2147:
131:
1823:
588:
1919:
156:
2257:
507:
8028:
8052:
6849:
1890:
microcephalic brain shape ratios and that in these ratios the group as such is not clearly distinct from normocephalics. The LB1 brain shape nevertheless aligns slightly better with the microcephalic sample, with the shape at the extreme edge of the normocephalic group. A 2016 pathological analysis of LB1's skull revealed no pathologies nor evidence of microcephaly, and concluded that LB1 is a separate species.
8040:
6837:
322:
3801:; van den Bergh, G. D.; Storey, M.; Kurniawan, I.; Alloway, B. V.; Setiawan, R.; Setiyabudi, E.; GrĂŒn, R.; Moore, M. W.; Yurnaldi, D.; Puspaningrum, M. R.; Wibowo, U. P.; Insani, H.; Sutisna, I.; Westgate, J. A.; Pearce, N. J. G.; Duval, M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Aziz, F.; Sutikna, T.; van der Kaars, S.; Flude, S.; Morwood, M. J. (8 June 2016).
2009:(upper arm bone). Each of these putative distinguishing features has been heavily scrutinized by the scientific community, with different research groups reaching differing conclusions as to whether these features support the original designation of a new species, or whether they identify LB1 as a severely pathological
2364:
bone remains in the cave date to 60,000 years ago, and the youngest stone tools to 50,000 years ago. The previous estimate of 12,000 BP was due to an undetected unconformity in the cave stratigraphy. The timing of their disappearance from the cave stratigraphy is close to the time that modern humans
654:
in
Australia and other anthropologists expressed the fear that important scientific evidence would be sequestered by a small group of scientists who neither allowed access by other scientists nor published their own research. Jacob returned the remains on 23 February 2005 with portions severely
1968:
and
Catharine FitzGerald compared the Flores bones with those of ten people who had had cretinism, and found no overlap. Obendorf and colleagues rejected Groves and FitzGerald's argument the following year. A 2012 study similar to Groves and FitzGeralds' also found no evidence of congenital iodine
658:
Press reports thus described the condition of the returned remains: " long, deep cuts marking the lower edge of the Hobbit's jaw on both sides, said to be caused by a knife used to cut away the rubber mould ... the chin of a second Hobbit jaw was snapped off and glued back together. Whoever was
2233:, would have displaced the shoulders slightly forward into an almost shrugging position. The shrugging position would have compensated for the lower range of motion in the arm, allowing for similar maneuverability in the elbows as modern humans. The wrist bones are similar to those of apes and
1858:
human skulls, and found that the skull size of LB1 falls in the middle of the size range of the human samples, and is not inconsistent with microcephaly. A 2006 study stated that LB1 probably descended from a pygmy population of modern humans, but herself shows signs of microcephaly, and other
659:
responsible misaligned the pieces and put them at an incorrect angle ... The pelvis was smashed, destroying details that reveal body shape, gait and evolutionary history.", causing the discovery team leader
Morwood to remark, "It's sickening; Jacob was greedy and acted totally irresponsibly."
1889:
In 2008, Greek palaeontologist George Lyras and colleagues said that LB1 falls outside the range of variation for human microcephalic skulls. However, a 2013 comparison of the LB1 endocast to a set of 100 normocephalic and 17 microcephalic endocasts showed that there is a wide variation in
4556:
Husson, Laurent; Salles, Tristan; Lebatard, Anne-Elisabeth; Zerathe, Swann; Braucher, RĂ©gis; Noerwidi, Sofwan; Aribowo, Sonny; Mallard, Claire; Carcaillet, Julien; Natawidjaja, Danny H.; BourlĂšs, Didier; ASTER team; Aumaitre, Georges; BourlĂšs, Didier; Keddadouche, Karim (8 November 2022).
476:
was at first considered remarkable for its survival until relatively recent times, initially thought to be only 12,000 years ago. However, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work has pushed the dating of the most recent evidence of its existence back to 50,000 years ago. The
552:". Once exposed, the bones had to be left to dry before they could be dug up. The discoverers proposed that a variety of features, both primitive and derived, identify these individuals as belonging to a new species. Based on previous date estimates, the discoverers also proposed that
6261:
Tucci, Serena; Vohr, Samuel H.; McCoy, Rajiv C.; Vernot, Benjamin; Robinson, Matthew R.; Barbieri, Chiara; Nelson, Brad J.; Fu, Wenqing; Purnomo, Gludhug A.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Eichler, Evan E.; Barbujani, Guido; Visscher, Peter M.; Akey, Joshua M.; Green, Richard E. (August 2018).
2801:
van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Alloway, Brent V.; Storey, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Yurnaldi, Dida; Kurniawan, Iwan; Moore, Mark W.; Jatmiko; Brumm, Adam; Flude, Stephanie; Sutikna, Thomas; Setiyabudi, Erick; Prasetyo, Unggul W.; Puspaningrum, Mika R.; Yoga, Ifan (October 2022).
1953:, is expressed by small bodies and reduced brain size (but ME causes less motor and mental disablement than other forms of congenital iodine deficiency syndrome), and is a form of dwarfism still found in the local Indonesian population. They said that various features of
2243:
The leg bones are more robust than those of modern humans. The feet were unusually flat and long in relation with the rest of the body. As a result, when walking, they would have had to bend the knees further back than modern humans do. This caused a high-stepping
601:
Stone implements of a size considered appropriate to these small humans are also widely present in the cave. The implements are at horizons initially dated to 95,000 to 13,000 years ago. Modern humans reached the region by around 50,000 years ago, by which time
4500:
Matsuâura, Shuji; Kondo, Megumi; Danhara, Tohru; Sakata, Shuhei; Iwano, Hideki; Hirata, Takafumi; Kurniawan, Iwan; Setiyabudi, Erick; Takeshita, Yoshihiro; Hyodo, Masayuki; Kitaba, Ikuko; Sudo, Masafumi; Danhara, Yugo; Aziz, Fachroel (10 January 2020).
540:. A tooth, LB2, was referred to the species. LB1 is a fairly complete skeleton, including a nearly complete skull, which belonged to a 30-year-old woman, and has been nicknamed "Little Lady of Flores" or "Flo". An arm bone provisionally assigned to
2023:
The discovery of additional partial skeletons has verified the existence of some features found in LB1, such as the lack of a chin, but Jacob and other research teams argue that these features do not distinguish LB1 from local modern humans. Lyras
1910:. The estimated height of LB1 is at the lower end of the average for afflicted human women, but the endocranial volume is much smaller than anything exhibited in Laron syndrome patients. DNA analysis would be required to support this theory.
3106:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kurniawan, Iwan; Mizushima, Soichiro; Sawada, Junmei; Lague, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Sutisna, Indra; Wibowo, Unggul P.; Suwa, Gen; Kono, Reiko T.; Sasaki, Tomohiko; Brumm, Adam; van den Bergh, Gerrit D. (6 August 2024).
673:, expressed the opinion that the restriction was to protect Jacob, who was considered "Indonesia's king of palaeoanthropology", from being proved wrong. Scientists were allowed to return to the cave in 2007, shortly after Jacob's death.
4171:
Dembo, Mana; RadovÄiÄ, Davorka; Garvin, Heather M.; Laird, Myra F.; Schroeder, Lauren; Scott, Jill E.; Brophy, Juliet; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Musiba, Chares M.; de Ruiter, Darryl J.; Mooers, Arne Ă.; Collard, Mark (August 2016).
529:. They instead recovered a nearly complete, small-statured skeleton, LB1, in the Liang Bua cave, and subsequent excavations in 2003 and 2004 recovered seven additional skeletons, initially dated from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago.
1985:, and that the remains of other individuals at the Flores site were merely normal modern humans. However, there are a number of characteristics shared by both LB1 and LB6 as well as other known early humans and absent in
1753:
It has been noted that there is no evidence archaic humans in the adjacent (and likely source) region of Java earlier than 1.3-1.5 or 1.8 million years ago, with the earliest human presence on Java being represented by
1665:, about 74 km (46 mi) from Liang Bua. They date to about 700,000 years ago. Other remains including a humerus were later described from Mata Menge, with the remains subsequently being directly assigned to
1874:. Falk stated that Martin's assertions were unsubstantiated. In 2006, Australian palaeoanthropologist Debbie Argue and colleagues also concluded that the finds are indeed a new species. In 2007, Falk found that
1669:. These remains are about the same size or somewhat smaller than the remains from Liang Bua, suggesting the size of the species remained stable for hundreds of thousands of years up until its extinction.
2104:, from three million years ago, not previously thought to have expanded beyond Africa. Thus, LB1 and LB8 may be the shortest and smallest members of the extended human group discovered thus far.
4364:
Zanolli, Clément; Kaifu, Yousuke; Pan, Lei; Xing, Song; Mijares, Armand S.; Kullmer, Ottmar; Schrenk, Friedemann; Corny, Julien; Dizon, Eusebio; Robles, Emil; Détroit, Florent (February 2022).
2733:
Brumm, Adam; Jensen, Gitte M.; van den Bergh, Gert D.; Morwood, Michael J.; Kurniawan, Iwan; Aziz, Fachroel; Storey, Michael (2010). "Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago".
6642:
2547:. The film was blocked from release due to a legal dispute about using the word "hobbit." The Asylum argued that the film did not violate the Tolkien copyright because the film was about
1906:
populations, which may have been the scenario on the small island. It causes a short stature and small skull, and many conditions seen in Laron syndrome patients are also exhibited in
4659:; Hildebolt, Charles; Smith, Kirk; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wayhu; Prior, Fred (2009). "LB1's virtual endocast, microcephaly and hominin brain evolution".
598:
In 2009, additional finds were reported, increasing the minimum number of individuals represented by bones to fourteen. In 2015, teeth were referred to a fifteenth individual, LB15.
6452:
6118:
Jungers, William L.; Larson, S.G.; Harcourt-Smith, W.; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, T.; Due Awe, Rokhus; Djubiantono, T. (4 December 2008). "Descriptions of the lower limb skeleton of
4117:
Support for most clades in all analyses was rather low as measured by traditional methods (bootstrap and Bremer support in parsimony, posterior probability in
Bayesian inference)
2062:
LB1's height is estimated to have been 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in). The height of a second skeleton, LB8, has been estimated at 1.09 m (3 ft 7 in) based on
2369:
or more broadly on the ecosystems of Flores caused or contributed to their extinction. DNA analysis of pygmy modern humans from Flores has found no evidence of any DNA from
2094:
at also 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) for adult women. LB1's body mass is estimated to have been 25 kg (55 lb). LB1 and LB8 are also somewhat smaller than the
2020:
compared to 450 teeth of living and extinct human species, states that they had "primitive canine-premolar and advanced molar morphologies," which is unique among hominins.
1989:, such as the lack of a chin. In 2016, a comparative study concluded that LB1 did not exhibit a sufficient number of Down syndrome characteristics to support a diagnosis.
638:, and kept them for three months. Professor Jacob did not believe the specimens represented a different species, contending that the LB1 find was from a 25â30 year-old
1646:. The oldest stone tools on Flores are around 1 million years old. Stone artifacts are absent from sites over 1.27 million years old, suggesting that the ancestors of
4083:
Argue, Debbie; Groves, Colin P. (21 April 2017). "The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters".
2001:
are its small body and small cranial capacity. Brown and
Morwood also identified a number of additional, less obvious features that might distinguish LB1 from modern
2119:
pygmies who inhabit the island, and that size can vary substantially in pygmy populations. A 2018 study refuted the possibility of
Rampasasa pygmies descending from
5789:
6931:
3802:
6641:
Larson, Susan G.; Jungers, William L.; Morwood, Michael J.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wahyu; Due, Rokus Awe; Djubiantono, Tony (December 2007).
2804:"An integrative geochronological framework for the Pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival"
2186:
in
Madagascar compared with their living relatives is proportionally greater than the reduction in body size, and similar to the reduction in brain size of
6054:
Tocheri, M.W.; Orr, C.M.; Larson, S.G.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E.W.; Due, R.A.; Djubiantono, T.; Morwood, M.J.; Jungers, W.L. (21 September 2007).
2336:
found at Liang Bua, suggesting that they would have faced intense competition for carcasses with other predators, like the Komodo dragon, the giant stork
1854:
nor an individual with a malformed skull and brain. In response, American neurologist Jochen Weber and colleagues compared the computer model skull with
6980:
6321:"Temporal shifts in the distribution of murine rodent body size classes at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) reveal new insights into the paleoecology of
7897:
5500:"Evolved developmental homeostasis disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, denotes Down syndrome and not diagnostic traits of the invalid species
4846:
Jacob, T.; Indriati, E.; Soejono, R. P.; Hsu, K.; Frayer, D. W.; Eckhardt, R. B.; Kuperavage, A. J.; Thorne, A.; Henneberg, M. (5 September 2006).
8160:
7925:
3920:; Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H.; Wunderlich, R. E.; Tocheri, M. W.; Larson, S. G.; Sutikna, T.; Due, Rhokus Awe; Morwood, M. J. (2009). "The foot of
6685:
3518:
6542:
4296:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kono, Reiko T.; Sutikna, Thomas; Saptomo, Emanuel Wahyu; Jatmiko; Due Awe, Rokus (18 November 2015). Bae, Christopher (ed.).
2429:
2677:
Morwood, M. J.; et al. (13 October 2005). "Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late
Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia".
3798:
2182:
and the great apes. Such a reduction is likely due to insular dwarfism, and a 2009 study found that the reduction in brain size of extinct
556:
lived contemporaneously with modern humans on Flores. Before publication, the discoverers were considering placing LB1 into her own genus,
5284:
6460:
4424:"Archaic Hominin Populations in Asia before the Arrival of Modern Humans: Their Phylogeny and Implications for the "Southern Denisovans""
7773:
6853:
3583:
1456:
6181:
7161:
7121:
1326:
7017:
6319:
Veatch, E. Grace; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Sutikna, Thomas; McGrath, Kate; Wahyu
Saptomo, E.; Jatmiko; Helgen, Kristofer M. (May 2019).
2446:
the latter two genera being about the size of rabbits, with body masses of 600â2,500 grams (1.3â5.5 lb). Also present were the
517:
The first specimens were discovered on the
Indonesian island of Flores on 2 September 2003 by a joint Australian-Indonesian team of
436:
cave. As of 2015, partial skeletons of fifteen individuals have been recovered, including one complete skull, referred to as "LB1".
8214:
8134:
8013:
7857:
7171:
3602:
1346:
715:
2217:
The angle of humeral torsion is much less than in modern humans. The humeral head of modern humans is twisted between 145 and 165
1961:, unusually straight and untwisted humeral heads, relatively thick limbs, double rooted premolar, and primitive wrist morphology.
3859:
van den Bergh, G. D.; Kaifu, Y.; Kurniawan, I.; Kono, R. T.; Brumm, A.; Setiyabudi, E.; Aziz, F.; Morwood, M. J. (8 June 2016). "
1814:
with a birth defect, rather than the result of neurological reorganisation. These claims have subsequently been widely rejected.
8234:
7915:
7166:
6055:
1306:
432:
The remains of an individual who would have stood about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in height were discovered in 2003 at
8244:
7920:
7798:
7176:
6795:
6773:
6754:
6631:
2895:
2209:
is also associated with evidence for advanced behaviours, such as the use of fire, butchering, and stone tool manufacturing.
1930:
6806:
5761:
8249:
6822:
5703:
2240:
They are significantly different from those of modern humans, lacking features which evolved at least 800,000 years ago.
666:
back to Jakarta despite the claimed physical evidence that the jawbone had been broken while making a mould of the bones.
7877:
5725:
Fix, Alan G. (June 1995). "Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli".
2111:, where size decreases as a response to fewer resources in an island ecosystem. In 2006, Indonesian palaeoanthropologist
6894:
6886:
5819:
Van Den Bergh, G. D.; Rokhus Due Awe; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Wahyu Saptomo, E. (May 2008). "The youngest
2931:
Morwood, M. J.; et al. (27 October 2004). "Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia".
1786:
from a tooth discovered in 2003, but both teams were unsuccessful. It has been suggested that this happened because the
8239:
7986:
7092:
6841:
5238:
2537:"enslaved by the Java Men, a race of flesh-eating dragon-riders." The film was intended to piggyback on the success of
5797:
3265:
7852:
6939:
2543:
1964:
However, Falk's scans of LB1's pituitary fossa show that it is not larger than usual. Also, in 2009, anthropologists
8044:
1286:
6878:
6870:
3049:
1696:
sketetal anatomy, such as its feet bones being considered as more similar to those of very archaic humans such as
7996:
7892:
1496:
6696:
Martin, R. D.; MacLarnon, A. M.; Phillips, J. L.; Dussubieux, L.; Williams, P. R.; Dobyns, W. B. (19 May 2006).
4174:"The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods"
3379:
Kaifu, Yousuke; Kono, Reiko T.; Sutikna, Thomas; Saptomo, E. Wahyu; Jatmiko; Rokus Due Awe; Baba, Hisao (2015).
2166:. LB1's brain is estimated to have had a volume of 380 cm (23 cu in), placing it at the range of
1750:-grade archaic humans, and suggest that others may have been the result of evolutionary reversals/convergence.
8229:
8219:
7991:
7292:
3436:(84th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, March 25-28, 2015) (156): 126â127
2170:
or the extinct australopithecines. LB1's brain size is less than half that of its presumed immediate ancestor,
2146:
1730:, a well known evolutionary trend found among various island animals. These authors alternatively suggest that
592:
6955:
3456:
618:
The fossils are property of the Indonesian state. In early December 2004, Indonesian paleoanthropologist
8224:
7114:
1692:-grade archaic humans outside of Africa prior to 1.75 million years ago. This is based on various aspects of
4026:"Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships"
2036:
skulls, including those of small-bodied individuals and microcephalics, and is more similar to the skull of
7862:
7739:
7625:
7080:
7067:(Turkhana Basin Institute presentation at the Seventh Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium). 21 April 2009
6608:â short humanoid creatures said to inhabit remote, mountainous forests on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo
6200:
2225:. This may have provided an advantage when arm-swinging, and, in tandem with the unusual morphology of the
1794:
has higher concentrations of DNA. Moreover, the heat generated by the high speed of the drill bit may have
936:
708:
3333:
2877:
8112:
8056:
7960:
7778:
7299:
7153:
6594:
1795:
685:
606:
is thought to have gone extinct. Comparisons of the stone artifacts with those made by modern humans in
7818:
7749:
7285:
7278:
7271:
5823:
remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia".
2070:
and considerably shorter than the average adult height of even the smallest modern humans, such as the
2005:, including the form of the teeth, the absence of a chin, and a lesser torsion in the lower end of the
1866:, after unearthing more specimens, countered that the skeptics had mistakenly attributed the height of
1389:
1123:
1115:
1107:
142:
5029:
Lyras, G.A.; Dermitzakis, D.M.; Van Der Geer, A.A.E.; Van der Geer, S.B.; De Vos, J. (1 August 2008).
2348:
endemic to the island, which are found abundantly at Liang Bua. While it was initially suggested that
8001:
7793:
6157:
Blaszczyk, Maria B.; Vaughan, Christopher L. (2007). "Re-interpreting the evidence for bipedality in
4366:"Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth: Evolutionary implications"
3332:
Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T.; Saptomo, E. W.; Jatmiko; Hobbs, D. R.; Westaway, K. E. (November 2009).
1938:
1227:
634:'s National Research Centre of Archaeology, with the permission of one of the institute's directors,
7783:
4819:
2352:
was capable of using fire, the supporting evidence for this claim was later found to be unreliable.
442:
is thought to have arrived on Flores around 1.27-1 million years ago. There is debate as to whether
8032:
7335:
7107:
5825:
3526:
2175:
2123:, concluding that "multiple independent instances of hominin insular dwarfism occurred on Flores".
1634:, Flores remained an isolated island during episodes of low sea level. Therefore, the ancestors of
651:
486:
5075:"Frontal Brain Expansion During Development Using MRI and Endocasts: Relation to Microcephaly and
5028:
3541:
7970:
7907:
7867:
7754:
7313:
7088:
5030:
4623:
4365:
4173:
4133:
3689:
2803:
2151:
2100:
1197:
701:
662:
Jacob, however, denied any wrongdoing. He stated that the damages occurred during transport from
155:
6906:
6825:(Bookscout, Soest, The Netherlands) (= a biography of the discoverer of the Liang Bua, in Dutch)
5498:
Henneberg, Maciej; Eckhardt, Robert B.; Chavanaves, Sakdapong; HsĂŒ, Kenneth J. (5 August 2014).
2555:, "uniformly referred to as 'Hobbits' in the scientific community." The film was later retitled
2477:
1412:
8191:
8165:
8074:
7965:
7940:
7935:
7828:
7744:
7306:
6817:
Knepper, Gert M. (2019): Floresmens - Het leven van Theo Verhoeven, missionaris en archeoloog.
3422:
1156:
627:
4852:
skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: Population affinities and pathological abnormalities"
2342:, and vultures, and that it was possible that their main prey was instead the giant rats like
2312:. Similar artefacts are found at the Soa Basin 50 km (31 mi) south, associated with
130:
8186:
7349:
6264:"Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia"
5862:"Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia"
2386:
2291:
1903:
1643:
928:
291:
8178:
6747:
A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the "Hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia
6624:
The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution
6382:
Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Sutikna, Thomas; Wahyu Saptomo, E.; Tocheri, Matthew W. (July 2022).
3560:
8121:
7930:
7833:
7734:
7695:
7640:
7545:
7249:
7242:
6715:
6661:
6399:
6336:
6275:
6076:
5990:
5947:
5873:
5834:
5645:
5582:
5515:
5456:
5393:
5314:
Groves, Colin Peter; Fitzgerald, Catharine (2010). "Healthy hobbits or victims of Sauron".
5139:
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4933:
4863:
4731:
4668:
4570:
4514:
4474:
4377:
4315:
4245:
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4145:
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3933:
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3817:
3762:
3705:
3468:
3345:
3216:
3006:
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2815:
2742:
2688:
2614:
2557:
2458:
2338:
1565:
1366:
1213:
1082:
1067:
6695:
4503:"Age control of the first appearance datum for Javanese Homo erectus in the Sangiran area"
2871:
8:
7342:
6512:
5126:
Balzeau, Antoine; Charlier, Philippe (2016). "What do cranial bones of LB1 tell us about
2287:
635:
6719:
6665:
6483:
6403:
6340:
6279:
6080:
5994:
5951:
5877:
5838:
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5519:
5460:
5397:
5143:
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4735:
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4319:
4249:
4189:
4149:
4096:
3991:
3937:
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3821:
3766:
3709:
3632:
3472:
3349:
3220:
3141:
3108:
3072:
3010:
2989:
Sutikna, Thomas; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Morwood, Michael J.; et al. (30 March 2016).
2946:
2819:
2746:
2692:
2618:
7887:
7729:
7605:
6788:
The Strange Case of the Rickety Cossack and other Cautionary Tales from Human Evolution
6428:
6388:
from Flores reveal new insights into giant marabou stork paleobiology and biogeography"
6383:
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6263:
6243:
6100:
6019:
5974:
5894:
5861:
5742:
5668:
5629:
5605:
5566:
5538:
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5416:
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5003:
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4847:
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4297:
4268:
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4025:
3957:
3917:
3896:
3841:
3731:
3688:
Dennell, Robin W.; Louys, Julien; O'Regan, Hannah J.; Wilkinson, David M. (July 2014).
3647:
3030:
2966:
2841:
2774:
2712:
2638:
2395:
2205:, which is associated with cognition, is about the same size as that of modern humans.
2183:
2091:
1476:
669:
In 2005, Indonesian officials forbade access to the cave. Some news media, such as the
150:
7056:
5354:
4710:
4502:
2872:
Tocheri, Matthew W.; Sutikna, Thomas; Jatmiko; Saptomo, E. Wahyu (14 February 2022). "
2597:
1822:
1543:
8173:
8051:
8006:
7872:
7813:
7803:
7574:
7392:
7186:
7043:(Nova's documentary website, complete program available through Watch Online feature)
6818:
6791:
6769:
6750:
6733:
6706:
6677:
6627:
6433:
6415:
6364:
6301:
6139:
6092:
6067:
6024:
6006:
5938:
5899:
5673:
5610:
5543:
5480:
5472:
5421:
5358:
5265:
5214:
5206:
5182:
5163:
5155:
5108:
5100:
5008:
4949:
4891:
4800:
4747:
4722:
4684:
4604:
4586:
4538:
4530:
4443:
4405:
4393:
4343:
4273:
4229:
4211:
4108:
4055:
4003:
3949:
3900:
3888:
3833:
3780:
3484:
3380:
3361:
3314:
3234:
3186:
3165:
3146:
3128:
3022:
2958:
2891:
2845:
2778:
2766:
2758:
2704:
2630:
2248:
and low walking speed. The toes had an unusual shape and the big toe was very short.
2202:
2167:
1950:
1639:
663:
580:
of the article recommended that, despite her size, she should be placed in the genus
39:
6247:
6104:
5818:
4759:
3845:
3735:
3717:
2827:
7882:
7635:
7452:
7414:
7261:
6723:
6669:
6423:
6407:
6354:
6344:
6291:
6283:
6235:
6131:
6084:
6014:
5998:
5955:
5889:
5881:
5842:
5734:
5663:
5653:
5600:
5590:
5533:
5523:
5464:
5411:
5401:
5378:"Post-cranial skeletons of hypothyroid cretins show a similar anatomical mosaic as
5350:
5323:
5255:
5247:
5198:
5147:
5090:
5046:
4998:
4988:
4967:
Falk, D.; Hildebolt, C.; Smith, K.; Morwood, M. J.; Sutikna, T. (2 February 2007).
4941:
4881:
4871:
4790:
4739:
4676:
4631:
4594:
4578:
4522:
4482:
4435:
4385:
4333:
4323:
4263:
4253:
4201:
4193:
4153:
4100:
4068:
are unable to distinguish among the various 'hobbits are early hominins' hypotheses
4045:
4037:
3995:
3961:
3941:
3880:
3825:
3770:
3721:
3713:
3476:
3396:
3353:
3306:
3224:
3207:
3181:
3136:
3120:
3034:
3014:
2970:
2950:
2933:
2883:
2831:
2823:
2750:
2716:
2696:
2679:
2622:
2605:
2490:
2452:
2235:
2198:
2108:
2095:
1978:
1727:
1682:
1148:
1097:
587:
459:
454:
347:
43:
7004:
6230:
Callaway, E. (30 March 2016). "Did humans drive 'hobbit' species to extinction?".
5738:
1898:
A 2007 study postulated that the skeletons were those of humans who suffered from
7689:
7662:
7560:
7518:
7130:
6810:
6673:
6586:
6349:
6320:
6135:
5846:
5767:
5658:
5468:
5406:
5151:
4945:
4680:
4389:
4328:
4258:
4197:
4157:
4104:
3999:
3480:
3357:
2642:
2405:
2226:
2218:
2087:
1958:
1886:
were well-developed, which would not have been the case were they microcephalic.
1657:
In 2016, fossil teeth and a partial jaw from hominins assumed to be ancestral to
1181:
950:
906:
526:
522:
5711:
5630:"A Critical Evaluation of the Down Syndrome Diagnosis for LB1, Type Specimen of
2389:
with relatively few terrestrial vertebrate species, including the extinct dwarf
1918:
7509:
7213:
7199:
7138:
6783:
5327:
4856:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4582:
4486:
3455:
Marwick, Ben; Clarkson, Chris; O'Connor, Sue; Collins, Sophie (December 2016).
3427:") exhibit individual variation and temporal change, not uniformity and stasis"
3124:
2511:
2410:
2131:
2043:
1899:
1783:
1002:
989:
919:
893:
623:
549:
6239:
4655:
4023:
3648:"Paleoanthropologyânew 'hobbits' bolster species, but origins still a mystery"
481:
skeletal material at Liang Bua is now dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago;
8208:
8097:
7677:
7530:
7220:
6859:
6419:
6010:
5476:
5362:
5210:
5159:
5104:
4590:
4534:
4447:
3132:
2762:
2538:
2447:
2365:
reached the area, which may suggest the effects of modern humans directly on
2317:
2071:
2029:
1982:
1883:
1855:
1851:
1827:
1726:
that became isolated on Flores, with the small body size being the result of
1631:
1521:
1189:
418:
81:
6728:
6697:
6287:
6088:
5960:
5930:
5923:
5885:
5595:
5528:
4993:
4876:
4795:
4774:
4743:
4526:
3978:
Argue, Debbie; Morwood, M.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Saptomo, W. (July 2009). "
3421:
Eckhardt, Robert B.; Chavanaves, Sakdapong; Henneberg, Maciej (April 2015).
16:"LB1" redirects here. For the stellar-mass black hole in the Milky Way, see
7683:
7671:
7613:
7487:
7435:
7400:
7325:
7232:
6737:
6681:
6605:
6437:
6368:
6305:
6143:
6096:
6028:
5903:
5677:
5614:
5562:
5547:
5484:
5425:
5269:
5251:
5218:
5167:
5112:
5012:
4953:
4895:
4804:
4751:
4688:
4608:
4542:
4397:
4347:
4277:
4215:
4112:
4059:
4041:
4007:
3953:
3892:
3837:
3784:
3488:
3365:
3318:
3238:
3150:
3026:
2962:
2770:
2708:
2634:
2598:"A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia"
2514:
that he was not allowed to use the word "hobbit" in promoting the lecture.
2390:
2268:
2067:
2038:
1965:
1922:
1879:
1871:
1706:
1688:
1597:
1171:
1138:
1052:
976:
963:
650:, which produces a small brain and skull. Professor Richard Roberts of the
647:
465:
426:
4845:
4635:
2256:
1766:-grade archaic humans anywhere outside of Africa, which supporters of the
8147:
8106:
7567:
7494:
7466:
7459:
7407:
6599:
5234:"Are the small human-like fossils found on Flores human endemic cretins?"
4824:
2506:
In October 2012, a New Zealand scientist due to give a public lecture on
2464:
2381:
During the late Early Pleistocene-Late Pleistocene before the arrival of
2112:
2079:
1847:
1500:
1243:
867:
619:
577:
518:
506:
56:
7036:
6411:
6002:
5187:
and patients with primary growth hormone insensitivity (Laron syndrome)"
3945:
3884:
3829:
3669:
3018:
2954:
2836:
2754:
2700:
2626:
8139:
7552:
7473:
6359:
6035:
5202:
5051:
4911:
3400:
3310:
2990:
2522:
2518:
2495:
2441:
2163:
2126:
Aside from smaller body size, the specimens seem to otherwise resemble
1712:
1662:
607:
490:
482:
457:, or whether it represents an otherwise undetected migration of small,
411:
217:
101:
66:
8152:
7011:. Washington University in St. Louis, Electronic Radiology Laboratory.
5746:
3916:
3726:
1834:
Prior to Jacob's removal of the fossils, American neuroanthropologist
7619:
7524:
6979:
Obendorf, Peter; Oxnard, Charles E.; Kefford, Ben J. (5 March 2008).
6862:. Blog of a professor of anthropology who closely follows this topic.
6619:
6574:
5095:
5074:
4656:
4206:
3229:
3202:
2435:
2422:
2344:
2116:
1835:
1581:
1258:
510:
489:
ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago. Other earlier remains from
433:
247:
237:
167:
106:
50:
8068:
5975:"Insular dwarfism in hippos and a model for brain size reduction in
3775:
3750:
8091:
7480:
7445:
7422:
7143:
7018:"'Hobbit' fossil likely represents new branch on human family tree"
6848:
6580:
4461:
Zeitoun, Valéry; Barriel, Véronique; Widianto, Harry (April 2016).
4439:
4306:
2415:
2296:
2230:
2197:
Smaller size does not appear to have affected mental faculties, as
1934:
1843:
1791:
1720:
1432:
880:
854:
639:
537:
447:
257:
187:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
7099:
6117:
3454:
2800:
7630:
7206:
6381:
5073:
Vannucci, Robert C.; Barron, Todd F.; Holloway, Ralph L. (2013).
3803:"Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores"
3797:
3495:
3457:"Early modern human lithic technology from Jerimalai, East Timor"
2400:
2006:
1942:
1859:
specimens from the cave show small stature but not microcephaly.
1839:
1787:
1037:
1029:
1015:
839:
631:
544:, specimen LB3, is about 74,000 years old. The specimens are not
473:
414:
207:
111:
86:
8126:
6966:. The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. July 2022
6602: â Extinct Eurasian species or subspecies of archaic humans
3687:
2320:
remains, and are attributed to a likely ancestral population of
1949:
on the island. Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, caused by
6836:
5295:. Learn Science at Scitable. Vol. 3, no. 9. p. 4
5289:: Making Sense of the Small-Bodied Hominin Fossils from Flores"
4912:
Argue, D.; Donlon, D.; Groves, C.; Wright, R. (October 2006). "
3858:
2732:
2486:
2083:
2066:
length. These estimates are outside the range of normal modern
545:
536:
was named and described by Peter Brown et al., with LB1 as the
422:
407:
329:
227:
197:
177:
5497:
2489:" by the discoverers, after the fictional race popularized in
2294:
were associated with remains of the extinct elephant-relative
2278:
s small brain. This has led some researchers to theorize that
368:
321:
7705:
7596:
7586:
4462:
4024:
Dembo, M.; Matzke, N. J.; Mooers, A. Ă.; Collard, M. (2015).
3105:
2075:
2063:
1810:
at 417 cc prompted hypotheses that the specimens were simply
1719:
instead likely represents the descendants of a population of
5560:
4624:"Researchers to drill for hobbit history : Nature News"
4463:"Phylogenetic analysis of the calvaria of Homo floresiensis"
3863:-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores".
3331:
3245:
3050:"Study: Indonesia "hobbit" fossils older than first thought"
2086:
at 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in) for adult women of the
356:
7364:
6640:
6318:
6041:
5796:. National Geographic News. 27 October 2004. Archived from
5232:
Obendorf, P.J.; Oxnard, C.E.; Kefford, C.E. (7 June 2008).
5035:
and its relation to evolutionary processes under isolation"
4969:"Brain shape in human microcephalics and Homo floresiensis"
4559:"Javanese Homo erectus on the move in SE Asia circa 1.8 Ma"
4555:
4499:
3420:
2499:, and some of the discoverers suggested naming the species
2267:
The cave yielded over ten thousand stone artefacts, mainly
2245:
1929:
In 2008 Australian researcher Peter Obendorf â who studies
374:
362:
267:
17:
5972:
5181:
Hershkovitz, Israel; Kornreich, Liora; Laron, Zvi (2007).
4773:
Weber, J.; Czarnetzki, A.; Pusch, C.M. (14 October 2005).
3977:
2134:
at times coincident with earlier finds purported to be of
2115:
and colleagues said that LB1 has a similar stature to the
1937:(ME) congenital iodine deficiency syndrome resulting from
1933:â and colleagues suggested that LB1 and LB6 suffered from
1902:, which was first reported in 1966, and is most common in
1680:
descended from an early migration of very primitive small
548:
and have been described as having "the consistency of wet
5684:
5180:
4966:
3266:"How a hobbit is rewriting the history of the human race"
3203:"Little lady of Flores forces rethink of human evolution"
3109:"Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis"
1614:
670:
386:
6932:""Hobbit" Discovered: Tiny Human Ancestor Found in Asia"
6484:"Masters of the Mockbuster:What The Asylum Is All About"
4170:
2016:
A 2015 study of the dental morphology of forty teeth of
1945:), and that they were part of an affected population of
1913:
646:, probably a pygmy, and that the small skull was due to
6993:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6887:"The forelimb and hindlimb remains from Liang Bua cave"
6053:
4295:
4030:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3694:
on Flores: biogeographical and ecological perspectives"
3378:
2032:, that the skull of LB1 differs significantly from all
1997:
The most important and obvious identifying features of
1878:
brains were similar in shape to modern humans, and the
1742:
These authors also dispute some of the similarities to
5072:
4820:"Indonesia's "Hobbit": A Huge Fight over a Little Man"
4460:
2324:. Other authors have doubted the extent of hunting of
1672:
Two hypotheses have been proposed as to the origin of
6978:
6182:"Flores 'hobbit' walked more like a clown than Frodo"
5375:
5231:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2980:
630:, removed most of the remains from their repository,
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
350:
6583:â small humanoid creatures in the folklore of Flores
6260:
4772:
353:
5561:Westaway, Michel Carrington; Durband, Arthur C. C;
5024:
5022:
4907:
4905:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4363:
3542:"Fight over access to 'hobbit' bones â being-human"
3334:"Preface: research at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia"
680:
485:recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from
359:
7609:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
6985:just a population of myxoedematous endemic cretin
6047:
5376:Oxnard, C.; Obendorf, P.J.; Kefford, B.B. (2010).
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
3540:
3519:"'Hobbit woman' remains spark row among academics"
2977:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
6205:kept their tools as they shrank into island life"
3852:
2221:of the elbow joint, whereas it is 120 degrees in
2046:argues that the species is wrongly classified as
1957:are diagnostic characteristics, such as enlarged
8206:
6744:
6156:
5313:
5019:
4902:
4832:
3675:
3657:. Vol. 310, no. 5746. pp. 208â209
3501:
3251:
2050:as it is far too archaic to assign to the genus
1770:-origin hypothesis suggest makes the descent of
6929:
5910:
5575:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5508:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5341:"Flores hobbits didn't suffer from cretinism".
5125:
4973:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4695:
4228:
4134:"A new cladistic analysis of Homo floresiensis"
2570:
2332:, noting the rarity of cut marks on remains of
1734:has several cranial and dental similarities to
676:
613:
5491:
5282:
3986:. Online Only as of Aug 4, 2009 (5): 623â639.
3751:"'Hobbit' relatives found after ten-year hunt"
3627:
3625:
3623:
2930:
2676:
2471:
1981:and colleagues claimed that LB1 suffered from
7115:
6591: â Archaic human from Luzon, Philippines
5812:
3742:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3561:"Professor fuels row over Hobbit man fossils"
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2525:" films, planned to release a movie entitled
1801:
1790:was targeted; new research suggests that the
1774:from these more primitive hominins unlikely.
709:
6745:Morwood, Mike; Oosterzee, Penny van (2007).
6543:"'Hobbit' knockoff release blocked by judge"
6223:
5760:Weber, George. "5. A Physical Examination".
4291:
4289:
4287:
4234:"Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia"
4078:
4076:
2672:
1925:and Debbie Argue examining the type specimen
1711:This position has been supported by several
7594:
6453:"Hobbit makers ban uni from using 'hobbit'"
6060:and Its Implications for Hominin Evolution"
5973:Weston, E. M.; Lister, A. M. (7 May 2009).
5924:"Response to Comment on 'The Brain of LB1,
5369:
4082:
3620:
3163:
3064:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2882:. Oxford University Press. pp. 38â69.
2879:The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
561:
380:
23:Extinct small human species found in Flores
7122:
7108:
6782:
6647:and the evolution of the hominin shoulder"
5790:"Hobbit-Like Human Ancestor Found in Asia"
5690:
5316:HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
4817:
3571:
3041:
2852:
2596:Brown, P.; et al. (27 October 2004).
1625:
716:
702:
610:indicate many technological similarities.
453:that reduced its body size as a result of
320:
129:
6995:(blog commentary on the Obendorf paper).
6895:"Hominin remains from Mata Menge, Flores"
6804:
6727:
6427:
6358:
6348:
6295:
6254:
6018:
5959:
5893:
5853:
5759:
5667:
5657:
5604:
5594:
5537:
5527:
5415:
5405:
5259:
5191:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5094:
5050:
5002:
4992:
4885:
4875:
4794:
4598:
4337:
4327:
4284:
4267:
4257:
4205:
4073:
4049:
3791:
3774:
3725:
3601:Powledge, Tabitha M. (28 February 2005).
3512:
3510:
3434:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3299:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3293:Aiello, Leslie C. (2010). "Five years of
3288:
3286:
3228:
3185:
3140:
2991:"Revised stratigraphy and chronology for
2835:
2595:
2130:, a species known to have been living in
1777:
1715:analyses. Other authors have argued that
513:Cave, where the specimens were discovered
469:-grade archaic humans outside of Africa.
8014:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6807:"Lonely islands: The Andamanese (Ch. 5)"
6763:
6517:producers sue 'mockbuster' film company"
6229:
6179:
5921:
5860:Tucci, S.; et al. (3 August 2018).
4818:von Bredow, Rafaela (1 September 2006).
4708:
4232:; Churchill, S. E.; et al. (2008).
3748:
3600:
2911:
2649:
2529:depicting a "peace-loving" community of
2282:inherited their tool-making skills from
2255:
2174:(980 cm (60 cu in)). The
2145:
1917:
1821:
586:
505:
5183:"Comparative skeletal features between
4131:
3645:
3381:"Descriptions of the dental remains of
3164:Jungers, W.; Baab, K. (December 2009).
2478:Hobbit (word) § Proprietary status
2456:), with birds including a giant stork (
1758:, with there also being no evidence of
332:in Indonesia, shown highlighted in red
8207:
6568:
6536:
6534:
6507:
6505:
4709:Falk, D.; et al. (8 April 2005).
3516:
3507:
3423:"Liang Bua Cave (Flores) humans (aka "
3292:
3283:
3200:
3047:
2107:Their short stature was likely due to
2078:at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in),
1638:could only have reached the island by
1610:
8073:
8072:
7799:Evolutionary models of human drug use
7103:
7015:
6809:. Andaman Association. Archived from
6540:
6481:
5922:Falk, D.; et al. (19 May 2006).
5859:
5438:
4621:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4359:
4357:
4127:
4125:
4019:
4017:
3973:
3971:
3912:
3910:
3584:"Hobbits triumph tempered by tragedy"
3263:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
1931:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
1914:Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
1862:In 2005, the original discoverers of
694:
521:looking for evidence of the original
8039:
7023:. Washington University in St. Louis
6618:
5627:
5565:; Collard, Mark (17 February 2015).
3070:
2888:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.013.2
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2728:
2726:
2450:and another smaller monitor lizard (
2301:It has therefore been proposed that
1553:
1531:
1509:
1485:
1465:
1445:
1421:
1401:
1378:
1355:
1335:
1315:
1295:
1275:
683:
7129:
7005:"Virtual Endocasts of the "Hobbit""
6930:Mayell, Hillary (27 October 2004).
6531:
6502:
6450:
5724:
2403:) including small-sized forms like
655:damaged and missing two leg bones.
13:
7093:National Museum of Natural History
7016:Purdy, Michael C. (3 March 2005).
6626:. University of California Press.
5439:Brown, Peter (2012). "LB1 and LB6
5239:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4422:Kaifu, Yousuke (1 December 2017).
4412:
4354:
4302:and Its Evolutionary Implications"
4222:
4132:Trueman, John W.H. (August 2010).
4122:
4014:
3968:
3907:
3517:Connor, Steve (30 November 2004).
3090:
2517:In 2012, the American film studio
2158:In addition to a small body size,
493:date to around 700,000 years ago.
425:, Indonesia, until the arrival of
14:
8261:
6829:
6482:Somma, Brandon (4 January 2013).
6198:
3633:"Hobbit cave digs set to restart"
3264:McKie, Robin (21 February 2010).
3073:"Age of 'Hobbit' species revised"
3048:Ritter, Malcolm (30 March 2016).
2785:
2723:
2544:The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
1977:In 2014, physical anthropologist
1893:
1738:, particularly to early Javanese
1630:Because of the deep neighbouring
8050:
8038:
8027:
8026:
6871:"Another diagnosis for a hobbit"
6847:
6835:
6188:. Vol. 3. pp. 983â984.
6180:Callaway, Ewen (16 April 2008).
6163:South African Journal of Science
4622:Jones, Cheryl (5 January 2011).
3690:"The origins and persistence of
3187:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2009.00389.x
3071:Amos, Jonathan (30 March 2016).
1972:
1782:In 2006, two teams attempted to
346:
154:
54:
8215:2003 archaeological discoveries
6911:Interview with Professor Brown"
6698:"Comment on "The Brain of LB1,
6612:
6541:Fritz, Ben (10 December 2012).
6475:
6451:Lee, Julian (24 October 2012).
6444:
6375:
6312:
6192:
6173:
6150:
6111:
5966:
5782:
5753:
5718:
5696:
5621:
5554:
5432:
5334:
5307:
5276:
5225:
5174:
5119:
5066:
4960:
4811:
4775:"Comment on "The Brain of LB1,
4766:
4649:
4615:
4549:
4493:
4454:
4164:
4064:the data we currently have for
3718:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.031
3681:
3639:
3603:"Flores hominid bones returned"
3594:
3553:
3533:
3448:
3414:
3372:
3325:
3257:
3201:Dalton, Rex (28 October 2004).
3194:
3157:
2828:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107721
2376:
1842:of the LB1 skull and a virtual
1838:and her colleagues performed a
1817:
7081:"Human Timeline (Interactive)"
5567:"Mandibular evidence supports
3567:. London, UK. 3 December 2004.
1274:
593:Natural History Museum, London
1:
8235:Fossil taxa described in 2004
5766:. andaman.org. Archived from
5739:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090
5355:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61537-0
4298:"Unique Dental Morphology of
2564:
2521:, which produces low-budget "
2355:
421:that inhabited the island of
8245:Extinct animals of Indonesia
6674:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.003
6350:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.02.002
6136:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.014
5847:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.001
5659:10.1371/journal.pone.0155731
5469:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.011
5407:10.1371/journal.pone.0013018
5152:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.12.008
4946:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.013
4848:"Pygmoid Australomelanesian
4681:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.008
4390:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103124
4329:10.1371/journal.pone.0141614
4259:10.1371/journal.pone.0001780
4198:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008
4158:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.013
4105:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006
4000:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.002
3749:Callaway, E. (8 June 2016).
3676:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
3635:. BBC News. 25 January 2007.
3502:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
3481:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.004
3358:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.07.003
3252:Morwood & Oosterzee 2007
2178:of LB1 lies between that of
677:Classification and evolution
614:Scandal over specimen damage
532:In 2004, a separate species
501:
496:
7:
8250:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
8057:Evolutionary biology Portal
6595:Timeline of human evolution
6577: â Asian archaic human
6563:
5628:Baab, Karen (8 June 2016).
2485:was swiftly nicknamed "the
2260:A facial reconstruction of
2028:have asserted, based on 3D-
1611:
833:
446:represents a descendant of
10:
8266:
7057:"Hobbits in the Haystack:
6654:Journal of Human Evolution
6392:Royal Society Open Science
6329:Journal of Human Evolution
6124:Journal of Human Evolution
5449:Journal of Human Evolution
5328:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.01.019
5293:Nature Education Knowledge
5132:Journal of Human Evolution
4926:Journal of Human Evolution
4916:: Microcephalic, pygmoid,
4661:Journal of Human Evolution
4583:10.1038/s41598-022-23206-9
4487:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.002
4370:Journal of Human Evolution
4178:Journal of Human Evolution
4138:Journal of Human Evolution
4085:Journal of Human Evolution
3984:Journal of Human Evolution
3698:Quaternary Science Reviews
3461:Journal of Human Evolution
3338:Journal of Human Evolution
3166:"The geometry of hobbits:
3125:10.1038/s41467-024-50649-7
2995:at Liang Bua in Indonesia"
2808:Quaternary Science Reviews
2475:
2251:
1992:
1802:Congenital disorder claims
143:Cantonal Museum of Geology
15:
8240:Flores Island (Indonesia)
8081:
8022:
8002:Evolutionary anthropology
7979:
7953:
7906:
7844:
7763:
7722:
7715:
7661:
7585:
7508:
7433:
7387:
7380:
7363:
7323:
7259:
7230:
7194:
7185:
7152:
7137:
6766:The Origin of Our Species
6240:10.1038/nature.2016.19651
3982:: A cladistic analysis".
3678:, p. 230â231, ch. 9.
2399:; and a variety of rats (
2271:, surprising considering
1939:congenital hypothyroidism
1846:, and concluded that the
1654:arrived after this time.
558:Sundanthropus floresianus
328:
319:
297:
290:
151:Scientific classification
149:
137:
128:
30:
6936:National Geographic News
6764:Stringer, Chris (2011).
6056:"The Primitive Wrist of
5826:Quaternary International
2212:
2176:brain-to-body mass ratio
2141:
1806:The small brain size of
1676:The first proposes that
726:
652:University of Wollongong
429:about 50,000 years ago.
7908:Origin of modern humans
6729:10.1126/science.1121144
6288:10.1126/science.aar8486
6089:10.1126/science.1147143
5961:10.1126/science.1124972
5886:10.1126/science.aar8486
5727:American Anthropologist
5708:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5596:10.1073/pnas.1418997112
5529:10.1073/pnas.1407382111
5283:Baab, Karen L. (2012).
5039:Anthropological Science
4994:10.1073/pnas.0609185104
4877:10.1073/pnas.0605563103
4796:10.1126/science.1114789
4744:10.1126/science.1109727
4527:10.1126/science.aau8556
3389:Anthropological Science
2286:. Points, perforators,
2162:had a remarkably small
2152:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
2057:
1626:Phylogeny and evolution
1598:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1457:Dispersal beyond Africa
571:Sunda human from Flores
487:archaeological horizons
6879:"The Liang Bua report"
6790:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6768:. London: Allen Lane.
6519:. BBC. 8 November 2012
5794:nationalgeographic.com
5571:as a distinct species"
5443:are not modern human (
5252:10.1098/rspb.2007.1488
4467:Comptes Rendus Palevol
4042:10.1098/rspb.2015.0943
2264:
2155:
1926:
1850:was neither that of a
1831:
1778:DNA extraction attempt
729:−10 —
628:Gadjah Mada University
595:
525:of modern humans from
514:
8230:Prehistoric Indonesia
8220:Early species of Homo
8187:Paleobiology Database
7916:Recent African origin
7154:Last common ancestors
6749:. Smithsonian Books.
6325:and associated fauna"
5083:The Anatomical Record
4636:10.1038/news.2011.702
3588:Sydney Morning Herald
3113:Nature Communications
2387:depauperate ecosystem
2385:, Flores exhibited a
2259:
2149:
1969:deficiency syndrome.
1921:
1825:
819:−1 —
809:−2 —
799:−3 —
789:−4 —
779:−5 —
769:−6 —
759:−7 —
749:−8 —
739:−9 —
590:
509:
408:the fictional species
8225:Pleistocene primates
7931:Behavioral modernity
7921:Multiregional origin
7701:archaic Homo sapiens
7696:Homo heidelbergensis
7641:Red Deer Cave people
7061:and Human Evolution"
6844:at Wikimedia Commons
6386:Leptoptilos robustus
4428:Current Anthropology
3646:Culotta, E. (2005).
3529:on 12 December 2004.
3170:and human evolution"
2558:Clash of the Empires
2459:Leptoptilos robustus
2393:(elephant relative)
2339:Leptoptilos robustus
2219:degrees to the plane
2188:H. floresiensis
2184:pygmy hippopotamuses
2160:H. floresiensis
2136:H. floresiensis
1868:H. floresiensis
1413:Earliest stone tools
554:H. floresiensis
283:H. floresiensis
7568:H. neanderthalensis
7488:H. e. tautavelensis
7085:humanorigins.si.edu
6964:humanorigins.si.edu
6909:Scientific American
6889:. 18 December 2008.
6720:2006Sci...312.....M
6666:2007JHumE..53..718L
6569:Associated articles
6412:10.1098/rsos.220435
6404:2022RSOS....920435M
6341:2019JHumE.130...45V
6280:2018Sci...361..511T
6081:2007Sci...317.1743T
6003:10.1038/nature07922
5995:2009Natur.459...85W
5952:2006Sci...312.....F
5878:2018Sci...361..511T
5839:2008QuInt.182...16V
5800:on 5 September 2019
5650:2016PLoSO..1155731B
5587:2015PNAS..112E.604W
5520:2014PNAS..11111967H
5514:(31): 11967â11972.
5461:2012JHumE..62..201B
5398:2010PLoSO...513018O
5246:(1640): 1287â1296.
5144:2016JHumE..93...12B
4985:2007PNAS..104.2513F
4938:2006JHumE..51..360A
4868:2006PNAS..10313421J
4862:(36): 13421â13426.
4736:2005Sci...308..242F
4711:"The Brain of LB1,
4673:2009JHumE..57..597F
4575:2022NatSR..1219012H
4519:2020Sci...367..210M
4479:2016CRPal..15..555Z
4382:2022JHumE.16303124Z
4320:2015PLoSO..1041614K
4250:2008PLoSO...3.1780B
4190:2016JHumE..97...17D
4150:2010JHumE..59..223T
4097:2017JHumE.107..107A
3992:2009JHumE..57..623A
3946:10.1038/nature07989
3938:2009Natur.459...81J
3885:10.1038/nature17999
3877:2016Natur.534..245V
3830:10.1038/nature17663
3822:2016Natur.534..249B
3767:2016Natur.534Q.164C
3710:2014QSRv...96...98D
3549:. 11 December 2004.
3473:2016JHumE.101...45M
3350:2009JHumE..57..437M
3221:2004Natur.431.1029D
3019:10.1038/nature17179
3011:2016Natur.532..366S
2955:10.1038/nature02956
2947:2004Natur.431.1087M
2941:(7012): 1087â1091.
2820:2022QSRv..29407721V
2755:10.1038/nature08844
2747:2010Natur.464..748B
2701:10.1038/nature04022
2693:2005Natur.437.1012M
2687:(7061): 1012â1017.
2627:10.1038/nature02999
2619:2004Natur.431.1055B
2613:(7012): 1055â1061.
1661:were discovered at
636:Raden Panji Soejono
7755:Self-domestication
7546:H. heidelbergensis
7495:H. e. yuanmouensis
7460:H. e. lantianensis
7187:Australopithecines
7037:"Alien from Earth"
7021:(source.wustl.edu)
6942:on 29 October 2004
6211:. The Conversation
6042:Larson et al. 2007
5714:on 8 January 2008.
5349:(2766): 17. 2010.
5203:10.1002/ajpa.20655
5052:10.1537/ase.080411
4563:Scientific Reports
4434:(S17): S418âS433.
4036:(1812): 20150943.
3523:New Zealand Herald
3401:10.1537/ase.150501
3311:10.1002/ajpa.21255
3052:. Associated Press
2527:Age of the Hobbits
2396:Stegodon florensis
2265:
2156:
2096:australopithecines
1927:
1832:
1214:H. heidelbergensis
626:of the Indonesian
596:
515:
8202:
8201:
8174:Open Tree of Life
8113:Homo floresiensis
8083:Homo floresiensis
8075:Taxon identifiers
8066:
8065:
8007:Paleoanthropology
7949:
7948:
7926:Archaic admixture
7804:Stoned ape theory
7740:Endurance running
7657:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7504:
7503:
7467:H. e. nankinensis
7423:H. tsaichangensis
7359:
7358:
7059:Homo floresiensis
6983:Homo floresiensis
6958:Homo floresiensis
6917:. 27 October 2004
6881:. 10 August 2007.
6854:Homo floresiensis
6842:Homo floresiensis
6840:Media related to
6797:978-1-137-27889-0
6775:978-1-84614-140-9
6756:978-0-06-089908-0
6700:Homo floresiensis
6645:Homo floresiensis
6633:978-0-520-26670-4
6547:Los Angeles Times
6323:Homo floresiensis
6274:(6401): 511â516.
6203:Homo floresiensis
6159:Homo floresiensis
6120:Homo floresiensis
6058:Homo floresiensis
5977:Homo floresiensis
5932:Homo floresiensis
5872:(6401): 511â516.
5632:Homo floresiensis
5569:Homo floresiensis
5502:Homo floresiensis
5441:Homo floresiensis
5380:Homo floresiensis
5287:Homo floresiensis
5185:Homo floresiensis
5128:Homo floresiensis
5077:Homo floresiensis
5033:Homo floresiensis
4914:Homo floresiensis
4777:Homo floresiensis
4730:(5719): 242â245.
4713:Homo floresiensis
4513:(6474): 210â214.
4300:Homo floresiensis
3980:Homo floresiensis
3922:Homo floresiensis
3871:(7606): 245â248.
3861:Homo floresiensis
3816:(7606): 249â253.
3761:(7606): 164â165.
3692:Homo floresiensis
3425:Homo floresiensis
3383:Homo floresiensis
3295:Homo floresiensis
3168:Homo floresiensis
3005:(7599): 366â369.
2993:Homo floresiensis
2897:978-0-19-935535-8
2874:Homo floresiensis
2741:(7289): 748â752.
2508:Homo floresiensis
2483:Homo floresiensis
2472:"Hobbit" nickname
2462:) and a vulture (
2427:the medium-sized
2262:Homo floresiensis
2203:prefrontal cortex
2048:Homo floresiensis
1999:Homo floresiensis
1951:iodine deficiency
1642:, most likely by
1640:oceanic dispersal
1623:
1622:
1615:million years ago
1574:
1573:
1552:
1551:
1530:
1529:
1522:Earliest rock art
1508:
1507:
1484:
1483:
1477:Earliest language
1464:
1463:
1444:
1443:
1420:
1419:
1400:
1399:
1390:Earliest sign of
1377:
1376:
1367:Earliest sign of
1354:
1353:
1334:
1333:
1314:
1313:
1294:
1293:
937:Ou. macedoniensis
622:, formerly chief
534:Homo floresiensis
527:Asia to Australia
479:Homo floresiensis
440:Homo floresiensis
340:Homo floresiensis
336:
335:
304:Homo floresiensis
40:Early Pleistocene
32:Homo floresiensis
8257:
8195:
8194:
8182:
8181:
8169:
8168:
8156:
8155:
8143:
8142:
8130:
8129:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8070:
8069:
8054:
8042:
8041:
8030:
8029:
7966:Human prehistory
7941:Recent evolution
7936:Early migrations
7878:Thermoregulation
7779:Expensive tissue
7750:Sexual selection
7720:
7719:
7592:
7591:
7474:H. e. pekinensis
7385:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7293:A. bahrelghazali
7262:Australopithecus
7192:
7191:
7162:Chimpanzeeâhuman
7150:
7149:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7065:turkanabasin.org
7052:
7050:
7048:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7022:
7012:
7000:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6938:. Archived from
6926:
6924:
6922:
6898:
6890:
6882:
6874:
6852:Data related to
6851:
6839:
6823:978-9-46-3892476
6814:
6813:on 10 July 2012.
6801:
6779:
6760:
6741:
6731:
6692:
6691:on 13 June 2011.
6690:
6684:. Archived from
6651:
6637:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6509:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6488:the-artifice.com
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6459:. Archived from
6448:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6362:
6352:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6075:(5845): 1743â5.
6064:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6022:
5970:
5963:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5710:. Archived from
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5661:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5598:
5581:(7): E604âE605.
5563:Groves, Colin P.
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5531:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5098:
5096:10.1002/ar.22663
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4918:Australopithecus
4909:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4843:
4830:
4829:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4692:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4331:
4314:(11): e0141614.
4293:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4261:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4053:
4021:
4012:
4011:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3807:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3569:
3568:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3525:. Archived from
3514:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3230:10.1038/4311029a
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3103:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3045:
3039:
3038:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2928:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2869:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2674:
2647:
2646:
2602:
2593:
2552:
2534:
2510:was told by the
2491:J. R. R. Tolkien
2453:Varanus hooijeri
2308:hunted juvenile
2277:
2236:Australopithecus
2199:Brodmann area 10
2109:insular dwarfism
1979:Maciej Henneberg
1760:Australopithecus
1744:Australopithecus
1728:insular dwarfism
1698:Australopithecus
1683:Australopithecus
1674:H. floresiensis.
1603:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1584:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1544:Earliest clothes
1537:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1491:
1486:
1471:
1466:
1451:
1446:
1433:Earliest sign of
1427:
1422:
1407:
1402:
1392:Australopithecus
1384:
1379:
1361:
1356:
1347:Earliest bipedal
1341:
1336:
1327:Chimpanzee split
1321:
1316:
1301:
1296:
1281:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1230:
1216:
1202:
1174:
1161:
1141:
1128:
1100:
1098:Australopithecus
1087:
1072:
1055:
1042:
1018:
1005:
992:
979:
966:
953:
941:
922:
909:
896:
884:
870:
857:
844:
842:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
718:
711:
704:
698:
688:
687:Hominin timeline
681:
591:Skeleton at the
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
460:Australopithecus
455:insular dwarfism
397:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
324:
306:
302:
159:
158:
133:
123:
53:
44:Late Pleistocene
36:Temporal range:
28:
27:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8190:
8185:
8177:
8172:
8164:
8159:
8151:
8146:
8138:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8077:
8067:
8062:
8018:
7975:
7961:Human evolution
7945:
7902:
7846:
7840:
7819:Cooperative eye
7764:Specific models
7759:
7711:
7690:Homo antecessor
7645:
7581:
7575:H. rhodesiensis
7539:H. floresiensis
7500:
7481:H. e. soloensis
7453:H. e. georgicus
7429:
7393:H. gautengensis
7368:
7366:
7355:
7319:
7255:
7226:
7181:
7172:Orangutanâhuman
7141:
7133:
7131:Human evolution
7128:
7079:
7070:
7068:
7055:
7046:
7044:
7035:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7003:
6969:
6967:
6954:
6945:
6943:
6920:
6918:
6905:
6893:
6885:
6877:
6869:
6832:
6805:Weber, George.
6798:
6784:Tattersall, Ian
6776:
6757:
6688:
6649:
6634:
6615:
6588:Homo luzonensis
6571:
6566:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6539:
6532:
6522:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6480:
6476:
6466:
6464:
6449:
6445:
6384:"More bones of
6380:
6376:
6317:
6313:
6259:
6255:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6197:
6193:
6178:
6174:
6155:
6151:
6116:
6112:
6062:
6052:
6048:
6040:
6036:
5989:(7243): 85â88.
5971:
5967:
5920:
5911:
5858:
5854:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5801:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5770:on 10 July 2012
5758:
5754:
5723:
5719:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5691:Tattersall 2015
5689:
5685:
5644:(6): e0155731.
5626:
5622:
5559:
5555:
5496:
5492:
5437:
5433:
5374:
5370:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5281:
5277:
5230:
5226:
5179:
5175:
5124:
5120:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5031:"The origin of
5027:
5020:
4965:
4961:
4910:
4903:
4844:
4833:
4816:
4812:
4771:
4767:
4717:
4707:
4696:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4620:
4616:
4554:
4550:
4498:
4494:
4459:
4455:
4420:
4413:
4362:
4355:
4294:
4285:
4227:
4223:
4169:
4165:
4130:
4123:
4081:
4074:
4066:H. floresiensis
4022:
4015:
3976:
3969:
3932:(7243): 81â84.
3915:
3908:
3857:
3853:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3776:10.1038/534164a
3747:
3743:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3595:
3590:. 5 March 2005.
3582:
3581:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3377:
3373:
3330:
3326:
3291:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3199:
3195:
3162:
3158:
3104:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3042:
2987:
2978:
2929:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2870:
2853:
2799:
2786:
2731:
2724:
2675:
2650:
2600:
2594:
2571:
2567:
2550:
2532:
2480:
2474:
2406:Rattus hainaldi
2379:
2371:H. floresiensis
2367:H. floresiensis
2362:H. floresiensis
2358:
2350:H. floresiensis
2330:H. floresiensis
2280:H. floresiensis
2275:
2273:H. floresiensis
2254:
2227:shoulder girdle
2223:H. floresiensis
2215:
2207:H. floresiensis
2192:H. erectus
2180:H. erectus
2172:H. erectus
2144:
2128:H. erectus
2121:H. floresiensis
2088:Malay Peninsula
2060:
2034:H. sapiens
2018:H. floresiensis
2003:H. sapiens
1995:
1975:
1959:pituitary fossa
1955:H. floresiensis
1916:
1908:H. floresiensis
1896:
1876:H. floresiensis
1864:H. floresiensis
1826:LB1 (left) vs.
1820:
1808:H. floresiensis
1804:
1780:
1772:H. floresiensis
1732:H. floresiensis
1717:H. floresiensis
1694:H. floresiensis
1678:H. floresiensis
1667:H. floresiensis
1659:H. floresiensis
1636:H. floresiensis
1628:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:H o m i n i d s
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
996:
995:
994:
988:
983:
982:
981:
975:
970:
969:
968:
962:
957:
956:
955:
951:Chororapithecus
949:
944:
943:
942:
933:
925:
924:
918:
913:
912:
911:
907:Samburupithecus
905:
900:
899:
898:
892:
887:
886:
885:
878:
874:
873:
872:
866:
861:
860:
859:
853:
848:
847:
846:
840:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
722:
696:
690:
686:
679:
616:
604:H. floresiensis
573:
570:
567:
564:
542:H. floresiensis
523:human migration
504:
499:
444:H. floresiensis
398:also known as "
349:
345:
343:
315:
308:
300:
299:
286:
153:
139:H. floresiensis
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
46:
37:
34:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
8263:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8183:
8170:
8157:
8144:
8131:
8118:
8103:
8087:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8048:
8036:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8009:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7971:Human timeline
7968:
7963:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7794:Drunken monkey
7788:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7723:General models
7717:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7667:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7616:
7611:
7602:
7600:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7527:
7522:
7514:
7512:
7510:Archaic humans
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7441:
7439:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7419:
7415:H. rudolfensis
7411:
7404:
7397:
7388:
7382:
7375:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7336:P. aethiopicus
7331:
7329:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7267:
7265:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7236:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7217:
7214:Sahelanthropus
7210:
7203:
7200:Nakalipithecus
7195:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7147:
7135:
7134:
7127:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:. August 2016.
7077:
7053:
7033:
7013:
7001:
6976:
6952:
6927:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6897:. 8 June 2016.
6891:
6883:
6875:
6873:. 3 July 2007.
6864:
6863:
6857:
6856:at Wikispecies
6845:
6831:
6830:External links
6828:
6827:
6826:
6815:
6802:
6796:
6780:
6774:
6761:
6755:
6742:
6693:
6638:
6632:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6592:
6584:
6578:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6530:
6501:
6490:. The Artifice
6474:
6463:on 7 June 2013
6443:
6374:
6311:
6253:
6222:
6191:
6172:
6149:
6130:(5): 538â554.
6110:
6046:
6034:
5965:
5946:(5776): 999c.
5909:
5852:
5811:
5781:
5763:The Andamanese
5752:
5733:(2): 313â323.
5729:. New Series.
5717:
5695:
5693:, p. 194.
5683:
5620:
5553:
5490:
5455:(2): 201â224.
5431:
5368:
5333:
5306:
5275:
5224:
5197:(2): 198â208.
5173:
5118:
5089:(4): 630â637.
5065:
5018:
4959:
4932:(4): 360â374.
4901:
4831:
4810:
4765:
4694:
4667:(5): 597â607.
4648:
4614:
4548:
4492:
4473:(5): 555â568.
4453:
4440:10.1086/694318
4411:
4353:
4283:
4221:
4163:
4144:(2): 223â226.
4121:
4072:
4013:
3967:
3918:Jungers, W. L.
3906:
3851:
3790:
3741:
3680:
3668:
3638:
3619:
3593:
3570:
3552:
3532:
3506:
3494:
3447:
3413:
3395:(2): 129â145.
3371:
3344:(5): 437â449.
3324:
3305:(2): 167â179.
3282:
3256:
3244:
3215:(7012): 1029.
3193:
3180:(4): 159â164.
3156:
3089:
3063:
3040:
2976:
2910:
2896:
2851:
2784:
2722:
2648:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2512:Tolkien Estate
2476:Main article:
2473:
2470:
2411:Polynesian rat
2378:
2375:
2357:
2354:
2253:
2250:
2214:
2211:
2190:compared with
2143:
2140:
2132:Southeast Asia
2059:
2056:
2044:Ian Tattersall
1994:
1991:
1974:
1971:
1915:
1912:
1900:Laron syndrome
1895:
1894:Laron syndrome
1892:
1884:temporal lobes
1819:
1816:
1803:
1800:
1779:
1776:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1149:H. rudolfensis
1134:
1133:
1132:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:Graecopithecus
999:
998:
997:
990:Sahelanthropus
986:
985:
984:
973:
972:
971:
960:
959:
958:
947:
946:
945:
920:Ouranopithecus
916:
915:
914:
903:
902:
901:
894:Nakalipithecus
890:
889:
888:
877:
876:
875:
864:
863:
862:
851:
850:
849:
836:
835:
834:
832:
829:0 —
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
724:
723:
721:
720:
713:
706:
695:
692:
691:
684:
678:
675:
642:subspecies of
624:paleontologist
615:
612:
550:blotting paper
519:archaeologists
503:
500:
498:
495:
334:
333:
326:
325:
317:
316:
309:
295:
294:
288:
287:
279:
277:
273:
272:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
145:, Switzerland
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
35:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8262:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8015:
8012:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7843:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7825:Life history
7824:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7679:
7678:Homo ergaster
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7607:H. s. sapiens
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7587:Modern humans
7584:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7561:H. luzonensis
7558:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7519:H. antecessor
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7446:H. e. erectus
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7362:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7300:A. deyiremeda
7297:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7221:Kenyanthropus
7218:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:Gorillaâhuman
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7120:
7118:
7113:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7066:
7062:
7060:
7054:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7019:
7014:
7010:
7009:erl.wustl.edu
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6953:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6748:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6714:(5776): 999.
6713:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6660:(6): 718â31.
6659:
6655:
6648:
6646:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6535:
6518:
6516:
6508:
6506:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6398:(7): 220435.
6397:
6393:
6389:
6387:
6378:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6199:Moore, Mark.
6195:
6187:
6186:New Scientist
6183:
6176:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6061:
6059:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5392:(9): e13018.
5391:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5343:New Scientist
5337:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:(7): 2513â8.
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4789:(5746): 236.
4788:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4230:Berger, L. R.
4225:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3608:
3607:The Scientist
3604:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3548:
3547:New Scientist
3543:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:Peter Jackson
2536:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:Komodo dragon
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:The youngest
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Komodo dragon
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2269:lithic flakes
2263:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2150:Skull at the
2148:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2030:morphometrics
2027:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:Down syndrome
1980:
1973:Down syndrome
1970:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:(underactive
1940:
1936:
1935:myxoedematous
1932:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1856:microcephalic
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:human (right)
1829:
1828:microcephalic
1824:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:Homo erectus.
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Lombok Strait
1616:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1585:
1583:
1567:
1566:Modern humans
1561:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1497:Earliest fire
1493:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1307:Gorilla split
1303:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1260:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1215:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1182:H. antecessor
1176:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1127:
1125:
1124:Au. anamensis
1119:
1117:
1116:Au. afarensis
1111:
1109:
1108:Au. africanus
1102:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1084:
1071:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1041:
1039:
1038:O. tugenensis
1033:
1031:
1019:
1017:
1006:
1004:
993:
991:
980:
978:
967:
965:
954:
952:
940:
938:
932:
930:
923:
921:
910:
908:
897:
895:
883:
882:
871:
869:
858:
856:
845:
843:
725:
719:
714:
712:
707:
705:
700:
699:
693:
689:
682:
674:
672:
667:
665:
660:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
609:
605:
599:
594:
589:
585:
583:
579:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
512:
508:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
470:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
452:
451:
445:
441:
437:
435:
430:
428:
427:modern humans
424:
420:
419:archaic human
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:
342:
341:
331:
327:
323:
318:
313:
307:
305:
296:
293:
292:Binomial name
289:
285:
284:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
29:
26:
19:
8082:
8055:
8043:
8031:
7898:Gender roles
7893:Intelligence
7706:Homo sapiens
7704:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7684:Homo erectus
7682:
7676:
7672:Homo habilis
7670:
7631:Manot people
7620:H. s. idaltu
7618:
7614:Jebel Irhoud
7606:
7597:Homo sapiens
7595:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7551:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7529:
7517:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7436:Homo erectus
7434:
7421:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7381:Proto-humans
7370:
7367:proto-humans
7348:
7341:
7334:
7326:Paranthropus
7324:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7286:A. anamensis
7284:
7279:A. africanus
7277:
7272:A. afarensis
7270:
7260:
7248:
7241:
7233:Ardipithecus
7231:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7177:Gibbonâhuman
7084:
7069:. Retrieved
7064:
7058:
7045:. Retrieved
7040:
7025:. Retrieved
7008:
6996:
6992:
6987:Homo sapiens
6986:
6982:
6968:. Retrieved
6963:
6957:
6944:. Retrieved
6940:the original
6935:
6919:. Retrieved
6914:
6908:
6811:the original
6787:
6765:
6746:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6686:the original
6657:
6653:
6644:
6623:
6613:Bibliography
6606:Orang Pendak
6587:
6550:. Retrieved
6546:
6521:. Retrieved
6514:
6492:. Retrieved
6487:
6477:
6465:. Retrieved
6461:the original
6456:
6446:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6377:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6314:
6271:
6267:
6256:
6231:
6225:
6213:. Retrieved
6208:
6202:
6194:
6185:
6175:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6072:
6066:
6057:
6049:
6037:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5833:(1): 16â48.
5830:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5802:. Retrieved
5798:the original
5793:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5768:the original
5762:
5755:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5712:the original
5707:
5698:
5686:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5623:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5556:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5452:
5448:
5447:) cretins".
5445:Homo sapiens
5444:
5440:
5434:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5371:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5292:
5286:
5278:
5243:
5237:
5227:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5042:
5038:
5032:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4859:
4855:
4850:Homo sapiens
4849:
4823:
4813:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4768:
4727:
4721:
4712:
4664:
4660:
4651:
4639:. Retrieved
4627:
4617:
4569:(1): 19012.
4566:
4562:
4551:
4510:
4506:
4495:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4431:
4427:
4373:
4369:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4244:(3): e1780.
4241:
4237:
4224:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4141:
4137:
4116:
4088:
4084:
4065:
4063:
4033:
4029:
3983:
3979:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3813:
3809:
3793:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3683:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3654:
3641:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:
3596:
3587:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3535:
3527:the original
3522:
3497:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3433:
3424:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3392:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3273:. Retrieved
3270:The Guardian
3269:
3259:
3247:
3212:
3206:
3196:
3177:
3174:Significance
3173:
3167:
3159:
3116:
3112:
3080:. Retrieved
3076:
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3043:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2938:
2932:
2901:. Retrieved
2878:
2873:
2837:10072/418777
2811:
2807:
2738:
2734:
2684:
2678:
2610:
2604:
2556:
2553:floresiensis
2548:
2542:
2535:floresiensis
2530:
2526:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2440:
2439:and extinct
2434:
2433:, and giant
2428:
2421:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2391:proboscidean
2383:Homo sapiens
2382:
2380:
2377:Paleoecology
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2306:floresiensis
2305:
2302:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2242:
2234:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2159:
2157:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2106:
2099:
2068:human height
2061:
2051:
2047:
2039:Homo erectus
2037:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:Colin Groves
1963:
1954:
1946:
1928:
1923:Colin Groves
1907:
1897:
1888:
1875:
1872:microcephaly
1867:
1863:
1861:
1833:
1818:Microcephaly
1811:
1807:
1805:
1781:
1771:
1768:Homo erectus
1767:
1764:Homo habilis
1763:
1759:
1756:Homo erectus
1755:
1752:
1748:Homo habilis
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:Homo erectus
1722:
1716:
1707:Homo erectus
1705:
1702:Homo habilis
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:Homo habilis
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1652:floresiensis
1651:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1594:
1579:
1435:
1391:
1369:Ardipithecus
1368:
1287:Earlier apes
1244:Neanderthals
1228:Homo sapiens
1225:
1224:
1211:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1065:
1053:Ardipithecus
1050:
1049:
1035:
1027:
1013:
1000:
987:
977:Sivapithecus
974:
964:Oreopithecus
961:
948:
934:
926:
917:
904:
891:
879:
865:
852:
837:
668:
661:
657:
648:microcephaly
643:
617:
603:
600:
597:
581:
557:
553:
541:
533:
531:
516:
478:
471:
466:Homo habilis
464:
458:
450:Homo erectus
449:
443:
439:
438:
431:
403:
399:
339:
338:
337:
311:
303:
298:
282:
281:
268:
224:Infraorder:
138:
49:1â0.05
31:
25:
8148:iNaturalist
8107:Wikispecies
7829:Grandmother
7784:Shore-based
7745:Aquatic ape
7636:Tam Pa Ling
7531:H. ergaster
7350:P. robustus
7089:Smithsonian
6860:Hawks, John
6600:Neanderthal
6552:11 December
6360:2440/121139
6169:(103): 103.
4825:Der Spiegel
4091:: 107â133.
3612:28 February
3275:23 February
3119:(1): 6381.
2501:H. hobbitus
2465:Trigonoceps
2430:Hooijeromys
2292:microblades
2168:chimpanzees
2113:Teuku Jacob
1784:extract DNA
1713:cladistical
1190:H. ergaster
1083:Ar. ramidus
1068:Ar. kadabba
1030:O. praegens
868:Pleistocene
697:This box:
620:Teuku Jacob
483:stone tools
244:Subfamily:
228:Simiiformes
8209:Categories
7868:Skin color
7853:Bipedalism
7814:Killer ape
7626:Cro-Magnon
7525:Denisovans
7401:H. habilis
7365:Humans and
7250:A. ramidus
7243:A. kadabba
6620:Falk, Dean
6515:The Hobbit
6467:29 October
6215:2 December
5322:(3): 211.
4376:: 103124.
3727:1885/30501
3704:: 98â107.
2814:: 107721.
2565:References
2523:mockbuster
2519:The Asylum
2496:The Hobbit
2442:Spelaeomys
2356:Extinction
2322:H. erectus
2284:H. erectus
2229:and short
2164:brain size
2098:, such as
2092:Andamanese
2011:H. sapiens
1987:H. sapiens
1947:H. sapiens
1904:inbreeding
1812:H. sapiens
1736:H. erectus
1663:Mata Menge
1259:Denisovans
1198:Au. sediba
1172:H. erectus
1139:H. habilis
929:Ou. turkae
664:Yogyakarta
644:H. sapiens
640:omnivorous
608:East Timor
546:fossilized
491:Mata Menge
400:Flores Man
218:Haplorhini
214:Suborder:
7987:Theorists
7954:Timelines
7834:Patriarch
7810:Behavior
7735:Gathering
7663:Ancestors
7408:H. naledi
7343:P. boisei
7314:A. sediba
6999:(â1): â1.
6915:sciam.com
6575:Denisovan
6457:3 News NZ
6420:2054-5703
6335:: 45â60.
6201:"How the
6011:0028-0836
5774:1 October
5477:0047-2484
5363:0262-4079
5211:0002-9483
5160:0047-2484
5138:: 12â24.
5105:1932-8486
5045:: 33â43.
4641:1 October
4591:2045-2322
4535:0036-8075
4448:0011-3204
4406:245784713
4207:2164/8796
4184:: 17â26.
3901:205249218
3799:Brumm, A.
3565:The Times
3467:: 45â64.
3133:2041-1723
2846:252290750
2779:205219871
2763:0028-0836
2436:Papagomys
2423:Komodomys
2345:Papagomys
2154:, Germany
2117:Rampasasa
2090:, or the
1836:Dean Falk
1798:the DNA.
1796:denatured
1721:Javanese
1157:Au. garhi
578:reviewers
511:Liang Bua
502:Discovery
497:Specimens
448:Javanese
434:Liang Bua
417:of small
276:Species:
248:Homininae
238:Hominidae
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
8166:11388931
8092:Wikidata
8033:Category
7888:Language
7858:Skeleton
7553:H. longi
7307:A. garhi
7144:Hominins
7139:Taxonomy
6786:(2015).
6738:16709768
6682:17692894
6622:(2011).
6581:Ebu gogo
6564:See also
6438:35845853
6369:31010543
6306:30072539
6248:87482781
6209:phys.org
6144:19062072
6105:42081240
6097:17885135
6029:19424156
5904:30072539
5821:Stegodon
5678:27275928
5638:PLOS ONE
5615:25659745
5548:25092311
5485:22277102
5426:20885948
5386:PLOS ONE
5270:18319214
5219:17596857
5168:27086053
5113:23408553
5013:17277082
4954:16919706
4896:16938848
4805:16224005
4760:43166136
4752:15749690
4689:19254807
4657:Falk, D.
4609:36347897
4543:31919224
4398:34998272
4348:26624612
4307:PLoS One
4278:18347737
4238:PLOS ONE
4216:27457542
4113:28438318
4060:26202999
4008:19628252
3954:19424155
3893:27279221
3846:28608179
3838:27279222
3785:27279191
3736:56035748
3504:, ch. 9.
3489:27886810
3366:19733385
3319:20229502
3239:15510116
3151:39107275
3142:11303730
3077:BBC News
3027:27027286
2963:15510146
2903:13 March
2771:20237472
2709:16229067
2635:15514638
2541:'s film
2493:'s book
2416:Paulamys
2334:Stegodon
2326:Stegodon
2314:Stegodon
2310:Stegodon
2297:Stegodon
2231:clavicle
1848:brainpan
1844:endocast
1792:cementum
1704:than to
881:Hominini
855:Pliocene
538:holotype
410:) is an
406:" after
258:Hominini
234:Family:
208:Primates
198:Mammalia
188:Chordata
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
8140:4827627
8127:4454117
8098:Q186266
8045:Commons
7997:Fossils
7863:Muscles
7774:Cooking
7730:Hunting
7207:Orrorin
7071:20 June
7047:20 June
7041:pbs.org
7027:20 June
6970:20 June
6946:20 June
6921:20 June
6716:Bibcode
6707:Science
6662:Bibcode
6523:20 June
6494:20 June
6429:9277297
6400:Bibcode
6337:Bibcode
6297:6709593
6276:Bibcode
6268:Science
6077:Bibcode
6068:Science
6020:2679980
5991:Bibcode
5948:Bibcode
5939:Science
5895:6709593
5874:Bibcode
5866:Science
5835:Bibcode
5704:"Pygmy"
5669:4898715
5646:Bibcode
5606:4343145
5583:Bibcode
5539:4143021
5516:Bibcode
5457:Bibcode
5417:2946357
5394:Bibcode
5299:20 June
5261:2602669
5140:Bibcode
5058:20 June
5004:1892980
4981:Bibcode
4934:Bibcode
4887:1552106
4864:Bibcode
4783:Science
4732:Bibcode
4723:Science
4669:Bibcode
4600:9643487
4571:Bibcode
4515:Bibcode
4507:Science
4475:Bibcode
4378:Bibcode
4339:4651360
4316:Bibcode
4269:2268239
4246:Bibcode
4186:Bibcode
4146:Bibcode
4093:Bibcode
4051:4528516
3988:Bibcode
3962:4392759
3934:Bibcode
3873:Bibcode
3818:Bibcode
3763:Bibcode
3706:Bibcode
3661:20 June
3655:Science
3469:Bibcode
3440:20 June
3406:20 June
3346:Bibcode
3217:Bibcode
3082:1 April
3056:1 April
3035:4469009
3007:Bibcode
2971:4358548
2943:Bibcode
2816:Bibcode
2743:Bibcode
2717:4302539
2689:Bibcode
2615:Bibcode
2401:Murinae
2252:Culture
2201:on the
2007:humerus
1993:Anatomy
1943:thyroid
1880:frontal
1840:CT scan
1788:dentine
1644:rafting
1558:←
1536:←
1514:←
1501:cooking
1490:←
1470:←
1450:←
1426:←
1406:←
1383:←
1360:←
1340:←
1320:←
1300:←
1280:←
1016:Orrorin
841:Miocene
824:–
814:–
804:–
794:–
784:–
774:–
764:–
754:–
744:–
734:–
632:Jakarta
576:), but
565:
474:hominin
415:species
412:extinct
301:†
280:†
264:Genus:
254:Tribe:
204:Order:
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