Higgs boson - Knowledge

7456: 6755: 4999: 7451:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\mathcal {L}}_{\text{Y}}=&-\lambda _{u}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{0}-i\phi ^{3}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {u}}_{\text{L}}^{i}u_{\text{R}}^{j}+\lambda _{u}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{1}-i\phi ^{2}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {d}}_{\text{L}}^{i}u_{\text{R}}^{j}\\&-\lambda _{d}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{0}+i\phi ^{3}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {d}}_{\text{L}}^{i}d_{\text{R}}^{j}-\lambda _{d}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{1}+i\phi ^{2}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {u}}_{\text{L}}^{i}d_{\text{R}}^{j}\\&-\lambda _{e}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{0}+i\phi ^{3}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {e}}_{\text{L}}^{i}e_{\text{R}}^{j}-\lambda _{e}^{i\,j}{\frac {\ \phi ^{1}+i\phi ^{2}\ }{\sqrt {2\ }}}{\overline {\nu }}_{\text{L}}^{i}e_{\text{R}}^{j}+{\textrm {h.c.}}\ ,\end{aligned}}} 3106:, and had not been misled by experimental error or a chance result. They were also sure, from initial observations, that the new particle was some kind of boson. The behaviours and properties of the particle, so far as examined since July 2012, also seemed quite close to the behaviours expected of a Higgs boson. Even so, it could still have been a Higgs boson or some other unknown boson, since future tests could show behaviours that do not match a Higgs boson, so as of December 2012 CERN still only stated that the new particle was "consistent with" the Higgs boson, and scientists did not yet positively say it was the Higgs boson. Despite this, in late 2012, widespread media reports announced (incorrectly) that a Higgs boson had been confirmed during the year. 4483:) are used at the LHC. In the extreme energies of these collisions, the desired esoteric particles will occasionally be produced and this can be detected and studied; any absence or difference from theoretical expectations can also be used to improve the theory. The relevant particle theory (in this case the Standard Model) will determine the necessary kinds of collisions and detectors. The Standard Model predicts that Higgs bosons could be formed in a number of ways, although the probability of producing a Higgs boson in any collision is always expected to be very small – for example, only one Higgs boson per 10 billion collisions in the Large Hadron Collider. The most common expected processes for Higgs boson production are: 623: 3674: 4813:. Lee was a significant populariser of the theory in its early days, and habitually attached the name "Higgs" as a "convenient shorthand" for its components from 1972, and in at least one instance from as early as 1966. Although Lee clarified in his footnotes that "'Higgs' is an abbreviation for Higgs, Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Brout, Englert", his use of the term (and perhaps also Steven Weinberg's mistaken cite of Higgs' paper as the first in his seminal 1967 paper ) meant that by around 1975–1976 others had also begun to use the name "Higgs" exclusively as a shorthand. In 2012, physicist 20851: 79: 4537: – the two can merge to form a virtual W or Z boson which, if it carries sufficient energy, can then emit a Higgs boson. This process was the dominant production mode at the LEP, where an electron and a positron collided to form a virtual Z boson, and it was the second largest contribution for Higgs production at the Tevatron. At the LHC this process is only the third largest, because the LHC collides protons with protons, making a quark-antiquark collision less likely than at the Tevatron. Higgs Strahlung is also known as 3795: 3764:. Because there is no potential energy cost to moving around the complex plane's "circular valley" responsible for spontaneous symmetry breaking, the resulting quantum excitation is pure kinetic energy, and therefore a massless boson ("Goldstone boson"), which in turn implies a new long range force. But no new long range forces or massless particles were detected either. So whatever was giving these particles their mass had to not "break" gauge invariance as the basis for other parts of the theories where it worked well, 2047: 4423: 4222:, and information and particles still do not propagate faster than light. Tachyon condensation drives a physical system that has reached a local limit – and might naively be expected to produce physical tachyons – to an alternate stable state where no physical tachyons exist. Once a tachyonic field such as the Higgs field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather are ordinary particles such as the Higgs boson. 2215: 11830:

behind the collapse of the symmetry that led to the Big Bang, which created the universe. When the forces first began to separate from their primordial sameness—taking on the distinct characters they have today—they released energy in the same way as water releases energy when it turns to ice. Except in this case, the freezing packed enough energy to blow up the universe. ... However it happened, the moral is clear: Only when the perfection shatters can everything else be born.

4412: 2673:) of a Higgs boson, this indicates that a Higgs boson may have been created. In practice, many processes may produce similar decay signatures. Fortunately, the Standard Model precisely predicts the likelihood of each of these, and each known process, occurring. So, if the detector detects more decay signatures consistently matching a Higgs boson than would otherwise be expected if Higgs bosons did not exist, then this would be strong evidence that the Higgs boson exists. 1404:, triggering the Higgs mechanism. It, therefore, would cause the W and Z gauge bosons of the weak force to be massive at all temperatures below an extremely high value. When the weak force bosons acquire mass, this affects the distance they can freely travel, which becomes very small, also matching experimental findings. Furthermore, it was later realised that the same field would also explain, in a different way, why other fundamental constituents of matter (including 2918: 2912: 4436: 5305: 4665:. The W bosons can subsequently decay either into a quark and an antiquark or into a charged lepton and a neutrino. The decays of W bosons into quarks are difficult to distinguish from the background, and the decays into leptons cannot be fully reconstructed (because neutrinos are impossible to detect in particle collision experiments). A cleaner signal is given by decay into a pair of Z-bosons (which happens about 2.6% of the time for a Higgs with a mass of 1595: 21106: 5166:

theory and the Standard Model itself, and also the experimentalists at CERN and other institutions who made possible the proof of the Higgs field and boson in reality. The Nobel prize has a limit of three persons to share an award, and some possible winners are already prize holders for other work, or are deceased (the prize is only awarded to persons in their lifetime). Existing prizes for works relating to the Higgs field, boson, or mechanism include:

4447: 4236: 2342: 20700: 4026: 3629:(5.9 σ). This was described by CERN as being "of paramount importance to establishing the coupling of the Higgs boson to leptons and represents an important step towards measuring its couplings to third generation fermions, the very heavy copies of the electrons and quarks, whose role in nature is a profound mystery". Published results as of 19 March 2018 at 13 TeV for ATLAS and CMS had their measurements of the Higgs mass at 4569: 3934:

massless gauge bosons, and a short ranged force implies massive gauge bosons, suggesting that a result of this interaction is that the field's gauge bosons acquired mass, or a similar and equivalent effect). The features of a field required to do this were also quite well defined – it would have to be a charged scalar field, with at least two components, and complex in order to support a symmetry able to rotate these into each other.

2209: 3305: 546:. (All fundamental particles known at the time should be massless at very high energies, but fully explaining how some particles gain mass at lower energies had been extremely difficult.) If these ideas were correct, a particle known as a scalar boson should also exist (with certain properties). This particle was called the Higgs boson and could be used to test whether the Higgs field was the correct explanation. 3096:, and in general no significant deviations to date from the results expected of a Standard Model Higgs boson. However some kinds of extensions to the Standard Model would also show very similar results; so commentators noted that based on other particles that are still being understood long after their discovery, it may take years to be sure, and decades to fully understand the particle that has been found. 21118: 1240:. But evidence suggested these did not exist either. This meant either gauge invariance was an incorrect approach, or something unknown was giving the weak force's W and Z bosons their mass, and doing it in a way that did not create Goldstone bosons. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, physicists were at a loss as to how to resolve these issues, or how to create a comprehensive theory for particle physics. 3071:

matched the predictions by the Standard Model within the experimental uncertainties. However, the experimental uncertainties currently still left room for alternative explanations, meaning an announcement of the discovery of a Higgs boson would have been premature. To allow more opportunity for data collection, the LHC's proposed 2012 shutdown and 2013–14 upgrade were postponed by seven weeks into 2013.

12103: 4620: 5844: 2864:(CMS). There had also already been a number of promising event excesses that had "evaporated" and proven to be nothing but random fluctuations. However, from around May 2011, both experiments had seen among their results, the slow emergence of a small yet consistent excess of gamma and 4-lepton decay signatures and several other particle decays, all hinting at a new particle at a mass around 4752:

Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism, and these are still used at times. Fuelled in part by the issue of recognition and a potential shared Nobel Prize, the most appropriate name was still occasionally a topic of debate until 2013. Higgs himself preferred to call the particle either by an acronym of all those involved, or "the scalar boson", or "the so-called Higgs particle".

2469:, which showed that if calculating within the radiation gauge, Goldstone's theorem and Gilbert's objection would become inapplicable. Higgs later described Gilbert's objection as prompting his own paper. Properties of the model were further considered by Guralnik in 1965, by Higgs in 1966, by Kibble in 1967, and further by GHK in 1967. The original three 1964 papers demonstrated that when a 7805: 8343:. As a result, the more massive a single virtual particle is, the greater its energy, and therefore the shorter the distance it can travel. A particle's mass therefore, determines the maximum distance at which it can interact with other particles and on any force it mediates. By the same token, the reverse is also true: Massless and near-massless particles can carry long distance forces. 4600: 4698:. Much rarer is the decay into a pair of photons mediated by a loop of W bosons or heavy quarks, which happens only twice for every thousand decays. However, this process is very relevant for experimental searches for the Higgs boson, because the energy and momentum of the photons can be measured very precisely, giving an accurate reconstruction of the mass of the decaying particle. 3033:. Using the combined analysis of two interaction types (known as 'channels'), both experiments independently reached a local significance of 5 sigma – implying that the probability of getting at least as strong a result by chance alone is less than one in three million. When additional channels were taken into account, the CMS significance was reduced to 4.9 sigma. 4691:) is also possible, but requires intermediate loop of virtual heavy quarks (top or bottom) or massive gauge bosons. The most common such process is the decay into a pair of gluons through a loop of virtual heavy quarks. This process, which is the reverse of the gluon fusion process mentioned above, happens approximately 8.6% of the time for a Higgs boson with a mass of 3930:

transformation of a condensate usually rotates the phase. But in these circumstances, it instead fixes a preferred choice of phase. However, it turns out that fixing the choice of gauge so that the condensate has the same phase everywhere also causes the electromagnetic field to gain an extra term. This extra term causes the electromagnetic field to become short range.

1802:, and the Standard Model will at some point be extended or superseded. The Higgs discovery, as well as the many measured collisions occurring at the LHC, provide physicists a sensitive tool to search their data for any evidence that the Standard Model seems to fail, and could provide considerable evidence guiding researchers into future theoretical developments. 1795:. As more precise measurements of its properties are made, more advanced extensions may be suggested or excluded. As experimental means to measure the field's behaviours and interactions are developed, this fundamental field may be better understood. If the Higgs field had not been discovered, the Standard Model would have needed to be modified or superseded. 5233:, spokespersons of the ATLAS Collaboration and Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Singh Virdee, Guido Tonelli, and Joseph Incandela spokespersons, past and present, of the CMS collaboration, "For leadership role in the scientific endeavour that led to the discovery of the new Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN's Large Hadron Collider". 8503:). If a more stable vacuum state were able to arise, then existing particles and forces would no longer arise as they presently do. Different particles or forces would arise from (and be shaped by) whatever new quantum states arose. The world we know depends upon these particles and forces, so if this happened, everything around us, from 3008:, who proposed the particle, was to be attending the seminar, and that "five leading physicists" had been invited – generally believed to signify the five living 1964 authors – with Higgs, Englert, Guralnik, Hagen attending and Kibble confirming his invitation (Brout having died in 2011). 5621: 7598: 9469:

it, such as massless photons. There will be other people (in Miller's example the British prime minister) who would find their progress being continually slowed by the swarm of admirers crowding around, paralleling the interaction for particles that do interact with the field and by doing so, acquire a finite mass.

6487: 4725:, where this process should dominate. The observation is at sigma 3.2 (1 in 1000) significance. This decay path is important because it facilitates measuring the on- and off-shelf mass of the Higgs boson (allowing indirect measurement of decay time), and the decay into two charged particles allows exploration of 2690:(sigma) different from that expected if there was no new particle. More collision data allows better confirmation of the physical properties of any new particle observed, and allows physicists to decide whether it is indeed a Higgs boson as described by the Standard Model or some other hypothetical new particle. 523:, gives a rest mass to all massive elementary particles of the Standard Model, including the Higgs boson itself. The existence of the Higgs field became the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and for several decades was considered "the central problem in particle physics". 9342:

also plays a role in such theories. The connection is technically, when a condensate breaks a symmetry, then the state reached by acting with a symmetry generator on the condensate has the same energy as before. This means that some kinds of oscillation will not involve change of energy. Oscillations

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The Higgs field's effect on particles was famously described by physicist David Miller as akin to a room full of political party workers spread evenly throughout a room: The crowd gravitates to and slows down famous people but does not slow down others. He also drew attention to well-known effects in

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with imaginary mass have come to play an important role in modern physics. Under no circumstances do any excitations ever propagate faster than light in such theories – the presence or absence of a tachyonic mass has no effect whatsoever on the maximum velocity of signals (there is no

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The two teams had been working 'blinded' from each other from around late 2011 or early 2012, meaning they did not discuss their results with each other, providing additional certainty that any common finding was genuine validation of a particle. This level of evidence, confirmed independently by two

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region (described as "tantalising hints" of around 2–3 sigma) were public knowledge with "a lot of interest". It was therefore widely anticipated around the end of 2011, that the LHC would provide sufficient data to either exclude or confirm the finding of a Higgs boson by the end of 2012, when their

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Sidney Coleman published in Science magazine in 1979 a citation search he did documenting that essentially no one paid any attention to Weinberg's Nobel Prize winning paper until the work of 't Hooft (as explicated by Ben Lee). In 1971 interest in Weinberg's paper exploded. I had a parallel personal

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In Miller's analogy, the Higgs field is compared to political party workers spread evenly throughout a room. There will be some people (in Miller's example an anonymous person) who pass through the crowd with ease, paralleling the interaction between the field and particles that do not interact with

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One way that the Higgs can decay is by splitting into a fermion–antifermion pair. As general rule, the Higgs is more likely to decay into heavy fermions than light fermions, because the mass of a fermion is proportional to the strength of its interaction with the Higgs. By this logic the most common

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The key method to distinguish between these different models involves study of the particles' interactions ("coupling") and exact decay processes ("branching ratios"), which can be measured and tested experimentally in particle collisions. In the Type-I 2HDM model one Higgs doublet couples to up and

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is capable of defining a gauge, in gauge based field theories. To do this, the field must be charged. A charged scalar field must also be complex (or described another way, it contains at least two components, and a symmetry capable of rotating each into the other(s)). In naïve gauge theory, a gauge

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was becoming "too large to ignore" (although still far from conclusive), and the team leaders at both ATLAS and CMS each privately suspected they might have found the Higgs. On 28 November 2011, at an internal meeting of the two team leaders and the director general of CERN, the latest analyses

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boson was not seen as important; only Higgs directly addressed it.) In the paper by GHK the boson is massless and decoupled from the massive states. In reviews dated 2009 and 2011, Guralnik states that in the GHK model the boson is massless only in a lowest-order approximation, but it is not subject

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The issue is whether physicists will be confounded by this puzzle or whether, in contrast to the unhappy Babylonians, we will continue to build the tower and, as Einstein put it, "know the mind of God". "And the Lord said, Behold the people are un-confounding my confounding. And the Lord sighed and

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should not have excessive fine-tunings or unduly delicate cancellations, and should allow masses of particles such as the Higgs boson to be calculable. The problem is in some ways unique to spin-0 particles (such as the Higgs boson), which can give rise to issues related to quantum corrections that

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Once attention was drawn to this theory within particle physics, the parallels were clear. A change of the usually long range electromagnetic field to become short ranged, within a gauge invariant theory, was exactly the needed effect sought for the weak force bosons (because a long range force has

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with the Higgs field (and with other particles capable of interacting with the Higgs field) instead of becoming new massless particles. The intractable problems of both underlying theories "neutralise" each other, and the residual outcome is that elementary particles acquire a consistent mass based

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On 31 July 2012, the ATLAS collaboration presented additional data analysis on the "observation of a new particle", including data from a third channel, which improved the significance to 5.9 sigma (1 in 588 million chance of obtaining at least as strong evidence by random background effects alone)

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in the model and to give a complete analysis of the general Higgs mechanism. All three reached similar conclusions, despite their very different approaches: Higgs' paper essentially used classical techniques, Englert and Brout's involved calculating vacuum polarisation in perturbation theory around

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commented that "while no one doubted the correctness of these arguments, no one quite believed that nature was diabolically clever enough to take advantage of them", adding that the theory had so far produced accurate answers that accorded with experiment, but it was unknown whether the theory was

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For many decades, scientists had no way to determine whether the Higgs field existed because the technology needed for its detection did not exist at that time. If the Higgs field did exist, then it would be unlike any other known fundamental field, but it also was possible that these key ideas, or

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he Higgs' influence (or the influence of something like it) could reach much further. For example, something like the Higgs—if not exactly the Higgs itself—may be behind many other unexplained "broken symmetries" in the universe as well ... In fact, something very much like the Higgs may have been

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Quantum mechanics predicts that if it is possible for a particle to decay into a set of lighter particles, then it will eventually do so. This is also true for the Higgs boson. The likelihood with which this happens depends on a variety of factors including: the difference in mass, the strength of

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had been cancelled in 1993 and never completed. The Tevatron was only able to exclude further ranges for the Higgs mass, and was shut down on 30 September 2011 because it no longer could keep up with the LHC. The final analysis of the data excluded the possibility of a Higgs boson with a mass

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of the universe has also come under scientific study. As observed, the present vacuum energy density is extremely close to zero, but the energy densities predicted from the Higgs field, supersymmetry, and other current theories are typically many orders of magnitude larger. It is unclear how these

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Evidence of the Higgs field and its properties has been extremely significant for many reasons. The importance of the Higgs boson largely is that it is able to be examined using existing knowledge and experimental technology, as a way to confirm and study the entire Higgs field theory. Conversely,

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In these kinds of theories, the gauge is an item whose value we can change. The fact that some changes leave the results we measure unchanged means it is a gauge invariant theory, and symmetries are the specific kinds of changes to the gauge which have the effect of leaving measurements unchanged.

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that was championed by Lederman since its 1983 inception and shut down in 1993. The book sought in part to promote awareness of the significance and need for such a project in the face of its possible loss of funding. Lederman, a leading researcher in the field, writes that he wanted to title his

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Because Higgs boson production in a particle collision is likely to be very rare (1 in 10 billion at the LHC), and many other possible collision events can have similar decay signatures, the data of hundreds of trillions of collisions needs to be analysed and must "show the same picture" before a

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in his 2004 Nobel speech. – now the most cited in particle physics – and even in 1970 according to Politzer, Glashow's teaching of the weak interaction contained no mention of Weinberg's, Salam's, or Glashow's own work. In practice, Politzer states, almost everyone

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There was not yet any direct evidence that the Higgs field existed, but even without direct proof, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true. By the 1980s, the question of whether the Higgs field existed, and therefore whether the entire Standard Model was

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Gilbert ... wrote a response to saying 'No, you cannot do that in a relativistic theory. You cannot have a preferred unit time-like vector like that.' This is where I came in, because the next month was when I responded to Gilbert's paper by saying 'Yes, you can have such a thing' but only in a

11633:'s Joseph Lykken: "he parameters for our universe, including the Higgs suggest that we're just at the edge of stability, in a "metastable" state. Physicists have been contemplating such a possibility for more than 30 years. Back in 1982, physicists Michael Turner and Frank Wilczek wrote in 8373:

By the 1960s, many had already started to see gauge theories as failing to explain particle physics, because theorists had been unable to solve the mass problem or even explain how gauge theory could provide a solution. So the idea that the Standard Model – which relied on a Higgs field, not yet

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This boson is so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our final understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive, that I have given it a nickname: the God Particle. Why God Particle? Two reasons. One, the publisher wouldn't let us call it the Goddamn Particle, though that

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announced an upcoming seminar covering tentative findings for 2012, and shortly afterwards (from around 1 July 2012 according to an analysis of the spreading rumour in social media) rumours began to spread in the media that this would include a major announcement, but it was unclear whether this

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ATLAS and CMS only just co-discovered this particle in July ... We will not know after today whether it is a Higgs at all, whether it is a Standard Model Higgs or not, or whether any particular speculative idea ... is now excluded ... Knowledge about nature does not come easy. We

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had been expected, and the very wide basis of people entitled to consideration. These include a range of theoreticians who made the Higgs mechanism theory possible, the theoreticians of the 1964 PRL papers (including Higgs himself), the theoreticians who derived from these a working electroweak

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A considerable amount has been written on how Higgs' name came to be exclusively used. Two main explanations are offered. The first is that Higgs undertook a step which was either unique, clearer or more explicit in his paper in formally predicting and examining the particle. Of the PRL papers'

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particle was a Higgs boson. On one hand, observations remained consistent with the observed particle being the Standard Model Higgs boson, and the particle decayed into at least some of the predicted channels. Moreover, the production rates and branching ratios for the observed channels broadly

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bosons, and, therefore, the weak force's extremely short range. As of 2018, in-depth research shows the particle continuing to behave in line with predictions for the Standard Model Higgs boson. More studies are needed to verify with higher precision that the discovered particle has all of the

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Lederman, one of the principal spokesmen for the SSC, was an accomplished high-energy experimentalist who had made Nobel Prize-winning contributions to the development of the Standard Model during the 1960s (although the prize itself did not come until 1988). He was a fixture at congressional

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the statistical significance is not large enough to say anything conclusive. As of today what we see is consistent either with a background fluctuation or with the presence of the boson. Refined analyses and additional data delivered in 2012 by this magnificent machine will definitely give an

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Global financial partnerships could be the only way to salvage such a project. Some feel that Congress delivered a fatal blow. "We have to keep the momentum and optimism and start thinking about international collaboration," said Leon M. Lederman, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist who was the

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The Minimal Standard Model as described above is the simplest known model for the Higgs mechanism with just one Higgs field. However, an extended Higgs sector with additional Higgs particle doublets or triplets is also possible, and many extensions of the Standard Model have this feature. The

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It is also possible, although experimentally difficult, to estimate the mass of the Higgs boson indirectly: In the Standard Model, the Higgs boson has a number of indirect effects; most notably, Higgs loops result in tiny corrections to masses of the W and Z bosons. Precision measurements of

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to emerge at the TeV-scale, based on unsatisfactory properties of the Standard Model. The highest possible mass scale allowed for the Higgs boson (or some other electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism) is 1.4 TeV; beyond this point, the Standard Model becomes inconsistent without such a

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The LHC's experimental work since restarting in 2015 has included probing the Higgs field and boson to a greater level of detail, and confirming whether less common predictions were correct. In particular, exploration since 2015 has provided strong evidence of the predicted direct decay into

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in 1938), and the concept that such a mechanism could offer a possible solution for the "mass problem" was originally suggested in 1962 by Philip Anderson, who had previously written papers on broken symmetry and its outcomes in superconductivity. Anderson concluded in his 1963 paper on the

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decay. This can happen in three ways; Higgs to virtual photon to ℓℓγ in which the virtual photon (γ*) has very small but nonzero mass, Higgs to Z boson to ℓℓγ, or Higgs to two leptons, one of which emits a final-state photon leading to ℓℓγ. ATLAS searched for evidence of the first of these

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The name most strongly associated with the particle and field is the Higgs boson and Higgs field. For some time the particle was known by a combination of its PRL author names (including at times Anderson), for example the Brout–Englert–Higgs particle, the Anderson–Higgs particle, or the

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Lederman asks whether the Higgs boson was added just to perplex and confound those seeking knowledge of the universe, and whether physicists will be confounded by it as recounted in that story, or ultimately surmount the challenge and understand "how beautiful is the universe made".

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There has been considerable public discussion of analogies and explanations for the Higgs particle and how the field creates mass, including coverage of explanatory attempts in their own right and a competition in 1993 for the best popular explanation by then-UK Minister for Science

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function could be very close to zero at the Planck scale, with "intriguing" implications, including theories of gravity and Higgs-based inflation. A future electron–positron collider would be able to provide the precise measurements of the top quark needed for such calculations.

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for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron

11673:'s Joseph Lykken: "The bubble forms through an unlikely quantum fluctuation, at a random time and place," Lykken tells us. "So in principle it could happen tomorrow, but then most likely in a very distant galaxy, so we are still safe for billions of years before it gets to us." 4110:, which suggests that it may not be possible to create a consistent quantum field theory involving elementary scalar particles. Triviality constraints can be used to restrict or predict parameters such as the Higgs boson mass. This can also lead to a predictable Higgs mass in 2635:

an assumed symmetry-breaking vacuum state, and GHK used operator formalism and conservation laws to explore in depth the ways in which Goldstone's theorem may be worked around. Some versions of the theory predicted more than one kind of Higgs fields and bosons, and alternative

1977:, director general of CERN when the Higgs boson was discovered, this existence proof of a scalar field is almost as important as the Higgs's role in determining the mass of other particles. It suggests that other hypothetical scalar fields suggested by other theories, from the 9530:

Dittmaier; Mariotti; Passarino; Tanaka; Alekhin; Alwall; Bagnaschi; Banfi; et al. (LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group) (2012). Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 2. Differential Distributions (Report). CERN Report 2 (Tables A.1–A.20). Vol. 1201. p. 3084.

8401:'As a layman, I would say, I think we have it', said Rolf-Dieter Heuer, director general of CERN at Wednesday's seminar announcing the results of the search for the Higgs boson. But when pressed by journalists afterwards on what exactly 'it' was, things got more complicated. 2597:

for this work. (A controversy also arose the same year, because in the event of a Nobel Prize only up to three scientists could be recognised, with six being credited for the papers.) Two of the three PRL papers (by Higgs and by GHK) contained equations for the hypothetical

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In "naive" gauge theories, gauge bosons and other fundamental particles are all massless – also a symmetrical situation. In the presence of the Higgs field this symmetry is broken. The result is that particles of different types will have different masses.

4203:). Instead of faster-than-light particles, the imaginary mass creates an instability: Any configuration in which one or more field excitations are tachyonic must spontaneously decay, and the resulting configuration contains no physical tachyons. This process is known as 2685:

of two independent particle detectors each indicate that there is less than a one-in-a-million chance that the observed decay signatures are due to just background random Standard Model events – i.e., that the observed number of events is more than five

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of this kind, then it would imply – more than likely in many billions of years – that the universe's forces, particles, and structures could cease to exist as we know them (and be replaced by different ones), if a true vacuum happened to

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The final process that is commonly considered is by far the least likely (by two orders of magnitude). This process involves two colliding gluons, which each decay into a heavy quark–antiquark pair. A quark and antiquark from each pair can then combine to form a Higgs

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Another possibility is for the Higgs to split into a pair of massive gauge bosons. The most likely possibility is for the Higgs to decay into a pair of W bosons (the light blue line in the plot), which happens about 21.5% of the time for a Higgs boson with a mass of

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Even in the most specialized circles, the new particle discovered in July is not yet being called the "Higgs boson". Physicists still hesitate to call it that before they have determined that its properties fit with those the Higgs theory predicts the Higgs boson

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In November 2012, in a conference in Kyoto researchers said evidence gathered since July was falling into line with the basic Standard Model more than its alternatives, with a range of results for several interactions matching that theory's predictions. Physicist

1471:), but these are extremely difficult to produce and detect due to the energy required to produce them and their very rare production even if the energy is sufficient. It was, therefore, several decades before the first evidence of the Higgs boson could be found. 17422:

The possibility that the next big machine would create the Higgs became a carrot to dangle in front of funding agencies and politicians. A prominent American physicist, Leon lederman , advertised the Higgs as The God Particle in the title of a book published in

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at the higher energy of 13 TeV, searches for multiple Higgs particles (as predicted in some theories) and tests targeting other versions of particle theory continued. These higher energy results must continue to give results consistent with Higgs theories.

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which I think might offend some people". The nickname has been satirised in mainstream media as well. Science writer Ian Sample stated in his 2010 book on the search that the nickname is "universally hate" by physicists and perhaps the "worst derided" in the

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CMS and ATLAS have compared a number of options for the spin-parity of this particle, and these all prefer no spin and even parity . This, coupled with the measured interactions of the new particle with other particles, strongly indicates that it is a Higgs

8210:, the observed preconditions and their outcomes are indistinguishable from the interaction of what appears to effectively be a single particle (which usually is given another, slightly different name; for example one of the combinations of the theoretical 9221: 3432: 10686: 5839:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{H}}=\left|\left(\partial _{\mu }-igW_{\mu \,a}{\tfrac {1}{2}}\sigma ^{a}-i{\tfrac {1}{2}}g'B_{\mu }\right)\phi \right|^{2}+\mu _{\text{H}}^{2}\phi ^{\dagger }\phi -\lambda \left(\phi ^{\dagger }\phi \right)^{2}\ ,} 5146:" are also well known, but can be somewhat misleading since they may be understood (incorrectly) as saying that the Higgs field simply resists some particles' motion but not others' – a simple resistive effect could also conflict with 7800:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}_{\text{m}}=-m_{\text{u}}^{i}{\overline {u}}_{\text{L}}^{i}u_{\text{R}}^{i}-m_{\text{d}}^{i}{\overline {d}}_{\text{L}}^{i}d_{\text{R}}^{i}-m_{\text{e}}^{i}{\overline {e}}_{\text{L}}^{i}e_{\text{R}}^{i}+{\textrm {h.c.}},} 1451:, called the "Higgs boson", should also exist. Proving the existence of the Higgs boson would prove whether the Higgs field existed, and therefore finally prove whether the Standard Model's explanation was correct. Therefore, there was an extensive 4789:

However, in Higgs' view, Brout and Englert did not explicitly mention the boson since its existence is plainly obvious in their work, while according to Guralnik the GHK paper was a complete analysis of the entire symmetry breaking mechanism whose

4347:. These indirect constraints rely on the assumption that the Standard Model is correct. It may still be possible to discover a Higgs boson above these masses, if it is accompanied by other particles beyond those accommodated by the Standard Model. 2373:, where the strong interactions get rid of the massless "gluon" states at long distances. By the very early sixties, people had begun to understand another source of massless particles: spontaneous symmetry breaking of a continuous symmetry. What 1185:

Symmetries of this kind are powerful tools for a deep understanding of the fundamental forces and particles of our physical world. Gauge invariance is therefore an important property within particle physics theory. They are closely connected to

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discovered the top quark in 1995, and we are still learning about its properties today ... we will still be learning important things about the Higgs during the coming few decades. We've no choice but to be patient. — M. Strassler (2012)

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By March 2013, the existence of the Higgs boson was confirmed, and therefore, the concept of some type of Higgs field throughout space is strongly supported. The presence of the field, now confirmed by experimental investigation, explains

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Against this, once the model was developed around 1972, no better theory existed, and its predictions and solutions were so accurate, that it became the preferred theory anyway. It then became crucial to science, to know whether it was

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At first, these seminal papers on spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries were largely ignored, because it was widely believed that the (non-Abelian gauge) theories in question were a dead-end, and in particular that they could not be

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representation and the same weak hypercharge, then assuming these gauge charges are conserved in the vacuum, none of the spin-half particles could ever swap helicity. Therefore, in the absence of some other cause, all fermions must be

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If the Standard Model is valid, then the particles and forces we observe in our universe exist as they do, because of underlying quantum fields. Quantum fields can have states of differing stability, including 'stable', 'unstable' and

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was announced; physicists suspected that it was the Higgs boson. Since then, the particle has been shown to behave, interact, and decay in many of the ways predicted for Higgs particles by the Standard Model, as well as having even

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and masses of the W and Z bosons, can be used to calculate constraints on the mass of the Higgs. As of July 2011, the precision electroweak measurements tell us that the mass of the Higgs boson is likely to be less than about

15074:

Aad, G.; et al. (ATLAS & CMS Collaborations) (2016). "Measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates and constraints on its couplings from a combined ATLAS and CMS analysis of the LHC pp collision data at

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bosons could "begin" with mass as an inbuilt property except by abandoning gauge invariance. If gauge invariance were to be retained, then these particles had to be acquiring their mass by some other mechanism or interaction.

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of the kind needed to "break" electroweak symmetry and give particles their correct mass. This field, which became known as the "Higgs Field", was hypothesized to exist throughout space, and to break some symmetry laws of the

1372:. This non-zero value could in theory break electroweak symmetry. It was the first proposal capable of showing how the weak force gauge bosons could have mass despite their governing symmetry, within a gauge invariant theory. 2546:, who combined the work of Veltman and 't Hooft with insights by others, and popularised the completed theory. In this way, from 1971, interest and acceptance "exploded" and the ideas were quickly absorbed in the mainstream. 6210: 19385: 13623: 6266: 4611:

Since it interacts with all the massive elementary particles of the SM, the Higgs boson has many different processes through which it can decay. Each of these possible processes has its own probability, expressed as the

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Lee ... apparently used the term 'Higgs boson' as early as 1966 ... but what may have made the term stick is a seminal paper Steven Weinberg ... published in 1967 ... Weinberg acknowledged the mix-up in an essay in the

1193:. Quantum field theory and the Standard Model are both gauge invariant theories – meaning they focus on properties of our universe, demonstrating this property of gauge invariance and the symmetries which are involved. 11656: 14825: 11613: 3087:

particle (consistent with this required finding for a Higgs boson), "evaporation" or lack of increased significance for previous hints of non-Standard Model findings, expected Standard Model interactions with

2018:"). Some theories suggest that a fundamental scalar field might be responsible for this phenomenon; the Higgs field is such a field, and its existence has led to papers analysing whether it could also be the 17330:

Lederman, who considers himself an unofficial propagandist for the super collider, said the SSC could reverse the physics brain drain in which bright young physicists have left America to work in Europe and

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global collaboration of more than 170 computing centres in 36 countries ... to store, distribute and analyse the ~25 Petabytes (25 million Gigabytes) of data annually generated by the Large Hadron

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Lederman begins with a review of the long human search for knowledge, and explains that his tongue-in-cheek title draws an analogy between the impact of the Higgs field on the fundamental symmetries at the

4063:(in this case, to unitarise longitudinal vector boson scattering). Reconciling these points appears to require explaining why there is an almost-perfect cancellation resulting in the visible mass of ~ 10696: 4547:

Another possibility when two (anti-)fermions collide is that the two exchange a virtual W or Z boson, which emits a Higgs boson. The colliding fermions do not need to be the same type. So, for example, an

4510:

quarks. Since the coupling of particles to the Higgs boson is proportional to their mass, this process is more likely for heavy particles. In practice it is enough to consider the contributions of virtual

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fundamentally correct. By 1986 and again in the 1990s it became possible to write that understanding and proving the Higgs sector of the Standard Model was "the central problem today in particle physics".

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in 2013 for their theoretical predictions. Although Higgs's name has come to be associated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972 independently developed different parts of it.

8678: 4247:. The reason given is: With the Higgs boson now empirically confirmed, the paragraphs on the mass should be rephrased to make it clear that they are about what could be predicted before that observation. 8348:

Since experiments have shown that the weak force acts over only a very short range, this implies that massive gauge bosons must exist, and indeed, their masses have since been confirmed by measurement.

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are negligible; and laws related to conductivity, gases, and classical physics (as opposed to quantum mechanics) may apply only within certain ranges of size, temperature, pressure, or other conditions.

4829:

The Higgs boson is often referred to as the "God particle" in popular media outside the scientific community. The nickname comes from the title of the 1993 book on the Higgs boson and particle physics,

3121:. In early March 2013, CERN Research Director Sergio Bertolucci stated that confirming spin-0 was the major remaining requirement to determine whether the particle is at least some kind of Higgs boson. 2279:. At the beginning of the 1960s a number of these particles had been discovered or proposed, along with theories suggesting how they relate to each other, some of which had already been reformulated as 5388: 3910:). This strange observation implies that somehow, the electromagnetic field becomes short ranged during this phenomenon. Successful theories arose to explain this during the 1950s, first for fermions ( 3980:") or just gauge bosons ("fermiophobic"), but not both. In the Type-II 2HDM model, one Higgs doublet only couples to up-type quarks, the other only couples to down-type quarks. The heavily researched 2749:(LEP) at CERN in the 1990s. At the end of its service in 2000, LEP had found no conclusive evidence for the Higgs. This implied that if the Higgs boson were to exist it would have to be heavier than 10502: 3841:. It can have this effect because of its unusual "Mexican hat" shaped potential whose lowest "point" is not at its "centre". In simple terms, unlike all other known fields, the Higgs field requires 5104:– charged objects are pulled around and neutral objects can sail through unaffected. So you can think of the Higgs search as an attempt to make waves in the Higgs field to prove it's really there. 3771:

A solution to all of these overlapping problems came from the discovery of a previously unnoticed borderline case hidden in the mathematics of Goldstone's theorem, that under certain conditions it

2426:

Yang–Mills theory, that "considering the superconducting analog ... hese two types of bosons seem capable of canceling each other out ... leaving finite mass bosons"), and in March 1964,

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The CDF Collaboration; The D0 Collaboration; The Tevatron New Physics, Higgs Working Group (2012). "Updated combination of CDF and D0 searches for Standard Model Higgs boson production with up to

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controlling their interactions, implying that they should be "massless". It also resolves several other long-standing puzzles, such as the reason for the extremely short distance travelled by the

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is absent from the other two papers, and a massive particle may exist in some solutions. Higgs' paper also provided an "especially sharp" statement of the challenge and its solution according to

6760: 6340: 4078:, it appears that either there is some underlying connection or reason for these observations which is unknown and not described by the Standard Model, or some unexplained and extremely precise 2569:, and with great precision, the mass and other properties of some of these. Many of those involved eventually won Nobel Prizes or other renowned awards. A 1974 paper and comprehensive review in 1161:

are theories which have a useful feature, i.e.: some kinds of changes to the value of certain items do not make any difference to the outcomes or the measurements we make. For example: changing

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observable have covariant structures. ... in gauge theories one might arrange things so that one had a symmetry breakdown because of the noninvariance of the vacuum; but, because the Goldstone

4832: 4821:(over an alternative proposal "Higglet", by Weinberg), endorsed the "Higgs boson" name, stating "History is complicated, and wherever you draw the line, there will be somebody just below it." 3748:

are observed to have mass, but a boson mass term contains terms which clearly depend on the choice of gauge, and therefore these masses too cannot be gauge invariant. Therefore, it seems that

2533: – was eventually "enormously profound and influential", but even with all key elements of the eventual theory published there was still almost no wider interest. For example, 1440:. The existence of the Higgs field became the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and for several decades was considered "the central problem in particle physics". 1333:. All three groups reached similar conclusions and for all cases, not just some limited cases. They showed that the conditions for electroweak symmetry would be "broken" if an unusual type of 8792: 3491: 10855:

presents an explanation of what the Higgs mechanism is, and what it means to "give mass to particles." He also explains what's at stake for the future of physics and cosmology. 30 July 2012.

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offered as a prediction that a massive particle would exist and calculated some of its properties; he was therefore "the first to postulate the existence of a massive particle" according to

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The ground state of the Higgs field (the bottom of the potential) is degenerate with different ground states related to each other by a SU(2) gauge transformation. It is always possible to

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for elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses

3625:(3.6 σ) – described as an "important milestone" in understanding its short lifetime and other rare decays – and also to confirm decay into pairs of 2771:

in 1995 – had been upgraded for this purpose. There was no guarantee that the Tevatron would be able to find the Higgs, but it was the only supercollider that was operational since the

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In July 2017, CERN confirmed that all measurements still agree with the predictions of the Standard Model, and called the discovered particle simply "the Higgs boson". As of 2019, the

2385:

spontaneous symmetry breaking, the massless Nambu–Goldstone mode can combine with the massless gauge field modes to produce a physical massive vector field . This is what happens in

17623: 6053: 5118:

The Higgs boson is essentially a ripple in a field said to have emerged at the birth of the universe and to span the cosmos to this day ... The particle is crucial however: It is the

9106: 17964: 2886:, and initial preparations commenced in case of a successful finding. While this information was not known publicly at the time, the narrowing of the possible Higgs range to around 19617:– A pedagogic introduction to electroweak symmetry breaking with step by step derivations of many key relations, by Robert D. Klauber, 15 January 2018 (archived at Wayback Machine) 13924: 10172: 9075: 3315: 19183: 18027: 14150: 14088: 13781:(2015). "Measurements of Higgs boson production and couplings in the four-lepton channel in pp collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector". 13652: 13613: 11315: 9343:

with unchanged energy imply that excitations (particles) associated with the oscillation are massless. Therefore the outcome is that new massless particles should exist, known as

8145: 19382: 14662: 13713:"Precise determination of the mass of the Higgs boson and tests of compatibility of its couplings with the standard model predictions using proton collisions at 7 and 8 TeV" 7966: 17249: 13967:

For the first time scientists have been able to analyse the dynamics of social media on a global scale before, during and after the announcement of a major scientific discovery.

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Perhaps, he speculated, total perfection would have been unacceptable to God. And so, just as God shattered the perfection of Babel, 'God made the laws only nearly symmetrical'

14043: 8960: 8198:

when they always act simultaneously, and their combined effect cannot be separated using observables: Although the mathematical description of the process may have two parts,

17549: 14696: 14472: 14067: 638: 18464: 15730: 13550: 10673:'We've never seen an elementary particle with spin zero', said Tony Weidberg, a particle physicist at the University of Oxford who is also involved in the CERN experiments. 9896: 8995:

Just before LEP's shut down, some events that hinted at a Higgs were observed, but it was not judged significant enough to extend its run and delay construction of the LHC.

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and at this point it becomes possible to choose a gauge such as the 'radiation' gauge which is not invariant over time, so that these problems can be avoided. According to

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In the paper by Higgs the boson is massive, and in a closing sentence Higgs writes that "an essential feature" of the theory "is the prediction of incomplete multiplets of

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from us, and others being many billions of light years distant, so the effect of such an event would be unlikely to arise here for billions of years after first occurring.

4070:, and it is not clear how to do this. Because the weak force is about 10 times stronger than gravity, and (linked to this) the Higgs boson's mass is so much less than the 2701:

in order to ensure enough collisions were seen for conclusions to be drawn. Finally, advanced computing facilities were needed to process the vast amount of data (25

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Guralnik, Gerald (2011). "The Beginnings of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Particle Physics. Proceedings of the DPF-2011 Conference, Providence, RI, 8–13 August 2011".

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In July 2018, the ATLAS and CMS experiments reported observing the Higgs boson decay into a pair of bottom quarks, which makes up approximately 60% of all of its decays.

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and is often used as an illustration in physics lectures. So it's not an embarrassingly grandiose name, it is memorable, and has some physics connection too." The name

17898: 15333: 15246: 14632: 10992: 8901: 8819: 7590: 6150: 5360: 5333: 3544: 17523: 16994: 16886: 13837:(2014). "Measurement of Higgs boson production in the diphoton decay channel in pp collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector". 6327: 6300: 5905: 2819:

in Switzerland, was designed specifically to be able to either confirm or exclude the existence of the Higgs boson. Built in a 27 km tunnel under the ground near

18197: 16829:

quoting Lee's ICHEP 1972 presentation at Fermilab: "... which is known as the Higgs mechanism ..." and "Lee's locution" – his footnoted explanation of this shorthand.

13581: 6653: 6482:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m_{\text{W}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}v\left|\,g\,\right|\ ,\\m_{\text{Z}}&={\tfrac {1}{2}}v{\sqrt {g^{2}+{g'}^{2}\ }}\ ,\end{aligned}}} 5954: 4045:

to be measured, rather than a value to be calculated. This is seen as theoretically unsatisfactory, particularly as quantum corrections (related to interactions with

3603: 573:, Switzerland. The new particle was subsequently confirmed to match the expected properties of a Higgs boson. Physicists from two of the three teams, Peter Higgs and 12829:

experience: I took a one-year course on weak interactions from Shelly Glashow in 1970, and he never even mentioned the Weinberg–Salam model or his own contributions.

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Some particles interact with the Higgs field while others don't. Those particles that feel the Higgs field act as if they have mass. Something similar happens in an

3976:

down quarks, while the second doublet does not couple to quarks. This model has two interesting limits, in which the lightest Higgs couples to just fermions ("gauge-

12146: – Talk given by Peter Higgs at King's College, London, expanding on a paper originally presented in 2001. The original 2001 paper may be found in: 9099: 9037: 7961: 7592:

remain, giving rise to mass terms for the fermions. Rotating the quark and lepton fields to the basis where the matrices of Yukawa couplings are diagonal, one gets

4801:

The alternative explanation is that the name was popularised in the 1970s due to its use as a convenient shorthand or because of a mistake in citing. Many accounts

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nine days after its inaugural tests, caused by a faulty electrical connection that damaged over 50 superconducting magnets and contaminated the vacuum system.

2434:

showed that Goldstone's theorem could be avoided this way in at least some non-relativistic cases, and speculated it might be possible in truly relativistic cases.

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quarks (the heaviest quarks). This process is the dominant contribution at the LHC and Tevatron being about ten times more likely than any of the other processes.

3570: 1299:, solving both problems at once. Similar behaviour was already theorised in superconductivity. In 1964, this was shown to be theoretically possible by physicists 17060: 15302: 12815: 11025: 17480: 14790: 12759: 8978:

The example is based on the production rate at the LHC operating at 7 TeV. The total cross-section for producing a Higgs boson at the LHC is about 10

7813: 5929: 4207:, and is now believed to be the explanation for how the Higgs mechanism itself arises in nature, and therefore the reason behind electroweak symmetry breaking. 3293:

Analysis of collisions up to July 2017 do not show deviations from the Standard Model, with experimental precisions better than results at lower energies.

2606:, the Higgs boson. Higgs' subsequent 1966 paper showed the decay mechanism of the boson; only a massive boson can decay and the decays can prove the mechanism. 2152:

caused the universe to be a kind of featureless symmetry of undifferentiated, extremely high energy. In this kind of speculation, the single unified field of a

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of the first-order correction to the Higgs mass. In the Standard Model the effects of these corrections are potentially enormous, giving rise to the so-called

3857:

which in turn gives rise to the Higgs mechanism and triggers the acquisition of mass by those particles interacting with the field. This effect occurs because

2513:

proved renormalisation of Yang–Mills was possible in two papers covering massless, and then massive, fields. Their contribution, and the work of others on the

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the interactions, etc. Most of these factors are fixed by the Standard Model, except for the mass of the Higgs boson itself. For a Higgs boson with a mass of

2473:

is combined with an additional charged scalar field that spontaneously breaks the symmetry, the gauge bosons may consistently acquire a finite mass. In 1967,

1375:

Although these ideas did not gain much initial support or attention, by 1972 they had been developed into a comprehensive theory and proved capable of giving

17865: 17681: 17283: 16768: 12562: 9620: 4167:. The quantum of the remaining neutral component corresponds to (and is theoretically realised as) the massive Higgs boson. This component can interact with 2365:

it has massless particles which don't correspond to anything we see. One way of getting rid of this problem is now fairly well understood, the phenomenon of

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indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature.

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he bad news is that its mass suggests the universe will end in a fast-spreading bubble of doom. The good news? It'll probably be tens of billions of years.

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The bubble's effects would be expected to propagate across the universe at the speed of light from wherever it occurred. However space is vast – with even

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Branco, G. C.; Ferreira, P.M.; Lavoura, L.; Rebelo, M.N.; Sher, Marc; Silva, João P. (July 2012). "Theory and phenomenology of two-Higgs-doublet models".

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While media use of this term may have contributed to wider awareness and interest, many scientists feel the name is inappropriate since it is sensational

3308:

Coupling strength to Higgs boson in (top) and ratio to the standard model prediction (bottom) derived from cross section and branching ratio data. In the

1329:

Following the 1963 and early 1964 papers, three groups of researchers independently developed these theories more completely, in what became known as the

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Guralnik, Gerald (2009). "The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles".

18118: 14310: 13427: 10581: 4049:) should apparently cause the Higgs particle to have a mass immensely higher than that observed, but at the same time the Standard Model requires a mass 2831:(14 TeV total) in future. Theory suggested if the Higgs boson existed, collisions at these energy levels should be able to reveal it. As one of the 19620: 18677: 18060: 17931: 13954: 13292:

It now links thousands of computers and storage systems in over 170 centres across 41 countries. ... The WLCG is the world's largest computing grid

11341: 10017: 4616:; the fraction of the total number decays that follows that process. The SM predicts these branching ratios as a function of the Higgs mass (see plot). 21156: 17591: 14542: 5016: 1256:, a process where a symmetric system becomes asymmetric, could occur under certain conditions. Symmetry breaking is when some variable that previously 13520: 13057:

G.S. Guralnik (2009). "The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles".

10660: 9870: 10739: 6159: 4908:, and the apparent chaos of structures, particles, forces and interactions that resulted and shaped our present universe, with the biblical story of 14111: 8321:. At high energy levels this does not happen, and the gauge bosons of the weak force would be expected to become massless above those energy levels. 6215: 1578:

Other analogies based on the resistance of macro objects moving through media (such as people moving through crowds, or some objects moving through

1362:

energy for the field to have a non-zero value than a zero value, unlike all other known fields, therefore, the Higgs field has a non-zero value (or

19214: 14859: 12386: 12123: 2156:

is identified as (or modelled upon) the Higgs field, and it is through successive symmetry breakings of the Higgs field, or some similar field, at

1463:

Although the Higgs field would exist everywhere, proving its existence was far from easy. In principle, it can be proved to exist by detecting its

1069: 14602: 11546:

Salvio, Alberto (9 April 2015). "A simple, motivated completion of the Standard Model below the Planck scale: Axions and right-handed neutrinos".

10105: 9808:

CMS Collaboration (2017). "Constraints on anomalous Higgs boson couplings using production and decay information in the four-lepton final state".

4552:

may exchange a Z boson with an anti-down quark. This process is the second most important for the production of Higgs particle at the LHC and LEP.

3011:

On 4 July 2012 both of the CERN experiments announced they had independently made the same discovery: CMS of a previously unknown boson with mass

1586:) are commonly used but misleading, since the Higgs field does not actually resist particles, and the effect of mass is not caused by resistance. 19399:

Philip Anderson (not one of the PRL authors) on symmetry breaking in superconductivity and its migration into particle physics and the PRL papers

16813: 13406: 10198: 8558: 17990: 14564: 20880: 20623: 15700: 14280: 8562: 7955: 5299: 716: 17648: 14511: 5153:

The Higgs boson is commonly misunderstood as responsible for mass, rather than the Higgs field, and as relating to most mass in the universe.

2038:

scalar, or other "new" physics, and they have received treatments suggesting that Higgs inflation models are still of interest theoretically.

20988: 19614: 17613: 14838:'It's going to take another few years' after the collider is restarted to confirm definitively that the newfound particle is the Higgs boson. 10045: 4210:

Although the notion of imaginary mass might seem troubling, it is only the field, and not the mass itself, that is quantised. Therefore, the

19627: – an introduction of 47 pages covering the development, history and mathematics of Higgs theories from around 1950 to 1974. 18365: 18313: 18283: 13279: 12028: 10927: 10594:

In terms usually reserved for athletic achievements, news reports described the finding as a monumental milestone in the history of science.

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The SSC, proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1983, is a mind-bending project ... this gigantic laboratory ... this titanic project

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might be a more appropriate title, given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing. And two, there is a connection, of sorts, to

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Heinemeyer, S.; Mariotti, C.; Passarino, G.; Tanaka, R.; Andersen, J. R.; Artoisenet, P.; Bagnaschi, E. A.; Banfi, A.; Becher, T. (2013).

14413: 6624:{\textstyle \cos \theta _{\text{W}}={\frac {m_{\text{W}}}{\ m_{\text{Z}}\ }}={\frac {\left|\,g\,\right|}{\ {\sqrt {g^{2}+{g'}^{2}\ }}\ }}} 17720: 17409: 16111: 13916: 11477:

Buttazzo, Dario; Degrassi, Giuseppe; Giardino, Pier Paolo; Giudice, Gian F.; Sala, Filippo; Salvio, Alberto; Strumia, Alessandro (2013).

11054:

Alekhin, S.; Djouadi, A.; Moch, S. (13 August 2012). "The top quark and Higgs boson masses and the stability of the electroweak vacuum".

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There was considerable discussion prior to late 2013 of how to allocate the credit if the Higgs boson is proven, made more pointed as a

2879:

were discussed outside their teams for the first time, suggesting both ATLAS and CMS might be converging on a possible shared result at

17989:. www.lhc-closer.es (a collaboration website of LHCb physicist Xabier Vidal and High School Teachers and CERN educator Ramon Manzano). 14654: 13894: 13490: 9983:

Why do particle physicists care so much about the Higgs particle? Well, actually, they don't. What they really care about is the Higgs

3862: 3256:

Particle physicist Adam Falkowski states that the essential qualities of a Higgs boson are that it is a spin-0 (scalar) particle which

3118: 2661:. Occasionally, although rarely, a Higgs boson will be created fleetingly as part of the collision byproducts. Because the Higgs boson 1749:. The remaining electrically neutral component either manifests as a Higgs boson, or may couple separately to other particles known as 1733:'s Yukawa coupling terms into mass terms.) When this happens, three components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the SU(2) and U(1) 18421: 18388: 18220: 16258:

Peskin, Michael E.; Wells, James D. (2001). "How can a heavy Higgs boson be consistent with the precision electroweak measurements?".

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to any constraint and acquires mass at higher orders, and adds that the GHK paper was the only one to show that there are no massless

21122: 20373: 19323: 14039: 13059: 11307: 10543: 5222: 19398: 19112: 17753: 15895:

Kutasov, David; Marino, Marcos & Moore, Gregory W. (2000). "Some exact results on tachyon condensation in string field theory".

14684: 6275:. It has units of mass, and is the only free parameter of the Standard Model that is not a dimensionless number. Quadratic terms in 4786:

bosons. In this way, Higgs' contribution also provided experimentalists with a crucial "concrete target" needed to test the theory.

2330:

within some theories, also appeared to rule out many obvious solutions, since it appeared to show that zero-mass particles known as

2082:

are known more precisely, and the Standard Model provides an accurate description of particle physics up to extreme energies of the

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The Higgs field: So important it merited an entire experimental facility, the Large Hadron Collider, dedicated to understanding it.

5491:{\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left({\begin{array}{c}\phi ^{1}+i\phi ^{2}\\\phi ^{0}+i\phi ^{3}\end{array}}\right)\ ,} 4998: 3943: 712: 17813:

said, Go to, let us go down, and there give them the God Particle so that they may see how beautiful is the universe I have made."

16842: 16735: 14890:

Collaboration) (February 2013). "Study of the mass and spin-parity of the Higgs boson candidate via its decays to Z boson pairs".

13542: 10321: 8615: 2669:) and from the data the decay process is reconstructed. If the observed decay products match a possible decay process (known as a 2093:

seems to be extremely close to the boundary for stability, but a definitive answer requires much more precise measurements of the

1954:

The Higgs field is the only scalar (spin-0) field to be detected; all the other fundamental fields in the Standard Model are spin-

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Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J.; Terning, John (2004). "Gauge theories on an interval: Unitarity without a Higgs".

14064: 9892: 8500: 4891:, was reported to be displeased and stated in a 2008 interview that he found it "embarrassing" because it was "the kind of misuse 3768:

had to not require or predict unexpected massless particles or long-range forces which did not actually seem to exist in nature.

2413:. Initially, the mathematical theory behind spontaneous symmetry breaking was conceived and published within particle physics by 639: 18993: 18454: 18335: 14718: 13678: 4506:

binding the hadron together collide. The easiest way to produce a Higgs particle is if the two gluons combine to form a loop of

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have been used to describe the Higgs field and boson, including analogies with well-known symmetry-breaking effects such as the

1118:, is used for gravity.) In the Standard Model, the particles and forces in nature (aside from gravity) arise from properties of 500: 21207: 21149: 16430: 16318:

Baglio, Julien; Djouadi, Abdelhak (2010). "Predictions for Higgs production at the Tevatron and the associated uncertainties".

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stated that based on data analysis to date, an answer could be possible 'towards' mid-2013, and the deputy chair of physics at

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Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J. (2004). "Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking".

15364: 15325: 14624: 9769: 8023:, a 2013 American documentary film following various LHC experiments and concluding with the identification of the Higgs boson 4318:). It should be the only particle in the Standard Model that remains massive even at high energies. Many theorists expect new 3195:

Even parity tentatively confirmed. The spin-0 negative parity hypothesis is excluded with a confidence level exceeding 99.9%.

2794:. In addition, there was a small (but not significant) excess of events possibly indicating a Higgs boson with a mass between 20983: 19550: 19044: 19013: 18778: 18759: 18740: 17714: 17513: 17456: 17403: 17173: 17134: 17096: 17027: 16204: 15826: 15801: 15242: 15151: 14338:(2012). "Observation of a New Particle in the Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC". 13038: 12949: 12163: 11853: 10984: 10966: 10485: 10439: 10099: 10055: 7565:

denotes the hermitian conjugate of all the preceding terms. In the symmetry breaking ground state, only the terms containing

4459:

If Higgs particle theories are valid, then a Higgs particle can be produced much like other particles that are studied, in a

3981: 1919: 17179: 17140: 17102: 17033: 16984: 13356: 3965:("SUSY") also predicts relations between the Higgs-boson masses and the masses of the gauge bosons, and could accommodate a 18187: 13573: 12990: 2746: 2070:

In the Standard Model, there exists the possibility that the underlying state of our universe – known as the "vacuum" – is

17888: 16954: 4900:, but that (according to Lederman) the publisher rejected all titles mentioning "Higgs" as unimaginative and too unknown. 3736:

with a mass term would violate gauge symmetry and therefore cannot be gauge invariant. (This can be seen by examining the

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These findings meant that as of January 2013, scientists were very sure they had found an unknown particle of mass ~

2890:

and the repeated observation of small but consistent event excesses across multiple channels at both ATLAS and CMS in the

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Data collection at the LHC finally commenced in March 2010. By December 2011 the two main particle detectors at the LHC,

2465:(GHK) in November 1964. Higgs also wrote a short, but important, response published in September 1964 to an objection by 1229:) would have "zero mass" (in the specialized terminology of particle physics, "mass" refers specifically to a particle's 17431:

the ink was not dry on Lederman's book before the US Congress decided to write off the billions of dollars already spent

17427:

Lederman was involved in a campaign to persuade the US government to continue funding the Superconducting Super Collider

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Physicist Leon Lederman compares the way the Higgs operates to the biblical story of Babel all spoke the same language

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People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light ... But we now know that a

3004:

would be a stronger signal or a formal discovery. Speculation escalated to a "fevered" pitch when reports emerged that

2705:

per year as of 2012) produced by the collisions. For the announcement of 4 July 2012, a new collider known as the

2665:

very quickly, particle detectors cannot detect it directly. Instead the detectors register all the decay products (the

1942:

transferred to fundamental particles when they interact ("couple") with the Higgs field, which had contained that mass

1221:) had consistently failed. As a result of these failures, gauge theories began to fall into disrepute. The problem was 17056: 15294: 13380: 11014: 10620: 8749: 4370:. However it can be measured indirectly, based upon comparing masses measured from quantum phenomena occurring in the 3437: 643: 640: 21142: 20890: 20509: 19452:"Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC". 17490: 12770: 11371:

Ellis, J.; Espinosa, J.R.; Giudice, G.F.; Hoecker, A.; Riotto, A. (2009). "The Probable Fate of the Standard Model".

10140: 9347:. Because zero mass gauge bosons always mediate long range interactions, a new long range force should exist as well. 8824: 7938: 6069: 5268: 4319: 4087: 3192:

Studying the angles at which decay products fly apart. Negative parity was also disfavoured if spin-0 was confirmed.

2222: 2190: 1799: 1330: 742: 632: 535: 63: 15268: 9585: 9489: 7528: 3740:

for a fermion in terms of left and right handed components; we find none of the spin-half particles could ever flip

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that "without warning, a bubble of true vacuum could nucleate somewhere in the universe and move outwards ..."

11524: 7464: 4502: – as is the case in the LHC and Tevatron – then it is most likely that two of the 3878:

on how strongly they interact with the Higgs field. It is the simplest known process capable of giving mass to the

3760:

Additionally, solutions based on spontaneous symmetry breaking appeared to fail, seemingly an inevitable result of

3245:, γ γ, τ τ, W W and Z Z observed. All observed signal strengths are consistent with the Standard Model prediction. 2697:

was needed, because Higgs bosons might not be seen in lower-energy experiments. The collider needed to have a high

2322:(1954), which held great promise for unified theories, also seemed to predict known massive particles as massless. 1902:), nor is the Higgs field responsible for the mass of all particles. For example, approximately 99% of the mass of 648: 633: 17857: 12893: 12615: 12577: 11783: 11424:

Masina, Isabella (12 February 2013). "Higgs boson and top quark masses as tests of electroweak vacuum stability".

9616: 3170:

Examining decay patterns. Spin-1 had been ruled out at the time of initial discovery by the observed decay to two

2677:

conclusion about the existence of the Higgs boson can be reached. To conclude that a new particle has been found,

1552:

The nature and properties of this field are now being investigated further, using more data collected at the LHC.

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2001, a spacetime odyssey: proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics

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found in a study that "essentially no-one paid any attention" to Weinberg's paper prior to 1971 and discussed by

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of particle physics. Weinberg was the first to observe that this would also provide mass terms for the fermions.

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Like God, says Lederman, the Higgs differentiated the perfect sameness, confusing everyone (physicists included)

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2001 A Spacetime Odyssey: Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics

9216:{\displaystyle -m{\bar {\psi }}\psi \,=\,-m\left({\bar {\psi }}_{L}\psi _{R}+{\bar {\psi }}_{R}\psi _{L}\right)} 5184:

for contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles

4932:

It's a hard-won simplicity remarkably accurate. But it is also incomplete and, in fact, internally inconsistent

4650:–antibottom quark pair, which happens 57.7% of the time. The second most common fermion decay at that mass is a 4623:

Higgs boson decays into heavy vector boson pairs (a), fermion–antifermion pairs (b) and photon pairs or Zγ (c,d)

2078:. This was sometimes misreported as the Higgs boson "ending" the universe. If the masses of the Higgs boson and 21031: 16659: 14302: 13452: 4849: 4463:. This involves accelerating a large number of particles to extremely high energies and extremely close to the 4219: 4082:

of parameters – however at present neither of these explanations is proven. This is known as a

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existed throughout the universe, and indeed, there would be no Goldstone bosons and some existing bosons would

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Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 3. Higgs Properties: Report of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group

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Earth will likely be long gone before any Higgs boson particles set off an apocalyptic assault on the universe

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terms do not appear. We see that the mass-generating interaction is achieved by constant flipping of particle

6020: 3427:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {{\kappa }_{V}}}{m}_{V}/{\rm {vev}}\quad (={\sqrt {{\kappa }_{V}{g}_{V}/2{\rm {vev}}}})} 1177:

in vacuum seems to give the identical result, whatever the location in time and space, and whatever the local

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The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the hunt for the Higgs boson leads us to the edge of a new world

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The Particle at the End of the Universe: How the Hunt for the Higgs Boson Leads Us to the Edge of a New World

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field. Initially, the condensate value does not have any preferred direction, implying it is scalar, but its

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that would result from symmetry breaking might instead, in some circumstances, be "absorbed" by the massless

1253: 686: 508: 17581: 15013:

Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; et al. (CMS collaboration) (2013). "Higgs-like particle in a mirror".

8412:: 'are the CERN scientists just being too cautious? What would be enough evidence to call it a Higgs boson?' 8156:

In Higgs-based theories, the Higgs boson itself should be an exception, being massive even at high energies.

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separate teams and experiments, meets the formal level of proof required to announce a confirmed discovery.

2832: 1725:(including otherwise empty space). This nonzero value in turn breaks the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry of the 1495: 1284:, and suggested it could also be part of the answer to the problem of gauge invariance in particle physics. 1038: 21424: 21081: 20606: 16989: 16103: 12426:

Guralnik, G.S. (2011). "Gauge invariance and the Goldstone theorem – 1965 Feldafing talk".

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The LHC cannot directly measure the Higgs boson's lifetime, due to its extreme brevity. It is predicted as

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Announcement on 4 July 2012, of the discovery of a particle which is suspected will be a Higgs Boson.

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Consider the early universe–a state of pure, perfect nothingness; a formless fog of undifferentiated stuff

17743: 12737:

Ellis, John; Gaillard, Mary K.; Nanopoulos, Dimitri V. (2012). "A historical profile of the Higgs boson".

11806: 10727: 8116: 3984:(MSSM) includes a Type-II 2HDM Higgs sector, so it could be disproven by evidence of a Type-I 2HDM Higgs. 42: 21474: 21235: 17207: 16801: 14119: 3741: 1943: 628: 17: 19221: 14851: 14143:"God Particle Finally Discovered? Higgs Boson News At Cern Will Even Feature Scientist It's Named After" 14085:"God Particle Finally Discovered? Higgs Boson News At Cern Will Even Feature Scientist It's Named After" 12397: 12130: 5131:

where an electron's effective mass can be much greater than usual in the presence of a crystal lattice.

5038: – is a useful analogy for the Higgs field's symmetry breaking and mass-causing effect. 4865:

Lederman's editor decided that the title was too controversial and convinced him to change the title to

2717: – over seven times any previous collider – and over 300 trillion ( 21489: 21433: 14960:

Collaboration) (7 October 2013). "Evidence for the spin-0 nature of the Higgs boson using ATLAS data".

14803:

Rolf Heuer, director of , said he is confident that "towards the middle of the year, we will be there."

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has continued to produce findings that confirm the 2013 understanding of the Higgs field and particle.

2823:

originally inhabited by LEP, it was designed to collide two beams of protons, initially at energies of

2648: 2406: 2007: 1827: 1695: 1491: 1452: 1447:

The hypothesised Higgs theory made several key predictions. One crucial prediction was that a matching

1201:

Quantum field theories based on gauge invariance had been used with great success in understanding the

550: 17808:.: "Something we cannot yet detect and which, one might say, has been put there to test and confuse us 16794: 13245: 8936: 8557:

is clearly not covariant, which means that if we wish to maintain transversality of the photon in all

4774:

both comment that the paper by GHK was also completed after Higgs and Brout–Englert were submitted to

3673: 2086:, then it is possible to calculate whether the vacuum is stable or merely long-lived. A Higgs mass of 1636:

by ATLAS (2023). It is the only particle that remains massive even at very high energies. It has zero

1344:

The field required for this to happen (which was purely hypothetical at the time) became known as the

635: 21036: 20682: 18875: 18021: 17986: 16608:"Mass appeal: As physicists close in on the Higgs boson, they should resist calls to change its name" 14723: 12697: 12393: 10787:

D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (15 January 2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice".

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to hold true only if certain assumptions hold true, or when certain conditions are met. For example,

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The following are examples of tests used to confirm that the discovered particle is the Higgs boson:

2963:

Diphoton channel: Boson subsequently decays into two gamma ray photons by virtual interaction with a

2571: 2550: 2427: 2003: 1730: 1380: 1352:, one of the researchers) and the mechanism by which it led to symmetry breaking became known as the 1300: 38: 19184:"Chasing the Higgs Boson: How 2 teams of rivals at CERN searched for physics' most elusive particle" 16567: 14272: 11683:

Bezrukov, F.; Shaposhnikov, M. (24 January 2008). "The Standard Model Higgs boson as the inflaton".

4020: 626: 21464: 21165: 21041: 20094: 17638: 16945: 16107: 15948:

Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (1969). "Superluminal Behavior, Causality, and Instability".

14221:(2012). "Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC". 12428: 10958: 8683: 6153: 5994: 5063:, a symmetrical situation. In some substances such as glass, water or air, this symmetry is broken 4928:

we have the standard model, which reduces all of reality to a dozen or so particles and four forces

4075: 3838: 3573: 2358: 2315: 2074:. In this scenario, the universe as we know it could effectively be destroyed by collapsing into a 1718: 1364: 1277: 1003: 933: 18357: 15169:"A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery" 14886:

Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A.M.; Tumasyan, A.; Adam, W.; Aguilo, E.; et al. (

14503: 8339:. The movement and interactions of these particles with each other are limited by the energy–time 4632:–antitop quark pair. However, such a decay would only be possible if the Higgs were heavier than ~ 1998:

There has been considerable scientific research on possible links between the Higgs field and the

644: 21509: 21494: 21288: 21223: 21110: 20955: 20823: 20813: 20650: 20285: 19912: 19646: 19417: 19005: 18918: 18884: 18624:

Gell-Mann, M. (1956). "The interpretation of the new particles as displaced charged multiplets".

18305: 18275: 16846: 15581: 14508:

Of Particular Significance: Conversations about science with theoretical physicist Matt Strassler

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neutral Higgs bosons h and H, a CP-odd neutral Higgs boson A, and two charged Higgs particles H.

3950: 3729: 3721: 2586: 2292: 1815: 1726: 1401: 1218: 1099: 704: 634: 591: 516: 365: 19537: 18087:"A quasi-political explanation of the Higgs boson; for Mr. Waldegrave, UK Science Minister" 16843:"Nobelist Steven Weinberg praises professor Carl Hagen and collaborators for Higgs Boson theory" 10761: 8906: 5257: 3849:. Below a certain extremely high energy level the existence of this non-zero vacuum expectation 21442: 21392: 20828: 20801: 20585: 19922: 18841: 16562: 11909:

Guralnik, G. S. (2011). "The Beginnings of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Particle Physics".

9339: 8879: 8797: 8535: 8527: 8003: 7568: 6735:{\displaystyle m_{\text{H}}={\sqrt {2\mu _{\text{H}}^{2}\ }}\equiv {\sqrt {2\lambda v^{2}\ }}.} 6128: 5338: 5311: 5290:" is named (although physicists have described Bose's connection to the discovery as tenuous). 5162: 4880: 4422: 4375: 4371: 4332: 4136: 3902:

The proposed Higgs mechanism arose as a result of theories proposed to explain observations in

3761: 3713: 3512: 3117:

stated in February 2013 that a "definitive" answer might require "another few years" after the

2657:, two beams of particles are accelerated to very high energies and allowed to collide within a 2374: 2370: 2323: 2035: 2034:, but may be viable if combined with additional features such as large non-minimal coupling, a 1982: 1273: 953: 838: 778: 708: 647: 578: 21279: 19209:

The story of the Higgs theory by the authors of the PRL papers and others closely associated:

17704: 17393: 16096: 14402: 10429: 6305: 6278: 5883: 4435: 3869:, thereby producing the expected mass terms. When symmetry breaks under these conditions, the 2481:

independently showed how a Higgs mechanism could be used to break the electroweak symmetry of

1236:

Further, many promising solutions seemed to require the existence of extra particles known as

21076: 20950: 20917: 20672: 19600: 19542: 19106: 18801: 17344: 16065: 14887: 14692: 14218: 13708: 12153: 12149: 11019: 8340: 8330:

The range of a force is inversely proportional to the mass of the particles transmitting it.

8242:

The success of the Higgs-based electroweak theory and Standard Model is illustrated by their

6638: 5374:

In the Standard Model, the Higgs field is a four-component scalar field that forms a complex

5147: 4875:

and misleads readers; the particle also has nothing to do with any God, leaves open numerous

4853: 4079: 3988: 3689:, the overall "rules" remain symmetrical, but the "Mexican hat" potential comes into effect: 3610: 3579: 3181:

Spin-0 confirmed. The spin-2 hypothesis is excluded with a confidence level exceeding 99.9%.

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Particle physicist and mathematician Peter Woit summarised the state of research at the time:

2319: 2296: 2169: 1798:

Related to this, a belief generally exists among physicists that there is likely to be "new"

1721:(value) than a zero value. Therefore in today's universe the Higgs field has a nonzero value 1549:

properties predicted or whether, as described by some theories, multiple Higgs bosons exist.

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that accurately described particles known at the time, and which, with exceptional accuracy,

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Spontaneous symmetry breaking, gauge theories, the Higgs mechanism and all that (Bernstein,

19559:"Spontaneous Breakdown of Strong Interaction Symmetry and the Absence of Massless Particles" 14956:

Aad, G.; Abajyan, T.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdel Khalek, S.; Abdinov, O.; et al. (

13482: 10950: 10687:"Higgs boson discovery confirmed after physicists review Large Hadron Collider data at CERN" 4672:), if each of the bosons subsequently decays into a pair of easy-to-detect charged leptons ( 4382:. Using this technique, the lifetime of the Higgs boson was tentatively measured in 2021 as 1475:, detectors, and computers capable of looking for Higgs bosons took more than 30 years 21348: 21340: 21305: 21026: 20965: 20960: 20934: 20781: 19573: 19518: 19499:"Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC". 19471: 19383:"Heretical Ideas that Provided the Cornerstone for the Standard Model of Particle Physics". 19342: 19298: 19248: 18961: 18927: 18893: 18855: 18819: 18692: 18635: 18596: 18553: 18431: 17586: 16615: 16554: 16483: 16395: 16337: 16277: 16184: 16151: 15995: 15957: 15914: 15861: 15766: 15663: 15600: 15545: 15460: 15402: 15190: 15098: 15032: 14979: 14909: 14359: 14242: 14181: 13995: 13890: 13856: 13800: 13734: 13332: 13313: 13142: 13078: 12855: 12706: 12652: 12535: 12496: 12447: 12359: 12320: 12261: 12213: 12069: 12000: 11954: 11878: 11759: 11702: 11565: 11500: 11443: 11390: 11280: 11245: 11210: 11159: 11116: 11073: 10884: 10808: 10402: 10364: 9924: 9827: 9713: 9542: 9084: 9022: 8291: 7973: 7522: 5072: 4983: 4917: 4204: 4000: 3816: 3810: 3693:

inevitably becomes broken since eventually the ball must at random roll one way or another.

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What shattered this primordial perfection? One likely culprit is the so-called Higgs field

10865:

D'Onofrio, Michela; Rummukainen, Kari (2016). "Standard model cross-over on the lattice".

7976: – Physical theory with fields invariant under the action of local "gauge" Lie groups 7873:{\displaystyle m_{\text{u,d,e}}^{i}={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\ }}}\lambda _{\text{u,d,e}}^{i}v} 4411: 3897: 2898:

2012 collision data (with slightly higher 8 TeV collision energy) had been examined.

2827:

per beam (7 TeV total), or almost 3.6 times that of the Tevatron, and upgradeable to

1938:

inside the baryons. In Higgs-based theories, the property of "mass" is a manifestation of

1528:, two fundamental attributes of a Higgs boson. This also means it is the first elementary 78: 8: 21383: 21359: 20993: 20687: 19670: 19154: 17554: 17485: 16809: 16731: 16407: 15441:

CMS Collaboration (24 August 2018). "Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks".

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Ellis, Gaillard, & Nanopoulos (1976) "A phenomenological profile of the Higgs boson".

8315:

Electroweak symmetry is broken by the Higgs field in its lowest energy state, called its

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The Standard Model does not predict the mass of the Higgs boson. If that mass is between

3845:

energy to have a non-zero value than a zero value, so it ends up having a non-zero value

3799: 3549: 3253:(i.e., strength of interaction with Standard Model particles proportional to their mass) 2418: 2362: 2327: 2031: 1178: 973: 788: 773: 656: 429: 129: 122: 19577: 19522: 19475: 19346: 19302: 19252: 18965: 18931: 18897: 18859: 18823: 18696: 18639: 18600: 18557: 16619: 16558: 16487: 16399: 16341: 16281: 16188: 16155: 15999: 15961: 15926: 15918: 15873: 15865: 15770: 15667: 15604: 15549: 15464: 15406: 15194: 15102: 15036: 14983: 14913: 14363: 14246: 14185: 13999: 13891:"Press Conference: Update on the search for the Higgs boson at CERN on 4 July 2012" 13860: 13804: 13738: 13336: 13146: 13082: 12859: 12710: 12656: 12539: 12500: 12451: 12363: 12324: 12265: 12217: 12191: 12073: 12004: 11958: 11882: 11763: 11706: 11569: 11504: 11447: 11394: 11284: 11249: 11214: 11163: 11150:

Coleman, S.; de Luccia, F. (1980). "Gravitational effects on and of vacuum decay".

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boson" as the best submission: "The bottom of a champagne bottle is in the shape of the

4249:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2442: 2242: 2083: 1013: 574: 172: 21371: 21021: 20791: 20630: 19639: 19581: 19545: : Michigan, 21–25 May 2001, (pp. 86–88), ed. Michael J. Duff, James T. Liu, 19508: 19487: 19461: 19370: 19358: 19332: 18729: 18651: 18459: 18393: 18225: 16850: 16719: 16580: 16544: 16512: 16473: 16461: 16411: 16385: 16353: 16327: 16293: 16267: 16210: 16174: 16141: 15930: 15904: 15877: 15851: 15752: 15679: 15653: 15624: 15590: 15561: 15535: 15484: 15450: 15392: 15219: 15180: 15168: 15114: 15088: 15056: 15022: 14995: 14969: 14933: 14899: 14375: 14349: 14232: 14016: 13985: 13973: 13872: 13846: 13816: 13790: 13755: 13724: 13712: 13618: 13386: 13348: 13322: 13158: 13132: 13094: 13068: 12846: 12738: 12463: 12437: 12085: 12059: 11910: 11775: 11749: 11718: 11692: 11581: 11555: 11516: 11490: 11459: 11433: 11406: 11380: 11183: 11132: 11089: 11063: 10900: 10874: 10824: 10798: 10313: 9843: 9817: 9737: 9703: 9676: 9658: 9558: 9532: 9019:

In the Standard Model, the mass term arising from the Dirac Lagrangian for any fermion

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collides with an anti-fermion – e.g., a quark with an anti-quark or an

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Proceedings of the II Mexican School of Particles and Fields, Cuernavaca-Morelos, 1986

8414:: As there could be many different kinds of Higgs bosons, there's no straight answer. 3685:

the ball settles in the centre, and the result is symmetrical. At lower energy levels

21177: 20907: 20699: 20667: 20580: 20059: 19804: 19731: 19546: 19491: 19040: 19019: 19009: 18973: 18774: 18755: 18736: 18655: 18343: 18248: 18166: 17748: 17710: 17452: 17399: 17212: 17169: 17130: 17092: 17023: 16909: 16633: 16584: 16517: 16499: 16357: 16214: 16200: 15822: 15797: 15778: 15683: 15644: 15616: 15565: 15488: 15476: 15418: 15224: 15206: 15147: 15118: 15048: 14925: 14379: 14340: 14223: 14197: 14021: 13760: 13746: 13686: 13421:"Interim Summary Report on the Analysis of the 19 September 2008 Incident at the LHC" 13352: 13344: 13162: 13034: 12871: 12718: 12467: 12371: 12159: 11849: 11811: 11585: 11463: 11271:

Frampton, P.H. (1977). "Consequences of Vacuum Instability in Quantum Field Theory".

11175: 10962: 10904: 10828: 10789: 10481: 10474: 10435: 10136: 10095: 10051: 9741: 9729: 9562: 8336: 5957: 5375: 4460: 4446: 4191: 4152: 4083: 4034: 4016: 3903: 3850: 3110: 2658: 2386: 2366: 2135: 1974: 1895: 1863:

and other structures to form, as well as for nuclear reactions in stars, such as the

1672: 1472: 1281: 998: 928: 893: 823: 818: 783: 758: 734: 730: 492: 21134: 19585: 19362: 19170: 18806:"Dynamical model of elementary particles based on an analogy with superconductivity" 16415: 15934: 15881: 14999: 14172:

Adrian Cho (13 July 2012). "Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search".

13098: 11779: 11722: 11520: 11410: 11093: 9680: 4607:

of the different decay modes of the Higgs particle depends on the value of its mass.

1295:. If so, perhaps the Goldstone bosons would not exist, and the W and Z bosons could 21411: 21243: 21086: 20833: 20818: 20759: 20677: 20448: 20223: 20084: 20069: 19751: 19662: 19530: 19526: 19483: 19479: 19350: 19306: 19256: 19160: 19069: 18969: 18935: 18901: 18863: 18827: 18700: 18673: 18643: 18626: 18604: 18561: 18123: 17959: 16901: 16623: 16572: 16507: 16491: 16462:"A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery" 16403: 16376:

Teixeira-Dias (LEP Higgs working group), P. (2008). "Higgs boson searches at LEP".

16345: 16297: 16285: 16192: 16003: 15965: 15922: 15869: 15774: 15671: 15628: 15608: 15553: 15472: 15468: 15414: 15410: 15356: 15214: 15198: 15139: 15106: 15060: 15044: 15040: 14991: 14987: 14957: 14937: 14921: 14917: 14761: 14371: 14367: 14335: 14254: 14250: 14189: 14011: 14003: 13876: 13864: 13834: 13820: 13808: 13778: 13750: 13742: 13340: 13150: 13086: 12982: 12977: 12863: 12714: 12660: 12543: 12504: 12455: 12367: 12328: 12269: 12221: 12089: 12077: 12008: 11962: 11886: 11771: 11767: 11714: 11710: 11649:"If Higgs boson calculations are right, a catastrophic 'bubble' could end universe" 11577: 11573: 11508: 11451: 11402: 11398: 11288: 11253: 11218: 11187: 11167: 11136: 11124: 11085: 11081: 10892: 10852: 10816: 10410: 10372: 10355:(March 1964). "Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles?". 10128: 9847: 9839: 9835: 9725: 9721: 9672: 9668: 9550: 8478: 5573: 5518: 5226: 5035: 5003: 4971: 4762: 4507: 4344: 4046: 3794: 3724:

models in 1961, there were great difficulties in developing gauge theories for the

3705: 3697: 3187: 3084: 2937: 2843: 2506: 2490: 2311: 2157: 1939: 1641: 1568: 1545: 1521: 1186: 983: 978: 878: 853: 813: 670: 614: 554: 465: 453: 437: 409: 399: 104: 19128: 18487: 17345:"Good-bye to the SSC: On the life and death of the superconducting super collider" 16905: 15612: 15557: 12945: 12867: 2517: – including "substantial" theoretical work by Russian physicists 2441:

model, independently and almost simultaneously, by three groups of physicists: by

553:, a subatomic particle with the expected properties was discovered in 2012 by the 21469: 21314: 21008: 20875: 20645: 20570: 20554: 20494: 19904: 19829: 19819: 19809: 19721: 19389: 19239:

Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010). "My Life As a Boson: The Story of "the Higgs"".

19166: 18981: 18952: 18879: 18846: 18810: 18678:"Spontaneous symmetry breaking, gauge theories, the Higgs mechanism and all that" 18253: 17893: 17786: 17244: 17163: 17124: 17086: 17017: 15983: 15757: 14806: – Interview by AP, at the World Economic Forum, 26 January 2013. 14751: 14193: 14071: 13305: 12526: 12487: 12392:(Report). Talk given by Peter Higgs at King's College, London, 24 November 2010. 12350: 12302: 12294: 10848: 10352: 10231: 9421: 9416: 9412: 9344: 8599:

contains an accessible and comprehensive background and review of this area, see

8461: 8044: 7927: 6063: 5179: 5171: 4975: 4938: 4913: 4810: 4604: 4402: 4283: 4215: 4172: 4160: 4156: 4128: 4030: 4004: 3991:

the role of the Higgs field is played by strongly bound pairs of fermions called

3907: 3870: 3866: 3788: 3784: 3717: 3663: 2989:

Experimental analysis of these channels reached a significance of more than five

2926: 2636: 2631: 2584:

The three papers written in 1964 were each recognised as milestone papers during

2543: 2482: 2474: 2462: 2454: 2431: 2335: 2331: 2234: 2230: 2194: 1876: 1792: 1758: 1754: 1738: 1645: 1537: 1396: 1376: 1354: 1338: 1334: 1320: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1237: 1028: 913: 903: 898: 888: 848: 843: 803: 690: 543: 539: 520: 469: 449: 336: 188: 180: 19101: 17445: 16349: 15110: 14112:"Higgs on way, theories thicken – Wait for news on God particle" 13154: 12665: 12638: 12348:

Higgs, Peter (1964). "Broken symmetries, massless particles, and gauge fields".

11512: 11257: 8821:

is a constant independent of position), we find the Yukawa term has a component

5278:

Following reported observation of the Higgs-like particle in July 2012, several

5010:

are not all affected to the same degree by the dispersive material of the prism.

1512: 1043: 220: 21259: 21046: 20745: 20704: 20618: 20575: 20311: 20099: 19872: 19794: 19789: 19711: 19435:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jim Al-Khalili, David Wark & Roger Cashmore ( 19188: 19074: 19055: 18997: 18939: 18913: 18905: 18797: 17676: 16576: 16495: 16289: 15675: 15202: 14818:"Will our universe end in a 'big slurp'? Higgs-like particle suggests it might" 13868: 13812: 12841: 12333: 12306: 12274: 12247: 12226: 12199: 11606:"Will our universe end in a 'big slurp'? Higgs-like particle suggests it might" 11455: 10896: 10820: 10376: 9694:

CMS collaboration (2018). "Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks".

9321:. Since the spin-half particles have no right/left helicity pair with the same 8166: 8091: 8019: 7982: 6493: 6205:{\displaystyle \left\langle \phi ^{0}\right\rangle ={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2\,}}}v} 5988: 5135: 5101: 5060: 4909: 4706: 4476: 4464: 4307:), then the Standard Model can be valid at energy scales all the way up to the 4271: 4211: 4164: 4148: 3906:. A superconductor does not allow penetration by external magnetic fields (the 3883: 3803: 3745: 3701: 3690: 3222: 3200: 3165: 3089: 3076: 2978: 2964: 2730: 2558: 2538: 2534: 2522: 2518: 2502: 2494: 2466: 2414: 1923: 1888: 1788: 1742: 1671:, with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex 1657: 1637: 1572: 1525: 1384: 1324: 1292: 1249: 1226: 1174: 1170: 1103: 968: 938: 883: 873: 858: 768: 674: 610: 481: 461: 433: 359: 316: 259: 207: 117: 19393: 19354: 19311: 19286: 19260: 19150: 19136: 16196: 13574:"CMS search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in LHC data from 2010 and 2011" 13090: 13031:

The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe

12459: 12081: 12013: 11986: 11967: 11940: 10841: 8074:

Note that such events also occur due to other processes. Detection involves a

8006:, an extension of the SM where the Higgs boson is made of smaller constituents 6261:{\displaystyle v={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {\lambda \,}}}\left|\mu _{\text{H}}\right|} 2291:. However, attempts to produce quantum field models for two of the four known 2214: 2030:. Such theories are highly tentative and face significant problems related to 21484: 21458: 21231: 21199: 21016: 20975: 20662: 20514: 20481: 20273: 20243: 20175: 20034: 19814: 19741: 19726: 19412: 18882:(1964). "Does spontaneous breakdown of symmetry imply zero-mass particles?". 18492: 18192: 17618: 16503: 16007: 15969: 15894: 15819:

Warped Passages: Unraveling the mysteries of the universe's hidden dimensions

15210: 12897: 12891: 12605: 12547: 12509: 12482: 11292: 11222: 11171: 10548: 10203: 10011: 8496: 5205:(2010) – Hagen, Englert, Guralnik, Higgs, Brout, and Kibble, 5202: 4845: 4814: 4163:, which act as the longitudinal third-polarisation components of the massive 4155:. It consists of four components: Two neutral ones and two charged component 4096: 3962: 3926: 3093: 2836: 2594: 2284: 2276: 2226: 2164: 2163:

The relationship (if any) between the Higgs field and the presently observed

2145: 2071: 2055: 2002: – a hypothetical field suggested as the explanation for the 1464: 1233:). But experiments showed the W and Z gauge bosons had non-zero (rest) mass. 1166: 1131: 1119: 988: 943: 908: 763: 596: 491:

with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex

441: 231: 19432: 18867: 18832: 18805: 18704: 18086: 17309: 12684:. Eighth Nobel Symposium. Stockholm, SV: Almquvist and Wiksell. p. 367. 11890: 10414: 7985: – Elementary particles; gauge bosons that mediate the weak interaction 5275:(the most cited paper in particle physics, as of 2012) "milestone Letters". 5198:

for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics

4848:. Lederman wrote it in the context of failing US government support for the 2621:

comments that 1960s gauge theorists were focused on the problem of massless

1614:

whose mass must be found experimentally. Its mass has been determined to be

20998: 20929: 20838: 20796: 20786: 20640: 20190: 20180: 20170: 19931: 19882: 19824: 19746: 19701: 19060: 18055: 17926: 17829: 17643: 17518: 17165:

The God Particle: The discovery and modeling of the ultimate prime particle

16913: 16763: 16637: 16521: 15620: 15480: 15422: 15228: 15052: 14929: 14565:"CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson" 14201: 14025: 13917:"CERN to give update on Higgs search as curtain raiser to ICHEP conference" 13764: 12875: 12195: 11991: 11945: 11869:

Goldstone, J.; Salam, Abdus; Weinberg, Steven (1962). "Broken Symmetries".

10612: 10576: 10167: 9733: 8903:

are constants, this looks exactly like the mass term for a fermion of mass

8539: 8408:: 'If we don't know the new particle is a Higgs, what do we know about it?' 8317: 8032: 6056: 5530: 5379: 5279: 5253: 5193: 5110: 4966: 4730: 4701:

In 2021 the extremely rare Dalitz decay was tentatively observed, into two

4651: 4647: 4516: 4308: 4287: 4275: 4267: 3958: 3891: 3858: 3834: 3622: 3226: 3141: 3080: 2614: 2610: 2602:

that eventually would become known as the Higgs field and its hypothetical

2593:

50th anniversary celebration. Their six authors were also awarded the 2010

2526: 2470: 2446: 2396: 2246: 2139: 2100:

If measurements of the Higgs boson suggest that our universe lies within a

2046: 1927: 1710: 1690: 1676: 1668: 1649: 1611: 1529: 1424: 1420: 1217:(and its combination with the electromagnetic force, known together as the 1206: 1190: 1048: 1018: 993: 963: 833: 808: 793: 682: 512: 496: 488: 473: 457: 374: 349: 267: 168: 16535:

Liu, G.Z.; Cheng, G. (2002). "Extension of the Anderson-Higgs mechanism".

15143: 14782: 13211: 12986: 11987:"History of Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble Mechanism (history)" 10199:"The Higgs boson: Why scientists hate that you call it the 'God particle'" 9554: 8982:, while the total cross-section for a proton–proton collision is 110 8374:

proved to exist – could be fundamentally incorrect, was not unreasonable.

8246:

of the mass of two particles later detected: the W boson (predicted mass:

5525:

Note: This article uses the scaling convention where the electric charge,

4863:

The Goddamn Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question?

3987:

In other models the Higgs scalar is a composite particle. For example, in

3704:, partly due to its success in other areas of fundamental physics such as 2835:

ever built, its operational readiness was delayed for 14 months by a

2389:, a subject about which Anderson was (and is) one of the leading experts. 2338:, physicists had "no understanding" how these problems could be overcome. 1225:

for these two forces incorrectly predicted the weak force's gauge bosons (

21251: 20912: 20806: 20769: 20655: 20423: 20326: 20321: 20238: 20233: 20163: 20117: 20074: 20039: 19998: 19854: 19716: 18985: 18947: 17082: 16549: 13327: 13123:

Baglio, Julien; Djouadi, Abdelhak (2011). "Higgs production at the lHC".

12298: 9581: 8963: 8574: 8482: 8303: 8221: 8095: 8009: 5908: 5237: 5230: 5175: 5119: 5066: 4884: 4767: 4573: 4359: 4279: 4071: 3992: 3879: 3005: 2850:, had narrowed down the mass range where the Higgs could exist to around 2618: 2566: 2530: 2478: 2458: 2450: 2346: 2272: 2253: 2238: 1823: 1734: 1509:

On 4 July 2012, the discovery of a new particle with a mass between

1349: 1135: 1023: 1008: 958: 918: 868: 531: 184: 176: 19220:. Talk given at King's College, London, 24 November 2010. Archived from 5304: 5023: 3260:

couples to mass (W and Z bosons); proving spin-0 alone is insufficient.

2271:

whose interactions are mediated by exchange particles –

1594: 21403: 21400: 20397: 20291: 20281: 20263: 20153: 20054: 19989: 19706: 19631: 19206:"behind the scenes" style article on the Higgs' search at ATLAS and CMS 18989: 18647: 18609: 18582: 18566: 18539: 16375: 16272: 15909: 15856: 15658: 15595: 13947:"Scientists analyse global Twitter gossip around Higgs boson discovery" 12560: 12524:

Kibble, Tom (1967). "Symmetry Breaking in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories".

12064: 11737: 11478: 8582: 8050: 7930: – Mechanism that explains the generation of mass for gauge bosons 5282:

outlets reported on the supposed neglect of credit to Indian physicist

5216: 5056: 4970:

in 2009 resulted in their science correspondent choosing the name "the

4771: 4499: 4100: 3915: 3898:

Simple explanation of the theory, from its origins in superconductivity

3626: 3234: 2917: 2911: 2106: 1833: 1819: 1746: 1700: 1660:

into other particles almost immediately via several possible pathways.

1381:

predicted several other particles discovered during the following years

1214: 1033: 798: 287: 17447:

The God Particle: If the universe is the answer, what is the question?

17019:

The God Particle: If the universe is the answer, what is the question?

16845:. Department of Physics and Astronomy (Press release). Rochester, NY: 16228: 15755:(1988). "Triviality Pursuit: Can Elementary Scalar Particles Exist?". 15701:"The Hierarchy Problem: why the Higgs has a snowball's chance in hell" 14535:"Higgs particle looks like a bog Standard Model boson, say scientists" 14007: 11179: 8534:, a condition that took time to become questioned. But the process of 8406:'We have discovered a boson; now we have to find out what boson it is' 4867:

The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question?

4833:

The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?

4178:

Mathematically, the Higgs field has imaginary mass and is therefore a

3921:

In these theories, superconductivity is interpreted as arising from a

3861:

components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the massive bosons as

3813:

which is responsible for this effect, called the Higgs field (symbol:

2377:

realized and worked out in the summer of 1962 was that, when you have

2341: 1830:, electroweak symmetry breaking is believed to have happened at about 21420: 21270: 21215: 20539: 20529: 20499: 20392: 20358: 20351: 20228: 20218: 20213: 20185: 19953: 19736: 18012: 17276:"This is [the] world's largest super collider that never was" 15695: 15693: 15380: 15326:"ATLAS observes elusive Higgs boson decay to a pair of bottom quarks" 15133: 14885: 11306:

Klotz, Irene (18 February 2013). Adams, David; Eastham, Todd (eds.).

11128: 10476:

The God Particle: If the universe is the answer, what is the question

10230:

Evans, Robert (7 April 2008). Lynn, Jonathan; Fussell, Chloe (eds.).

9318: 8983: 8299: 4872: 4629: 4512: 4200: 4060: 4042: 3996: 2968: 2956:, which couples strongly to the Higgs field to produce a Higgs boson. 2953: 2768: 2562: 2400: 2094: 2079: 2051: 1729:

everywhere. (Technically the non-zero expectation value converts the

19375: 19124:, documentary film about the search for the Higgs Boson at Fermilab. 19089: 17825:"Higgs competition: Crack open the bubbly, the God particle is dead" 16840: 16628: 16607: 10118:

Cited by Peter Higgs in his talk "My Life as a Boson", 2001, ref#25.

9081:

invariant under the electroweak symmetry, as can be seen by writing

4378:

production pathways, derived from Dalitz decay via a virtual photon

2745:

The first extensive search for the Higgs boson was conducted at the

1949: 1602:" of the Higgs field is responsible for some particles gaining mass. 21379: 21322: 21091: 20635: 20463: 20418: 20402: 20363: 20336: 20049: 20044: 20024: 19994: 19984: 19979: 19799: 19774: 19769: 19696: 16478: 15455: 15397: 15243:"Highlights from the 2019 Moriond conference (electroweak physics)" 15185: 15093: 12050:

Ruegg, Henri; Ruiz-Altaba, Martí (2004). "The Stueckelberg Field".

11670: 11630: 11560: 11236:

Frampton, P.H. (1976). "Vacuum Instability and Higgs Scalar Mass".

10879: 10803: 9822: 9708: 9663: 8979: 8593:

proof breaks down, the zero mass Goldstone mesons need not appear.

5143: 4905: 4841: 4673: 4549: 4534: 4530: 4187: 4168: 4159:. Both of the charged components and one of the neutral fields are 4025: 4010: 3079:

highlighted "considerable" evidence that the new particle is not a

3063:

Following the 2012 discovery, it was still unconfirmed whether the

2764: 2760: 2702: 2334:

would also have to exist that simply were "not seen". According to

2208: 2149: 2063: 2027: 2011: 1999: 1978: 1970: 1839: 1805: 1706: 1583: 1405: 19597: – example of a 1966 Russian paper on the subject. 19513: 19466: 19337: 18950:(1964). "Broken symmetries, massless particles and gauge fields". 16390: 16332: 16179: 16146: 15690: 15540: 15027: 14974: 14904: 14354: 14237: 13990: 13851: 13795: 13729: 13391: 13137: 13073: 12743: 12442: 11915: 11754: 11697: 11495: 11438: 11385: 11068: 10393:

Anderson, P. (April 1963). "Plasmons, gauge invariance and mass".

9537: 4778:, and that Higgs alone had drawn attention to a predicted massive 4568: 3509:

not confirmed as 2022 but there is evidence)) respectively, where

2160:

that the presently known forces and fields of the universe arise.

2144:

More speculatively, the Higgs field has also been proposed as the

2054:

masses, which could indicate whether our universe is stable, or a

20764: 20714: 20544: 20534: 20504: 20458: 20453: 20428: 20346: 20331: 20258: 20253: 20158: 20143: 20089: 20064: 20029: 19958: 19940: 19679: 18426: 17889:"Higgs boson explained: How the 'God particle' gives things mass" 17057:"Stephen Hawking says 'god particle' could wipe out the universe" 15131: 12695:

Glashow, S.L. (1961). "Partial-symmetries of weak interactions".

11201:

Stone, M. (1976). "Lifetime and decay of excited vacuum states".

10236: 8465: 8225: 7562: 6745:

The quarks and the leptons interact with the Higgs field through

5293: 5031: 4888: 4526: 4183: 4099:, conformal solutions and solutions via extra dimensions such as 3954: 3887: 3833:), which has the unusual property of a non-zero amplitude in its 3733: 3700:

is an important property of modern particle theories such as the

3618: 3304: 3215:

Particularly significant, we should observe decays into pairs of

2982: 2733:(as of 2012), comprising over 170 computing facilities in a 2603: 2041: 1915: 1884: 1750: 1564: 1162: 1111: 294: 274: 254:(tentatively measured at 3.2 sigma (1 in 1000) significance) 134: 17987:"The Higgs particle: an analogy for Physics classroom (section)" 16965:. Oxford University Press. p. 372 – via Google Books. 15269:"All together now: adding more pieces to the Higgs boson puzzle" 12682:

Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity

11308:"Universe has finite lifespan, Higgs boson calculations suggest" 9529: 4086:. More broadly, the hierarchy problem amounts to the worry that 3058: 2283:

in which the objects of study are not particles and forces, but

20524: 20519: 20148: 20135: 20126: 19948: 19862: 19761: 19287:"Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble mechanism (history)" 19271:"Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism (history)" 16136:

Lykken, Joseph D. (27 June 2009). "Beyond the Standard Model".

15796:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Westview Press. pp. 1–3. 14756: 13024: 13022: 13020: 13018: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13010: 13008: 11476: 11107:

Turner, M.S.; Wilczek, F. (1982). "Is our vacuum metastable?".

10241: 8508: 8428: 6632: 5287: 5052: 5007: 4702: 4688: 4495: 4491: 4468: 4007:

and the electroweak symmetry is broken using extra dimensions.

3977: 3263:

Couplings to mass strongly evidenced ("At 95% confidence level

3217: 3213:

Higgs boson. Are these all being seen, and at the right rates?

3126: 2949: 2820: 2264: 1911: 1903: 1894:

It is worth noting that the Higgs field does not "create" mass

1683:. This shape means that below extremely high energies of about 1679:

SU(2) symmetry. Unlike any other known quantum field, it has a

1589: 1110:

that predicts almost all known particles and forces aside from

599:. The name has been criticised by physicists, including Higgs. 570: 456:

theory. In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive

312: 308: 301: 103:(dashed yellow lines and green towers). The lower event in the 100: 88: 19120: 17514:"Father of the god particle: Portrait of Peter Higgs unveiled" 17380:

hearings on the collider, an unbridled advocate of its merits.

16138:

Proceedings of the 2009 European School of High-Energy Physics

14749:

The discovery of the Higgs boson was announced in articles in

9444:

Bjorken (1977) "Weak interaction theory and neutral currents".

9428: 5022:

An educational collaboration involving an LHC physicist and a

4619: 2948:. The dominant production mechanism at this mass involves two 2129: 1436:

correct, had come to be regarded as one of the most important

319:) (tentatively observed at sigma 3.2 (1 in 1000) significance) 20549: 20489: 20341: 20200: 20079: 20019: 19974: 19867: 19845: 19688: 19146: 18051:"How will we know when the Higgs particle has been detected?" 16759:"Higgs boson's many great minds cause a Nobel prize headache" 16173:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 844. Springer. §1.2.2. 14074:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 13971: 10043: 9326: 9322: 8585:, and one can readily show that the S-matrix elements, which 8410:: We know it is some kind of boson, says Vivek Sharma of CMS 8295: 5139: 4818: 4684: 4503: 3783:

any new massless particles or forces, and having "sensible" (

2929:

showing the cleanest channels associated with the low-mass (~

1931: 1880: 1867:. The Higgs field is responsible for this symmetry breaking. 1579: 1409: 1358:. A key feature of the necessary field is that it would take 527: 281: 17922:"Higgs boson: How would you explain it to a seven-year-old?" 13972:

De Domenico, M.; Lima, A.; Mougel, P.; Musolesi, M. (2013).

13005: 10973:, who provides many references in support of this statement. 8673:{\displaystyle V(\phi )=\mu ^{2}\phi ^{2}+\lambda \phi ^{4}} 2148:, which at the extreme energies of the first moments of the 1741:") to become the longitudinal components of the now-massive 20316: 20248: 20208: 19784: 19779: 19140: 17789:

wondered why the universe we live in was so obviously askew

16232: 15525: 14855: 14685:"The year of the Higgs, and other tiny advances in science" 14273:"Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV" 13237: 13180: 11370: 10735: 10616: 9866: 9773: 8432: 7517:

are left-handed and right-handed quarks and leptons of the

4817:, who was credited for naming the elementary particle, the 4677: 4480: 4041:

The Standard Model leaves the mass of the Higgs boson as a

3092:, absence of "significant new implications" for or against 3000: 2816: 2710: 2487:

unified model for the weak and electromagnetic interactions

1860: 1560: 1499: 566: 322: 108: 16880: 16878: 10985:"Is there a link between the Higgs boson and dark energy?" 10012:

Falkowski, Adam (writing as 'Jester') (27 February 2013).

5991:(a complete set of generators of the SU(2) symmetry), and 5308:

The potential for the Higgs field, plotted as function of

4654:–antitau pair, which happens only about 6.3% of the time. 4599: 3493:

for the vector bosons V (=Z,W) and for the fermions F ( =

1395:

To allow symmetry breaking, the Standard Model includes a

1141: 21190: 19538:

Particle Data Group: Review of searches for Higgs Bosons.

17436: 16066:"Explanatory figures for the Higgs boson exclusion plots" 16038: 15727:"The Hierarchy Problem | Of Particular Significance" 14767: 12158:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: World Scientific. pp. 86–88. 9770:"New results indicate that new particle is a Higgs boson" 8435:, since they are known to be composites of pairs of spin- 5071:. The result is that light of different wavelengths have 4993: 4472: 4088:

a future theory of fundamental particles and interactions

2714: 2549:

The resulting electroweak theory and Standard Model have

1864: 585:

In the media, the Higgs boson has often been called the "

484:

into other particles almost immediately upon generation.

92: 19413:"True Tales from the Road: The Higgs Boson Re-Explained" 19116:, documentary film about the search for the Higgs Boson. 18521: 18519: 18517: 18515: 17088:

Higgs: The invention and discovery of the 'God particle'

16978: 16976: 15073: 14955: 14783:"CERN chief: Higgs boson quest could wrap up by midyear" 12483:"Spontaneous symmetry breakdown without massless bosons" 12104:

List of Anderson 1958–1959 papers referencing 'symmetry'

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In theoretical particle physics, one says that particle

3048:, and CMS improved the significance to 5-sigma and mass 2639:

were considered until the discovery of the Higgs boson.

1444:

even the entire Standard Model, were somehow incorrect.

19405: 19392:

SPG Mitteilungen March 2013, No. 39, (p. 14), and

18221:"Physicists Anxiously Await New Data on 'God Particle'" 16875: 16841:

U.R. Phys. & Astro. press office (8 October 2007).

16094: 15641: 15578: 15166: 13649:"ATLAS and CMS experiments present Higgs search status" 12844:(14 December 1979). "The 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics". 12736: 12414:

gauge theory with a gauge field coupled to the current.

11479:"Investigating the near-criticality of the Higgs boson" 11106: 10953:

Concepts of Mass in Contemporary Physics and Philosophy

10285:

From P.W. Anderson (1972) "More is different", Science.

8499:' states (the latter remain stable unless sufficiently 7978:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4639:, twice the mass of the top quark. For a Higgs mass of 4576:

of the Higgs particle depends on the value of its mass.

2901: 2579: 2097:

of the top quark. New physics can change this picture.

18249:"Top 5 Common Misconceptions About the Higgs Particle" 17744:"One thing is perfectly clear: Nothingness is perfect" 17582:"Key scientist sure "God particle" will be found soon" 17543: 17541: 17310:"Super competition for superconducting super collider" 17208:"No resurrection in sight for moribund super collider" 16095:

Carena, M.; Grojean, C.; Kado, M.; Sharma, V. (2013).

15986:(1967). "Possibility of faster-than-light particles". 14040:"Higgs boson particle results could be a quantum leap" 13651:(Press release). CERN Press Office. 13 December 2011. 13543:"ATLAS experiment presents latest Higgs search status" 12946:"J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics" 12129:. London: King's College. pp. 4–5. Archived from 11868: 11807:"One Thing Is Perfectly Clear: Nothingness Is Perfect" 10957:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 10232:"Key scientist sure "God particle" will be found soon" 10083: 10081: 10079: 9893:"Getting to know the Higgs particle: New discoveries!" 9386: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8029: – Possible outcome of renormalization in physics 7836: 6502: 6418: 6361: 6226: 6185: 5715: 5687: 5415: 5286:

after whose work in the 1920s the class of particles "

3775:

theoretically be possible for a symmetry to be broken

3681:

illustrated": – At high energy levels

21164: 19601:

The Department of Energy Explains ... the Higgs Boson

19102:

Hunting the Higgs Boson at C.M.S. Experiment, at CERN

18512: 18017:"Finally – a Higgs boson story anyone can understand" 17301: 16973: 16602: 16600: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16459: 16058: 15947: 15012: 14951: 14949: 14947: 12200:"Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons" 11941:"Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble Mechanism" 10544:"It's a boson! But we need to know if it's the Higgs" 10528: 10087: 9277: 9231: 9109: 9087: 9045: 9025: 8939: 8909: 8882: 8827: 8800: 8752: 8719: 8713:

has a minimum not at zero but at some non-zero value

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the SM predicts that the most common decay is into a

3819: 3582: 3552: 3515: 3440: 3318: 1383:. During the 1970s these theories rapidly became the 18916:(1964). "Broken symmetries and massless particles". 18422:"India: Enough about Higgs, let's discuss the boson" 13643: 13641: 12561:

Guralnik, G.S.; Hagen, C.R.; Kibble, T.W.B. (1967).

11682: 10762:"CMS precisely measures the mass of the Higgs boson" 10644: 10642: 10503:"The known particles – if the Higgs field were zero" 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9447:

Wienberg (received, 1975) "Mass of the Higgs boson".

8055:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

8014:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5203:

J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics

5122:, the evidence required to show the theory is right. 4852:, a partially constructed titanic competitor to the 3949:

non-minimal Higgs sector favoured by theory are the

3206:

The Standard Model predicts the decay patterns of a

3131:

On 14 March 2013 CERN confirmed the following:

2767: – the collider that discovered the 2725:) LHC proton–proton collisions were analysed by the 2713:

with a planned eventual collision energy of 14

2595:

J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics

2437:

These approaches were quickly developed into a full

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to (interacts with) mass. It is also very unstable,

1455:, as a way to prove the Higgs field itself existed. 1169:

by +100 volts does not cause any change to the

480:

to (interacts with) mass. It is also very unstable,

18980: 18114:"Ten things you may not know about the Higgs boson" 17538: 15381:"Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks" 15357:"Observation of Higgs boson decay to bottom quarks" 15323: 14881: 14879: 14877: 14655:"Higgs boson confirmed; CERN discovery passes test" 14334: 13833: 13777: 13683:

WLCG – Worldwide LHC Computing Grid

13242:

WLCG – Worldwide LHC Computing Grid

13206: 13204: 13202: 12293: 11738:"Higgs Inflation at NNLO after the Boson Discovery" 11342:"Higgs boson will destroy the universe, eventually" 10431:

The Physical Universe: An introduction to astronomy

10076: 10039: 10037: 10035: 9649:decays and VH production with the ATLAS detector". 9641: 9490:"ATLAS sets record precision on Higgs boson's mass" 8998: 8974: 8972: 8041: – Special case of the abelian Higgs mechanism 5096:Matt Strassler uses electric fields as an analogy: 4782:boson, while all others had focused on the massive 4127:In the Standard Model, the Higgs field is a scalar 3787:) results mathematically. This became known as the 3178:leaving spin-0 and spin-2 as remaining candidates. 2775:(LHC) was still under construction and the planned 1782: 1280:, observed that symmetry breaking played a role in 62:"God Particle" redirects here. For other uses, see 19394:Talk at Brown University about the 1964 PRL papers 18735:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 18728: 18080: 18078: 17444: 16614:(editorial). 483, 374 (7390): 374. 21 March 2012. 16591: 14944: 14526: 13565: 12248:"Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons" 11053: 10842:Demystifying the Higgs Boson with Leonard Susskind 10473: 10156: 10154: 10152: 9617:"ATLAS finds evidence of a rare Higgs boson decay" 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9309: 9263: 9215: 9093: 9069: 9031: 8954: 8925: 8895: 8864: 8813: 8786: 8738: 8705: 8672: 8139: 7904: 7872: 7799: 7584: 7553: 7509: 7450: 6734: 6647: 6623: 6481: 6321: 6294: 6260: 6204: 6144: 6117: 6047: 6009: 5979: 5948: 5923: 5899: 5872: 5838: 5490: 5354: 5327: 5219:(2004) – Englert, Brout, and Higgs 4982:was suggested as well, in an opinion piece in the 3825: 3597: 3564: 3538: 3485: 3426: 3140:This also makes the particle the first elementary 2977:The four-lepton "golden channel": Boson emits two 1494:, and the construction of one of the world's most 1430: 1196: 19153: – Higgs Boson Explained by CERN Physicist, 19090:Popular science, mass media, and general coverage 18796: 18727:Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995). 17574: 15751: 15440: 15378: 15354: 14397: 14395: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14217: 13707: 13638: 13052: 13050: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12307:"Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles" 12117: 12115: 12113: 11980: 11978: 10639: 10494: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10316:. Dr. Peter Woit (Senior Lecturer in Mathematics 9807: 9792: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9693: 6655:. The mass of the Higgs boson itself is given by 5223:Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics 4912:in which the primordial single language of early 3744:as required for mass, so they must be massless.) 3668: 3203:(outcomes of particle decaying) are as predicted 2871:. By around November 2011, the anomalous data at 2066:and LHC data still allows for both possibilities. 1950:Scalar fields and extension of the Standard Model 1538:why some fundamental particles have (a rest) mass 21456: 18844:(1963). "Plasmons, gauge invariance, and mass". 18479: 17622:(interview). 13 September 2008. pp. 44–45. 17505: 17201: 17199: 17197: 14874: 14774: 14467: 14465: 14065:CERN prepares to deliver Higgs particle findings 13827: 13607: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13535: 13199: 12939: 12937: 12152:. In Michael J. Duff & James T. Liu (eds.). 12049: 11904: 11902: 11900: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10388: 10386: 10032: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9401:"A-B-E-G-H-H-K-'tH" mechanism (by Peter Higgs). 8969: 8787:{\displaystyle {\tilde {\phi }}=\phi -\phi _{0}} 8523: 8521: 7958: – Mathematics of a particle physics model 6329:arise, which give masses to the W and Z bosons: 4225: 4122: 4011:Further theoretical issues and hierarchy problem 3486:{\displaystyle {\kappa }_{F}{m}_{V}/{\rm {vev}}} 1806:Symmetry breaking of the electroweak interaction 19444: 19161:HowStuffWorks: What exactly is the Higgs Boson? 18749: 18726: 18537: 18525: 18153:. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 18075: 17478: 17126:The Higgs Boson: Searching for the God Particle 16020: 15513: 15501: 15317: 13771: 12887: 12885: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11143: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11043: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10273: 10149: 9863:"What should we know about the Higgs particle?" 9600: 9508: 8865:{\displaystyle g\phi _{0}{\bar {\psi }}\psi ~.} 8746:By expressing the action in terms of the field 8306:, all later proven to exist as the theory said. 7912:denote the eigenvalues of the Yukawa matrices. 6118:{\displaystyle \phi ^{1}=\phi ^{2}=\phi ^{3}=0} 2625:bosons, and the implied existence of a massive 1209:, but by around 1960, all attempts to create a 625: 20881:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model 19556: 18389:"For Nobel, they can thank the 'god particle'" 17395:Magic Universe: A grand tour of modern science 17015: 16855:— Rochester's Hagen Sakurai Prize announcement 16025: 14386: 13212:"Hunt for Higgs boson hits key decision point" 13047: 12788: 12757: 12425: 12150:"My Life as a Boson: The Story of 'The Higgs'" 12110: 11975: 11270: 11235: 10471: 10434:. University Science Books. pp. 107–108. 10336: 9767: 9748: 9101:in terms of left and right handed components: 8238: 8236: 8234: 7956:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model 7554:{\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{u,d,e}}^{i\,j}} 5300:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model 5294:Technical aspects and mathematical formulation 2042:Nature of the universe, and its possible fates 21150: 20730: 19647: 19607: 19553:, containing Higgs' story of the Higgs Boson. 19034: 18994:"Broken symmetries and the Goldstone theorem" 18446: 17194: 16678: 16317: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16307: 14780: 14462: 14440:"LHC 2012 proton run extended by seven weeks" 14330: 14328: 13596: 13238:"Welcome to the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid" 13122: 13056: 12934: 12694: 12606:"Letters from the Past – A PRL Retrospective" 12563:"Broken symmetries and the Goldstone theorem" 11897: 11100: 10728:"LHC experiments delve deeper into precision" 10599: 10383: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9947: 9398:"Higgs–Kibble" mechanism (by Abdus Salam) and 8518: 8335:In the Standard Model, forces are carried by 8000: – Description of the behavior of bosons 7510:{\displaystyle (d,u,e,\nu )_{\text{L,R}}^{i}} 4705:(electrons or muons) and a photon (ℓℓγ), via 4327:is violated in certain scattering processes. 4151:, and in certain configurations must undergo 3059:New particle tested as a possible Higgs boson 1496:expensive and complex experimental facilities 1070: 18413: 17955:"Higgs boson metaphors as clear as molasses" 17385: 17161: 16713: 16711: 16371: 16369: 16367: 16034:"At long last, the Higgs particle ... maybe" 13118: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13108: 12943:American Physical Society – 12882: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12636: 12190: 11923: 11841: 11305: 11040: 10711: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9383:from the LEP-2 direct search is allowed for. 4964:A renaming competition by British newspaper 4374:production pathways and in the, much rarer, 3127:Confirmation of existence and current status 3109:In January 2013, CERN director-general 2740: 1870: 1590:Overview of Higgs boson and field properties 18583:"Charge independence theory of V-particles" 17709:. Virgin Books. pp. 148–149, 278–279. 16257: 15976: 15842:Sen, Ashoke (May 2002). "Rolling tachyon". 15295:"Long-sought decay of Higgs boson observed" 14266: 14264: 14213: 14211: 14032: 13475: 13426:. CERN. 15 October 2008. EDMS 973073. 13405:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 12341: 12021: 11835: 11539: 10651:"New data boosts case for Higgs boson find" 10563: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9310:{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}_{R}\psi _{R}} 9264:{\displaystyle {\bar {\psi }}_{L}\psi _{L}} 8577:. This is no catastrophe, since the photon 8361:static forces and virtual-particle exchange 8324: 8290:). Other accurate predictions included the 8231: 8078:excess of such events at specific energies. 7905:{\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{u,d,e}}^{i}} 6268:. The measured value of this parameter is ~ 4746: 4300:(consistent with empirical observations of 2130:Vacuum energy and the cosmological constant 1415:Unlike all other known fields, such as the 59:Elementary particle involved with rest mass 23: 21157: 21143: 20737: 20723: 19654: 19640: 19498: 19053: 17205: 16788: 16786: 16304: 14625:"Higgs boson discovery has been confirmed" 14325: 14295: 14171: 14165: 14109: 13303: 12241: 12239: 12237: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10192: 10190: 9996: 8086: 8084: 4588:the SM predicts a mean life time of about 4445: 4434: 4421: 4410: 3270:is within 15% of the standard model value 2916: 2910: 2395:The Higgs mechanism is a process by which 1287:Specifically, Anderson suggested that the 1270:it's now "broken" and no longer a symmetry 1077: 1063: 77: 24: 19512: 19465: 19374: 19336: 19324:International Journal of Modern Physics A 19310: 19241:International Journal of Modern Physics A 19073: 18831: 18768: 18672: 18623: 18608: 18580: 18565: 18147:"What's the matter with the Higgs boson?" 17886: 17129:. Scientific American / Macmillan. 2012. 17054: 16708: 16627: 16566: 16548: 16511: 16477: 16389: 16364: 16331: 16271: 16178: 16145: 15941: 15908: 15855: 15745: 15729:. Profmattstrassler.com. 16 August 2011. 15657: 15594: 15539: 15454: 15396: 15218: 15184: 15092: 15026: 14973: 14903: 14557: 14501: 14353: 14236: 14140: 14015: 13989: 13850: 13794: 13754: 13728: 13701: 13390: 13326: 13297: 13136: 13105: 13072: 13060:International Journal of Modern Physics A 12928: 12916: 12742: 12725: 12679: 12664: 12508: 12441: 12332: 12273: 12225: 12063: 12052:International Journal of Modern Physics A 12012: 11966: 11914: 11753: 11696: 11559: 11494: 11437: 11384: 11200: 11067: 10920:"Why would I care about the Higgs boson?" 10878: 10802: 10613:"Higgs: The beginning of the exploration" 10610: 10569: 10500: 10294: 10261: 10094:(1st ed.). Basic Books. p. 11. 9960: 9911: 9821: 9707: 9662: 9536: 9135: 9131: 8612:A field with the "Mexican hat" potential 8596: 8543: 7545: 7339: 7234: 7122: 7017: 6905: 6800: 6568: 6564: 6384: 6380: 6235: 6194: 5864: 5680: 5156: 4393:, at sigma 3.2 (1 in 1000) significance. 3953:(2HDM), which predict the existence of a 1859:. This symmetry breaking is required for 1842:, when the universe was at a temperature 1770:proof that the Higgs field and boson did 1467:, which manifest as Higgs particles (the 1114:with great accuracy. (A separate theory, 507:(including otherwise empty space), which 19661: 19368: 19320: 18874: 18840: 18453:Bal, Hartosh Singh (19 September 2012). 18144: 17669: 17442: 17336: 16982: 16686:"Frequently asked questions: The Higgs!" 16653: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16534: 15982: 15888: 15810: 15785: 14303:"Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search" 14261: 14208: 13489:(Press release). CERN. 5 December 2008. 13459:(Press release). CERN. 16 October 2008. 13453:"CERN releases analysis of LHC incident" 12805: 12289: 12287: 12285: 11908: 11599: 11597: 11595: 10684: 10472:Lederman, Leon M.; Teresi, Dick (1993). 10392: 10347: 10127: 10044:José Luis Lucio; Arnulfo Zepeda (1987). 9860: 9619:(Press release). CERN. 8 February 2021. 9569: 9434:Examples of early papers using the term 6059:breaks the SU(2) symmetry (see figure). 6048:{\displaystyle \mu _{\text{H}}^{2}>0} 5303: 5256:had died in 2011 and the Nobel Prize is 4997: 4918:fragmented into many disparate languages 4683:Decay into massless gauge bosons (i.e., 4618: 4598: 4567: 4467:, then allowing them to smash together. 4024: 3944:Alternatives to the Standard Model Higgs 3798:Summary of interactions between certain 3793: 3672: 3303: 3282:Higher energy results remain consistent 2340: 2045: 1818:to manifest in part as the short-ranged 1774:exist would have also been significant. 1593: 1438:unanswered questions in particle physics 32:This is an accepted version of this page 19557:Migdal, A. A.; Polyakov, A. M. (1966). 19181: 18912: 18750:Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph (2003). 18731:An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory 18485: 18386: 18218: 17547: 17081: 16783: 16428: 15816: 15301:(Press release). CERN. 28 August 2018. 15167:The ATLAS Collaboration (4 July 2022). 14849: 14719:"Confirmed: The Higgs boson does exist" 14437: 13611: 12840: 12760:"From Weak Interactions to Gravitation" 12680:Salam, A. (1968). Svartholm, N. (ed.). 12234: 11646: 11339: 10982: 10460: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10187: 9895:(Press release). Institute of Physics. 8081: 7561:are matrices of Yukawa couplings where 5267:' 50-year review (2008) recognised the 5030: – responsible for the 4021:Hierarchy problem § The Higgs mass 2833:most complicated scientific instruments 2542:learned of the theory due to physicist 1575:, and ripples on the surface of water. 1458: 1189:and are described mathematically using 1142:Gauge invariant theories and symmetries 1106:– a widely accepted framework based on 14: 21457: 20125: 19284: 19268: 18419: 18336:"Special Breakthrough Prize Laureates" 18246: 18185: 18111: 18084: 18048: 17952: 17919: 17855: 17822: 17706:Massive: The hunt for the God particle 17702: 17626:from the original on 13 September 2008 17526:from the original on 12 September 2014 17511: 17451:. Dell Publishing. chapter 2, page 2. 17391: 17342: 17307: 16792: 16756: 16657: 16135: 16076:from the original on 16 September 2017 16031: 15791: 15324:Atlas Collaboration (28 August 2018). 15271:. 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Similarly, measuring the 21138: 20718: 19635: 19238: 19212: 18946: 18540:"Charge independence for V-particles" 18467:from the original on 29 December 2019 18188:"Exploding the myths about the Higgs" 17684:from the original on 12 November 2020 17594:from the original on 23 February 2021 17550:"How the 'God particle' got its name" 17055:Dickerson, Kelly (8 September 2014). 17016:Lederman, Leon; Teresi, Dick (2006). 16952: 16864: 16666:from the original on 17 December 2012 16644: 16460:The CMS Collaboration (4 July 2022). 16378:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 16221: 16168: 16117:from the original on 10 December 2017 15305:from the original on 22 November 2018 14828:from the original on 21 February 2013 14815: 14793:from the original on 21 February 2013 14605:from the original on 12 February 2013 14575:from the original on 21 November 2017 14412:. Particle Data Group. 12 July 2012. 14313:from the original on 23 November 2016 14116:The Telegraph – India 14087:. 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A 3982:Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model 3937: 3657: 2072:long-lived, but not completely stable 2026:expansion of the universe during the 1810:Below an extremely high temperature, 21117: 19410: 18771:Introduction to Elementary Particles 18219:Overbye, Dennis (11 December 2011). 18145:Goldberg, David (17 November 2010). 18063:from the original on 26 January 2016 18011: 17967:from the original on 4 February 2013 17934:from the original on 22 October 2014 17837:from the original on 12 January 2015 17741: 17723:from the original on 25 January 2022 17651:from the original on 1 December 2016 17481:"Higgs boson: The particle of faith" 17479:Alister McGrath (15 December 2011). 17412:from the original on 25 January 2022 17320:from the original on 1 November 2013 17286:from the original on 18 January 2013 17273: 17220:from the original on 6 November 2013 17063:from the original on 28 January 2015 16997:from the original on 21 January 2013 16771:from the original on 17 October 2013 16738:from the original on 19 October 2013 16717: 16441:from the original on 1 November 2013 15835: 15429:from the original on 25 January 2022 15379:CMS Collaboration (24 August 2018). 14731:from the original on 25 January 2022 14635:from the original on 25 October 2013 14571:(Press release). CERN. 4 July 2012. 14545:from the original on 26 January 2016 14502:Strassler, Matt (14 November 2012). 13974:"The Anatomy of a Scientific Gossip" 13957:from the original on 29 October 2013 13362:from the original on 27 January 2017 13282:from the original on 7 November 2017 12993:from the original on 25 January 2022 12618:from the original on 10 January 2010 12184: 12172:from the original on 25 January 2022 11819:from the original on 25 January 2022 11804: 11786:from the original on 26 January 2016 10648: 10584:from the original on 31 October 2012 10311: 10300: 10108:from the original on 25 January 2022 10088:Gunion; Dawson; Kane; Haber (1990). 10064:from the original on 25 January 2022 9973:from the original on 12 October 2013 9935:from the original on 12 October 2013 9899:from the original on 13 January 2022 9873:from the original on 13 January 2022 9780:from the original on 20 October 2015 9623:from the original on 19 January 2022 9588:from the original on 2 December 2021 9584:(Press release). CMS Collaboration. 8268:), and the Z boson (predicted mass: 8140:{\displaystyle \tau =\hbar /\Gamma } 8061: 8047: – Field with an imaginary mass 5615:The Higgs part of the Lagrangian is 5051:In vacuum, light of all colours (or 5006:: the rainbow effect arises because 4879:, and does not explain the ultimate 4736: 4331:electroweak parameters, such as the 4229: 4135:meaning it does not transform under 2936:) Higgs boson candidate observed by 2902:Discovery of candidate boson at CERN 2693:To find the Higgs boson, a powerful 2580:Summary and impact of the PRL papers 2407:explicitly breaking gauge invariance 2229:for their work; from left to right: 2050:Diagram showing the Higgs boson and 1920:quantum chromodynamic binding energy 1243: 19451: 19165: 18773:(2nd revised ed.). 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(1953). 18200:from the original on 13 April 2016 18093:from the original on 15 March 2010 18030:from the original on 23 March 2013 17901:from the original on 20 April 2013 17887:Wolchover, Natalie (3 July 2012). 17360:California Institute of Technology 17182:from the original on 29 April 2016 16795:"40 years of the Higgs boson" 15707:from the original on 29 March 2013 15275:from the original on 16 April 2019 15249:from the original on 21 April 2019 14479:. 15 November 2012. Archived from 14473:"Higgs boson behaving as expected" 14091:from the original on 11 March 2013 13572:Taylor, Lucas (13 December 2011). 13272:"The Worldwide LHC Computing Grid" 13187:from the original on 26 March 2020 12818:from the original on 21 March 2013 12758:Martin Veltman (8 December 1999). 11340:Hoffman, Mark (19 February 2013). 10983:Dvorsky, George (12 August 2013). 10623:from the original on 19 April 2019 10611:Del Rosso, A. (19 November 2012). 10513:from the original on 17 March 2021 8134: 7967:mass terms and the Higgs mechanism 7605: 6766: 5911:of the SU(2) and U(1) symmetries, 5654: 5628: 4959: 4274:. The Higgs boson is also its own 3809:The Standard Model hypothesises a 3478: 3475: 3472: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3360: 3357: 3354: 2489:, (itself an extension of work by 2109:. It also suggests that the Higgs 1887:(through Yukawa coupling) and the 1314: 621: 99:experiment shows a decay into two 83:Candidate Higgs boson events from 57: 21521: 19084: 18401:from the original on 30 June 2017 18368:from the original on 11 June 2017 18316:from the original on 16 June 2017 18306:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999" 18286:from the original on 17 June 2017 18276:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979" 17672:"5 questions for the Higgs boson" 17548:Chivers, Tom (13 December 2011). 17240:"A supercompetition for Illinois" 16239:from the original on 3 April 2008 16046:from the original on 10 July 2012 15733:from the original on 7 March 2013 15355:CMS Collaboration (August 2018). 14862:from the original on 8 March 2013 14781:John Heilprin (27 January 2013). 14699:from the original on 5 March 2014 14514:from the original on 8 March 2021 14419:from the original on 8 March 2021 13897:from the original on 21 July 2012 13626:from the original on 5 March 2013 13248:from the original on 25 July 2018 12385:Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010). 12122:Higgs, Peter (24 November 2010). 12029:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008" 11736:Salvio, Alberto (9 August 2013). 11352:from the original on 11 June 2019 11028:from the original on 1 March 2018 10995:from the original on 1 March 2018 10448:from the original on 29 June 2016 10175:from the original on 25 July 2018 10020:from the original on 29 June 2017 9961:Strassler, M. (12 October 2012). 9861:Goulette, Marc (15 August 2012). 9496:from the original on 22 July 2023 8165:In physics, it is possible for a 8126: 7939:Introduction to quantum mechanics 6492:with their ratio determining the 5269:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers 5258:not ordinarily given posthumously 5138:effects, including analogies of " 4756:authors, only the paper by Higgs 4320:physics beyond the Standard Model 4003:). In yet other models, there is 3865:, and couple to the fermions via 2191:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers 1800:physics beyond the Standard Model 1606:In the Standard Model, the Higgs 1555: 1331:1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers 1089: 743:Physics beyond the Standard Model 64:The God Particle (disambiguation) 21116: 21105: 21104: 20849: 20698: 20591:Timeline of particle discoveries 19411:Cham, Jorge (19 February 2014). 19182:Overbye, Dennis (5 March 2013). 18617: 18574: 18531: 18500:from the original on 9 July 2012 18380: 18350: 18328: 18298: 18268: 18240: 18212: 18179: 18138: 18112:Jepsen, Kathryn (1 March 2012). 18105: 18042: 18005: 17993:from the original on 5 July 2012 17979: 17946: 17913: 17880: 17868:from the original on 8 July 2012 17849: 17816: 17798: 17735: 17696: 17663: 17472: 17398:. 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Other models feature pairs of 3882:while remaining compatible with 3779:disrupting gauge invariance and 3605:the absolute coupling strength). 2763:in the United States, where the 2747:Large Electron–Positron Collider 2213: 2207: 1783:Validation of the Standard Model 1102:of our universe in terms of the 536:along with five other scientists 328:Various other decays (predicted) 21505:Subatomic particles with spin 0 19381:, and Guralnik, Gerald (2013). 19171:"Higgs Boson with Sean Carroll" 19097:Higgs Boson observation at CERN 18588:Progress of Theoretical Physics 18545:Progress of Theoretical Physics 18486:Alikhan, Anvar (16 July 2012). 17670:Borowitz, Andy (13 July 2012). 16819:from the original on 1 May 2014 16229:"LEP Electroweak Working Group" 14850:Gillies, James (6 March 2013). 14438:Gillies, James (23 July 2012). 13717:The European Physical Journal C 12971:Merali, Zeeya (4 August 2010). 12688: 12673: 12630: 12554: 12517: 12474: 12419: 12378: 12096: 12043: 11862: 11805:Cole, K.C. 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(23 October 2012). 9840:10.1016/j.physletb.2017.10.021 9726:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.121801 9687: 9673:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.013 9635: 9482: 9285: 9239: 9186: 9154: 9122: 9058: 8946: 8847: 8759: 8628: 8622: 8530:only applies to gauges having 8427:The statement excludes spin-0 8068: 7962:Standard Model fields overview 7493: 7468: 6066:such that in the ground state 4850:Superconducting Super Collider 4490:If the collided particles are 3914:, 1950), and then for bosons ( 3669:Theoretical need for the Higgs 3421: 3366: 3115:Brookhaven National Laboratory 2777:Superconducting Super Collider 2008:the first fraction of a second 1875:The Higgs field is pivotal in 1822:, which is carried by massive 1787:The Higgs boson validates the 1390: 1262:it was originally a "symmetry" 544:some particles to acquire mass 13: 1: 20871:Spontaneous symmetry breaking 19615:Electroweak Symmetry Breaking 18420:Daigle, Katy (10 July 2012). 18358:"2013 Nobel Prize in Physics" 18049:Sample, Ian (28 April 2011). 17920:Oliver, Laura (4 July 2012). 17742:Cole, K. 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Archived from 10918:Rao, Achintya (2 July 2012). 10320:and Ph.D. particle physics). 9476: 8706:{\displaystyle \mu ^{2}<0} 8012: – particle physics plot 7952: – Branch of mathematics 7945:Noncommutative standard model 6010:{\displaystyle \lambda >0} 4396: 4226:Properties of the Higgs boson 4123:Properties of the Higgs field 4117: 2993:(sigma) in both experiments. 2952:from each proton fusing to a 2411:spontaneous symmetry breaking 2275: – acting as 1900:law of conservation of energy 1812:electroweak symmetry breaking 1478: 1307:, at least for some limited ( 1268:affect the measured results ( 1260:affect the measured results ( 1254:spontaneous symmetry breaking 687:Spontaneous symmetry breaking 538:in three teams, proposed the 21360:CRISPR genome-editing method 20607:History of subatomic physics 19445:Significant papers and other 18974:10.1016/0031-9163(64)91136-9 18362:official Nobel Prize website 18310:official Nobel Prize website 18280:official Nobel Prize website 17953:Zimmer, Ben (15 July 2012). 17823:Sample, Ian (12 June 2009). 17558:. London, UK. Archived from 17512:Sample, Ian (3 March 2009). 17296:... this titanic complex ... 16990:The New York Review of Books 16970:which identified the error). 16871:(video) – via YouTube. 16104:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 15779:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90008-7 14194:10.1126/science.337.6091.141 14042:. Times LIVE. 28 June 2012. 13612:Overbye, D. (5 March 2013). 13306:"Review of Particle Physics" 12808:"The Dilemma of Attribution" 12719:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2 12372:10.1016/0031-9163(64)91136-9 12148:Higgs, Peter (25 May 2001). 10480:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 8279:, experimental measurement: 8257:, experimental measurement: 7753: 7698: 7643: 7397: 7292: 7180: 7075: 6963: 6858: 6631:, and leave a massless U(1) 5540:, and the weak hypercharge, 5501:while the field has charge + 5210: 5024:High School Teachers at CERN 4731:charge parity (CP) violation 3894:, known as the Higgs boson. 3144:to be discovered in nature. 2981:, which each decay into two 1988: 7: 19177:. University of Nottingham. 19056:"The Higgs boson discovery" 18526:Peskin & Schroeder 1995 17343:Kevles, Dan (Winter 1995). 17091:. Oxford University Press. 16985:"The crisis of big science" 16757:Sample, Ian (4 July 2012). 16660:"A Higgs by any other name" 16431:"Why does the Higgs decay?" 16032:Flatow, Ira (6 July 2012). 16021:Peskin & Schroeder 1995 15514:Peskin & Schroeder 1995 15504:, pp. 717–719, 787–791 15502:Peskin & Schroeder 1995 12907:(50 year celebration, 2008) 12666:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264 11258:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.1378 10274:Tipler & Llewellyn 2003 10161:Sample, Ian (29 May 2009). 9865:(blog). Atlas Experiment / 9645:(2018). "Observation of H→b 9392:Other names have included: 8739:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}~.} 8532:manifest Lorentz covariance 8173:only apply at speeds where 8053: – subatomic particles 7915: 6125:. The expectation value of 5980:{\displaystyle \sigma ^{a}} 5873:{\displaystyle W_{\mu \,a}} 4824: 4175:to give them mass as well. 3312:framework the couplings are 2493:), forming what became the 2349:in Stockholm, December 2013 2310:One known problem was that 2307:, were still unsuccessful. 2168:should be reconciled. This 1993: 270:–antibottom pair (observed) 10: 21526: 21434:James Webb Space Telescope 19608:Introductions to the field 19129:Collected Articles at the 19109:by the CERN exploratorium. 19075:10.4249/scholarpedia.32413 18940:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.713 18906:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266 18665: 16577:10.1103/PhysRevB.65.132513 16496:10.1038/s41586-022-04892-x 16290:10.1103/PhysRevD.64.093003 15676:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.055006 15203:10.1038/s41586-022-04893-w 14110:Our Bureau (4 July 2012). 13869:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.112015 13813:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.012006 13549:. CERN. 13 December 2011. 13345:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001 12334:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585 12275:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508 12227:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321 11456:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.053001 10897:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003 10821:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.025003 10764:. CMS Collaboration/CERN. 10649:Naik, G. (14 March 2013). 10542:Biever, C. (6 July 2012). 10377:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266 8926:{\displaystyle g\phi _{0}} 8573:) cannot transform like a 8481:being over 2 million 8394:Discovery press conference 5297: 5271:and Weinberg's 1967 paper 4838:Physics Nobel Prize winner 4014: 3941: 3661: 2737:across 36 countries. 2662: 2649:Search for the Higgs boson 2646: 2263:Particle physicists study 2188: 2179: 2133: 1922:, which is the sum of the 1453:search for the Higgs boson 1318: 717:Standard Model mathematics 530:are named after physicist 325:–antimuon pair (predicted) 61: 21414:developed at record speed 21175: 21169:Breakthroughs of the Year 21100: 21059: 21037:Canonical quantum gravity 21007: 20974: 20943: 20900: 20889: 20858: 20847: 20752: 20696: 20599: 20563: 20480: 20441: 20411: 20385: 20381: 20372: 20304: 20272: 20199: 20134: 20116: 20012: 19967: 19939: 19930: 19921: 19903: 19881: 19853: 19844: 19760: 19687: 19678: 19669: 19623:Reviews of Modern Physics 19355:10.1142/S0217751X09045431 19312:10.4249/scholarpedia.8741 19261:10.1142/S0217751X02013046 18769:Griffiths, David (2008). 18685:Reviews of Modern Physics 18171:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 18022:The Philadelphia Inquirer 17858:"Introducing the higgson" 17352:Engineering & Science 16197:10.1007/978-3-642-24040-9 15299:Media and Press relations 14724:The Sydney Morning Herald 14595:"Person of the year 2012" 14569:Media and Press relations 13921:Media and Press relations 13614:"Chasing The Higgs Boson" 13487:Media and Press relations 13457:Media and Press relations 13091:10.1142/S0217751X09045431 12460:10.1142/S0217732311036188 12082:10.1142/S0217751X04019755 12014:10.4249/scholarpedia.8741 11968:10.4249/scholarpedia.6441 10732:Media and Press relations 10135:. Bantam Doubleday Dell. 9582:"Life of the Higgs boson" 9225:i.e., contributions from 8896:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}} 8814:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}} 8076:statistically significant 7585:{\displaystyle \phi ^{0}} 6152:in the ground state (the 6145:{\displaystyle \phi ^{0}} 5355:{\displaystyle \phi ^{3}} 5328:{\displaystyle \phi ^{0}} 5225:(2013) – 4741: 4270:, the Higgs boson has no 4266:Since the Higgs field is 4243:This section needs to be 4106:There are also issues of 3957:of scalar particles: two 3539:{\displaystyle {m}_{V/F}} 3156:How tested / explanation 2741:Search before 4 July 2012 2572:Reviews of Modern Physics 2361:had one huge problem: in 1898:(which would violate the 1871:Particle mass acquisition 1791:through the mechanism of 1717:energy to have a nonzero 1709:, the Higgs field in its 408: 398: 373: 358: 348: 335: 258: 230: 206: 195: 164: 140: 128: 116: 76: 21042:Superfluid vacuum theory 20624:mathematical formulation 20219:Eta and eta prime mesons 19406:Cartoon about the search 19000:; Marshak, R.E. (eds.). 17168:. Universal-Publishers. 16946:New York Review of Books 16936:New York Review of Books 16806:Presentation at SSI 2012 16793:Peskin, M. (July 2012). 16437:. London: The Guardian. 16108:University of California 16106:(Report). Berkeley, CA: 16008:10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089 15970:10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400 15794:The Higgs Hunter's Guide 14504:"Higgs Results at Kyoto" 13483:"LHC to restart in 2009" 13179:. LHC machine outreach. 12548:10.1103/PhysRev.155.1554 12510:10.1103/PhysRev.145.1156 12429:Modern Physics Letters A 11293:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2922 11223:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3568 11172:10.1103/PhysRevD.21.3305 10091:The Higgs Hunter's Guide 7998:Bose–Einstein statistics 7990: 6322:{\displaystyle B_{\mu }} 6295:{\displaystyle W_{\mu }} 6154:vacuum expectation value 5900:{\displaystyle B_{\mu }} 5574:other Knowledge articles 5368:champagne-bottle profile 5252:Englert's co-researcher 4747:Names used by physicists 4563: 4220:commute (or anticommute) 4131:field – 4076:grand unification energy 3951:two-Higgs-doublet models 3839:vacuum expectation value 3574:vacuum expectation value 2759:The search continued at 2453:in October 1964; and by 2359:non-abelian gauge theory 2305:unify these interactions 2225:, who received the 2010 2172:problem remains a major 2076:more stable vacuum state 1278:condensed matter physics 1159:Gauge invariant theories 1132:transmitted by particles 290:–antitau pair (observed) 39:latest accepted revision 21289:Human genetic variation 21224:Whole genome sequencing 20824:Quantum electrodynamics 20814:Electroweak interaction 20286:Double-charm tetraquark 19418:Piled Higher and Deeper 19388:15 October 2013 at the 19006:Interscience Publishers 18919:Physical Review Letters 18885:Physical Review Letters 18868:10.1103/PhysRev.130.439 18833:10.1103/PhysRev.122.345 18705:10.1103/RevModPhys.46.7 18455:"The Bose in the Boson" 17443:Lederman, Leon (1993). 17314:Illinois Issues Journal 16847:University of Rochester 16350:10.1007/JHEP10(2010)064 16171:Lectures on LHC Physics 15582:Physical Review Letters 15443:Physical Review Letters 15385:Physical Review Letters 15332:(Press release). CERN. 15111:10.1007/JHEP08(2016)045 15015:Physical Review Letters 14892:Physical Review Letters 13278:. CERN. November 2017. 13155:10.1007/JHEP03(2011)055 12644:Physical Review Letters 12611:Physical Review Letters 12312:Physical Review Letters 12253:Physical Review Letters 12205:Physical Review Letters 11985:Kibble, T.W.B. (2009). 11939:Kibble, T.W.B. (2009). 11891:10.1103/PhysRev.127.965 11513:10.1007/JHEP12(2013)089 11238:Physical Review Letters 10656:The Wall Street Journal 10415:10.1103/PhysRev.130.439 10357:Physical Review Letters 9696:Physical Review Letters 8171:Newton's laws of motion 7950:Noncommutative geometry 6648:{\displaystyle \gamma } 5265:Physical Review Letters 5026:educator suggests that 4776:Physical Review Letters 4766:. Physicist and author 4628:decay should be into a 4358:based on the predicted 4218:separated points still 4143:meaning the field (but 4137:Lorentz transformations 3730:electroweak interaction 3722:electroweak unification 3598:{\displaystyle {g}_{V}} 3119:collider's 2015 restart 2587:Physical Review Letters 2357:Yang and Mills work on 2221:The six authors of the 1828:history of the universe 1816:electroweak interaction 1727:electroweak interaction 1419:, the Higgs field is a 1402:electroweak interaction 1219:electroweak interaction 1094:Physicists explain the 705:Electroweak interaction 526:Both the field and the 517:electroweak interaction 424:, sometimes called the 95:. The top event in the 21393:Single-cell sequencing 21297:Cellular reprogramming 20802:Quantum chromodynamics 19035:Carroll, Sean (2013). 18802:Jona-Lasinio, Giovanni 18581:Nishijima, K. (1955). 18342:. 2013. Archived from 18085:Miller, David (1993). 17636:; original interview: 17392:Calder, Nigel (2005). 16730:(blog). New York, NY: 16169:Plehn, Tilman (2012). 13685:. CERN. Archived from 12394:King's College, London 9376:if the lower bound of 9311: 9265: 9217: 9095: 9071: 9033: 8956: 8927: 8897: 8866: 8815: 8788: 8740: 8707: 8674: 8595: 8141: 8004:Composite Higgs models 7906: 7874: 7801: 7586: 7555: 7511: 7452: 6736: 6649: 6625: 6483: 6323: 6296: 6262: 6206: 6146: 6119: 6049: 6011: 5981: 5950: 5925: 5901: 5874: 5840: 5613: 5492: 5371: 5356: 5329: 5157:Recognition and awards 5124: 5106: 5017:Sir William Waldegrave 5011: 4953: 4881:origin of the universe 4770:and physicist-blogger 4714:at low di-lepton mass 4624: 4608: 4577: 4038: 3912:Ginzburg–Landau theory 3827: 3806: 3728:or a possible unified 3714:quantum chromodynamics 3694: 3606: 3599: 3566: 3540: 3487: 3428: 3138: 2729:, the world's largest 2393: 2350: 2314:approaches, including 2067: 1603: 1532:discovered in nature. 709:Quantum chromodynamics 653: 589:" after the 1993 book 579:Nobel Prize in Physics 21208:Accelerating universe 20918:Cosmological constant 20683:Wave–particle duality 20673:Relativistic particle 19810:Electron antineutrino 19595:on 21 September 2018. 19507:(2012): 30–61. 2012. 19213:Higgs, Peter (2010). 18340:breakthroughprize.org 17804:Lederman, p. 22 17162:Jaeckel, Ted (2007). 16953:Close, Frank (2011). 16692:. No. 28. 2012. 15821:. Ecco. p. 286. 15792:Gunion, John (2000). 15144:10.5170/cern-2013-004 15079:= 7 and 8 TeV". 14693:National Public Radio 14661:. 11 September 2012. 14309:. CERN. 4 July 2012. 14070:17 March 2021 at the 13513:"LHC progress report" 13029:Close, Frank (2011). 12987:10.1038/news.2010.390 12901:Letters from the Past 12637:Weinberg, S. (1967). 12576:: 567. Archived from 12481:Higgs, Peter (1966). 12246:Higgs, Peter (1964). 11842:Sean Carroll (2012). 11610:NBC News' Cosmic blog 11020:National Public Radio 10507:ProfMattStrassler.com 9967:ProfMattStrassler.com 9555:10.5170/CERN-2012-002 9312: 9266: 9218: 9096: 9094:{\displaystyle \psi } 9072: 9034: 9032:{\displaystyle \psi } 8957: 8928: 8898: 8867: 8816: 8789: 8741: 8708: 8675: 8547: 8341:uncertainty principle 8224:bosons is called the 8142: 7907: 7875: 7802: 7587: 7556: 7512: 7453: 6737: 6650: 6626: 6484: 6324: 6297: 6263: 6207: 6147: 6120: 6050: 6012: 5982: 5951: 5926: 5902: 5875: 5841: 5523: 5493: 5357: 5330: 5307: 5116: 5098: 5001: 4986:' online publication 4950:Lederman & Teresi 4922: 4854:Large Hadron Collider 4622: 4602: 4571: 4539:associated production 4405:for Higgs production 4295:115 and 180 GeV/ 4054:100 to 1000 GeV/ 4028: 4005:no Higgs field at all 3972:neutral Higgs boson. 3828: 3826:{\displaystyle \phi } 3797: 3676: 3611:Large Hadron Collider 3600: 3567: 3541: 3488: 3429: 3307: 3133: 2813:Large Hadron Collider 2773:Large Hadron Collider 2707:Large Hadron Collider 2555:weak neutral currents 2553:(among other things) 2515:renormalisation group 2355: 2345:Nobel Prize Laureate 2344: 2328:continuous symmetries 2297:electromagnetic force 2269:fundamental particles 2170:cosmological constant 2165:vacuum energy density 2134:Further information: 2049: 2022:responsible for this 1944:in the form of energy 1918:), is due instead to 1877:generating the masses 1597: 1504:Large Hadron Collider 1431:The "central problem" 1417:electromagnetic field 1387:of particle physics. 1272:). In 1962 physicist 1223:symmetry requirements 1154:, Nobel Prize Physics 1096:fundamental particles 739:Neutrino oscillations 659:of the Standard Model 652: 563:Large Hadron Collider 499:SU(2) symmetry. Its " 487:The Higgs field is a 400:Weak hypercharge 200:Large Hadron Collider 21500:Quantum field theory 21480:Elementary particles 21341:Cancer immunotherapy 21306:Ardipithecus ramidus 21027:Loop quantum gravity 20966:Theory of everything 20961:Grand Unified Theory 20935:Neutrino oscillation 20782:Quantum field theory 19913:Faddeev–Popov ghosts 19663:Particles in physics 19460:(2012): 1–29. 2012. 19285:Kibble, Tom (2009). 19269:Kibble, Tom (2009). 19215:"My Life as a Boson" 19008:. pp. 567–708. 18434:on 23 September 2012 17703:Sample, Ian (2010). 17587:Reuters News Service 16892:. Particle physics. 16865:Hagen, C.R. (2010). 16140:. Bautzen, Germany. 15391:(12). CERN: 121801. 14601:. 19 December 2012. 14510:(personal website). 13314:Journal of Physics G 12639:"A model of leptons" 12614:. 12 February 2014. 12583:on 24 September 2015 12124:"My Life as a Boson" 11848:. Penguin Group US. 11346:Science World Report 10949:Jammer, Max (2000). 10847:1 April 2019 at the 9275: 9229: 9107: 9085: 9043: 9023: 8937: 8907: 8880: 8825: 8798: 8750: 8717: 8684: 8616: 8292:weak neutral current 8175:relativistic effects 8117: 7974:Quantum gauge theory 7884: 7814: 7599: 7569: 7529: 7465: 6756: 6662: 6639: 6500: 6336: 6306: 6279: 6216: 6160: 6129: 6070: 6021: 5995: 5964: 5935: 5915: 5884: 5853: 5622: 5570:different convention 5389: 5339: 5312: 5073:different velocities 4984:Institute of Physics 4805:including Higgs' own 4205:tachyon condensation 4001:top quark condensate 3851:spontaneously breaks 3817: 3580: 3550: 3513: 3438: 3316: 2695:particle accelerator 2683:statistical analysis 2655:produce Higgs bosons 2551:accurately predicted 2419:somewhat anticipated 2409:, as a byproduct of 2154:Grand Unified Theory 2146:energy of the vacuum 1889:W and Z gauge bosons 1757:), causing these to 1488:fundamental question 1459:Search and discovery 1108:quantum field theory 679:Quantum field theory 657:Elementary particles 337:Electric charge 21384:neutron star merger 21372:gravitational waves 21280:Poincaré conjecture 20994:Split supersymmetry 20956:Kaluza–Klein theory 20829:Fermi's interaction 20688:Particle chauvinism 20631:Subatomic particles 19578:1967JETP...24...91M 19566:Soviet Physics JETP 19523:2012PhLB..716...30C 19476:2012PhLB..716....1A 19439:, 18 November 2004) 19347:2009IJMPA..24.2601G 19303:2009SchpJ...4.8741K 19253:2002IJMPA..17S..86H 19202: – 19155:Dr. Daniel Whiteson 19002:Advances in Physics 18982:Guralnik, Gerald S. 18966:1964PhL....12..132H 18932:1964PhRvL..12..713G 18898:1964PhRvL..12..266K 18860:1963PhRv..130..439A 18842:Anderson, Philip W. 18824:1961PhRv..122..345N 18697:1974RvMP...46....7B 18640:1956NCim....4S.848G 18601:1955PThPh..13..285N 18558:1953PThPh..10..581N 18346:on 15 January 2017. 17493:on 15 December 2011 17486:The Daily Telegraph 17248:. 31 October 1986. 17059:. livescience.com. 16993:. footnote 1. 16963:The Infinity Puzzle 16810:Stanford University 16732:Columbia University 16728:Woit's physics blog 16620:2012Natur.483..374. 16559:2002PhRvB..65m2513L 16488:2022Natur.607...60C 16400:2008JPhCS.110d2030T 16342:2010JHEP...10..064B 16282:2001PhRvD..64i3003P 16189:2012LNP...844.....P 16156:2010arXiv1005.1676L 16000:1967PhRv..159.1089F 15962:1969PhRv..182.1400A 15919:2000JHEP...10..045K 15866:2002JHEP...04..048S 15844:J. High Energy Phys 15771:1988PhR...167..241C 15668:2004PhRvD..69e5006C 15605:2004PhRvL..92j1802C 15550:2012PhR...516....1B 15465:2018PhRvL.121l1801S 15407:2018PhRvL.121l1801S 15195:2022Natur.607...52A 15103:2016JHEP...08..045A 15037:2013PhRvL.110h1803C 14984:2013PhLB..726..120A 14914:2013PhRvL.110h1803C 14364:2012PhLB..716....1A 14336:ATLAS collaboration 14247:2012PhLB..716...30C 14186:2012Sci...337..141C 14000:2013NatSR...3E2980D 13953:. 23 January 2013. 13861:2014PhRvD..90k2015A 13835:ATLAS collaboration 13805:2015PhRvD..91a2006A 13779:ATLAS collaboration 13739:2015EPJC...75..212K 13689:on 10 November 2012 13337:2006JPhG...33....1Y 13147:2011JHEP...03..055B 13083:2009IJMPA..24.2601G 12905:A PRL Retrospective 12896:10 January 2010 at 12860:1979Sci...206.1290C 12854:(4424): 1290–1292. 12711:1961NucPh..22..579G 12657:1967PhRvL..19.1264W 12570:Advances in Physics 12540:1967PhRv..155.1554K 12501:1966PhRv..145.1156H 12452:2011MPLA...26.1381G 12364:1964PhL....12..132H 12325:1964PhRvL..13..585G 12266:1964PhRvL..13..508H 12218:1964PhRvL..13..321E 12074:2004IJMPA..19.3265R 12039:on 13 January 2009. 12005:2009SchpJ...4.8741K 11959:2009SchpJ...4.6441K 11883:1962PhRv..127..965G 11764:2013PhLB..727..234S 11707:2008PhLB..659..703B 11629:The article quotes 11570:2015PhLB..743..428S 11505:2013JHEP...12..089B 11448:2013PhRvD..87e3001M 11395:2009PhLB..679..369E 11285:1977PhRvD..15.2922F 11250:1976PhRvL..37.1378F 11215:1976PhRvD..14.3568S 11164:1980PhRvD..21.3305C 11121:1982Natur.298..633T 11078:2012PhLB..716..214A 10889:2016PhRvD..93b5003D 10813:2016PhRvD..93b5003D 10692:The Huffington Post 10428:Shu, F. H. (1982). 10407:1963PhRv..130..439A 10369:1964PhRvL..12..266K 10318:Columbia University 9963:"The Higgs FAQ 2.0" 9929:University of Texas 9832:2017PhLB..775....1S 9718:2018PhRvL.121l1801S 9643:ATLAS collaboration 9547:2012arXiv1201.3084L 9340:Goldstone's theorem 8528:Goldstone's theorem 8505:subatomic particles 8192:"absorbs" particle 8105:is predicted to be 8039:Stueckelberg action 7901: 7866: 7831: 7783: 7768: 7746: 7728: 7713: 7691: 7673: 7658: 7636: 7550: 7506: 7427: 7412: 7344: 7322: 7307: 7239: 7210: 7195: 7127: 7105: 7090: 7022: 6993: 6978: 6910: 6888: 6873: 6805: 6697: 6038: 5780: 5284:Satyendra Nath Bose 5134:Analogies based on 5129:solid state physics 5084:in particle physics 5028:dispersion of light 4792:mathematical rigour 4441:Vector boson fusion 4406: 4323:mechanism, because 3837:; i.e., a non-zero 3762:Goldstone's theorem 3716:). However, before 3565:{\displaystyle vev} 3300:Findings since 2013 2991:standard deviations 2985:(electrons, muons). 2837:magnet quench event 2709:was constructed at 2688:standard deviations 2679:particle physicists 2643:Experimental search 2449:in August 1964; by 2363:perturbation theory 2324:Goldstone's theorem 2227:J. J. Sakurai Prize 2058:. As of 2012, the 2 2056:long-lived 'bubble' 1908:composite particles 1248:In the late 1950s, 1179:gravitational field 577:, were awarded the 561:experiments at the 430:elementary particle 123:Elementary particle 73: 29:Page version status 21475:Electroweak theory 21425:protein structures 21022:Superstring theory 20792:Strong interaction 19227:on 4 November 2013 18714:on 21 January 2013 18648:10.1007/BF02748000 18610:10.1143/PTP.13.285 18567:10.1143/PTP.10.581 18460:The New York Times 18394:The New York Times 18226:The New York Times 17770:'perfect symmetry' 16887:"Why the 'Higgs'?" 16868:Sakurai Prize talk 15516:, pp. 715–716 14695:. 1 January 2013. 14277:CMS Public Website 13978:Scientific Reports 13619:The New York Times 13578:CMS public website 13519:(18). 3 May 2010. 12903: – 12403:on 4 November 2013 12387:My Life as a Boson 12136:on 4 November 2013 12107:, at APS Journals 10924:CMS Public Website 10297:, pp. 372–373 10276:, pp. 603–604 9307: 9261: 9213: 9091: 9067: 9029: 8952: 8923: 8893: 8862: 8811: 8784: 8736: 8703: 8670: 8513:fundamental forces 8479:the nearest galaxy 8357:Compton wavelength 8137: 8027:Quantum triviality 7902: 7887: 7870: 7852: 7850: 7817: 7797: 7769: 7747: 7732: 7714: 7692: 7677: 7659: 7637: 7622: 7582: 7551: 7532: 7507: 7492: 7448: 7446: 7413: 7391: 7326: 7308: 7286: 7221: 7196: 7174: 7109: 7091: 7069: 7004: 6979: 6957: 6892: 6874: 6852: 6787: 6747:Yukawa interaction 6732: 6683: 6645: 6621: 6479: 6477: 6427: 6370: 6319: 6292: 6258: 6238: 6202: 6197: 6142: 6115: 6045: 6024: 6007: 5977: 5958:coupling constants 5949:{\displaystyle g'} 5946: 5921: 5897: 5870: 5836: 5766: 5724: 5696: 5488: 5476: 5372: 5352: 5325: 5273:A model of Leptons 5148:Newton's third law 5012: 4898:history of physics 4727:charge conjugation 4625: 4609: 4578: 4401: 4165:W, W, and Z bosons 4147:the particle) has 4108:quantum triviality 4039: 3938:Alternative models 3923:charged condensate 3863:degrees of freedom 3823: 3807: 3726:weak nuclear force 3710:strong interaction 3695: 3658:Theoretical issues 3607: 3595: 3562: 3536: 3483: 3424: 3287:LHC's 2015 restart 2888:115–130 GeV/2 2727:LHC Computing Grid 2637:"Higgsless" models 2423:Ernst Stueckelberg 2351: 2301:weak nuclear force 2293:fundamental forces 2174:unanswered problem 2068: 2016:inflationary epoch 2004:expansion of space 1936:strong interaction 1926:of quarks and the 1719:vacuum expectation 1681:Sombrero potential 1640:, even (positive) 1625:by CMS (2022) and 1604: 1600:Sombrero potential 1473:Particle colliders 1377:"sensible" results 1365:vacuum expectation 1116:general relativity 654: 595:by Nobel Laureate 501:Sombrero potential 464:, even (positive) 442:quantum excitation 315:(Dalitz decay via 232:Mean lifetime 71: 35: 21490:Phase transitions 21452: 21451: 21412:COVID-19 vaccines 21368:First observation 21236:Molecular circuit 21132: 21131: 21055: 21054: 20930:Strong CP problem 20908:Hierarchy problem 20712: 20711: 20668:Massless particle 20476: 20475: 20472: 20471: 20437: 20436: 20300: 20299: 20112: 20111: 20108: 20107: 20060:Magnetic monopole 20008: 20007: 19899: 19898: 19840: 19839: 19820:Muon antineutrino 19805:Electron neutrino 19551:978-981-238-231-3 19501:Physics Letters B 19454:Physics Letters B 19331:(14): 2601–2627. 19247:(supp01): 86–88. 19122:The Atom Smashers 19046:978-0-14-218030-3 19015:978-0-470-17057-1 18780:978-3-527-40601-2 18761:978-0-7167-4345-3 18754:. W. H. Freeman. 18742:978-0-201-50397-5 18674:Bernstein, Jeremy 18364:(Press release). 18312:(Press release). 18282:(Press release). 18126:on 14 August 2012 18119:Symmetry Magazine 17749:Los Angeles Times 17716:978-1-905264-95-7 17562:on 9 January 2012 17458:978-0-385-31211-0 17405:978-0-19-162235-9 17213:Los Angeles Times 17175:978-1-58112-959-5 17136:978-1-4668-2413-3 17098:978-0-19-165003-1 17029:978-0-547-52462-7 16938:in May 2012. 16853:on 16 April 2008. 16537:Physical Review B 16260:Physical Review D 16206:978-3-642-24039-3 15828:978-0-06-053109-6 15803:978-0-7382-0305-8 15753:D. J. E. Callaway 15645:Physical Review D 15245:. 29 March 2019. 15153:978-92-9083-389-5 14341:Physics Letters B 14224:Physics Letters B 14219:CMS collaboration 14180:(6091): 141–143. 14008:10.1038/srep02980 13839:Physical Review D 13783:Physical Review D 13709:CMS collaboration 13067:(14): 2601–2627. 13040:978-0-19-959350-7 12651:(21): 1264–1266. 12436:(19): 1381–1392. 12192:Englert, François 12165:978-9-8123-8231-3 12058:(20): 3265–3347. 11855:978-1-101-60970-5 11812:Los Angeles Times 11742:Physics Letters B 11685:Physics Letters B 11548:Physics Letters B 11373:Physics Letters B 11279:(10): 2922–2928. 11244:(21): 1378–1380. 11209:(12): 3568–3573. 11158:(12): 3305–3315. 11115:(5875): 633–634. 11056:Physics Letters B 10968:978-0-691-01017-5 10790:Physical Review D 10734:(Press release). 10615:(Press release). 10487:978-0-395-55849-2 10441:978-0-935702-05-7 10101:978-0-2015-0935-9 10057:978-9971-5-0434-2 9925:"Higgs boson FAQ" 9810:Physics Letters B 9772:(Press release). 9651:Physics Letters B 9288: 9242: 9189: 9157: 9125: 9061: 8949: 8858: 8850: 8762: 8732: 8540:gauge to be fixed 8460:For example: The 8337:virtual particles 8062:Explanatory notes 7894: 7859: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7824: 7791: 7776: 7761: 7756: 7739: 7721: 7706: 7701: 7684: 7666: 7651: 7646: 7629: 7613: 7539: 7499: 7440: 7435: 7420: 7405: 7400: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7350: 7315: 7300: 7295: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7274: 7245: 7203: 7188: 7183: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7133: 7098: 7083: 7078: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7057: 7028: 6986: 6971: 6966: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6945: 6916: 6881: 6866: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6840: 6811: 6774: 6727: 6726: 6701: 6700: 6690: 6672: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6577: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6537: 6531: 6516: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6426: 6407: 6392: 6369: 6350: 6251: 6237: 6236: 6196: 6195: 6031: 5956:their respective 5924:{\displaystyle g} 5832: 5773: 5723: 5695: 5636: 5547:, are related by 5484: 5408: 5407: 5094: 5093: 5082:Symmetry breaking 5067:Photons in matter 5061:the same velocity 5045:Symmetry breaking 4796:science historian 4737:Public discussion 4544:Weak boson fusion 4525:If an elementary 4461:particle collider 4457: 4456: 4264: 4263: 4192:faster than light 4153:symmetry breaking 4112:asymptotic safety 4084:hierarchy problem 4047:virtual particles 4035:hierarchy problem 4017:Hierarchy problem 3904:superconductivity 3802:described by the 3679:Symmetry breaking 3621:such as pairs of 3419: 3333: 3297: 3296: 3111:Rolf-Dieter Heuer 2997: 2996: 2892:124–126 GeV/ 2859:115–127 GeV/ 2852:116–130 GeV/ 2735:worldwide network 2681:require that the 2659:particle detector 2387:superconductivity 2320:Yang–Mills theory 2261: 2260: 2158:phase transitions 2136:Zero-point energy 2088:125–127 GeV/ 2062:ellipse based on 1975:Rolf-Dieter Heuer 1698:during the first 1561:Various analogies 1511:125 and 127 1282:superconductivity 1244:Symmetry breaking 1187:conservation laws 1087: 1086: 735:Hierarchy problem 731:Strong CP problem 418: 417: 375:Weak isospin 47:23 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 21517: 21445: 21437: 21428: 21415: 21406: 21395: 21387: 21374: 21362: 21354: 21343: 21335: 21326: 21317: 21309: 21299: 21291: 21283: 21274: 21265: 21254: 21246: 21244:RNA interference 21238: 21226: 21218: 21210: 21202: 21194: 21159: 21152: 21145: 21136: 21135: 21120: 21119: 21108: 21107: 20898: 20897: 20853: 20852: 20834:Weak hypercharge 20819:Weak interaction 20760:Particle physics 20739: 20732: 20725: 20716: 20715: 20702: 20678:Virtual particle 20449:Mesonic molecule 20383: 20382: 20379: 20378: 20224:Bottom eta meson 20132: 20131: 20123: 20122: 20095:W′ and Z′ bosons 20085:Sterile neutrino 20070:Majorana fermion 19937: 19936: 19928: 19927: 19851: 19850: 19830:Tau antineutrino 19685: 19684: 19676: 19675: 19656: 19649: 19642: 19633: 19632: 19596: 19594: 19588:. Archived from 19563: 19534: 19516: 19495: 19469: 19429: 19427: 19425: 19380: 19378: 19366: 19340: 19316: 19314: 19282: 19280: 19278: 19264: 19236: 19234: 19232: 19226: 19219: 19201: 19199: 19197: 19178: 19079: 19077: 19050: 19031: 19029: 19027: 19022:on 23 April 2012 19018:. Archived from 18990:Kibble, Tom W.B. 18977: 18943: 18909: 18880:Lee, Benjamin W. 18871: 18837: 18835: 18784: 18765: 18746: 18734: 18723: 18721: 18719: 18713: 18707:. Archived from 18682: 18676:(January 1974). 18660: 18659: 18627:Il Nuovo Cimento 18621: 18615: 18614: 18612: 18578: 18572: 18571: 18569: 18535: 18529: 18523: 18510: 18509: 18507: 18505: 18483: 18477: 18476: 18474: 18472: 18450: 18444: 18443: 18441: 18439: 18430:. Archived from 18417: 18411: 18410: 18408: 18406: 18384: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18373: 18354: 18348: 18347: 18332: 18326: 18325: 18323: 18321: 18302: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18291: 18272: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18261: 18244: 18238: 18237: 18235: 18233: 18216: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18205: 18183: 18177: 18176: 18170: 18162: 18160: 18158: 18142: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18131: 18122:. Archived from 18109: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18098: 18082: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18068: 18046: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18035: 18015:(12 July 2012). 18009: 18003: 18002: 18000: 17998: 17983: 17977: 17976: 17974: 17972: 17960:The Boston Globe 17950: 17944: 17943: 17941: 17939: 17917: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17906: 17884: 17878: 17877: 17875: 17873: 17862:physicsworld.com 17853: 17847: 17846: 17844: 17842: 17820: 17814: 17811: 17802: 17796: 17795: 17792: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17763: 17761: 17746:. Science File. 17739: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17700: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17689: 17667: 17661: 17660: 17658: 17656: 17647:. 30 June 2008. 17635: 17633: 17631: 17610: 17604: 17603: 17601: 17599: 17590:. 7 April 2008. 17578: 17572: 17571: 17569: 17567: 17545: 17536: 17535: 17533: 17531: 17509: 17503: 17502: 17500: 17498: 17489:. Archived from 17476: 17470: 17469: 17467: 17465: 17450: 17440: 17434: 17433: 17430: 17426: 17419: 17417: 17389: 17383: 17382: 17376: 17374: 17368: 17349: 17340: 17334: 17333: 17327: 17325: 17305: 17299: 17298: 17293: 17291: 17271: 17265: 17264: 17259: 17257: 17236: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17225: 17203: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17187: 17159: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17148: 17121: 17115: 17114: 17112: 17110: 17079: 17073: 17072: 17070: 17068: 17052: 17046: 17045: 17043: 17041: 17013: 17007: 17006: 17004: 17002: 16980: 16971: 16966: 16957:see book extract 16940: 16930: 16928: 16922: 16916:. Archived from 16891: 16882: 16873: 16872: 16862: 16856: 16854: 16849:. Archived from 16838: 16832: 16831: 16826: 16824: 16818: 16812:. pp. 3–5. 16799: 16790: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16776: 16754: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16743: 16722:"Not even wrong" 16715: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16682: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16671: 16655: 16642: 16641: 16631: 16604: 16589: 16588: 16570: 16552: 16550:cond-mat/0106070 16532: 16526: 16525: 16515: 16481: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16435:Life and Physics 16426: 16420: 16419: 16393: 16373: 16362: 16361: 16335: 16315: 16302: 16301: 16275: 16255: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16244: 16225: 16219: 16218: 16182: 16166: 16160: 16159: 16149: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16116: 16101: 16092: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16081: 16062: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16029: 16023: 16018: 16012: 16011: 15994:(5): 1089–1105. 15984:Feinberg, Gerald 15980: 15974: 15973: 15956:(5): 1400–1403. 15945: 15939: 15938: 15912: 15892: 15886: 15885: 15859: 15839: 15833: 15832: 15814: 15808: 15807: 15789: 15783: 15782: 15749: 15743: 15742: 15740: 15738: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15697: 15688: 15687: 15661: 15639: 15633: 15632: 15598: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15543: 15523: 15517: 15511: 15505: 15499: 15493: 15492: 15458: 15438: 15436: 15434: 15400: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15341: 15321: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15310: 15291: 15285: 15284: 15282: 15280: 15265: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15254: 15239: 15233: 15232: 15222: 15188: 15164: 15158: 15157: 15129: 15123: 15122: 15096: 15078: 15071: 15065: 15064: 15030: 15010: 15004: 15003: 14977: 14968:(1–3): 120–144. 14953: 14942: 14941: 14907: 14883: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14847: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14833: 14813: 14807: 14805: 14800: 14798: 14778: 14772: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14715: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14704: 14681: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14670: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14591: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14580: 14561: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14530: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14499: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14469: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14455: 14435: 14429: 14428: 14426: 14424: 14418: 14407: 14399: 14384: 14383: 14357: 14332: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14318: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14288: 14268: 14259: 14258: 14240: 14215: 14206: 14205: 14169: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14118:. Archived from 14107: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14081: 14075: 14062: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14019: 13993: 13969: 13964: 13962: 13943: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13932: 13913: 13907: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13887: 13881: 13880: 13854: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13798: 13775: 13769: 13768: 13758: 13732: 13705: 13699: 13698: 13696: 13694: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13662: 13660: 13645: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13631: 13609: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13509: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13432: 13425: 13417: 13411: 13410: 13404: 13396: 13394: 13384: 13378: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13361: 13330: 13328:astro-ph/0601168 13310: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13287: 13268: 13262: 13261: 13255: 13253: 13234: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13208: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13140: 13120: 13103: 13102: 13076: 13054: 13045: 13044: 13026: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12968: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12941: 12932: 12926: 12920: 12914: 12908: 12906: 12902: 12889: 12880: 12879: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12825: 12823: 12803: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12775: 12764: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12734: 12723: 12722: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12602: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12582: 12567: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12534:(5): 1554–1561. 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12495:(4): 1156–1163. 12478: 12472: 12471: 12445: 12423: 12417: 12416: 12410: 12408: 12402: 12396:. Archived from 12391: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12303:Kibble, T. W. B. 12295:Guralnik, Gerald 12291: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12243: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12135: 12128: 12119: 12108: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12067: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12035:. Archived from 12025: 12019: 12018: 12016: 11982: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11936: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11906: 11895: 11894: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11826: 11824: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11757: 11748:(1–3): 234–239. 11733: 11727: 11726: 11700: 11680: 11674: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11644: 11638: 11628: 11623: 11621: 11601: 11590: 11589: 11563: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11498: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11441: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11388: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11323: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11198: 11192: 11191: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11129:10.1038/298633a0 11104: 11098: 11097: 11071: 11051: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11024:. 2 April 2014. 11011: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10956: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10882: 10862: 10856: 10853:Leonard Susskind 10839: 10833: 10832: 10806: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10738:. 11 July 2017. 10724: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10699:on 17 March 2013 10695:. Archived from 10682: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10668: 10646: 10637: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10608: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10589: 10572:"Higgs hysteria" 10567: 10561: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10539: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10518: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10479: 10469: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10390: 10381: 10380: 10345: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10309: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10264:, pp. 49–52 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10158: 10147: 10146: 10133:The God Particle 10125: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10085: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10041: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10009: 9994: 9993: 9987:, because it is 9980: 9978: 9958: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9920: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9825: 9805: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9765: 9746: 9745: 9711: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9666: 9648: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9613: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9578: 9567: 9566: 9540: 9527: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9492:. 21 July 2023. 9486: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9432: 9426: 9410: 9404: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9375: 9367: 9361: 9354: 9348: 9345:Goldstone bosons 9337: 9331: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9281: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9190: 9182: 9175: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9158: 9150: 9127: 9126: 9118: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9092: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9054: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9017: 9011: 9007: 8996: 8993: 8987: 8976: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8942: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8856: 8852: 8851: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8764: 8763: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8712: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8696: 8695: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8653: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8610: 8604: 8597:Bernstein (1974) 8572: 8556: 8554: 8544:Bernstein (1974) 8525: 8516: 8492: 8486: 8475: 8469: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8425: 8419: 8391: 8385: 8371: 8365: 8328: 8322: 8313: 8307: 8289: 8285:0.0021 GeV/ 8284: 8278: 8274:0.0021 GeV/ 8273: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8251: 8240: 8229: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8112: 8110: 8104: 8088: 8079: 8072: 8056: 8015: 7979: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7900: 7895: 7892: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7860: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7822: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7737: 7727: 7722: 7719: 7712: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7664: 7657: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7627: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7549: 7540: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7500: 7497: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7447: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7393: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7360: 7359: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7334: 7321: 7316: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7255: 7254: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7229: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7176: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7143: 7142: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7117: 7104: 7099: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7071: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7038: 7037: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7012: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6984: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6959: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6900: 6887: 6882: 6879: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6854: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6821: 6820: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6795: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6691: 6688: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6589: 6588: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6456: 6443: 6442: 6433: 6428: 6419: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6371: 6362: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6274: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6156:or VEV) is then 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6095: 6094: 6082: 6081: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5790: 5789: 5779: 5774: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5662: 5661: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5584: 5580: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5519:weak hypercharge 5516: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5457: 5456: 5443: 5442: 5427: 5426: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5382:SU(2) symmetry: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5242:François Englert 5227:Fabiola Gianotti 5085: 5041: 5040: 5036:dispersive prism 5004:dispersive prism 4988:physicsworld.com 4972:champagne bottle 4951: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4894: 4859: 4808: 4804: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4697: 4671: 4664: 4645: 4638: 4605:branching ratios 4595: 4593: 4587: 4449: 4438: 4425: 4414: 4407: 4403:Feynman diagrams 4400: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4369: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4345:confidence level 4342: 4317: 4306: 4299: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4161:Goldstone bosons 4069: 4058: 3971: 3871:Goldstone bosons 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3738:Dirac Lagrangian 3706:electromagnetism 3698:Gauge invariance 3691:"local" symmetry 3650: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3273: 3266: 3244: 3232: 3221: 3212: 3186:Even (Positive) 3177: 3175: 3150: 3149: 3105: 3069: 3054: 3047: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3016: 2999:On 22 June 2012 2935: 2927:Feynman diagrams 2921: 2920: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2830: 2826: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2755: 2724: 2722: 2632:Goldstone bosons 2592: 2507:Martinus Veltman 2443:François Englert 2332:Goldstone bosons 2218: 2217: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2092: 2061: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1940:potential energy 1930:of the massless 1924:kinetic energies 1858: 1847: 1837: 1778:Particle physics 1755:Yukawa couplings 1704: 1693: 1688: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1518: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1980–2010 1480: 1309:non-relativistic 1289:Goldstone bosons 1252:recognised that 1238:Goldstone bosons 1124:gauge invariance 1079: 1072: 1065: 671:Particle physics 624: 615:particle physics 607: 606: 592:The God Particle 575:François Englert 515:symmetry of the 454:particle physics 440:produced by the 438:particle physics 394: 392: 391: 388: 385: 260:Decays into 253: 252: 250: 242: 240: 226: 218: 216: 160: 159: 158: 151: 150: 81: 74: 70: 21: 21525: 21524: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21516: 21515: 21514: 21465:2012 in science 21455: 21454: 21453: 21448: 21440: 21431: 21418: 21409: 21398: 21390: 21377: 21365: 21357: 21346: 21338: 21329: 21320: 21315:quantum machine 21312: 21302: 21294: 21286: 21277: 21268: 21257: 21249: 21241: 21229: 21221: 21213: 21205: 21200:Dolly the sheep 21197: 21188: 21181: 21171: 21163: 21133: 21128: 21096: 21051: 21009:Quantum gravity 21003: 20970: 20939: 20892: 20885: 20876:Higgs mechanism 20854: 20850: 20845: 20748: 20743: 20713: 20708: 20692: 20646:Nuclear physics 20595: 20559: 20495:Davydov soliton 20468: 20433: 20407: 20368: 20296: 20268: 20195: 20104: 20004: 19963: 19917: 19895: 19877: 19836: 19756: 19665: 19660: 19630: 19610: 19605: 19592: 19561: 19447: 19442: 19423: 19421: 19390:Wayback Machine 19276: 19274: 19230: 19228: 19224: 19217: 19195: 19193: 19157:(16 June 2011). 19107:The Higgs Boson 19092: 19087: 19082: 19047: 19025: 19023: 19016: 19004:. Vol. 2. 18953:Physics Letters 18926:(25): 713–714. 18914:Gilbert, Walter 18892:(10): 266–268. 18847:Physical Review 18811:Physical Review 18798:Nambu, Yoichiro 18792: 18790:Further reading 18787: 18781: 18762: 18743: 18717: 18715: 18711: 18680: 18668: 18663: 18634:(S2): 848–866. 18622: 18618: 18579: 18575: 18536: 18532: 18524: 18513: 18503: 18501: 18484: 18480: 18470: 18468: 18451: 18447: 18437: 18435: 18418: 18414: 18404: 18402: 18385: 18381: 18371: 18369: 18356: 18355: 18351: 18334: 18333: 18329: 18319: 18317: 18304: 18303: 18299: 18289: 18287: 18274: 18273: 18269: 18259: 18257: 18254:Duke University 18245: 18241: 18231: 18229: 18217: 18213: 18203: 18201: 18184: 18180: 18164: 18163: 18156: 18154: 18143: 18139: 18129: 18127: 18110: 18106: 18096: 18094: 18083: 18076: 18066: 18064: 18047: 18043: 18033: 18031: 18010: 18006: 17996: 17994: 17985: 17984: 17980: 17970: 17968: 17951: 17947: 17937: 17935: 17918: 17914: 17904: 17902: 17894:Huffington Post 17885: 17881: 17871: 17869: 17854: 17850: 17840: 17838: 17821: 17817: 17809: 17803: 17799: 17790: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17767: 17759: 17757: 17740: 17736: 17726: 17724: 17717: 17701: 17697: 17687: 17685: 17668: 17664: 17654: 17652: 17637: 17629: 17627: 17612: 17611: 17607: 17597: 17595: 17580: 17579: 17575: 17565: 17563: 17546: 17539: 17529: 17527: 17510: 17506: 17496: 17494: 17477: 17473: 17463: 17461: 17459: 17441: 17437: 17428: 17424: 17415: 17413: 17406: 17390: 17386: 17372: 17370: 17366: 17347: 17341: 17337: 17323: 17321: 17306: 17302: 17289: 17287: 17272: 17268: 17255: 17253: 17245:Chicago Tribune 17238: 17237: 17233: 17223: 17221: 17204: 17195: 17185: 17183: 17176: 17160: 17156: 17146: 17144: 17137: 17123: 17122: 17118: 17108: 17106: 17099: 17080: 17076: 17066: 17064: 17053: 17049: 17039: 17037: 17030: 17014: 17010: 17000: 16998: 16981: 16974: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16889: 16883: 16876: 16863: 16859: 16839: 16835: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16797: 16791: 16784: 16774: 16772: 16755: 16751: 16741: 16739: 16726:. Mathematics. 16716: 16709: 16699: 16697: 16684: 16683: 16679: 16669: 16667: 16656: 16645: 16629:10.1038/483374a 16606: 16605: 16592: 16568:10.1.1.242.3601 16533: 16529: 16472:(7917): 60–68. 16458: 16454: 16444: 16442: 16427: 16423: 16374: 16365: 16316: 16305: 16256: 16252: 16242: 16240: 16227: 16226: 16222: 16207: 16167: 16163: 16134: 16130: 16120: 16118: 16114: 16110:. p. 192. 16099: 16093: 16089: 16079: 16077: 16064: 16063: 16059: 16049: 16047: 16030: 16026: 16019: 16015: 15988:Physical Review 15981: 15977: 15946: 15942: 15893: 15889: 15840: 15836: 15829: 15815: 15811: 15804: 15790: 15786: 15758:Physics Reports 15750: 15746: 15736: 15734: 15725: 15724: 15720: 15710: 15708: 15699: 15698: 15691: 15640: 15636: 15577: 15573: 15528:Physics Reports 15524: 15520: 15512: 15508: 15500: 15496: 15439: 15432: 15430: 15377: 15370: 15368: 15353: 15349: 15339: 15337: 15322: 15318: 15308: 15306: 15293: 15292: 15288: 15278: 15276: 15267: 15266: 15262: 15252: 15250: 15241: 15240: 15236: 15179:(7917): 52–59. 15165: 15161: 15154: 15130: 15126: 15076: 15072: 15068: 15011: 15007: 14954: 14945: 14884: 14875: 14865: 14863: 14848: 14844: 14831: 14829: 14814: 14810: 14796: 14794: 14779: 14775: 14748: 14744: 14734: 14732: 14727:. 4 July 2012. 14717: 14716: 14712: 14702: 14700: 14683: 14682: 14678: 14668: 14666: 14653: 14652: 14648: 14638: 14636: 14623: 14622: 14618: 14608: 14606: 14593: 14592: 14588: 14578: 14576: 14563: 14562: 14558: 14548: 14546: 14531: 14527: 14517: 14515: 14500: 14496: 14486: 14484: 14471: 14470: 14463: 14453: 14451: 14436: 14432: 14422: 14420: 14416: 14405: 14401: 14400: 14387: 14333: 14326: 14316: 14314: 14301: 14300: 14296: 14286: 14284: 14269: 14262: 14216: 14209: 14170: 14166: 14156: 14154: 14147:Huffington Post 14139: 14135: 14125: 14123: 14108: 14104: 14094: 14092: 14083: 14082: 14078: 14072:Wayback Machine 14063: 14059: 14049: 14047: 14038: 14037: 14033: 13970: 13960: 13958: 13945: 13944: 13940: 13930: 13928: 13915: 13914: 13910: 13900: 13898: 13889: 13888: 13884: 13832: 13828: 13776: 13772: 13706: 13702: 13692: 13690: 13677: 13676: 13672: 13658: 13656: 13647: 13646: 13639: 13629: 13627: 13610: 13597: 13587: 13585: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13541: 13540: 13536: 13526: 13524: 13511: 13510: 13506: 13496: 13494: 13481: 13480: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13451: 13450: 13446: 13436: 13434: 13430: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13414: 13398: 13397: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13285: 13283: 13270: 13269: 13265: 13251: 13249: 13236: 13235: 13231: 13221: 13219: 13210: 13209: 13200: 13190: 13188: 13175: 13174: 13170: 13121: 13106: 13055: 13048: 13041: 13027: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12969: 12965: 12955: 12953: 12944: 12942: 12935: 12927: 12923: 12915: 12911: 12904: 12900: 12890: 12883: 12842:Coleman, Sidney 12839: 12835: 12821: 12819: 12812:The Nobel Prize 12804: 12789: 12779: 12777: 12776:on 25 July 2018 12773: 12767:The Nobel Prize 12762: 12756: 12752: 12735: 12726: 12698:Nuclear Physics 12693: 12689: 12678: 12674: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12619: 12604: 12603: 12596: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12565: 12559: 12555: 12527:Physical Review 12522: 12518: 12488:Physical Review 12479: 12475: 12424: 12420: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12389: 12383: 12379: 12351:Physics Letters 12346: 12342: 12319:(20): 585–587. 12292: 12283: 12260:(16): 508–509. 12244: 12235: 12189: 12185: 12175: 12173: 12166: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12126: 12120: 12111: 12102: 12101: 12097: 12048: 12044: 12027: 12026: 12022: 11983: 11976: 11937: 11924: 11907: 11898: 11871:Physical Review 11867: 11863: 11856: 11840: 11836: 11822: 11820: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11734: 11730: 11681: 11677: 11662: 11660: 11645: 11641: 11619: 11617: 11602: 11593: 11544: 11540: 11530: 11528: 11475: 11471: 11422: 11418: 11369: 11365: 11355: 11353: 11338: 11334: 11321: 11319: 11312:Huffington Post 11304: 11300: 11269: 11265: 11234: 11230: 11199: 11195: 11152:Physical Review 11148: 11144: 11105: 11101: 11052: 11041: 11031: 11029: 11013: 11012: 11008: 10998: 10996: 10989:io9.gizmodo.com 10981: 10977: 10969: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10931: 10916: 10912: 10863: 10859: 10849:Wayback Machine 10840: 10836: 10785: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10745: 10743: 10726: 10725: 10712: 10702: 10700: 10683: 10679: 10666: 10664: 10647: 10640: 10626: 10624: 10609: 10600: 10587: 10585: 10568: 10564: 10554: 10552: 10540: 10529: 10516: 10514: 10499: 10495: 10488: 10470: 10461: 10451: 10449: 10442: 10426: 10422: 10395:Physical Review 10391: 10384: 10363:(10): 266–268. 10346: 10337: 10327: 10325: 10310: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10284: 10280: 10272: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10195: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10159: 10150: 10143: 10126: 10122: 10111: 10109: 10102: 10086: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10058: 10042: 10033: 10023: 10021: 10010: 9997: 9976: 9974: 9959: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9921: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9859: 9855: 9806: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9766: 9749: 9692: 9688: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9615: 9614: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9570: 9528: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9453: 9433: 9429: 9417:Korean language 9413:Benjamin W. Lee 9411: 9407: 9391: 9387: 9378:114.4 GeV/ 9377: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9355: 9351: 9338: 9334: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9117: 9116: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9053: 9052: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9008: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8977: 8970: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8887: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8842: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8805: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8778: 8774: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8724: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8691: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8664: 8660: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8570: 8568: 8552: 8550: 8526: 8519: 8493: 8489: 8476: 8472: 8462:Huffington Post 8459: 8455: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8426: 8422: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8392: 8388: 8372: 8368: 8329: 8325: 8314: 8310: 8282: 8280: 8271: 8269: 8263:0.019 GeV/ 8260: 8258: 8252:0.018 GeV/ 8249: 8247: 8241: 8232: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8129: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8099: 8089: 8082: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8045:Tachyonic field 8013: 7993: 7988: 7977: 7928:Higgs mechanism 7923: 7918: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7861: 7856: 7835: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7788: 7787: 7778: 7773: 7763: 7758: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7723: 7718: 7708: 7703: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7668: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7518: 7501: 7496: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7445: 7444: 7432: 7431: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7371: 7367: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7335: 7330: 7317: 7312: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7266: 7262: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7230: 7225: 7212: 7211: 7205: 7200: 7190: 7185: 7175: 7154: 7150: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7118: 7113: 7100: 7095: 7085: 7080: 7070: 7049: 7045: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7013: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6988: 6983: 6973: 6968: 6958: 6937: 6933: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6901: 6896: 6883: 6878: 6868: 6863: 6853: 6832: 6828: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6796: 6791: 6780: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6692: 6687: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6604: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6563: 6559: 6557: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6476: 6475: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6434: 6432: 6417: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6379: 6375: 6360: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6313: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6269: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6225: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6184: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6103: 6099: 6090: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6018: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5824: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5770: 5757: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5698: 5686: 5676: 5672: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5521:U(1) symmetry. 5511: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5434: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5398: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5346: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5159: 5083: 5081: 5046: 4996: 4976:Higgs potential 4962: 4960:Other proposals 4952: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4892: 4857: 4827: 4806: 4802: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4717: 4715: 4712:(H → γ*γ → ℓℓγ) 4711: 4692: 4666: 4659: 4640: 4633: 4614:branching ratio 4591: 4589: 4582: 4566: 4522:Higgs Strahlung 4450: 4439: 4428:Higgs Strahlung 4426: 4415: 4399: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4380:(H → γ*γ → ℓℓγ) 4379: 4365: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4337: 4312: 4301: 4294: 4282:, and has zero 4260: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4212:field operators 4173:Yukawa coupling 4125: 4120: 4064: 4053: 4051:of the order of 4031:Feynman diagram 4023: 4015:Main articles: 4013: 3966: 3946: 3940: 3908:Meissner effect 3900: 3867:Yukawa coupling 3818: 3815: 3814: 3789:Higgs mechanism 3718:Sheldon Glashow 3671: 3666: 3664:Higgs mechanism 3660: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546:the masses and 3526: 3522: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3407: 3406: 3398: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3302: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3251:Couples to mass 3242: 3230: 3225:(W W and Z Z), 3216: 3207: 3173: 3171: 3142:scalar particle 3129: 3100: 3064: 3061: 3049: 3042: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3012: 2988: 2930: 2909: 2904: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2828: 2824: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2751:114.4 GeV/ 2750: 2743: 2720: 2718: 2667:decay signature 2651: 2645: 2590: 2582: 2511:Gerard 't Hooft 2483:Sheldon Glashow 2475:Steven Weinberg 2455:Gerald Guralnik 2381:gauge symmetry 2375:Philip Anderson 2318:models such as 2312:gauge invariant 2223:1964 PRL papers 2219: 2206: 2201: 2195:Higgs mechanism 2187: 2182: 2142: 2132: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2087: 2059: 2044: 2014:(known as the " 1996: 1991: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1873: 1856: 1845: 1843: 1831: 1808: 1793:mass generation 1785: 1780: 1767: 1739:Higgs mechanism 1699: 1686: 1684: 1646:electric charge 1628: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1592: 1573:electric fields 1558: 1530:scalar particle 1510: 1481: 1476: 1461: 1433: 1393: 1355:Higgs mechanism 1327: 1321:Higgs mechanism 1319:Main articles: 1317: 1315:Higgs mechanism 1276:, an expert in 1274:Philip Anderson 1246: 1213:theory for the 1211:gauge invariant 1203:electromagnetic 1199: 1152:Philip Anderson 1144: 1092: 1083: 1054: 1053: 754: 746: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 720: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 694: 693: 691:Higgs mechanism 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 660: 651: 622: 605: 540:Higgs mechanism 534:, who in 1964, 521:Higgs mechanism 470:electric charge 389: 386: 383: 382: 380: 331: 248: 246: 244: 238: 236: 219: 214: 212: 189:T. W. B. Kibble 157: 155: 154: 153: 149: 147: 146: 145: 144: 112: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21523: 21513: 21512: 21510:Force carriers 21507: 21502: 21497: 21495:Standard Model 21492: 21487: 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21450: 21449: 21447: 21446: 21438: 21429: 21416: 21407: 21396: 21388: 21375: 21363: 21355: 21344: 21336: 21327: 21325:clinical trial 21318: 21310: 21300: 21292: 21284: 21275: 21266: 21255: 21247: 21239: 21227: 21219: 21211: 21203: 21195: 21185: 21183: 21173: 21172: 21162: 21161: 21154: 21147: 21139: 21130: 21129: 21127: 21126: 21114: 21101: 21098: 21097: 21095: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21063: 21061: 21057: 21056: 21053: 21052: 21050: 21049: 21047:Twistor theory 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21013: 21011: 21005: 21004: 21002: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20980: 20978: 20972: 20971: 20969: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20947: 20945: 20941: 20940: 20938: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20926: 20925: 20915: 20910: 20904: 20902: 20895: 20893:Standard Model 20887: 20886: 20884: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20862: 20860: 20856: 20855: 20848: 20846: 20844: 20843: 20842: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20811: 20810: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20778: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20756: 20754: 20750: 20749: 20746:Standard Model 20742: 20741: 20734: 20727: 20719: 20710: 20709: 20705:Physics portal 20697: 20694: 20693: 20691: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20659: 20658: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20627: 20626: 20619:Standard Model 20616: 20615: 20614: 20603: 20601: 20597: 20596: 20594: 20593: 20588: 20586:Quasiparticles 20583: 20578: 20573: 20567: 20565: 20561: 20560: 20558: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20486: 20484: 20482:Quasiparticles 20478: 20477: 20474: 20473: 20470: 20469: 20467: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20445: 20443: 20439: 20438: 20435: 20434: 20432: 20431: 20426: 20421: 20415: 20413: 20409: 20408: 20406: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20389: 20387: 20376: 20370: 20369: 20367: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20355: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20319: 20314: 20308: 20306: 20302: 20301: 20298: 20297: 20295: 20294: 20289: 20278: 20276: 20274:Exotic hadrons 20270: 20269: 20267: 20266: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20205: 20203: 20197: 20196: 20194: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20167: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20140: 20138: 20129: 20120: 20114: 20113: 20110: 20109: 20106: 20105: 20103: 20102: 20100:X and Y bosons 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20032: 20027: 20022: 20016: 20014: 20010: 20009: 20006: 20005: 20003: 20002: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19971: 19969: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19945: 19943: 19934: 19925: 19919: 19918: 19916: 19915: 19909: 19907: 19901: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19894: 19893: 19887: 19885: 19879: 19878: 19876: 19875: 19873:W and Z bosons 19870: 19865: 19859: 19857: 19848: 19842: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19766: 19764: 19758: 19757: 19755: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19727:Strange (quark 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19693: 19691: 19682: 19673: 19667: 19666: 19659: 19658: 19651: 19644: 19636: 19629: 19628: 19618: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19603: 19598: 19554: 19540: 19535: 19496: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19440: 19430: 19408: 19403: 19402: 19401: 19396: 19318: 19273:. Scholarpedia 19266: 19207: 19204:New York Times 19189:New York Times 19179: 19163: 19158: 19151:Video2 (07:44) 19147:Video1 (07:44) 19144: 19134: 19126: 19118: 19114:Particle Fever 19110: 19104: 19099: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19085:External links 19083: 19081: 19080: 19051: 19045: 19032: 19014: 18978: 18960:(2): 132–133. 18944: 18910: 18876:Klein, Abraham 18872: 18854:(1): 439–442. 18838: 18818:(1): 345–358. 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18785: 18779: 18766: 18760: 18752:Modern Physics 18747: 18741: 18724: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18661: 18616: 18595:(3): 285–304. 18573: 18530: 18511: 18478: 18445: 18412: 18379: 18349: 18327: 18297: 18267: 18239: 18211: 18178: 18137: 18104: 18074: 18059:. London, UK. 18041: 18004: 17978: 17945: 17930:. London, UK. 17912: 17879: 17848: 17833:. London, UK. 17815: 17797: 17734: 17715: 17695: 17677:The New Yorker 17662: 17605: 17573: 17537: 17522:. London, UK. 17504: 17471: 17457: 17435: 17404: 17384: 17335: 17316:. p. 18. 17300: 17266: 17231: 17193: 17174: 17154: 17135: 17116: 17097: 17074: 17047: 17028: 17008: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16950: 16923:on 4 July 2013 16900:(6100): 1287. 16874: 16857: 16833: 16782: 16767:. London, UK. 16749: 16707: 16677: 16643: 16590: 16543:(13): 132513. 16527: 16452: 16421: 16363: 16303: 16273:hep-ph/0101342 16250: 16220: 16205: 16161: 16128: 16087: 16057: 16024: 16013: 15975: 15940: 15910:hep-th/0009148 15887: 15857:hep-th/0203211 15834: 15827: 15809: 15802: 15784: 15765:(5): 241–320. 15744: 15718: 15689: 15659:hep-ph/0305237 15634: 15596:hep-ph/0308038 15589:(10): 101802. 15571: 15518: 15506: 15494: 15449:(12): 121801. 15347: 15316: 15286: 15260: 15234: 15159: 15152: 15124: 15066: 15005: 14943: 14873: 14842: 14808: 14773: 14742: 14710: 14676: 14646: 14616: 14586: 14556: 14541:. London, UK. 14525: 14494: 14461: 14430: 14385: 14324: 14294: 14260: 14207: 14164: 14133: 14122:on 7 July 2012 14102: 14076: 14057: 14031: 13984:(2013): 2980. 13938: 13908: 13882: 13845:(11): 112015. 13826: 13770: 13700: 13670: 13637: 13595: 13564: 13547:ATLAS homepage 13534: 13504: 13474: 13444: 13412: 13373: 13296: 13263: 13229: 13198: 13168: 13104: 13046: 13039: 13004: 12963: 12933: 12929:Bernstein 1974 12921: 12917:Bernstein 1974 12909: 12881: 12833: 12787: 12750: 12724: 12705:(4): 579–588. 12687: 12672: 12629: 12594: 12553: 12516: 12473: 12418: 12377: 12358:(2): 132–133. 12340: 12281: 12233: 12212:(9): 321–323. 12183: 12164: 12109: 12095: 12065:hep-th/0304245 12042: 12033:Nobelprize.org 12020: 11974: 11922: 11896: 11877:(3): 965–970. 11861: 11854: 11834: 11797: 11728: 11691:(3): 703–706. 11675: 11669:Article cites 11639: 11591: 11538: 11469: 11416: 11379:(4): 369–375. 11363: 11332: 11298: 11263: 11228: 11193: 11142: 11099: 11062:(1): 214–219. 11039: 11006: 10975: 10967: 10941: 10910: 10857: 10834: 10779: 10753: 10710: 10677: 10638: 10598: 10562: 10527: 10493: 10486: 10459: 10440: 10420: 10401:(1): 439–442. 10382: 10335: 10299: 10295:Griffiths 2008 10287: 10278: 10266: 10262:Griffiths 2008 10254: 10222: 10186: 10148: 10141: 10129:Lederman, L.M. 10120: 10100: 10075: 10056: 10031: 9995: 9990: 9986: 9946: 9910: 9884: 9853: 9816:(2017): 1–24. 9791: 9747: 9702:(12): 121801. 9686: 9634: 9599: 9568: 9507: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9427: 9415:also uses the 9405: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9385: 9362: 9349: 9332: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9287: 9284: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9241: 9238: 9224: 9223: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9188: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9090: 9066: 9060: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9028: 9012: 8997: 8988: 8968: 8948: 8945: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8890: 8886: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8808: 8804: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8761: 8758: 8735: 8727: 8723: 8702: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8605: 8601:external links 8566: 8559:Lorentz frames 8517: 8487: 8470: 8453: 8431:, such as the 8420: 8418: 8417: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8386: 8378: 8377: 8366: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8334: 8333: 8323: 8308: 8230: 8213: 8179: 8158: 8149: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8092:Standard Model 8080: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8020:Particle Fever 8016: 8007: 8001: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7983:W and Z bosons 7980: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7953: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7922: 7921:Standard Model 7919: 7917: 7914: 7899: 7890: 7869: 7864: 7855: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7829: 7820: 7808: 7807: 7796: 7786: 7781: 7772: 7766: 7755: 7752: 7744: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7717: 7711: 7700: 7697: 7689: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7662: 7656: 7645: 7642: 7634: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7607: 7579: 7575: 7548: 7544: 7535: 7504: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7459: 7458: 7443: 7430: 7425: 7416: 7410: 7399: 7396: 7384: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7311: 7305: 7294: 7291: 7279: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7199: 7193: 7182: 7179: 7167: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7094: 7088: 7077: 7074: 7062: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6991: 6982: 6976: 6965: 6962: 6950: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6877: 6871: 6860: 6857: 6845: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6743: 6742: 6731: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6668: 6644: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6541: 6527: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6494:Weinberg angle 6490: 6489: 6474: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6316: 6312: 6289: 6285: 6256: 6247: 6243: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6139: 6135: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6055:, so that the 6044: 6041: 6036: 6027: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5989:Pauli matrices 5974: 5970: 5944: 5941: 5920: 5894: 5890: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5847: 5846: 5835: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5722: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5630: 5607: 5585: 5563: 5556: 5544: 5537: 5499: 5498: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5370:at the ground. 5349: 5345: 5322: 5318: 5295: 5292: 5250: 5249: 5234: 5220: 5214: 5200: 5186: 5158: 5155: 5102:electric field 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5049: 4995: 4992: 4961: 4958: 4947: 4944: 4920:and cultures. 4826: 4823: 4798:David Kaiser. 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4707:virtual photon 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4545: 4542: 4523: 4520: 4488: 4465:speed of light 4455: 4454: 4443: 4431: 4430: 4419: 4398: 4395: 4333:Fermi constant 4262: 4261: 4242: 4240: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4149:imaginary mass 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4012: 4009: 3942:Main article: 3939: 3936: 3899: 3896: 3884:gauge theories 3855:gauge symmetry 3822: 3804:Standard Model 3785:renormalisable 3746:W and Z bosons 3702:Standard Model 3670: 3667: 3662:Main article: 3659: 3656: 3651:respectively. 3646:0.21 GeV/ 3635:0.28 GeV/ 3592: 3587: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3423: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3339: 3330: 3325: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3223:W and Z bosons 3204: 3201:Decay channels 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3168: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3128: 3125: 3090:W and Z bosons 3077:Matt Strassler 3060: 3057: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2986: 2972: 2957: 2954:Top-quark Loop 2923: 2922: 2903: 2900: 2742: 2739: 2731:computing grid 2647:Main article: 2644: 2641: 2581: 2578: 2539:David Politzer 2523:Andrei Slavnov 2519:Ludvig Faddeev 2505:. In 1971–72, 2495:Standard Model 2415:Yoichiro Nambu 2326:, relating to 2303:– and then to 2285:quantum fields 2281:field theories 2277:force carriers 2259: 2258: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2131: 2128: 2120: 2043: 2040: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1951: 1948: 1934:mediating the 1896:out of nothing 1872: 1869: 1854: 1807: 1804: 1789:Standard Model 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1766: 1763: 1743:W and Z bosons 1631:0.11 GeV/ 1620:0.15 GeV/ 1591: 1588: 1557: 1556:Interpretation 1554: 1540:, despite the 1492:40-year search 1460: 1457: 1432: 1429: 1392: 1389: 1385:Standard Model 1325:Standard Model 1316: 1313: 1293:W and Z bosons 1250:Yoichiro Nambu 1245: 1242: 1198: 1195: 1175:speed of light 1171:magnetic field 1156: 1155: 1143: 1140: 1120:quantum fields 1104:Standard Model 1091: 1090:Standard Model 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 729: 726: 725: 722: 721: 703: 700: 699: 696: 695: 675:Standard Model 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 655: 618: 617: 611:Standard Model 604: 601: 551:40-year search 434:Standard Model 426:Higgs particle 416: 415: 412: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 377: 371: 370: 362: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 339: 333: 332: 330: 329: 326: 320: 317:virtual photon 305: 298: 291: 285: 278: 271: 264: 262: 256: 255: 234: 228: 227: 210: 204: 203: 197: 193: 192: 181:G. S. Guralnik 166: 162: 161: 156: 148: 142: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 120: 114: 113: 82: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21522: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21462: 21460: 21444: 21439: 21435: 21430: 21426: 21422: 21417: 21413: 21408: 21405: 21402: 21397: 21394: 21389: 21385: 21381: 21376: 21373: 21369: 21364: 21361: 21356: 21353: 21352:comet mission 21351: 21345: 21342: 21337: 21333: 21328: 21324: 21319: 21316: 21311: 21308: 21307: 21301: 21298: 21293: 21290: 21285: 21281: 21276: 21272: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21256: 21253: 21248: 21245: 21240: 21237: 21233: 21228: 21225: 21220: 21217: 21212: 21209: 21204: 21201: 21196: 21193:understanding 21192: 21187: 21186: 21184: 21180: 21179: 21174: 21170: 21168: 21160: 21155: 21153: 21148: 21146: 21141: 21140: 21137: 21125: 21124: 21115: 21113: 21112: 21103: 21102: 21099: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21064: 21062: 21058: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21017:String theory 21015: 21014: 21012: 21010: 21006: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20981: 20979: 20977: 20976:Supersymmetry 20973: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20948: 20946: 20942: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20924: 20921: 20920: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20888: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20863: 20861: 20857: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20816: 20815: 20812: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20794: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20762: 20761: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20751: 20747: 20740: 20735: 20733: 20728: 20726: 20721: 20720: 20717: 20707: 20706: 20701: 20695: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20663:Exotic matter 20661: 20657: 20654: 20653: 20652: 20651:Eightfold way 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20641:Antiparticles 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20625: 20622: 20621: 20620: 20617: 20613: 20610: 20609: 20608: 20605: 20604: 20602: 20598: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20568: 20566: 20562: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20487: 20485: 20483: 20479: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20446: 20444: 20440: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20416: 20414: 20410: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20390: 20388: 20384: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20371: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20324: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20312:Atomic nuclei 20310: 20309: 20307: 20303: 20293: 20290: 20287: 20283: 20280: 20279: 20277: 20275: 20271: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20244:Upsilon meson 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20206: 20204: 20202: 20198: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20176:Lambda baryon 20174: 20172: 20169: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20146: 20145: 20142: 20141: 20139: 20137: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20115: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20035:Dual graviton 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20011: 20000: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19972: 19970: 19966: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19946: 19944: 19942: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19932:Superpartners 19929: 19926: 19924: 19920: 19914: 19911: 19910: 19908: 19906: 19902: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19886: 19884: 19880: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19861: 19860: 19858: 19856: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19843: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19815:Muon neutrino 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19767: 19765: 19763: 19759: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19747:Bottom (quark 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19694: 19692: 19690: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19668: 19664: 19657: 19652: 19650: 19645: 19643: 19638: 19637: 19634: 19626: 19624: 19619: 19616: 19613: 19612: 19602: 19599: 19591: 19587: 19583: 19579: 19575: 19571: 19567: 19560: 19555: 19552: 19548: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19532: 19528: 19524: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19497: 19493: 19489: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19473: 19468: 19463: 19459: 19455: 19450: 19449: 19438: 19434: 19431: 19420: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19391: 19387: 19384: 19377: 19372: 19364: 19360: 19356: 19352: 19348: 19344: 19339: 19334: 19330: 19326: 19325: 19319: 19313: 19308: 19304: 19300: 19296: 19292: 19288: 19272: 19267: 19262: 19258: 19254: 19250: 19246: 19242: 19223: 19216: 19211: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19192: 19191:Science pages 19190: 19185: 19180: 19176: 19175:Sixty Symbols 19172: 19168: 19167:Carroll, Sean 19164: 19162: 19159: 19156: 19152: 19148: 19145: 19142: 19138: 19137:Video (04:38) 19135: 19133: 19132: 19127: 19125: 19123: 19119: 19117: 19115: 19111: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19094: 19076: 19071: 19067: 19063: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19048: 19042: 19038: 19033: 19021: 19017: 19011: 19007: 19003: 18999: 18995: 18991: 18987: 18983: 18979: 18975: 18971: 18967: 18963: 18959: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18945: 18941: 18937: 18933: 18929: 18925: 18921: 18920: 18915: 18911: 18907: 18903: 18899: 18895: 18891: 18887: 18886: 18881: 18877: 18873: 18869: 18865: 18861: 18857: 18853: 18849: 18848: 18843: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18825: 18821: 18817: 18813: 18812: 18807: 18803: 18799: 18795: 18794: 18782: 18776: 18772: 18767: 18763: 18757: 18753: 18748: 18744: 18738: 18733: 18732: 18725: 18710: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18679: 18675: 18671: 18670: 18657: 18653: 18649: 18645: 18641: 18637: 18633: 18629: 18628: 18620: 18611: 18606: 18602: 18598: 18594: 18590: 18589: 18584: 18577: 18568: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18547: 18546: 18541: 18534: 18527: 18522: 18520: 18518: 18516: 18499: 18495: 18494: 18493:Outlook India 18489: 18482: 18466: 18462: 18461: 18456: 18449: 18433: 18429: 18428: 18423: 18416: 18400: 18396: 18395: 18390: 18383: 18367: 18363: 18359: 18353: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18331: 18315: 18311: 18307: 18301: 18285: 18281: 18277: 18271: 18256: 18255: 18250: 18243: 18228: 18227: 18222: 18215: 18199: 18195: 18194: 18193:New Scientist 18189: 18182: 18174: 18168: 18152: 18148: 18141: 18125: 18121: 18120: 18115: 18108: 18092: 18088: 18081: 18079: 18062: 18058: 18057: 18052: 18045: 18029: 18025: 18023: 18018: 18014: 18008: 17992: 17988: 17982: 17966: 17962: 17961: 17956: 17949: 17933: 17929: 17928: 17923: 17916: 17900: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17883: 17867: 17863: 17859: 17852: 17836: 17832: 17831: 17826: 17819: 17807: 17801: 17794: 17788: 17755: 17751: 17750: 17745: 17738: 17722: 17718: 17712: 17708: 17707: 17699: 17683: 17679: 17678: 17673: 17666: 17650: 17646: 17645: 17640: 17625: 17621: 17620: 17619:New Scientist 17615: 17609: 17593: 17589: 17588: 17583: 17577: 17561: 17557: 17556: 17555:The Telegraph 17551: 17544: 17542: 17525: 17521: 17520: 17515: 17508: 17492: 17488: 17487: 17482: 17475: 17460: 17454: 17449: 17448: 17439: 17432: 17411: 17407: 17401: 17397: 17396: 17388: 17381: 17365: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17346: 17339: 17332: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17285: 17281: 17277: 17270: 17263: 17251: 17247: 17246: 17241: 17235: 17219: 17215: 17214: 17209: 17202: 17200: 17198: 17181: 17177: 17171: 17167: 17166: 17158: 17142: 17138: 17132: 17128: 17127: 17120: 17104: 17100: 17094: 17090: 17089: 17084: 17078: 17062: 17058: 17051: 17035: 17031: 17025: 17021: 17020: 17012: 16996: 16992: 16991: 16986: 16979: 16977: 16964: 16960: 16958: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16943: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16919: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16903: 16899: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16879: 16870: 16869: 16861: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16815: 16811: 16807: 16803: 16796: 16789: 16787: 16770: 16766: 16765: 16760: 16753: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16723: 16714: 16712: 16695: 16691: 16690:CERN Bulletin 16687: 16681: 16665: 16661: 16654: 16652: 16650: 16648: 16639: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16603: 16601: 16599: 16597: 16595: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16542: 16538: 16531: 16523: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16505: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16456: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16425: 16417: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16384:(4): 042030. 16383: 16379: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16325: 16321: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16308: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16266:(9): 093003. 16265: 16261: 16254: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16224: 16216: 16212: 16208: 16202: 16198: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16172: 16165: 16157: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16139: 16132: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16098: 16091: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16061: 16045: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16028: 16022: 16017: 16009: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15989: 15985: 15979: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15951: 15944: 15936: 15932: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15902: 15898: 15891: 15883: 15879: 15875: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15838: 15830: 15824: 15820: 15813: 15805: 15799: 15795: 15788: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15759: 15754: 15748: 15732: 15728: 15722: 15706: 15702: 15696: 15694: 15685: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15652:(5): 055006. 15651: 15647: 15646: 15638: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15606: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15583: 15575: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15522: 15515: 15510: 15503: 15498: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15351: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15320: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15290: 15274: 15270: 15264: 15248: 15244: 15238: 15230: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15178: 15174: 15170: 15163: 15155: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15137: 15136: 15128: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15086: 15082: 15070: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15021:(8): 081803. 15020: 15016: 15009: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14962:Phys. Lett. B 14959: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14898:(8): 081803. 14897: 14893: 14889: 14882: 14880: 14878: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14804: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14777: 14771:, and others. 14770: 14769: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14754: 14753: 14746: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14720: 14714: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14680: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14620: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14590: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14560: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14529: 14513: 14509: 14505: 14498: 14483:on 1 May 2014 14482: 14478: 14474: 14468: 14466: 14449: 14445: 14444:CERN Bulletin 14441: 14434: 14415: 14411: 14404: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14331: 14329: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14298: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14267: 14265: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14214: 14212: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14168: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14137: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14106: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14073: 14069: 14066: 14061: 14045: 14041: 14035: 14027: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13968: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13926: 13922: 13918: 13912: 13896: 13892: 13886: 13878: 13874: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13830: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13789:(1): 012006. 13788: 13784: 13780: 13774: 13766: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13688: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13667: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13642: 13625: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13608: 13606: 13604: 13602: 13600: 13583: 13579: 13575: 13568: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13538: 13522: 13518: 13517:CERN Bulletin 13514: 13508: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13478: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13448: 13429: 13422: 13416: 13408: 13402: 13393: 13388: 13377: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13321:(1): 1–1232. 13320: 13316: 13315: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13260: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13172: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13119: 13117: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13109: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13061: 13053: 13051: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13025: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13009: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12979: 12974: 12967: 12951: 12947: 12940: 12938: 12930: 12925: 12918: 12913: 12899: 12898:archive.today 12895: 12892: 12888: 12886: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12837: 12830: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12772: 12768: 12761: 12754: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12691: 12683: 12676: 12667: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12633: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12601: 12599: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12528: 12520: 12511: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12477: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12422: 12415: 12399: 12395: 12388: 12381: 12373: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12344: 12335: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12276: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12242: 12240: 12238: 12228: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12197: 12196:Brout, Robert 12193: 12187: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12105: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12046: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12015: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11981: 11979: 11969: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11942: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11917: 11912: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11857: 11851: 11847: 11846: 11838: 11831: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11801: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11732: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11632: 11627: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11542: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11473: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11367: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11302: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11232: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11027: 11023: 11021: 11016: 11010: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10979: 10970: 10964: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10945: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10914: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10873:(2): 025003. 10872: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10797:(2): 025003. 10796: 10792: 10791: 10783: 10767: 10763: 10757: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10698: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10645: 10643: 10635: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10595: 10583: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10566: 10551: 10550: 10549:New Scientist 10545: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10524: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10489: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10387: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10296: 10291: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10205: 10204:National Post 10200: 10193: 10191: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10144: 10142:0-385-31211-3 10138: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9934: 9931:ATLAS group. 9930: 9926: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9638: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9465: 9455: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436:"Higgs boson" 9431: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9414: 9409: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9374: 9371:185 GeV/ 9366: 9359: 9353: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9282: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9236: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9103: 9102: 9088: 9080: 9064: 9055: 9049: 9046: 9026: 9016: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8992: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8943: 8933:. The field 8918: 8914: 8910: 8888: 8884: 8859: 8853: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8806: 8802: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8756: 8733: 8725: 8721: 8700: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8564: 8560: 8546:, p. 8: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8468:, and others. 8467: 8463: 8457: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8396:, July 2012: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8288: 8277: 8266: 8255: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8183: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8153: 8130: 8123: 8120: 8103: 8100:125 GeV/ 8097: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7984: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7913: 7897: 7888: 7867: 7862: 7853: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7827: 7818: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7770: 7764: 7750: 7742: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7715: 7709: 7695: 7687: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7660: 7654: 7640: 7632: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7564: 7546: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7502: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7441: 7428: 7423: 7414: 7408: 7394: 7382: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7309: 7303: 7289: 7277: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7216: 7206: 7197: 7191: 7177: 7165: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7092: 7086: 7072: 7060: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6989: 6980: 6974: 6960: 6948: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6875: 6869: 6855: 6843: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6782: 6777: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6729: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6693: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6666: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6642: 6634: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6539: 6525: 6519: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6495: 6472: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6401: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6344: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6270:246 GeV/ 6254: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6155: 6137: 6133: 6112: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6042: 6039: 6034: 6025: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5990: 5972: 5968: 5959: 5942: 5939: 5918: 5910: 5892: 5888: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5575: 5572:used in most 5571: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5485: 5478: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5347: 5343: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5263:Additionally 5261: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5086: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5059:) travels at 5058: 5054: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4957: 4946: 4945:older one ... 4942: 4940: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4846:Leon Lederman 4843: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815:Frank Wilczek 4812: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4693:125 GeV/ 4690: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4667:125 GeV/ 4663: 4660:125 GeV/ 4655: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641:125 GeV/ 4637: 4634:346 GeV/ 4631: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4586: 4583:125 GeV/ 4575: 4570: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4338:161 GeV/ 4334: 4328: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4305: 4302:125 GeV/ 4298: 4291: 4289: 4288:colour charge 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4258: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4199:violation of 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182:field. While 4181: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097:supersymmetry 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4065:125 GeV/ 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3967:125 GeV/ 3964: 3963:Supersymmetry 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720:extended the 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3665: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3638: 3628: 3624: 3623:bottom quarks 3620: 3614: 3612: 3590: 3585: 3575: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3328: 3323: 3311: 3306: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3227:bottom quarks 3224: 3219: 3211: 3208:125 GeV/ 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3101:125 GeV/ 3097: 3095: 3094:supersymmetry 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3065:125 GeV/ 3056: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028:0.6 GeV/ 3020: 3017:0.6 GeV/ 3009: 3007: 3002: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931:125 GeV/ 2928: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2884: 2881:125 GeV/ 2876: 2873:125 GeV/ 2869: 2866:125 GeV/ 2862: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2803:140 GeV/ 2799: 2796:115 GeV/ 2792: 2789:180 GeV/ 2785: 2782:147 GeV/ 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2671:decay channel 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:vector bosons 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2428:Abraham Klein 2424: 2420: 2417:in 1960 (and 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2397:vector bosons 2392: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2112: 2111:self-coupling 2108: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1775: 1773: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:colour charge 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1623: 1613: 1610:is a massive 1609: 1601: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1412:) have mass. 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Abraham Klein 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:strong forces 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167:electromagnet 1164: 1160: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 750: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 697: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 664: 663: 658: 620: 619: 616: 612: 609: 608: 600: 598: 597:Leon Lederman 594: 593: 588: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 519:and, via the 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 474:colour charge 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448:, one of the 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 413: 411: 407: 403: 401: 397: 378: 376: 372: 369: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 351: 350:Colour charge 347: 344: 340: 338: 334: 327: 324: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 283: 279: 276: 272: 269: 266: 265: 263: 261: 257: 235: 233: 229: 225: 224: 211: 209: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 143: 139: 136: 133: 131: 127: 124: 121: 119: 115: 111:(red tracks). 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 80: 75: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 21404:made visible 21349: 21331: 21313:2010: First 21304: 21260: 21232:Nanocircuits 21176: 21166: 21121: 21109: 20999:Supergravity 20859:Constituents 20839:Weak isospin 20797:Color charge 20787:Gauge theory 20774: 20703: 20374:Hypothetical 20322:Exotic atoms 20191:Omega baryon 20181:Sigma baryon 20171:Delta baryon 19923:Hypothetical 19905:Ghost fields 19891:Higgs boson 19890: 19825:Tau neutrino 19717:Charm (quark 19622: 19590:the original 19569: 19565: 19504: 19500: 19457: 19453: 19436: 19422:. Retrieved 19416: 19328: 19322: 19294: 19291:Scholarpedia 19290: 19275:. Retrieved 19244: 19240: 19229:. Retrieved 19222:the original 19203: 19194:. Retrieved 19187: 19174: 19130: 19121: 19113: 19068:(9): 32413. 19065: 19061:Scholarpedia 19059: 19036: 19024:. Retrieved 19020:the original 19001: 18957: 18951: 18948:Higgs, Peter 18923: 18917: 18889: 18883: 18851: 18845: 18815: 18809: 18770: 18751: 18730: 18716:. Retrieved 18709:the original 18688: 18684: 18631: 18625: 18619: 18592: 18586: 18576: 18549: 18543: 18533: 18528:, Chapter 20 18502:. Retrieved 18491: 18481: 18471:21 September 18469:. Retrieved 18458: 18448: 18436:. Retrieved 18432:the original 18425: 18415: 18403:. Retrieved 18392: 18382: 18370:. Retrieved 18361: 18352: 18344:the original 18339: 18330: 18318:. Retrieved 18309: 18300: 18288:. Retrieved 18279: 18270: 18258:. Retrieved 18252: 18242: 18230:. Retrieved 18224: 18214: 18202:. Retrieved 18191: 18181: 18155:. Retrieved 18150: 18140: 18128:. Retrieved 18124:the original 18117: 18107: 18095:. Retrieved 18065:. Retrieved 18056:The Guardian 18054: 18044: 18032:. Retrieved 18024:(philly.com) 18020: 18007: 17995:. Retrieved 17981: 17969:. Retrieved 17958: 17948: 17936:. Retrieved 17927:The Guardian 17925: 17915: 17903:. Retrieved 17892: 17882: 17870:. Retrieved 17861: 17851: 17839:. Retrieved 17830:The Guardian 17828: 17818: 17805: 17800: 17765: 17758:. Retrieved 17747: 17737: 17725:. Retrieved 17705: 17698: 17686:. Retrieved 17675: 17665: 17653:. Retrieved 17644:The Guardian 17642: 17628:. Retrieved 17617: 17608: 17596:. Retrieved 17585: 17576: 17564:. Retrieved 17560:the original 17553: 17528:. Retrieved 17519:The Guardian 17517: 17507: 17495:. Retrieved 17491:the original 17484: 17474: 17462:. Retrieved 17446: 17438: 17421: 17414:. Retrieved 17394: 17387: 17378: 17371:. Retrieved 17355: 17351: 17338: 17329: 17322:. Retrieved 17313: 17303: 17295: 17288:. Retrieved 17279: 17269: 17261: 17254:. Retrieved 17243: 17234: 17222:. Retrieved 17211: 17184:. Retrieved 17164: 17157: 17145:. Retrieved 17125: 17119: 17107:. Retrieved 17087: 17083:Baggott, Jim 17077: 17065:. Retrieved 17050: 17038:. Retrieved 17018: 17011: 16999:. Retrieved 16988: 16962: 16956: 16944: 16935: 16932: 16925:. Retrieved 16918:the original 16897: 16893: 16867: 16860: 16851:the original 16836: 16828: 16821:. Retrieved 16805: 16773:. Retrieved 16764:The Guardian 16762: 16752: 16740:. Retrieved 16727: 16721: 16698:. Retrieved 16689: 16680: 16668:. Retrieved 16611: 16540: 16536: 16530: 16469: 16465: 16455: 16443:. Retrieved 16434: 16424: 16381: 16377: 16323: 16319: 16263: 16259: 16253: 16241:. Retrieved 16223: 16170: 16164: 16137: 16131: 16119:. Retrieved 16090: 16078:. Retrieved 16069: 16060: 16048:. Retrieved 16037: 16027: 16016: 15991: 15987: 15978: 15953: 15949: 15943: 15900: 15896: 15890: 15847: 15843: 15837: 15818: 15812: 15793: 15787: 15762: 15756: 15747: 15735:. Retrieved 15721: 15709:. Retrieved 15649: 15643: 15637: 15586: 15580: 15574: 15534:(1): 1–102. 15531: 15527: 15521: 15509: 15497: 15446: 15442: 15431:. Retrieved 15388: 15384: 15369:. Retrieved 15360: 15350: 15338:. Retrieved 15329: 15319: 15307:. Retrieved 15298: 15289: 15277:. Retrieved 15263: 15251:. Retrieved 15237: 15176: 15172: 15162: 15134: 15127: 15084: 15080: 15069: 15018: 15014: 15008: 14965: 14961: 14895: 14891: 14864:. Retrieved 14845: 14837: 14830:. Retrieved 14821: 14811: 14802: 14795:. Retrieved 14786: 14776: 14766: 14760: 14750: 14745: 14733:. Retrieved 14722: 14713: 14701:. Retrieved 14688: 14679: 14667:. Retrieved 14658: 14649: 14637:. Retrieved 14628: 14619: 14607:. Retrieved 14598: 14589: 14577:. Retrieved 14568: 14559: 14547:. Retrieved 14539:The Guardian 14538: 14528: 14516:. Retrieved 14507: 14497: 14485:. Retrieved 14481:the original 14476: 14452:. Retrieved 14443: 14433: 14421:. Retrieved 14409: 14345: 14339: 14315:. Retrieved 14306: 14297: 14285:. Retrieved 14276: 14231:(1): 30–61. 14228: 14222: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14155:. Retrieved 14146: 14136: 14124:. Retrieved 14120:the original 14115: 14105: 14093:. Retrieved 14079: 14060: 14048:. Retrieved 14034: 13981: 13977: 13966: 13959:. Retrieved 13950: 13941: 13929:. Retrieved 13920: 13911: 13899:. Retrieved 13885: 13842: 13838: 13829: 13786: 13782: 13773: 13720: 13716: 13703: 13691:. Retrieved 13687:the original 13682: 13673: 13664: 13659:14 September 13657:. Retrieved 13628:. Retrieved 13617: 13586:. Retrieved 13577: 13567: 13555:. Retrieved 13546: 13537: 13525:. Retrieved 13516: 13507: 13495:. Retrieved 13486: 13477: 13465:. Retrieved 13456: 13447: 13437:28 September 13435:. Retrieved 13415: 13383:10.0 fb 13376: 13364:. Retrieved 13318: 13312: 13299: 13291: 13284:. Retrieved 13275: 13266: 13257: 13250:. Retrieved 13241: 13232: 13220:. Retrieved 13189:. Retrieved 13177:"Collisions" 13171: 13128: 13124: 13064: 13058: 13030: 12995:. Retrieved 12976: 12966: 12954:. 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Rev. D 11425: 11419: 11376: 11372: 11366: 11354:. Retrieved 11345: 11335: 11327: 11320:. Retrieved 11311: 11301: 11276: 11273:Phys. Rev. D 11272: 11266: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11206: 11203:Phys. Rev. D 11202: 11196: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11059: 11055: 11030:. Retrieved 11018: 11009: 10997:. Retrieved 10988: 10978: 10952: 10944: 10932:. Retrieved 10923: 10913: 10870: 10866: 10860: 10837: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10770:. Retrieved 10756: 10744:. Retrieved 10731: 10701:. Retrieved 10697:the original 10690: 10680: 10672: 10665:. Retrieved 10654: 10632: 10625:. Retrieved 10593: 10586:. Retrieved 10577:Science News 10575: 10565: 10553:. Retrieved 10547: 10522: 10515:. Retrieved 10506: 10496: 10475: 10450:. Retrieved 10430: 10423: 10398: 10394: 10360: 10356: 10326:. Retrieved 10290: 10281: 10269: 10257: 10245:. Retrieved 10235: 10225: 10213:. Retrieved 10202: 10177:. Retrieved 10168:The Guardian 10166: 10132: 10123: 10110:. Retrieved 10090: 10066:. Retrieved 10046: 10022:. 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Retrieved 9484: 9464: 9454: 9435: 9430: 9420: 9408: 9388: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9357: 9352: 9335: 9078: 9015: 8991: 8962:is then the 8608: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8563:photon field 8548: 8536:quantisation 8490: 8473: 8456: 8423: 8393: 8389: 8381: 8369: 8354: 8326: 8318:ground state 8316: 8311: 8304:charm quarks 8286: 8275: 8264: 8253: 8182: 8161: 8152: 8101: 8094:, the total 8070: 8033:Scalar boson 8018: 7809: 7460: 6744: 6491: 6271: 6064:pick a gauge 6061: 6057:ground state 5909:gauge bosons 5848: 5614: 5531:weak isospin 5524: 5500: 5380:weak isospin 5373: 5367: 5363: 5280:Indian media 5277: 5272: 5262: 5254:Robert Brout 5251: 5245: 5206: 5197: 5183: 5160: 5152: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5111:The Guardian 5109: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5080: 5064: 5044: 5021: 5013: 4987: 4979: 4967:The Guardian 4965: 4963: 4954: 4939:another book 4923: 4902: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4831: 4828: 4811:Benjamin Lee 4800: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4719: 4718:30 GeV/ 4700: 4694: 4682: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4642: 4635: 4626: 4613: 4610: 4584: 4579: 4538: 4494:such as the 4487:Gluon fusion 4458: 4451: 4440: 4427: 4417:Gluon fusion 4416: 4349: 4339: 4329: 4314: 4313:10 GeV/ 4309:Planck scale 4303: 4296: 4292: 4276:antiparticle 4265: 4252: 4244: 4209: 4195: 4179: 4177: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4105: 4095:, including 4066: 4055: 4040: 3993:techniquarks 3989:technicolour 3986: 3974: 3968: 3947: 3932: 3920: 3901: 3892:scalar boson 3880:gauge bosons 3874: 3859:scalar field 3853:electroweak 3846: 3842: 3835:ground state 3808: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3696: 3686: 3682: 3653: 3647: 3636: 3615: 3608: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3309: 3257: 3214: 3209: 3153:Requirement 3146: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3081:pseudoscalar 3073: 3066: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3018: 3010: 2998: 2974: 2960: 2932: 2915: 2893: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2857:(ATLAS) and 2853: 2841: 2825:3.5 TeV 2810: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2692: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2652: 2626: 2622: 2608: 2585: 2583: 2570: 2567:charm quarks 2559:three bosons 2548: 2544:Benjamin Lee 2527:Efim Fradkin 2503:renormalised 2499: 2471:gauge theory 2447:Robert Brout 2439:relativistic 2436: 2432:Benjamin Lee 2403: 2399:can acquire 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2369:realized in 2356: 2352: 2309: 2273:gauge bosons 2262: 2251:right image: 2250: 2220: 2212: 2185:Theorisation 2176:in physics. 2162: 2143: 2140:Vacuum state 2102:false vacuum 2099: 2089: 2084:Planck scale 2069: 2019: 1997: 1983:quintessence 1953: 1910:such as the 1893: 1883:and charged 1874: 1851: 1824:gauge bosons 1809: 1797: 1786: 1771: 1768: 1765:Significance 1759:acquire mass 1735:gauge bosons 1722: 1714: 1711:ground state 1677:weak isospin 1669:scalar field 1664: 1662: 1632: 1621: 1612:scalar boson 1607: 1605: 1577: 1559: 1551: 1534: 1514: 1508: 1468: 1462: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1421:scalar field 1414: 1394: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1345: 1343: 1339:acquire mass 1328: 1305:Benjamin Lee 1286: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1235: 1230: 1210: 1200: 1191:group theory 1183: 1157: 1147: 1136:gauge bosons 1093: 701:Constituents 683:Gauge theory 603:Introduction 590: 587:God particle 586: 584: 548: 542:, a way for 525: 513:weak isospin 504: 497:weak isospin 489:scalar field 486: 458:scalar boson 445: 425: 421: 419: 366: 342: 222: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 21443:GLP-1 Drugs 21332:Higgs boson 21252:Dark energy 21060:Experiments 20951:Technicolor 20913:Dark matter 20807:Quark model 20775:Higgs boson 20770:Gauge boson 20656:Quark model 20424:Theta meson 20327:Positronium 20239:Omega meson 20234:J/psi meson 20164:Antineutron 20075:Dark photon 20040:Graviphoton 19999:Stop squark 19707:Down (quark 19437:In Our Time 19433:Higgs Boson 19424:25 February 19376:1110.2253v1 19297:(1): 8741. 18986:Hagen, C.R. 18718:10 December 18691:(1): 7–48. 17727:5 September 17688:12 December 17655:14 December 17497:15 December 17416:5 September 17210:. Science. 17067:23 February 17001:12 February 16927:12 February 16326:(10): 063. 15903:(10): 045. 15850:(204): 48. 14832:20 February 14822:NBCNews.com 14797:20 February 14787:NBCNews.com 14735:21 February 14609:13 February 14579:12 November 14549:15 November 14487:15 November 14348:(1): 1–29. 13931:12 November 13588:13 December 13557:13 December 13497:12 November 13467:12 November 13252:14 November 12997:28 December 12919:, p. 9 11999:(1): 8741. 11953:(1): 6441. 11663:21 February 11653:The Two-Way 11620:21 February 11554:: 428–434. 11489:(12): 089. 11356:21 February 11322:21 February 11314:. Reuters. 10517:13 November 10328:12 November 10112:5 September 10068:5 September 9991:important. 9422:Lee Whi-soh 8964:Higgs field 8872:Since both 8575:four-vector 8538:requires a 8483:light years 8355:(See also: 8244:predictions 8222:electroweak 8111:10 GeV 8096:decay width 8010:Dalitz plot 5364:Mexican-hat 5362:. It has a 5238:Peter Higgs 5231:Peter Jenni 5163:Nobel prize 5120:smoking gun 5057:wavelengths 4768:Frank Close 4574:decay width 4368:10 GeV 4360:decay width 4114:scenarios. 4080:fine-tuning 4072:Planck mass 4029:A one-loop 3890:would be a 3873:that arise 3627:tau leptons 3235:tau leptons 3006:Peter Higgs 2619:Frank Close 2531:Igor Tyutin 2479:Abdus Salam 2451:Peter Higgs 2367:confinement 2347:Peter Higgs 2316:non-abelian 2036:Brans–Dicke 2024:exponential 1814:causes the 1469:Higgs boson 1465:excitations 1391:Higgs field 1350:Peter Higgs 1346:Higgs field 879:Chamberlain 727:Limitations 532:Peter Higgs 446:Higgs field 422:Higgs boson 284:(predicted) 243:(predicted) 202:(2011–2013) 185:C. R. Hagen 118:Composition 72:Higgs boson 18:Higgs field 21459:Categories 21401:black hole 21067:Gran Sasso 20891:Beyond the 20866:CKM matrix 20753:Background 20398:Heptaquark 20359:Superatoms 20292:Pentaquark 20282:Tetraquark 20264:Quarkonium 20154:Antiproton 20055:Leptoquark 19990:Neutralino 19752:antiquark) 19742:antiquark) 19737:Top (quark 19732:antiquark) 19722:antiquark) 19712:antiquark) 19702:antiquark) 19671:Elementary 19277:17 January 19231:17 January 19039:. Dutton. 18998:Cool, R.L. 18552:(5): 581. 18405:3 November 18157:21 January 18067:21 January 18034:21 January 18013:Flam, Faye 17971:21 January 17938:21 January 17905:21 January 17760:17 January 17566:3 December 17373:16 January 17331:elsewhere. 17324:16 January 17290:16 January 17256:16 January 17224:16 January 16823:21 January 16670:21 January 16479:2207.00043 16121:5 November 16070:ATLAS News 15456:1808.08242 15398:1808.08242 15186:2207.00092 15094:1606.02266 14518:10 January 14307:ATLAS News 14126:19 January 14095:19 January 13961:6 February 13723:(5): 212. 13693:29 October 13527:7 December 13401:cite arXiv 13385:of data". 13366:25 October 13286:5 November 13222:19 January 13131:(3): 055. 12822:22 January 12407:17 January 12176:17 January 12140:17 January 11823:17 January 11561:1501.03781 10880:1508.07161 10804:1508.07161 10772:21 January 10588:9 December 10215:3 November 9903:21 January 9877:21 January 9823:1707.00541 9709:1808.08242 9664:1808.08238 9627:21 January 9592:21 January 9477:References 9077:. This is 8583:observable 8581:is not an 8511:, and all 8497:metastable 8298:, and the 8051:ZZ diboson 7523:generation 5517:under the 5298:See also: 5217:Wolf Prize 4858:2 × 20 TeV 4772:Peter Woit 4758:explicitly 4555:Top fusion 4500:antiproton 4475:(the bare 4452:Top fusion 4397:Production 4190:that move 4118:Properties 4101:braneworld 4059:to ensure 3997:top quarks 3916:BCS theory 3847:everywhere 3285:After the 2699:luminosity 2463:Tom Kibble 2459:Carl Hagen 2289:symmetries 2287:and their 2267:made from 2189:See also: 1838:after the 1834:picosecond 1820:weak force 1747:weak force 1731:Lagrangian 1723:everywhere 1701:picosecond 1696:those seen 1663:The Higgs 1546:weak force 1542:symmetries 1370:everywhere 1215:weak force 1128:symmetries 849:Iliopoulos 759:Rutherford 753:Scientists 713:CKM matrix 667:Background 505:everywhere 460:with zero 304:(observed) 297:(observed) 277:(observed) 196:Discovered 173:F. Englert 130:Statistics 85:collisions 21334:discovery 21273:in action 21271:Evolution 21216:Stem cell 20636:Particles 20581:Particles 20540:Polariton 20530:Plasmaron 20500:Dropleton 20393:Hexaquark 20364:Molecules 20352:Protonium 20229:Phi meson 20214:Rho meson 20186:Xi baryon 20118:Composite 19954:Gravitino 19697:Up (quark 19625:Jan 1974) 19572:(1): 91. 19514:1207.7235 19492:119169617 19467:1207.7214 19338:0907.3466 18656:121017243 17997:9 January 17872:25 August 17630:29 August 17362:: 16–25. 16585:118551025 16563:CiteSeerX 16504:1476-4687 16445:14 August 16391:0804.4146 16358:119199894 16333:1003.4266 16215:118019449 16180:0910.4182 16147:1005.1676 15950:Phys. Rev 15737:9 October 15684:119094852 15566:119214990 15541:1106.0034 15489:118901756 15433:30 August 15371:30 August 15340:28 August 15309:30 August 15211:1476-4687 15119:118523967 15087:(8): 45. 15028:1212.6639 14975:1307.1432 14905:1212.6639 14703:9 October 14669:9 October 14659:Slate.com 14639:9 October 14477:3 News NZ 14454:29 August 14423:15 August 14380:119169617 14355:1207.7214 14238:1207.7235 13991:1301.2952 13852:1408.7084 13796:1408.5191 13730:1412.8662 13679:"Welcome" 13392:1207.0449 13353:117958297 13163:119295294 13138:1012.0530 13074:0907.3466 12956:2 October 12780:9 October 12744:1201.6045 12468:118500709 12443:1107.4592 11916:1110.2253 11755:1308.2244 11698:0710.3755 11586:119279576 11496:1307.3536 11464:118451972 11439:1209.0393 11386:0906.0954 11069:1207.0980 11022:(NPR.org) 10905:119261776 10867:Phys. Rev 10829:119261776 10627:9 January 10555:9 January 10353:Lee, B.W. 10349:Klein, A. 9977:8 January 9939:8 January 9784:9 October 9742:118901756 9657:: 59–86. 9563:119287417 9538:1201.3084 9330:massless. 9319:chirality 9299:ψ 9286:¯ 9283:ψ 9253:ψ 9240:¯ 9237:ψ 9200:ψ 9187:¯ 9184:ψ 9168:ψ 9155:¯ 9152:ψ 9137:− 9129:ψ 9123:¯ 9120:ψ 9111:− 9089:ψ 9065:ψ 9059:¯ 9056:ψ 9047:− 9027:ψ 8984:millibarn 8947:~ 8944:ϕ 8915:ϕ 8885:ϕ 8854:ψ 8848:¯ 8845:ψ 8833:ϕ 8803:ϕ 8776:ϕ 8772:− 8769:ϕ 8760:~ 8757:ϕ 8722:ϕ 8689:μ 8662:ϕ 8658:λ 8646:ϕ 8636:μ 8626:ϕ 8501:perturbed 8451:fermions. 8135:Γ 8127:ℏ 8121:τ 7889:λ 7854:λ 7754:¯ 7730:− 7699:¯ 7675:− 7644:¯ 7620:− 7574:ϕ 7534:λ 7490:ν 7398:¯ 7395:ν 7369:ϕ 7353:ϕ 7328:λ 7324:− 7293:¯ 7264:ϕ 7248:ϕ 7223:λ 7219:− 7181:¯ 7152:ϕ 7136:ϕ 7111:λ 7107:− 7076:¯ 7047:ϕ 7031:ϕ 7006:λ 7002:− 6964:¯ 6935:ϕ 6928:− 6919:ϕ 6894:λ 6859:¯ 6830:ϕ 6823:− 6814:ϕ 6789:λ 6785:− 6712:λ 6704:≡ 6685:μ 6643:γ 6511:θ 6507:⁡ 6315:μ 6288:μ 6246:μ 6233:λ 6169:ϕ 6134:ϕ 6101:ϕ 6088:ϕ 6075:ϕ 6026:μ 5999:λ 5969:σ 5893:μ 5862:μ 5817:ϕ 5812:† 5808:ϕ 5798:λ 5795:− 5792:ϕ 5787:† 5783:ϕ 5768:μ 5750:ϕ 5740:μ 5709:− 5700:σ 5678:μ 5664:− 5659:μ 5655:∂ 5466:ϕ 5450:ϕ 5436:ϕ 5420:ϕ 5393:ϕ 5344:ϕ 5317:ϕ 5047:in optics 4873:hyperbole 4844:director 4674:electrons 4594:10 s 4559:particle. 4471:and lead 4390:10 s 4376:off shell 4356:10 s 4325:unitarity 4255:July 2018 4216:spacelike 4201:causality 4188:particles 4180:tachyonic 4141:tachyonic 4129:tachyonic 4061:unitarity 4043:parameter 3918:, 1957). 3821:ϕ 3800:particles 3444:κ 3377:κ 3324:κ 3172:photons ( 3083:negative 3041:and mass 2969:top quark 2829:2 × 7 TeV 2769:top quark 2703:petabytes 2491:Schwinger 2401:rest mass 2095:pole mass 2080:top quark 2052:top quark 2032:unitarity 1989:Cosmology 1848:1.5 1826:. In the 1761:as well. 1689:1.5 1652:, and it 1648:, and no 1524:and zero 1498:to date, 1490:led to a 1406:electrons 1311:) cases. 1297:gain mass 1231:rest mass 1134:known as 1122:known as 1039:de Mayolo 984:Schwinger 924:Kobayashi 814:Gell-Mann 779:Sudarshan 565:(LHC) at 472:, and no 251:10 s 241:10 s 165:Theorised 21399:2019: A 21380:GW170817 21323:HPTN 052 21111:Category 21092:Tevatron 20944:Theories 20901:Evidence 20765:Fermions 20612:timeline 20464:R-hadron 20419:Glueball 20403:Skyrmion 20337:Tauonium 20050:Inflaton 20045:Graviton 20025:Curvaton 19995:Sfermion 19985:Higgsino 19980:Chargino 19941:Gauginos 19800:Neutrino 19785:Antimuon 19775:Positron 19770:Electron 19680:Fermions 19586:34510322 19386:Archived 19363:16298371 19139: – 19131:Guardian 18992:(1968). 18804:(1961). 18498:Archived 18465:Archived 18399:Archived 18366:Archived 18314:Archived 18284:Archived 18198:Archived 18167:cite web 18091:Archived 18061:Archived 18028:Archived 17991:Archived 17965:Archived 17932:Archived 17899:Archived 17866:Archived 17835:Archived 17754:Archived 17721:Archived 17682:Archived 17649:Archived 17624:Archived 17592:Archived 17524:Archived 17410:Archived 17364:Archived 17318:Archived 17284:Archived 17250:Archived 17218:Archived 17180:Archived 17141:Archived 17103:Archived 17085:(2012). 17061:Archived 17034:Archived 16995:Archived 16914:22984044 16814:Archived 16769:Archived 16742:6 August 16736:Archived 16694:Archived 16664:Archived 16638:22437571 16522:35788190 16439:Archived 16416:16443715 16237:Archived 16112:Archived 16074:Archived 16044:Archived 15935:15664546 15882:12023565 15731:Archived 15711:19 March 15705:Archived 15621:15089195 15481:30296133 15427:Archived 15423:30296133 15365:Archived 15334:Archived 15303:Archived 15279:24 April 15273:Archived 15253:24 April 15247:Archived 15229:35788192 15053:23473131 15000:11562016 14930:23473131 14860:Archived 14826:Archived 14791:Archived 14729:Archived 14697:Archived 14663:Archived 14633:Archived 14603:Archived 14573:Archived 14543:Archived 14512:Archived 14448:Archived 14414:Archived 14311:Archived 14281:Archived 14279:. CERN. 14202:22798574 14151:Archived 14089:Archived 14068:Archived 14044:Archived 14026:24135961 13955:Archived 13951:Phys.org 13925:Archived 13895:Archived 13765:25999783 13711:(2015). 13653:Archived 13624:Archived 13582:Archived 13580:. CERN. 13551:Archived 13521:Archived 13491:Archived 13461:Archived 13428:Archived 13357:Archived 13280:Archived 13259:Collider 13246:Archived 13244:. CERN. 13216:Archived 13185:Archived 13099:16298371 12991:Archived 12950:Archived 12894:Archived 12876:17799637 12816:Archived 12616:Archived 12305:(1964). 12198:(1964). 12170:Archived 11817:Archived 11784:Archived 11780:56544999 11723:14818281 11671:Fermilab 11657:Archived 11631:Fermilab 11614:Archived 11525:Archived 11521:54021743 11411:17422678 11350:Archived 11316:Archived 11094:28216028 11026:Archived 10993:Archived 10928:Archived 10926:. 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