1036:
caused a need for more workers, a need far greater than the number of workers available. During this time, amidst World War II, the French government systematically gave worker preference to the
European farmers and made the African farmers find voluntary workers locally or close up shop entirely. These systemic injustices caused great strife between the African working class as they were growing further apart from their European counterparts and had little to no say in the matter as none of them were recognized, French citizens. This labor source was so important to the economic life of Ivory Coast that in 1932 the AOF annexed a large part of Upper Volta to Ivory Coast and administered it as a single colony. Many Ivorians viewed the head tax as a violation of the terms of the protectorate treaties because it seemed that France was now demanding a
1126:
assimilation only to the educated elite. The French were interested in ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from any anti-French sentiment. Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated
Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France, a change that would eliminate the enormous economic advantages of remaining a French possession. After postwar reforms, the Ivorian leaders realized that assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with
699:
430:
1067:
result of these expeditions, local rulers were compelled to obey existing antislavery laws, supply porters and food to the French forces, and ensure the protection of French trade and personnel. In return, the French agreed to leave local customs intact and specifically promised not to intervene in the selection of rulers. However, the French often disregarded their side of the agreement, deporting or interning rulers seen as instigators of revolt. They also regrouped villages and established a uniform administration throughout most of the colony. Finally, they replaced the
116:
971:
3257:
657:
590:
55:
1031:, requiring each adult male Ivorian to work ten days each year without compensation as an obligation to the state. This system was subject to extreme misuse and was the most hated aspect of French colonial rule by the Africans. Because the population of Ivory Coast was insufficient to meet the labor demands of French-held plantations and forests, the greatest users of labor in French West Africa, the French recruited large numbers of workers from
685:
638:
946:
2464:
2322:
2249:
2142:
2052:
1985:
1927:
1870:
1775:
1682:
1318:, destroying all airplanes in the Ivorian Air Force. Violent protests erupted in both Abidjan and Yamoussoukro and were marked by violence between Ivorians and French peacekeepers. Thousands of foreigners, especially French nationals, evacuated the two cities. Most of the fighting ended by late 2004, with the country, split between a rebel-held north under the leadership of
648:
authority. However, other local leaders thought that the French could solve economic problems or become allies in the event of a dispute with belligerent neighbors. In the end, the loss of sovereignty by the local rulers was often the result of their inability to counter French deception and military force, rather than a result of support for French encroachment.
1055:, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French subjects without rights to representation in Africa or France. In 1905, the French officially abolished
438:
of Ivory Coast by
Europeans. The slave trade, in particular, had little effect on the peoples of Ivory Coast. A profitable trade in ivory existed in the 17th century and gave the area its name. However, the resulting decline in elephant population ended the ivory trade by the beginning of the 18th century.
1384:
affirmed their support for
Ouattara and called for Gbagbo to step down. However, negotiations to resolve the dispute failed to achieve any satisfactory outcome. Hundreds of people died in escalating violence between pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara partisans and at least a million people fled, mostly from
1199:
from 1946 to 1959, he devoted much of his effort to inter-territorial political organization and further amelioration of labor conditions. After his thirteen years in the French
National Assembly, including almost three years as a minister in the French Government, he became Ivory Coast's first prime
1066:
was appointed governor of Ivory Coast. Angoulvant had little prior experience in Africa but believed that the development of Ivory Coast could proceed only after the forceful conquest, or so-called pacification, of the colony. He sent military expeditions into the hinterland to quell resistance. As a
580:
also wanted a greater role in Africa for
Germany, which he thought he could achieve in part by fostering competition between France and Britain. The agreement signed by all conference participants in 1885 stipulated that on the African coastline, only European annexations or spheres of influence that
291:
The dense rainforest in the south created barriers to large-scale political organizations like those in the north. In the south, people lived in villages or village clusters whose contacts with the outside world came through long-distance traders. These villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.
1329:
Under this system, the quality of life dropped overall, with an increase in debt and civil unrest. To answer these problems, the concept of "ivoirité" was born, a racist term targeted denying political and economic rights to the
Northern immigrants. In March 2007 the two sides signed an agreement to
1089:
Assimilation was practiced in Ivory Coast to the extent that a small number of
Westernised Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship after 1930. However, most Ivorians were classified as French subjects with no political rights under the principle of association. Moreover, they
523:
rivers. French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved slowly and was based more on individual initiative than government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West
African rulers, enabling the French to build fortified posts along the
437:
Ivory Coast, like the rest of West Africa, was subject to these influences but the absence of sheltered harbors along its coastline prevented
Europeans from establishing permanent trading posts. Thus, seaborne trade was irregular and played only a minor role in the penetration and eventual conquest
1230:
Houphouët-Boigny was considerably more conservative than most African leaders of the post-colonial period, maintaining close ties to the West and rejecting the leftist and anti-western stance of many leaders at the time. This contributed to the country's economic and political stability. The first
1113:
in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were abolished. A turning point in
540:
paid annually to the local rulers for the use of their land. This arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade. France
617:
through Ivory Coast. By the end of the 1880s, France had established effective control over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast and Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area in 1889. France named Treich-Laplène the titular governor of the territory in 1889. In 1893, Ivory Coast was made a
1035:
to Ivory Coast. The forced labor was not only disadvantageous to the men forced to work but also to the Ivorian farmers as well. As farming gained importance to the economic growth of Ivory Coast, European and African farmers alike worked diligently to enlarge their businesses. This inherently
1085:
over all others; the assimilation policy in the colony meant the extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs. The policy of association not only affirmed the superiority of the French but also entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the
647:
Throughout the process of partition, the Africans were little concerned with the occasional European who came wandering by. Many local rulers of small, isolated communities did not understand or, more often, were misled by the French about the significance of treaties that compromised their
1125:
Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policymaking. The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of
1086:
colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests. An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between the French and the Africans.
426:). Local rulers obtained goods and slaves from the inhabitants of the interior to fulfill treaties with the Europeans. By the end of the 15th century, trade with the Europeans had resulted in a strong European influence in Africa, permeating north from the West African coast.
1286:
On 19 September 2002, a rebellion in the north and the west of Ivory Coast flared up and the country was divided into three parts. Mass murders occurred, notably in Abidjan from 25 to 27 March, when government forces killed more than 200 protesters, and on 20 and 21 June in
1227:, a regional organization promoting economic development. He maintained that the road to African solidarity was through step-by-step economic and political cooperation, recognizing the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other African states.
473:) border, and it became the first European outpost in that area. Although Assini's survival was precarious, the French did not establish themselves in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century. By that time, the French had settlements around the mouth of the
1161:, which had voted against the association). On 11 July 1960, France agreed to Ivory Coast becoming fully independent. Ivory Coast became independent on 7 August 1960, and permitted its community members to lapse. It established the commercial city
995:
and Britain (for the Gold Coast). Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents went inland to establish new posts. The French settlements encountered resistance from locals, even in areas with treaties of protection.
422:, and pepper but the establishment of American colonies in the 16th century spurred demand for slaves. This led to the kidnapping and enslaving of people from the West African coastal regions for transportation to North and South America (see
552:
by Germany caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at Grand-Bassam was left to
367:. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the
261:
traders from North Africa and spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. By the 11th century, the rulers of the Sudan empires had embraced Islam that spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.
1156:
in 1958. In December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous republic within the French Community as a result of a referendum on 7 August that brought community status to all members of the old Federation of French West Africa (except
185:
left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe these people were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present inhabitants. Peoples who arrived before the 16th century include the Ehotilé
604:
To support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior in 1886. In 1887, Lieutenant
581:
involved effective occupation by Europeans would be recognized. Another agreement in 1890 extended this rule to the interior of Africa and resulted in a rush for territory by France, Britain, Portugal, and Belgium.
418:. The first Europeans to explore the West African coast were the Portuguese. Other European sea powers followed and established trade with many of the coastal peoples of West Africa. At first, trade included gold,
4097:
287:
flourished there between the 14th and 16th centuries. Songhai was weakened by internal discord, leading to factional warfare. This discord spurred the migrations of peoples southward toward the forest belt.
609:
began a two-year journey across Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of his journey, Binger had secured four treaties that established French protectorates in Ivory Coast. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent,
1012:, attracting strong support throughout the region. Binger responded to Touré's expansion of regional control with military pressure, resulting in fierce resistance. The French campaigns against the
622:
in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 when the French government wanted to attach parts of
1090:
were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were also expected to serve in the military and were subject to the
394:. The Kong Empire was a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts but weakened gradually because of ethnic diversity and religious discord. The city of Kong was destroyed in 1895 by
951:
4542:
4090:
1027:
program in the colony, provoking several revolts. The public works programs and the related exploitation of natural resources required a huge workforce. The French imposed a system of
4996:
4339:
272:
from the fourth to the 13th century. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuctu. After the decline of Ghana Empire, the
4083:
276:
grew into a powerful Muslim state, reaching its peak in the early 14th century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around
1392:. The United Nations and French forces took military action to protect their forces and civilians. Ouattara's forces arrested Gbagbo at his residence on 11 April 2011.
1191:, an organization that won improved conditions for African farmers and formed a nucleus for the PDCI. After World War II, he was elected by a narrow margin to the first
363:. The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, elaborated a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller
4535:
2814:
1040:
payment from the local kings rather than the reverse. Much of the population, especially in the interior, considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
1356:
and an ally of Gbagbo, declared the results to be invalid and that Gbagbo was the winner. Both Gbagbo and Ouattara claimed victory and took the presidential
4332:
1310:
Disarmament was supposed to take place on 15 October 2004, but was a failure. Tensions between Ivory Coast and France increased on 6 November 2004, after
4528:
2553:
991:
on 10 March 1893. Louis Gustave Binger who had explored the Gold Coast frontier, was named the first governor. He negotiated boundary treaties with
4052:
144:
4325:
3936:
3706:
1510:
1304:
2793:
1272:, Gué at first refused to accept his defeat. However, street protests forced him to step down, and Gbagbo became president on 26 October 2000.
356:
17:
2397:
2180:
3172:
2572:
3628:
2723:
698:
5085:
4818:
3388:
1438:
4786:
3586:
3221:
3185:
1369:
1240:
777:
3373:
536:, which became the colony's first capital. The treaties gave the French sovereignty for trading privileges in exchange for fees or
3851:
3691:
516:, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region.
3383:
3216:
1231:
multiparty presidential elections were held in October 1990 and Houphouët-Boigny won convincingly. He died on 7 December 1993.
1139:
1074:
964:
541:
also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to limit the growing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast.
84:
1177:
1008:, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast starting in 1878. Tourés large, well-equipped army could manufacture and repair its own
250:
empires developed. These empires dominated neighboring states by controlling the trade routes with powerful military forces.
5020:
4461:
3378:
3307:
2679:
1602:
1537:
1443:
1180:(RDA), the leading pre-independence inter-territorial political party for all of the French West African territories except
4045:
3711:
3419:
1416:
1353:
137:
4964:
4502:
4351:
1349:
1148:
proposed to change France's politics and take "the road of a new era." In 1946, the French Empire was converted into the
1330:
hold fresh elections. However, the elections were delayed until 2010, five years after Gbagbo's term of office expired.
441:
The earliest recorded French voyage to West Africa was in 1483. The French founded their first West African settlement,
2786:
1412:
1408:
4656:
3442:
2761:
230:
were located on the edge of the desert, and from there, supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the
4646:
3488:
3363:
3165:
2659:
1044:
1388:
International organizations reported numerous instances of human rights violations by both sides, particularly in
1203:
In May 1959, Houphouët-Boigny reinforced his position as a dominant figure in West Africa by leading Ivory Coast,
501:
5128:
4616:
4038:
3621:
3466:
3277:
1311:
1173:
130:
34:
343:
In the mid-18th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Ashanti Empire established a
4991:
4666:
4133:
4128:
3555:
3437:
2482:
2340:
2267:
2160:
2070:
2003:
1945:
1888:
1793:
1700:
1106:
3226:
1250:
89:
4779:
3962:
3478:
3317:
3282:
2779:
4878:
4639:
4392:
3726:
3515:
3287:
103:
191:
5133:
4959:
4634:
4621:
4009:
4005:
3550:
3505:
3493:
3353:
3322:
3256:
3158:
1169:
610:
4304:
3614:
3535:
3414:
3302:
3292:
3240:
2476:
2334:
2261:
2154:
2064:
1997:
1939:
1882:
1787:
1694:
1188:
227:
54:
2554:"4 African States Attain Freedom; France Gives Independence to Ivory Coast, Niger, Dahomey, and Volta"
1479:
429:
4883:
4744:
4739:
4507:
4018:
3246:
2446:
2304:
2231:
2124:
2034:
1967:
1909:
1852:
1757:
1664:
908:
684:
519:
Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along Senegal and
4772:
4726:
4225:
3766:
3530:
3510:
3452:
3358:
3297:
3265:
3236:
1339:
1196:
840:
99:
2606:
2394:
613:, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the
4001:
3876:
3866:
3671:
3560:
3368:
3341:
3327:
3231:
1448:
1281:
1208:
1032:
754:
568:
In 1885, France and Germany brought the European powers with interests in Africa together at the
94:
1299:. A reconciliation process under international auspices started in 2003. In February 2004, the
4698:
4551:
4451:
4441:
4372:
4348:
4106:
4061:
3881:
3701:
3579:
3500:
3447:
3429:
3402:
3312:
1433:
1246:
1224:
1110:
912:
728:
2645:
2527:
4858:
4588:
4382:
3941:
3861:
3826:
3811:
3796:
3751:
3686:
3525:
3424:
1415:. His opponents boycotted the election, arguing that a third term was illegal. Ivory Coast's
1262:
1078:
1048:
3992:
2497:
3816:
3595:
3545:
3540:
3483:
1480:"Contribution à l'étude du paléolithique de la Côte d'Ivoire : État des connaissances"
1192:
796:
641:
606:
593:
442:
214:. The first recorded history is in the chronicles of North African Muslims who conducted a
8:
5054:
4377:
4210:
4171:
4115:
3916:
3891:
3741:
3736:
3716:
3681:
3666:
3520:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3074:
3069:
3049:
3029:
2450:
2308:
2235:
2128:
2038:
1971:
1913:
1856:
1761:
1668:
1458:
1056:
735:
573:
545:
489:
466:
423:
4873:
211:
4719:
4629:
4578:
4484:
4471:
4402:
4200:
4151:
4143:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3901:
3871:
3856:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3786:
3781:
3731:
3676:
3651:
3211:
2633:
2181:"What Changed the Ivory Coast from an Example of Economic Development Into a Bloodbath"
1119:
1115:
1063:
867:
623:
79:
1168:
Ivory Coast's contemporary political history is closely associated with the career of
5001:
4949:
4888:
4693:
4676:
4299:
4294:
3911:
3906:
3846:
3801:
3761:
3656:
3637:
2757:
2614:
2580:
2454:
2376:
2312:
2239:
2132:
2042:
1975:
1917:
1860:
1765:
1672:
1633:
1608:
1598:
1543:
1533:
1502:
1428:
1400:
1345:
1145:
1102:
766:
614:
577:
569:
562:
458:
199:
168:
5006:
1118:, which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in
5040:
4868:
4608:
4573:
4253:
3966:
3886:
3836:
3791:
3776:
3756:
3746:
3721:
3661:
2368:
1494:
1268:
Guéï allowed elections to be held the following year. When he lost the election to
1254:
1153:
1013:
1001:
880:
836:
433:
Commander E. Bouët-Willaumez and the chiefs of the Krou coast in trade negotiations
415:
368:
5010:
1187:
Houphouët-Boigny first came to political prominence in 1944 as the founder of the
344:
5059:
5030:
4795:
4688:
4671:
4205:
4183:
3896:
3806:
3696:
2705:
2664:
2401:
1291:
and Korhogo, where purges led to the execution of more than 100 people. In 2002,
832:
828:
824:
549:
1625:
1200:
minister in April 1959, and the following year was elected its first president.
997:
660:
454:
395:
5046:
4986:
4434:
4425:
4387:
4263:
4188:
4156:
4123:
3206:
1404:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1323:
1319:
1300:
1269:
1082:
554:
525:
482:
336:. Bondoukou developed into a major center of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's
317:
284:
247:
74:
4980:
4583:
1352:
by the country's Independent Electoral Commission (CEI), the President of the
528:
to serve as permanent trading centers. The first posts in Ivory Coast were at
5122:
5035:
4941:
4908:
4828:
4683:
4276:
4193:
4166:
2618:
2584:
2468:
2380:
2326:
2253:
2146:
2056:
1989:
1931:
1874:
1779:
1686:
1506:
1377:
1365:
1176:(PDCI) until his death on 7 December 1993. He was one of the founders of the
988:
481:. Meanwhile, the British had permanent outposts in the same areas and on the
478:
474:
300:
Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast in the pre-European era. The
120:
2458:
2316:
2243:
2136:
2046:
1979:
1921:
1864:
1769:
1676:
1637:
1249:, President of the Parliament. Konan Bédié was 24 December 1999, during the
809:
268:
was the earliest of the Sudan empires; it flourished in present-day eastern
179:
axes and remnants of cooking and fishing. The earliest known inhabitants of
4714:
4568:
4560:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4161:
2754:
The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization
1612:
1547:
1498:
1419:
formally ratified Ouattara's re-election to a third term in November 2020.
1389:
1315:
1296:
1212:
1149:
1127:
1098:
1052:
1028:
1024:
1020:
709:
656:
631:
627:
589:
533:
509:
505:
329:
265:
223:
1091:
634:(present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons.
375:
attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom.
4898:
4446:
4233:
4105:
4030:
3181:
2803:
2498:"France: The "Loi-Cadre" of June 23, 1956 | Internet History Sourcebooks"
1454:
1257:, a former army commander who was dismissed by Bédié. This was the first
1105:'s provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The
713:
520:
513:
493:
450:
419:
406:
Because of its location between Europe and the imagined treasures of the
391:
383:
352:
313:
309:
301:
273:
215:
195:
159:
69:
2372:
5097:
4838:
4833:
4420:
4359:
3150:
2771:
2356:
1181:
1114:
relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act or
500:, who settled in the central section. In 1843–1844, the French admiral
269:
231:
4848:
1081:
and association. Assimilation presupposed the inherent superiority of
572:. The conference helped rationalize what became known as the European
497:
387:
277:
5103:
2605:
Carroll, Rory; correspondent, Africa; Henley, Jon (8 November 2004).
2440:
2298:
2225:
2118:
2028:
1961:
1903:
1846:
1751:
1658:
1261:
in the history of Ivory Coast. An economic downturn followed and the
597:
558:
364:
325:
172:
4281:
3606:
2357:"French Colonialism Unmasked: The Vichy Years in French West Africa"
1532:(in French), Abidjan: Nouvelles publishers africaines, p. 246,
1288:
235:
4593:
4410:
1403:
has ruled Ivory Coast since 2010, when he unseated his predecessor
916:
844:
407:
372:
243:
4430:
2724:"Ivory Coast Constitutional Council confirms Ouattara re-election"
1597:(in French), Abidjan: Nouvelles publishers africaines, p. 5,
1312:
Ivorian air strikes killed 9 French peacekeepers and an aid worker
5091:
4843:
4479:
4415:
4271:
4215:
3201:
2467:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2325:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2252:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2145:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2055:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1988:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1930:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1873:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1778:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1685:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1216:
1162:
1009:
992:
717:
637:
619:
537:
529:
462:
446:
348:
337:
305:
187:
175:
period based on weapon and tool fragments, specifically polished
64:
1016:
intensified in the mid-1890s until they captured Touré in 1898.
4456:
4367:
4176:
1381:
1292:
1158:
1005:
548:(1871) and the subsequent annexation of the French province of
411:
219:
4550:
4598:
4489:
1220:
1204:
1043:
From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was a constituent unit of the
879:• Ivory Coast becomes an autonomous republic within the
508:
and Assini regions, placing these territories under a French
477:
and at other points along the coasts of Senegal, Gambia, and
470:
379:
360:
333:
321:
254:
253:
The Sudanic empires also became centers of Islamic learning.
176:
488:
In the 18th century, Ivory Coast was invaded by two related
340:
scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa.
2706:"Ivory Coast election: Alassane Ouattara wins amid boycott"
1265:
promised to return the country to democratic rule in 2000.
258:
246:—grew into major commercial centers around which the great
4347:
2604:
239:
2660:"Ivory Coast's Laurent Gbagbo arrested – four months on"
2573:"Ivory Coast Violence Flares; 9 French and 1 U.S. Death"
2395:
Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam, 1905–1914
1101:
remained in control until 1943, when members of General
1000:
offered the greatest resistance; he had established the
856:• Côte d'Ivoire officially becomes a French colony
1047:. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the
328:, the Abron gradually extended their dominance of the
1314:. In response, French forces attacked the airport at
401:
171:
period (15,000 to 10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the
1632:(in French), Abidjan: Editions AMI, pp. 15–16,
1322:
and a government-held south under the leadership of
2680:"Ivory Coast's Ouattara re-elected by a landslide"
222:in salt, slaves, gold, and other items from early
210:Little is known about the original inhabitants of
5120:
1122:and also removed remaining voting inequalities.
1411:. In November 2020, he won a third term in the
1109:in 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the
1071:system with an allowance based on performance.
584:
205:
1172:, president of the republic and leader of the
565:when the Ivory Coast was established in 1878.
4780:
4536:
4333:
4091:
4046:
3622:
3166:
2787:
1360:. The international community, including the
1245:Houphouët-Boigny was succeeded by his deputy
386:in the north-central region inhabited by the
138:
180:
4930:
2607:"French attack sparks riots in Ivory Coast"
1595:L'Encyclopédie générale de la Côte d'Ivoire
1530:L'Encyclopédie générale de la Côte d'Ivoire
1395:
332:, recent emigrants from the market city of
308:was established in the 17th century by the
4787:
4773:
4543:
4529:
4340:
4326:
4098:
4084:
4060:
4053:
4039:
3629:
3615:
3173:
3159:
2794:
2780:
1439:List of heads of government of Ivory Coast
1094:, a separate system of laws for Africans.
697:
145:
131:
4807:
1370:Economic Community of West African States
1305:United Nations Operation in CĂ´te d'Ivoire
1234:
445:, in the mid-17th century in what is now
3180:
2801:
2570:
2438:
2296:
2223:
2116:
2026:
1959:
1901:
1844:
1749:
1656:
1592:
1527:
655:
636:
588:
457:to the French. The French established a
428:
14:
5121:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2354:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
651:
504:signed treaties with the kings of the
496:, who occupied the southeast, and the
416:European explorers of the 15th century
4929:
4806:
4768:
4524:
4321:
4079:
4034:
3636:
3610:
3154:
2775:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1624:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1477:
1444:List of heads of state of Ivory Coast
1241:History of Ivory Coast (1999–present)
257:was introduced into western Sudan by
226:times. The southern terminals of the
2571:Sengupta, Somini (7 November 2004).
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
4794:
4503:French colonization of the Americas
2767:
2439:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
2297:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
2224:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
2168:
2117:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
2027:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
1960:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
1902:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
1845:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
1750:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
1657:Handloff, Robert Earl, ed. (1988).
1516:from the original on 9 October 2022
1333:
1178:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique Africain
295:
24:
2746:
2515:
2407:
2275:
2198:
2077:
2011:
1350:2010 Ivorian presidential election
1275:
1195:. Representing Ivory Coast in the
1140:History of Ivory Coast (1960–1999)
987:CĂ´te d'Ivoire officially became a
402:Trade with Europe and the Americas
390:, who fled Islamization under the
25:
5145:
1801:
1708:
1643:
1553:
324:. From their settlement south of
3937:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3707:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3255:
2528:"1960: The year of independence"
2462:
2320:
2247:
2140:
2050:
1983:
1925:
1868:
1773:
1680:
1045:Federation of French West Africa
1004:over large parts of present-day
969:
944:
892:• Independence from France
683:
114:
53:
4997:French domains of the Holy Land
2716:
2698:
2672:
2652:
2598:
2564:
2546:
2490:
2387:
2348:
1348:was declared the victor of the
1174:Democratic Party of Ivory Coast
1133:
1059:in most of French West Africa.
618:French colony; agreements with
378:In the early 18th century, the
316:group that fled the developing
234:. The more important terminals—
4992:French domains of Saint Helena
4109:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
2442:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
2300:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
2227:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
2120:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
2030:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
1963:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
1953:
1905:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
1895:
1848:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
1753:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
1660:Cote d'Ivoire: a country study
1618:
1521:
1478:Guédé, François Yiodé (1995),
1471:
1295:sent troops to Ivory Coast as
13:
1:
2355:Murphy, D. (1 January 2008).
1464:
1407:. Ouattara was re-elected in
1051:. Until the period following
965:First Republic of Ivory Coast
952:Protectorate of CĂ´te d'Ivoire
414:became a destination for the
18:History of CĂ´te d'Ivoire
4727:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
1630:Histoire de la CĂ´te d'Ivoire
1380:, and former colonial power
1152:which was superseded by the
596:in 1892 treaty signing with
585:Establishment of French rule
544:The defeat of France in the
206:Prehistory and early history
7:
4967: and Antarctic Lands
1422:
10:
5150:
2481:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2339:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2266:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2159:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2069:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2002:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1944:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1887:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1792:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1699:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1593:Rougerie, Gabriel (1978),
1528:Rougerie, Gabriel (1978),
1413:2020 presidential election
1409:2015 presidential election
1337:
1279:
1238:
1189:African Agricultural Union
1137:
1019:In 1900, France imposed a
228:trans-Saharan trade routes
5080:
5019:
4975:
4958:
4940:
4936:
4925:
4897:
4884:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4857:
4817:
4813:
4802:
4761:
4745:French East India Company
4735:
4707:
4655:
4607:
4559:
4520:
4508:French West India Company
4498:
4470:
4401:
4358:
4317:
4290:
4262:
4224:
4142:
4114:
4075:
4068:
3950:
3925:
3644:
3573:
3474:
3465:
3410:
3401:
3349:
3340:
3273:
3264:
3253:
3192:
2810:
2447:Federal Research Division
2305:Federal Research Division
2232:Federal Research Division
2125:Federal Research Division
2035:Federal Research Division
1968:Federal Research Division
1910:Federal Research Division
1853:Federal Research Division
1758:Federal Research Division
1665:Federal Research Division
1344:After northern candidate
1077:incorporated concepts of
923:
909:French West African franc
904:
900:
890:
877:
864:
854:
850:
820:
816:
803:
790:
786:
776:
772:
760:
748:
744:
734:
724:
705:
696:
680:
675:
668:
5023: the Indian Ocean
3692:Central African Republic
1487:Journal des Africanistes
1396:After the 2011 Civil War
1340:Second Ivorian Civil War
1251:1999 Ivorian coup d'Ă©tat
1197:French National Assembly
841:Decolonisation of Africa
449:; around this time, the
167:) has been dated to the
4931:Uninhabited territories
4442:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1449:Politics of Ivory Coast
1282:First Ivorian Civil War
670:Colony of CĂ´te d'Ivoire
485:, east of Ivory Coast.
382:established the Muslim
5129:History of Ivory Coast
4861: collectivities
4699:Sanjak of Alexandretta
4552:Former French colonies
4349:Former French colonies
4107:Former French colonies
4062:French overseas empire
3241:2010–11 Ivorian crisis
1499:10.3406/jafr.1995.2432
1434:History of West Africa
1417:Constitutional Council
1354:Constitutional Council
1235:After Houphouët-Boigny
1225:Council of the Entente
1170:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
1107:Brazzaville conference
1075:French colonial policy
913:West African CFA franc
663:
644:
601:
453:ceded a settlement at
434:
181:
4808:Inhabited territories
4740:France–Asia relations
4295:Somaliland (Djibouti)
3852:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3712:Republic of the Congo
1239:Further information:
1097:In World War II, the
659:
640:
611:Marcel Treich-Laplène
592:
432:
5086:overseas departments
5021:Scattered Islands in
4902: collectivity
4360:French North America
2445:. Washington, D.C.:
2303:. Washington, D.C.:
2230:. Washington, D.C.:
2123:. Washington, D.C.:
2033:. Washington, D.C.:
1966:. Washington, D.C.:
1908:. Washington, D.C.:
1851:. Washington, D.C.:
1756:. Washington, D.C.:
1663:. Washington, D.C.:
1193:Constituent Assembly
866:• Accession to
797:Louis-Gustave Binger
642:Louis-Gustave Binger
607:Louis Gustave Binger
594:Louis-Gustave Binger
5055:Juan de Nova Island
4942:North Pacific Ocean
4554:in Asia and Oceania
3927:States with limited
2451:Library of Congress
2309:Library of Congress
2236:Library of Congress
2129:Library of Congress
2039:Library of Congress
1972:Library of Congress
1914:Library of Congress
1857:Library of Congress
1762:Library of Congress
1669:Library of Congress
736:President of France
652:French colonial era
574:scramble for Africa
546:Franco-Prussian War
424:African slave trade
163:(officially called
5134:French West Africa
4960:Overseas territory
4485:France Antarctique
4472:Equinoctial France
4435:Dominican Republic
3443:Telecommunications
3222:1999–present
3212:French West Africa
2712:. 3 November 2020.
2644:has generic name (
2577:The New York Times
2534:. 14 February 2010
2502:Fordham University
2400:2013-05-02 at the
1144:As early as 1944,
1120:French West Africa
1116:Loi-cadre Defferre
1064:Gabriel Angoulvant
868:French West Africa
664:
645:
602:
435:
198:), Ega, and Diès (
80:French West Africa
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5011:Amsterdam Islands
5002:Kerguelen Islands
4950:Clipperton Island
4921:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4889:Wallis and Futuna
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4657:Mandate for Syria
4647:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
4609:Indochinese Union
4516:
4515:
4313:
4312:
4226:Equatorial Africa
4028:
4027:
3954:other territories
3727:Equatorial Guinea
3638:History of Africa
3604:
3603:
3569:
3568:
3489:Human trafficking
3461:
3460:
3397:
3396:
3374:Political parties
3364:Foreign relations
3336:
3335:
3148:
3147:
2730:. 9 November 2022
2686:. 28 October 2015
2477:cite encyclopedia
2373:10.1093/fs/knm287
2335:cite encyclopedia
2262:cite encyclopedia
2155:cite encyclopedia
2065:cite encyclopedia
1998:cite encyclopedia
1940:cite encyclopedia
1883:cite encyclopedia
1788:cite encyclopedia
1695:cite encyclopedia
1604:978-2-7236-0542-7
1539:978-2-7236-0542-7
1429:History of Africa
1401:Alassane Ouattara
1346:Alassane Ouattara
1247:Henri Konan Bédié
1146:Charles de Gaulle
1103:Charles De Gaulle
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
957:
956:
792:• 1893–1895
778:Colonial governor
767:Charles de Gaulle
762:• 1959–1960
750:• 1893–1894
615:Niger River Basin
578:Otto von Bismarck
570:Berlin Conference
563:resident minister
557:, a shipper from
218:trade across the
169:Upper Paleolithic
157:Human arrival in
155:
154:
121:Africa portal
16:(Redirected from
5141:
5041:Glorioso Islands
5022:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4901:
4874:Saint Barthélemy
4869:French Polynesia
4860:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4574:Coromandel Coast
4545:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4403:French Caribbean
4383:Terre Neuve
4342:
4335:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4015:
4014:(United Kingdom)
4010:Tristan da Cunha
4006:Ascension Island
3998:
3985:
3976:
3952:Dependencies and
3645:Sovereign states
3631:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3589:
3582:
3472:
3471:
3433:
3408:
3407:
3347:
3346:
3271:
3270:
3259:
3237:Second Civil War
3227:1999 coup d'Ă©tat
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3151:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:External sources
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:. 11 April 2011.
2656:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2436:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2294:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2221:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2114:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2024:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1974:. pp. 8–9.
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1842:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1747:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1590:
1551:
1550:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1484:
1475:
1334:Second Civil War
1303:established the
1165:as its capital.
1154:French Community
1002:Wassoulou Empire
973:
972:
961:
960:
948:
947:
941:
940:
925:
924:
881:French Community
837:Second World War
701:
687:
666:
665:
561:who was named a
296:Pre-European era
184:
147:
140:
133:
119:
118:
117:
100:Second Civil War
90:1999 coup d'Ă©tat
57:
47:
29:
28:
21:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5108:
5090:Claimed by the
5064:
5060:Tromelin Island
5031:Bassas da India
5015:
4965:French Southern
4954:
4932:
4913:
4893:
4853:
4821: regions
4809:
4798:
4796:Overseas France
4793:
4749:
4731:
4703:
4689:Greater Lebanon
4659:and the Lebanon
4658:
4651:
4603:
4555:
4549:
4512:
4494:
4466:
4397:
4354:
4352:in the Americas
4346:
4309:
4286:
4258:
4220:
4138:
4110:
4104:
4064:
4059:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3996:
3983:
3974:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3640:
3635:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3565:
3556:Public holidays
3457:
3431:
3393:
3332:
3260:
3251:
3232:First Civil War
3217:1960–1999
3188:
3179:
3149:
3144:
2806:
2800:
2770:
2756:. Berg (2002).
2749:
2747:Further reading
2744:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2665:TheGuardian.com
2658:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2569:
2565:
2560:. 12 July 1960.
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2437:
2408:
2402:Wayback Machine
2392:
2388:
2353:
2349:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2295:
2276:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2222:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2115:
2078:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2025:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1958:
1954:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1900:
1896:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1843:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1748:
1709:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1655:
1644:
1623:
1619:
1605:
1591:
1554:
1540:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1425:
1398:
1342:
1336:
1284:
1278:
1276:First Civil War
1243:
1237:
1142:
1136:
1111:Fourth Republic
970:
945:
893:
883:
870:
857:
833:Interwar period
829:First World War
825:New Imperialism
806:
793:
763:
751:
692:
689:
688:
671:
654:
587:
550:Alsace-Lorraine
502:Bouët-Willaumez
404:
298:
208:
151:
115:
113:
95:First Civil War
45:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5147:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5084:Also known as
5081:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:Banc du Geyser
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4987:Crozet Islands
4984:
4976:
4970:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4694:Jabal al-Druze
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4667:State of Syria
4663:
4661:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4462:Virgin Islands
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4426:Saint-Domingue
4423:
4421:The Grenadines
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4388:French Florida
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4305:Isle de France
4302:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:Western Sahara
4016:
3999:
3986:
3977:
3963:Canary Islands
3959:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3479:Child marriage
3475:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:Prime Minister
3386:
3384:Vice-President
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:National parks
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Ashanti Empire
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2752:Chafer, Tony.
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2715:
2697:
2671:
2651:
2597:
2563:
2558:New York Times
2545:
2514:
2489:
2453:. p. 12.
2406:
2386:
2367:(1): 112–113.
2361:French Studies
2347:
2311:. p. 14.
2274:
2238:. p. 11.
2197:
2167:
2131:. p. 10.
2076:
2010:
1952:
1894:
1800:
1707:
1642:
1617:
1603:
1552:
1538:
1520:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1405:Laurent Gbagbo
1397:
1394:
1374:European Union
1372:(ECOWAS), the
1362:United Nations
1358:oath of office
1338:Main article:
1335:
1332:
1324:Laurent Gbagbo
1320:Guillaume Soro
1301:United Nations
1280:Main article:
1277:
1274:
1270:Laurent Gbagbo
1236:
1233:
1138:Main article:
1135:
1132:
1083:French culture
1049:Third Republic
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
967:
958:
955:
954:
949:
937:
936:
931:
921:
920:
906:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
884:
878:
875:
874:
871:
865:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
822:
821:Historical era
818:
817:
814:
813:
807:
804:
801:
800:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
774:
773:
770:
769:
764:
761:
758:
757:
752:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
732:
731:
726:
722:
721:
707:
703:
702:
694:
693:
690:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
653:
650:
586:
583:
555:Arthur Verdier
526:Gulf of Guinea
483:Gulf of Guinea
403:
400:
318:Ashanti Empire
297:
294:
285:Songhai Empire
207:
204:
153:
152:
150:
149:
142:
135:
127:
124:
123:
110:
109:
108:
107:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
75:Ashanti Empire
72:
67:
59:
58:
50:
49:
40:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5146:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Europa Island
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4910:
4909:New Caledonia
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:French Guiana
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Alawite State
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Saint Vincent
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Grande Comore
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4194:Four Communes
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:Arguin Island
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Guinea-Bissau
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Ethnic groups
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3247:2017 mutinies
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2763:
2762:1-85973-557-6
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2469:public domain
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2327:public domain
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2254:public domain
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2147:public domain
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2057:public domain
2048:
2044:
2041:. p. 9.
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1990:public domain
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1932:public domain
1923:
1919:
1916:. p. 3.
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1875:public domain
1866:
1862:
1859:. p. 8.
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1780:public domain
1771:
1767:
1764:. p. 7.
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1687:public domain
1678:
1674:
1671:. p. 6.
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Kipré, Pierre
1621:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:(in French),
1488:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:United States
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:African Union
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
989:French colony
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
953:
950:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
918:
915:(1945–1960) (
914:
911:(1903–1945);
910:
907:
903:
899:
896:7 August 1960
895:
889:
886:December 1958
885:
882:
876:
872:
869:
863:
860:10 March 1893
859:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
802:
798:
795:
789:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
759:
756:
753:
747:
743:
739:
737:
733:
730:
729:French colony
727:
723:
719:
716:(1896–1934);
715:
712:(1893–1896);
711:
708:
704:
700:
695:
686:
679:
674:
667:
662:
658:
649:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
626:(present-day
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
599:
595:
591:
582:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
547:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
479:Guinea-Bissau
476:
475:Senegal River
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
289:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
203:
201:
197:
193:
190:), Kotrowou (
189:
183:
182:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
162:
161:
148:
143:
141:
136:
134:
129:
128:
126:
125:
122:
112:
111:
105:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
41:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5045:
4979:
4879:Saint Martin
4715:New Hebrides
4569:Chandernagor
4561:French India
4393:French Texas
4249:Ubangi-Shari
4244:Middle Congo
4211:James Island
4116:North Africa
4002:Saint Helena
3973:
3877:South Africa
3867:Sierra Leone
3771:
3672:Burkina Faso
3506:Demographics
3494:Prostitution
3354:Constitution
3323:Subdivisions
3193:
2753:
2732:. Retrieved
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2663:
2654:
2642:|last2=
2624:20 September
2622:. Retrieved
2611:The Guardian
2610:
2600:
2590:20 September
2588:. Retrieved
2576:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2538:20 September
2536:. Retrieved
2531:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2441:
2389:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2299:
2226:
2188:. Retrieved
2184:
2119:
2029:
1962:
1955:
1904:
1897:
1847:
1752:
1659:
1629:
1620:
1594:
1529:
1523:
1493:(2): 79–91,
1490:
1486:
1473:
1399:
1387:
1343:
1328:
1316:Yamoussoukro
1309:
1297:peacekeepers
1285:
1267:
1258:
1244:
1229:
1213:Burkina Faso
1202:
1186:
1167:
1150:French Union
1143:
1134:Independence
1128:independence
1124:
1099:Vichy regime
1096:
1088:
1079:assimilation
1073:
1068:
1061:
1053:World War II
1042:
1037:
1029:forced labor
1025:public works
1018:
998:Samori Touré
986:
934:Succeeded by
933:
928:
805:• 1960
710:Grand-Bassam
661:Samori Touré
646:
632:French Sudan
628:Burkina Faso
603:
567:
543:
534:Grand-Bassam
518:
510:protectorate
506:Grand Bassam
487:
455:Ile de Gorée
440:
436:
405:
396:Samori Touré
377:
342:
299:
290:
282:
264:
252:
209:
164:
158:
156:
43:
26:
5102:Claimed by
5096:Claimed by
4981:Adélie Land
4899:Sui generis
4630:Cochinchina
4447:Saint Lucia
4201:Upper Volta
4144:West Africa
3929:recognition
3882:South Sudan
3772:Ivory Coast
3536:LGBT rights
3415:Agriculture
3303:Environment
3293:Departments
3182:Ivory Coast
2804:Ivory Coast
1259:coup d'Ă©tat
1255:Robert Guéï
1253:by General
1223:) into the
1209:Upper Volta
1033:Upper Volta
929:Preceded by
755:Sadi Carnot
720:(1934–1960)
714:Bingerville
624:Upper Volta
492:groups—the
465:, near the
461:in 1687 at
443:Saint Louis
392:Mali Empire
384:Kong Empire
347:kingdom at
304:kingdom of
274:Mali Empire
196:Grand Lahou
194:), ZĂ©hiri (
160:Ivory Coast
70:Kong Empire
46:Ivory Coast
44:History of
5123:Categories
5098:Madagascar
5007:Saint Paul
4839:Martinique
4834:Guadeloupe
4589:Pondichéry
4300:Madagascar
4172:Mauritania
3984:(Portugal)
3942:Somaliland
3862:Seychelles
3827:Mozambique
3812:Mauritania
3797:Madagascar
3752:The Gambia
3687:Cape Verde
3432:(currency)
2734:9 December
2728:Al Jazeera
2690:9 December
2684:Al Jazeera
1465:References
1182:Mauritania
1038:coutume or
810:Yves Guéna
725:Government
467:Gold Coast
355:kingdoms,
270:Mauritania
232:rainforest
5104:Mauritius
4963: (
4373:Louisiana
4254:Cameroons
3817:Mauritius
3531:Languages
3511:Education
3453:Transport
3420:Companies
3379:President
3359:Elections
3298:Districts
3266:Geography
2802:Years in
2634:cite news
2619:0261-3077
2585:0362-4331
2532:France 24
2404:". p. 11.
2381:0016-1128
1507:0399-0346
1385:Abidjan.
1092:indigénat
1062:In 1908,
1014:Wassoulou
676:1893–1960
598:Famienkro
576:. Prince
559:Marseille
514:explorers
512:. French
365:chiefdoms
326:Bondoukou
173:Neolithic
85:1960–1999
4859:Overseas
4819:Overseas
4677:Damascus
4626:Vietnam
4617:Cambodia
4594:Karaikal
4411:Dominica
4206:Togoland
4008: /
4004: /
3997:(France)
3991: /
3969: /
3965: /
3917:Zimbabwe
3892:Tanzania
3742:Ethiopia
3737:Eswatini
3717:Djibouti
3682:Cameroon
3667:Botswana
3596:Category
3561:Religion
3551:Olympics
3369:Military
3342:Politics
3328:Wildlife
3186:articles
2815:Pre-1960
2710:BBC News
2459:44238009
2398:Archived
2317:44238009
2244:44238009
2137:44238009
2047:44238009
1980:44238009
1922:44238009
1865:44238009
1770:44238009
1677:44238009
1638:33233462
1628:(1992),
1511:archived
1459:timeline
1453:Abidjan
1423:See also
1307:(UNOCI)
1021:head tax
1010:firearms
905:Currency
845:Cold War
600:leaders.
408:Far East
373:Krinjabo
351:and two
244:Timbuctu
35:a series
33:Part of
5092:Comoros
4849:RĂ©union
4844:Mayotte
4762:Present
4720:Vanuatu
4708:Oceania
4480:Berbice
4416:Grenada
4272:Anjouan
4264:Comoros
4216:Albreda
4189:Senegal
4157:Dahomey
4134:Tunisia
4129:Morocco
4124:Algeria
3993:RĂ©union
3989:Mayotte
3980:Madeira
3975:(Spain)
3971:Melilla
3902:Tunisia
3872:Somalia
3857:Senegal
3842:Nigeria
3832:Namibia
3822:Morocco
3787:Liberia
3782:Lesotho
3732:Eritrea
3702:Comoros
3677:Burundi
3652:Algeria
3580:Outline
3501:Culture
3467:Society
3448:Tourism
3403:Economy
3313:Regions
3288:Climate
3278:Borders
3202:Gyaaman
3194:History
2190:3 April
2185:Docslib
1613:5727980
1548:5727980
1455:history
1390:Duékoué
1217:Dahomey
1215:), and
1163:Abidjan
1069:coutume
1057:slavery
993:Liberia
799:(first)
718:Abidjan
706:Capital
620:Liberia
538:customs
530:Assinie
498:Baoulés
463:Assinie
459:mission
447:Senegal
388:SĂ©noufo
357:Indénié
349:Sakasso
338:Quranic
278:Odienné
248:Sudanic
216:caravan
188:Aboisso
65:Gyaaman
4672:Aleppo
4640:Tonkin
4599:Yanaon
4579:Madras
4457:Tobago
4378:Canada
4368:Acadia
4282:Mohéli
4167:Guinea
4069:Former
4012:
3995:
3982:
3912:Zambia
3907:Uganda
3847:Rwanda
3802:Malawi
3762:Guinea
3657:Angola
3526:Health
3438:Mining
3430:Franc
3425:Energy
3318:Rivers
3283:Cities
3184:
2760:
2617:
2583:
2507:3 July
2457:
2379:
2315:
2242:
2135:
2045:
1978:
1920:
1863:
1768:
1675:
1636:
1611:
1601:
1546:
1536:
1505:
1382:France
1376:, the
1368:, the
1364:, the
1293:France
1289:Bouaké
1159:Guinea
1023:for a
1006:Guinea
812:(last)
782:
740:
630:) and
412:Africa
345:Baoulé
306:Gyaman
242:, and
236:Djenné
220:Sahara
192:Fresco
104:Crisis
37:on the
4635:Annam
4490:Inini
4431:HaĂŻti
4239:Gabon
4184:Niger
4162:Sudan
3967:Ceuta
3887:Sudan
3837:Niger
3792:Libya
3777:Kenya
3757:Ghana
3747:Gabon
3722:Egypt
3662:Benin
3587:Index
3546:Music
3541:Media
3484:Crime
1514:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1263:junta
1221:Benin
1205:Niger
521:Niger
471:Ghana
469:(now
451:Dutch
420:ivory
380:Juula
369:Sanwi
361:Sanwi
334:Begho
330:Juula
322:Ghana
312:, an
310:Abron
266:Ghana
255:Islam
224:Roman
177:shale
5009:and
4622:Laos
4584:Mahé
4234:Chad
3897:Togo
3807:Mali
3697:Chad
3521:Flag
3140:2024
3135:2023
3130:2022
3125:2021
3120:2020
3115:2019
3110:2018
3105:2017
3100:2016
3095:2015
3090:2014
3085:2013
3080:2012
3075:2011
3070:2010
3065:2009
3060:2008
3055:2007
3050:2006
3045:2005
3040:2004
3035:2003
3030:2002
3025:2001
3020:2000
3015:1999
3010:1998
3005:1997
3000:1996
2995:1995
2990:1994
2985:1993
2980:1992
2975:1991
2970:1990
2965:1989
2960:1988
2955:1987
2950:1986
2945:1985
2940:1984
2935:1983
2930:1982
2925:1981
2920:1980
2915:1979
2910:1978
2905:1977
2900:1976
2895:1975
2890:1974
2885:1973
2880:1972
2875:1971
2870:1970
2865:1969
2860:1968
2855:1967
2850:1966
2845:1965
2840:1964
2835:1963
2830:1962
2825:1961
2820:1960
2758:ISBN
2736:2022
2692:2022
2646:help
2626:2019
2615:ISSN
2592:2019
2581:ISSN
2540:2019
2509:2023
2483:link
2455:OCLC
2377:ISSN
2341:link
2313:OCLC
2268:link
2240:OCLC
2192:2022
2161:link
2133:OCLC
2071:link
2043:OCLC
2004:link
1976:OCLC
1946:link
1918:OCLC
1889:link
1861:OCLC
1794:link
1766:OCLC
1701:link
1673:OCLC
1634:OCLC
1609:OCLC
1599:ISBN
1544:OCLC
1534:ISBN
1503:ISSN
1457:and
873:1904
691:Flag
532:and
494:Agni
490:Akan
359:and
353:Agni
314:Akan
302:Bono
283:The
259:Arab
200:Divo
2369:doi
1495:doi
917:XOF
371:of
320:in
280:.
240:Gao
202:).
5125::
4433:,
2726:.
2708:.
2682:.
2662:.
2638::
2636:}}
2632:{{
2613:.
2609:.
2579:.
2575:.
2556:.
2530:.
2517:^
2500:.
2479:}}
2475:{{
2461:.
2449:,
2409:^
2375:.
2365:62
2363:.
2359:.
2337:}}
2333:{{
2319:.
2307:,
2277:^
2264:}}
2260:{{
2246:.
2234:,
2200:^
2183:.
2170:^
2157:}}
2153:{{
2139:.
2127:,
2079:^
2067:}}
2063:{{
2049:.
2037:,
2013:^
2000:}}
1996:{{
1982:.
1970:,
1942:}}
1938:{{
1924:.
1912:,
1885:}}
1881:{{
1867:.
1855:,
1803:^
1790:}}
1786:{{
1772:.
1760:,
1710:^
1697:}}
1693:{{
1679:.
1667:,
1645:^
1607:,
1555:^
1542:,
1509:,
1501:,
1491:65
1485:,
1326:.
1207:,
1184:.
1130:.
843:,
839:,
835:,
831:,
827:,
410:,
398:.
238:,
4969:)
4788:e
4781:t
4774:v
4544:e
4537:t
4530:v
4341:e
4334:t
4327:v
4099:e
4092:t
4085:v
4054:e
4047:t
4040:v
3630:e
3623:t
3616:v
3243:)
3239:(
3174:e
3167:t
3160:v
2795:e
2788:t
2781:v
2738:.
2694:.
2648:)
2628:.
2594:.
2542:.
2511:.
2487:.
2485:)
2471:.
2393:"
2383:.
2371::
2345:.
2343:)
2329:.
2272:.
2270:)
2256:.
2194:.
2165:.
2163:)
2149:.
2073:)
2059:.
2008:.
2006:)
1992:.
1950:.
1948:)
1934:.
1891:)
1877:.
1798:.
1796:)
1782:.
1705:.
1703:)
1689:.
1518:.
1497::
1219:(
1211:(
919:)
186:(
146:e
139:t
132:v
106:)
102:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.