 271: 270: 266: 264: 260: 259: 256: 254: 253: 249: 248: 244: 242: 241:Civil War Era 238: 237: 234: 232: 231: 227: 226: 222: 220: 216: 215: 211: 209: 205: 204: 201: 199: 198: 194: 193: 189: 187: 183: 182: 178: 176: 172: 171: 168: 166: 165: 161: 160: 156: 154: 150: 149: 145: 143: 139: 138: 135: 133: 132: 128: 127: 123: 121: 120: 116: 115: 111: 109: 108: 103: 102: 98: 97: 92: 85: 84: 80: 76: 75: 72: 71:United States 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 51: 47: 46:North America 43: 42:United States 38: 32: 31:American Jews 27: 19: 12899: 12810:Philadelphia 12805:Pennsylvania 12615: 12610: 12609: 12537: 12520: 12498: 12482: 12475: 12468: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12398: 12390:3 vol.(1963) 12387: 12372: 12363: 12339: 12332: 12313: 12294: 12284: 12273: 12263: 12256: 12246: 12239: 12229: 12222: 12204: 12200: 12186: 12179: 12169: 12162: 12152: 12142: 12132: 12115: 12108: 12098: 12091: 12079: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12044: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12006: 11996: 11989: 11982: 11975: 11968: 11967:Jick, Leon. 11957: 11950: 11941: 11926: 11914: 11894: 11887: 11877: 11870: 11863: 11856: 11849: 11839: 11832: 11825: 11815: 11808: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11774: 11767: 11757: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11704: 11696: 11687: 11677: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11646: 11635: 11628: 11618: 11611: 11601: 11594: 11584: 11576: 11562: 11553: 11543: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11506: 11496: 11486: 11476: 11466: 11465:Faber, Eli. 11459: 11436:. Retrieved 11426: 11414: 11402:. Retrieved 11398:The Guardian 11397: 11388: 11376:. Retrieved 11372: 11363: 11351:. Retrieved 11344:the original 11330: 11318:. Retrieved 11311:the original 11306: 11294: 11282:. Retrieved 11275:the original 11261: 11249:. Retrieved 11245: 11235: 11223:. Retrieved 11219:the original 11214: 11205: 11193:. Retrieved 11188: 11179: 11167:. Retrieved 11163: 11154: 11142:. Retrieved 11137: 11128: 11116:. Retrieved 11112:the original 11107: 11098: 11086:. Retrieved 11082:the original 11077: 11068: 11056:. Retrieved 11052: 11043: 11031:. Retrieved 11026: 11014:Ghostarchive 11012:Archived at 11008: 10996:. Retrieved 10992:the original 10987: 10978: 10966:. Retrieved 10962: 10952: 10940:. Retrieved 10936: 10927: 10915:. Retrieved 10911: 10902: 10891:. Retrieved 10877: 10866:. Retrieved 10855: 10844:. Retrieved 10839: 10830: 10819:. 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Retrieved 7610: 7605: 7591: 7393: 7371: 7358: 7354: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7277: 7275: 7263: 7256: 7240:Ku Klux Klan 7237: 7233: 7213: 7205: 7195: 7188: 7172:organization 7149: 7125: 7113:Ku Klux Klan 7110: 7094: 7086: 7072: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6937: 6924: 6724: 6720: 6385: 6374: 6358:George Soros 6351: 6340: 6334: 6327: 6315: 6300:As of 2016, 6299: 6276:Persian Jews 6268:Sinai Temple 6257: 6240: 6228: 6219: 6208: 6196: 6187: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6124:Regina Jonas 6094: 6088: 6070: 6055: 6044: 6035:Civil rights 6026: 6022: 6014: 6001: 5992: 5969: 5950: 5938:Bill Clinton 5923: 5907:Jimmy Carter 5900: 5888:Episcopalian 5848: 5830: 5826: 5814:World War II 5811: 5797: 5786:As of 2021, 5785: 5782: 5759: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5723: 5714: 5712:and others. 5699: 5656: 5652: 5649:MS St. Louis 5643:MS St. Louis 5634: 5625: 5597: 5585: 5570: 5550:Tammany Hall 5518: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5457: 5439: 5431:B'nai B'rith 5425:founded the 5420: 5409: 5374: 5366: 5363:Philanthropy 5354: 5344:Jacob Schiff 5337: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5264:Levi Strauss 5257: 5242: 5227: 5188:Canal Street 5161: 5152: 5138: 5129: 5120: 5097: 5088:Oscar Straus 5066:, and Rabbi 5060:Jacob Schiff 5056:Oscar Straus 5052: 5035: 5003: 4963: 4944: 4926:Solomon Bibo 4919: 4911:Levi Strauss 4899: 4879: 4864:(founded by 4854:Henry Lehman 4846:Jacob Schiff 4842:Solomon Loeb 4830:Samuel Sachs 4828:(founded by 4815: 4799: 4795: 4768: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4716: 4705: 4691: 4655: 4612: 4608: 4592:Jean Laffite 4570: 4566:B'nai B'rith 4562: 4553:19th century 4547:antisemitism 4534: 4523: 4518: 4500: 4492:aide-de-camp 4484:David Franks 4462:Haym Solomon 4435: 4418:Philadelphia 4402:long history 4391: 4357:). Governor 4321: 4304: 4301:Joachim Gans 4291: 4251:Colonial era 4226: 4214:Iranian Jews 4211: 4199: 4179:World War II 4171:assimilation 4168: 4161: 4155: 4147:Nazi Germany 4076: 4053: 4034: 3975:Post-Zionism 3846:Judeo-Berber 3841:Judeo-Arabic 3801:Judeo-Gascon 3548:Pidyon haben 3467:Conservative 3258: 3013:Saudi Arabia 2831:South Africa 2820:Sierra Leone 2642:Israeli Jews 2556:Mosaic Arabs 2509:Kaifeng Jews 2370:Arab–Israeli 2343:Emancipation 2222:Great Revolt 2031:Anti-Judaism 2026:Antisemitism 2021:Name "Judea" 1816:Baal teshuva 1678:Philadelphia 1643: 1618:Soviet Union 1604: 1600:Conservative 1573: 1565: 1538: 1029: 1022: 1003: 964: 958: 957: 943: 884: 840: 833: 786: 772: 767:Social class 765: 758: 719: 693:Marine Corps 680: 673: 666: 630:Debt ceiling 615:Civil rights 597: 590: 576: 562: 548: 519: 507:Civil unrest 505: 500:Antisemitism 498: 491: 473:2008–present 461:2008–present 459: 437: 415: 382: 349: 340:World War II 294: 250: 228: 195: 162: 129: 119:Colonial Era 117: 105: 99: 59: 26: 12822:Puerto Rico 12645:Los Angeles 12641:California 12465:Irving Howe 11462:5 vol 1992 11353:28 February 10288:kintera.org 10214:February 1, 9823:February 9, 9346:Hasia Diner 8867:Hal Rothman 8686:January 20, 8637:Neal Gabler 8026:"Our Story" 7651:. p. 1 7438:in New York 7248:Heil Hitler 7244:Kansas City 7073:During the 7041:Six-Day War 6976:Sergey Brin 6954:(35%), and 6370:Ivan Boesky 6347:400 richest 6260:Los Angeles 6247:eating club 6231:Miami Beach 6215:Palm Desert 6029:Six-Day War 6019:Six-Day War 5957:Connecticut 5934:George Bush 5911:Gerald Ford 5637:David Wyman 5478:World War I 5435:Adolf Kraus 5352:community. 5276:Harvey Milk 5262:, 1848–55. 5208:Baton Rouge 5142:German Jews 4866:Jules Bache 4731:Mississippi 4699:and acting 4656:During the 4647:Confederate 4530:slave trade 4526:Aaron Lopez 4480:Moses Hazen 4367:Netherlands 4222:Soviet Jews 4187:Los Angeles 4079:World War I 4045:made aliyah 3970:Revisionist 3960:Neo-Zionism 3567:Zeved habat 3360:Puerto Rico 3186:Netherlands 3018:South Korea 3003:Philippines 2883:Afghanistan 2750:Ivory Coast 2524:Crypto-Jews 2489:Bnei Anusim 2468:Bene Israel 2433:Beta Israel 2390:Communities 2297:Middle Ages 2036:Persecution 1811:Bereavement 1680:(292,450). 1672:(297,290), 1668:(527,750), 1664:(617,000), 1662:Los Angeles 1580:German Jews 1561:Inquisition 1551:before the 1393:Territories 1114:New England 794:Agriculture 713:Coast Guard 708:Space Force 556:Immigration 406:Vietnam War 307:World War I 101:Prehistoric 12915:Categories 12878:Wisconsin 12830:Charleston 12815:Pittsburgh 12783:Cincinnati 12761:New Jersey 12719:Cumberland 11723:Localities 11438:2016-12-03 11320:27 October 11284:27 October 11251:27 October 10893:2013-10-30 10868:2010-09-03 10846:2010-09-03 10821:2010-09-03 10675:2019-10-27 10650:2022-06-12 10625:2022-06-12 10601:2022-06-12 10577:2022-06-12 10549:2013-10-30 10524:2013-10-30 10503:2013-10-30 10411:2019-09-30 10378:2019-09-30 10354:2019-09-30 10293:2017-10-24 10117:2011-04-17 9698:2008-10-28 9510:2010-09-03 9005:2016-03-23 8928:2013-10-30 8218:2010-09-03 8137:1055764297 8036:2010-09-03 7954:2010-07-31 7825:2012-05-11 7799:2023-11-25 7762:2020-06-28 7655:6 November 7647:(Report). 7383:Jonas Salk 7221:harassment 7117:Henry Ford 7077:, General 7008:John Kerry 6972:Larry Page 6964:Forbes 400 6335:Historian 5942:Ross Perot 5843:See also: 5762:Yom Kippur 5540:politics. 5472:communists 5468:anarchists 5268:blue jeans 5084:Elihu Root 4922:Otto Mears 4915:blue jeans 4695:served as 4679:West Point 4557:See also: 4158:synagogues 3955:Maximalism 3907:Secularism 3887:Autonomism 3704:Literature 3497:Humanistic 3101:Azerbaijan 3063:Uzbekistan 3038:Tajikistan 2958:Kyrgyzstan 2943:Kazakhstan 2790:Mozambique 2765:Madagascar 2685:Cape Verde 2637:New Yishuv 2632:Old Yishuv 2583:Population 2561:Subbotniks 2519:Samaritans 2458:Romanyotim 2401:Ashkenazim 2348:Old Yishuv 2328:Sabbateans 2315:Modern era 2307:Golden Age 2234:Bar Kokhba 1954:Beit Yosef 1821:Philosophy 1590:-speaking 668:Journalism 620:Corruption 599:Government 550:Demography 537:Newspapers 428:Reagan Era 274:Gilded Age 112:until 1607 12882:Milwaukee 12862:Galveston 12788:Cleveland 12750:Nebraska 12744:St. Louis 12740:Missouri 12730:Michigan 12724:Frederick 12714:Baltimore 12661:Colorado 12650:San Diego 11225:27 August 11195:27 August 11169:26 August 10406:0362-4331 10328:March 22, 10259:0164-0178 9903:0164-0178 8594:cite book 8586:938034385 8563:315043030 8511:cite book 8503:898893380 8447:cite book 8100:August 8, 7905:14 August 7712:cite book 7618:cite book 7229:vandalism 7191:Hispanics 7147:of 1991. 7141:Alan Berg 7133:Leo Frank 7075:Civil War 6960:Catholics 6712:5,425,000 6699:5,532,000 6686:5,515,000 6673:5,500,000 6660:5,400,000 6647:5,300,000 6634:5,000,000 6621:4,771,000 6608:4,228,000 6595:3,389,000 6582:1,777,000 6569:1,500,000 6282:in Iran. 6149:Ashkenazi 5868:Harding's 5730:Holocaust 5686:synagogue 5657:St. Louis 5522:anarchist 5440:In 1915, 5416:Leo Frank 5200:Huey Long 5186:store on 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245:1849–1865 230:1849–1865 223:1825–1849 212:1817–1825 197:1815–1849 190:1801–1817 179:1788–1801 164:1789–1815 157:1783–1788 146:1765–1783 131:1776–1789 124:1607–1765 50:world map 12901:Category 12793:Columbus 12766:New York 12709:Maryland 12692:Illinois 12681:Georgia 12675:southern 12671:Florida 12496:(2001). 12307:(1993). 12268:in JSTOR 12234:in JSTOR 12147:in JSTOR 11999:(2001), 11378:31 March 11058:28 April 11033:23 April 11016:and the 10998:23 April 10968:31 March 10942:31 March 10724:Archived 9911:23887244 9867:Archived 9715:Archived 9391:. 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After 5180:Lorraine 5076:John Hay 5027:Romanian 5023:Galician 4988:In this 4735:Kentucky 4666:colonels 4623:Haskalah 4580:European 4456:planter 4414:Savannah 4327:Puritans 4297:converso 4123:nativist 4097:(modern 4062:and the 3992:Category 3950:Kahanism 3897:Feminism 3869:Politics 3753:Biblical 3723:American 3670:Bukharan 3660:American 3560:Shidduch 3536:Clothing 3492:Haymanot 3438:Orthodox 3366:Suriname 3349:Paraguay 3302:Colombia 3201:Portugal 3111:Bulgaria 3048:Thailand 2998:Pakistan 2978:Mongolia 2973:Malaysia 2893:Cambodia 2867:Zimbabwe 2842:Tanzania 2720:Eswatini 2710:Ethiopia 2700:Djibouti 2680:Cameroon 2675:Botswana 2604:Diaspora 2566:Noahides 2539:Marranos 2463:Cochinim 2448:Bukharim 2438:Gruzinim 2428:Teimanim 2418:Mizrahim 2406:Galician 2372:conflict 2333:Hasidism 2323:Haskalah 2228:Diaspora 2099:timeline 2011:Timeline 1924:Rabbinic 1831:Kabbalah 1806:Marriage 1782:Tzedakah 1772:Holidays 1730:Religion 1693:a series 1691:Part of 1658:New York 1607:diaspora 1596:Orthodox 1568:marriage 1557:Sephardi 1491:Category 1042:Lesbians 1016:Comanche 1011:Cherokee 809:Medicine 760:Religion 682:Military 655:Taxation 605:Abortion 521:Cultural 12867:Houston 12852:Brenham 12734:Detroit 12697:Chicago 12685:Atlanta 12637:Arizona 12540:(2007) 12485:(1996.) 12411:series 12401:(1999) 12397:, eds. 12386:, eds. 12299:excerpt 12297:(2012) 12137:summary 12026:(1981). 12011:excerpt 12009:(2020) 11960:(1976) 11801:(1979) 11649:(1981) 11638:(1995) 11631:(2005). 11587:(1992) 11546:(2003) 11535:(2006) 11521:(1984). 11489:(1992) 11454:Surveys 11404:4 April 11144:30 July 11118:30 July 11027:YouTube 10840:Haaretz 10620:Haaretz 9646:Sarna, 9549:(1993), 9404:(2007). 8834:excerpt 8832:(2020) 8754:(2010). 8439:9685666 8161:7 April 7434:at the 7415:at the 7401:at the 6950:(36%), 6572:+275.0% 6556:400,000 6543:250,000 6530:200,000 6520:+200.0% 6517:150,000 6507:+233.3% 6494:+150.0% 6481:+100.0% 6264:Persian 6101:divorce 6096:mitzvot 5965:Al Gore 5951:In the 5808:Postwar 5536:and in 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2302:Khazars 2197:Sicarii 2193:Zealots 2189:Essenes 2176:Schisms 2041:Leaders 2003:General 1995:History 1938:Tosefta 1933:Midrash 1910:Mishnah 1892:Ketuvim 1887:Nevi'im 1836:Customs 1767:Shabbat 1762:Halakha 1754: ( 1752:Mitzvot 1739: ( 1705:Judaism 1674:Chicago 1624:of the 1588:Yiddish 1469:Outline 1106:Regions 1037:Gay men 814:Railway 774:Slavery 570:Banking 564:Economy 12857:Dallas 12800:Oregon 12665:Denver 12632:Alaska 12542:online 12527: 12509: 12471:(1979) 12335:(1999) 12321: 12289:online 12278:online 12251:online 12191:online 12174:online 12157:online 12111:(2003) 12084:online 12033:(1996) 12019:(2006) 11992:(1998) 11978:(2003) 11971:(1976) 11944:(2000) 11882:online 11844:online 11820:online 11803:online 11779:online 11762:online 11753:(1996) 11711: 11651:online 11640:online 11614:(1995) 11569: 11434:. 2008 11088:17 May 10917:17 May 10596:Forbes 10404: 10257: 10237:(1994) 10181: 10141: 10049: 10022: 9909: 9901: 9746:(2001) 9628:(2000) 9477: 9459:(2013) 9439: 9365:(1993) 9297: 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