3129:
Mishna to be found in Schürer shows the areas in which
Hellenistic influence first became visible- military matters, state administration and legislature, trade and commerce, clothing and household utensils, and not least in building. The so-called copper scroll with its utopian list of treasures also contains a series of Greek loanwords. When towards the end of the first century BCE, Hillel in practice repealed the regulation of the remission of debts in the sabbath year (Deut. 15.1-11) by the possibility of a special reservation on the part of the creditor, this reservation was given a Greek name introduced into Palestinian legal language- perōzebbōl = προσβολή, a sign that even at that time legal language was shot through with Greek.
2571:
2778:'Ḥoni' became 'Menelaus'; 'Joshua' became 'Jason' or 'Jesus' . The Hellenic influence pervaded everything, and even in the very strongholds of Judaism it modified the organization of the state, the laws, and public affairs, art, science, and industry, affecting even the ordinary things of life and the common associations of the people The inscription forbidding strangers to advance beyond a certain point in the Temple was in Greek; and was probably made necessary by the presence of numerous Jews from Greek-speaking countries at the time of the festivals (comp. the "murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews,"
2857:
3316:
5610:
5592:
2500:
3011:, then the leading center of the Hellenistic East, with Peter and Paul as its apostles. From Antioch it spread to the various cities and provinces of Syria, among the Hellenistic Syrians as well as among the Hellenistic Jews who, as a result of the great rebellions against the Romans in A.D. 70 and 130, were driven out from Jerusalem and Palestine into Syria.
2566:
was influenced by the culture and language of
Hellenism. Local indigenous elites frequently played a significant role in embracing and promoting Hellenism, leading to its impact on all regional cultures, including the Jewish culture. In Palestine, Hellenism gradually took hold, despite the relatively
2970:
it speaks of "Hellenists" and "Hebrews." The existence of these two distinct groups characterizes the earliest
Christian community in Jerusalem. The Hebrews were Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and the Hellenists were also Jewish Christians whose mother tongue was Greek. They
3128:
Unlike literary Hebrew, popular
Aramaic or Hebrew constantly adopted new Greek loanwords, as is shown by the language of the Mishnaic and Talmudic literature. While it reflects the situation at a later period, its origins go back well before the Christian era. The collection of the loanwords in the
2591:
that ruled from
Alexandria, while there were friendly relations between the royal court and the leaders of the Jewish community. This was a diaspora of choice, not of imposition. Information is less robust regarding diasporas in other territories. It suggests that the situation was by and large the
3119:
whose parents were
Aramaic-speaking Jewish migrants from Babylonia (hence the nickname "Ha-Bavli"), had to learn Greek language and Greek philosophy in order to be conversant with sophisticated rabbinical language – many of the theological innovations introduced by Hillel had Greek names, most
3254:) gentile theologians who sought to 'bring back' Levantine Greek Orthodox and Greek-Catholic communities into the European Christian fold: some ancient Judeo-Greek traditions were thus deliberately abolished or reduced in the process. Members of these communities still call themselves "
3036:
before the two schools of thought eventually affirmed their respective 'norms' and doctrines, notably by diverging increasingly on key issues such as the status of 'purity laws', the validity of
Christian messianic beliefs, and the use of Koiné Greek and Latin as
2686:, and then, for reasons not fully understood, his successor Antiochus IV Epiphanes drastically overturned the previous policy of respect and protection, banning key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea (although not among the diaspora) and sparking a
2474:
The decline of
Hellenistic Judaism started in the 2nd century, and its causes are still not fully understood. It may be that it was eventually marginalized by, partially absorbed into, or progressively became the Koine-speaking core of
2965:
The opening verse of Acts 6 points to the problematic cultural divisions between
Hellenized Jews and Aramaic-speaking Israelites in Jerusalem, a disunion that reverberated within the emerging Christian community:
2582:
The Jews living in countries west of the Levant formed the
Hellenistic diaspora. The Egyptian diaspora is the most well known of these. It witnessed close ties. Indeed, there was firm economic integration of
3056:, a language spoken by Hellenized Jews across southeastern Europe (Macedonia, Thrace, northern Greece), North Africa and the Middle East after the 3rd century BCE. Many synagogues were built by the
2643:
holds up Jews and Judaism in a favorable light by the standards of Greek culture. The one major difference that even the most Hellenized Jews did not appear to compromise on was the prohibition on
4821:, édition critique, introduction, texte grec, traduction, commentaires, appendices, indices, (Coll. Paradosis nos. 47, vol. I-II.) Editions Universitaires de Fribourg Suisse, (1125 pp.), 2003
2979:, non-Jews who spoke Greek and lived according to the Greek fashion, then he used the word Hellenes (Acts 21.28). As the very context of Acts 6 makes clear, the Hellenistai are not Hellenes.
2635:. However, it does not appear that most Jews in the Hellenistic era considered Greek rulers any worse or different from Persian or Babylonian ones. Writings of Hellenized Jews such as
3163:"The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church".
2782:
vi. 1). The coffers in the Temple which contained the shekel contributions were marked with Greek letters (Sheḳ. iii. 2). It is therefore no wonder that there were synagogues of the
5713:
4747:
4295:
4326:
1036:
2848:
were impressed by Jews and believed they were descendants of Indian philosophers. Elsewhere, Jews in Alexandria created a "unique fusion of Greek and Jewish culture".
3785:), one of the main centers of Hellenistic culture in central Israel. Julian and Pappus led the Jewish resistance movement against the Roman army in Israel during the
3403:
tradition has preserved not only the name but also an important theological doctrine. He flourished about the first half of the third century BCE. According to the
2706:
Overall, Jewish society was divided between conservative factions and pro-Hellenist factions. Pro-Hellenist Jews were generally upper-class or minorities living in
2595:
The Greeks viewed Jewish culture favorably, while Hellenism gained adherents among the Jews. While Hellenism has sometimes been presented (under the influence of
2549:
cultures. The period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa, the most famous being
1614:
5905:
5023:
1269:
964:
3852:– thought to have revolutionized the world economy and contributed to the creation of the 'Medieval Silk Road' long before Italian and Byzantine merchants.
1156:
2885:
The reasons for the decline of Hellenistic Judaism are obscure. It may be that it was marginalized by, absorbed into, or became early Christianity. The
2364:
4544:: "To this epispastic operation performed on the athletes to conceal the marks of circumcision St. Paul alludes, me epispastho (1 Corinthians 7:18)."
4118:
3100:
representing heroic figures and Biblical characters (viewed as potentially conductive of "image worship" by later generations of Jewish scholars and
128:
4499:: "Yet we see him in the case before us, circumcising Timothy with his own hand, and this 'on account of certain Jews who were in those quarters. '"
1151:
4519:"making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18;, Tosef.; Talmud tractes
3970:
3615:, also known as Yesu'a son of Sirach, leading 2nd century BCE Jewish scholar and theologian who lived in Jerusalem and Alexandria, author of the
1399:
4697:
4889:
2942:
2562:
The spread of Hellenism caused a blending of the local indigenous culture and the culture of the conquerors. Jewish life in both Judea and the
2647:; this still separated Hellenistic Jews from wider Greek culture in refusing to honor shrines, temples, gods etc. that did not pertain to the
1653:
4704:, Cambridge Commentaries on Writings of the Jewish and Christian World, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–71,
4628:
3473:
3457:
5661:
5516:
5423:
5257:
4196:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Coming of the Greeks: The Early Hellenistic Period (335–175 BCE)
2876:
638:
601:
4597:
Daniel Boyarin. "Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism", Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999, p. 15.
3159:
gave birth to the distinctly Antiochian "Middle Eastern-Roman" Christian traditions of Cilicia (Southeastern Turkey) and Syria/Lebanon:
4466:
3415:
name, a fact commonly discussed by scholars regarding the extent of Hellenic influence on Judaism following the conquest of Judaea by
5666:
5445:
3940:
2429:
1577:
5581:
5501:
5358:
5028:
4995:
1600:
4292:
5506:
5496:
5252:
4968:
4323:
3935:
950:
4015:
Barr, James (1989). "Chapter 3 - Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek in the Hellenistic age". In Davies, W.D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.).
3243:
2488:
2357:
1527:
1462:
1344:
4648:
4492:
4005:
Walter, N. Jüdisch-hellenistische Literatur vor Philon von Alexandrien (unter Ausschluss der Historiker), ANRW II: 20.1.67-120
5411:
5406:
4765:
4717:
4265:
4203:
2952:
The attractiveness of Christianity may, however, have suffered a setback with its being explicitly outlawed in the 80s CE by
2631:
Later historians would sometimes depict Hellenism and Judaism uniquely incompatible, likely the result of the persecution of
648:
4526:
5428:
5139:
3955:
3333:
3024:
were far less 'orthodox' and less theologically homogeneous than they are today; and both were significantly influenced by
2710:-majority communities. They lived in towns that were far from Jerusalem and heavily connected with Greek trading networks.
1086:
4351:
5953:
5728:
5091:
5073:
4556:
3466:), philosopher of the Peripatetic school who attempted to fuse ideas in the Hebrew Scriptures with those in Greek thought
2737:
1354:
1171:
1161:
401:
4578:
4143:
Hegermann, Harald (1990). "Chapter 4: The Diaspora in the Hellenistic age". In Davies, W.D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.).
2840:
influence. According to oral tradition, they were descendants of Jewish refugees who fled Jerusalem in 70 CE, after the
5111:
3915:
2553:
in Egypt. New cities established composed of colonists from different parts of the Greek world and not from a specific
1750:
1700:
1665:
1359:
1224:
1091:
3234:. Many of the surviving liturgical traditions of these communities rooted in Hellenistic Judaism and, more generally,
4446:
4408:
4160:
4024:
3506:
3355:
2983:
Some historians believe that a sizeable proportion of the Hellenized Jewish communities of southern Turkey (Antioch,
2671:, Judea witnessed a period of peace and protection of its institutions. For their aid against his Ptolemaic enemies,
2350:
1442:
1404:
1379:
1299:
1284:
1131:
1071:
1026:
4537:
2971:
were Greek-speaking Jews of the Diaspora, who returned to settle in Jerusalem. To identify them, Luke uses the term
2844:. However, their presence dates back to 300-250 BCE, according to existing inscriptions. Greek philosophers such as
5733:
3910:
3195:
3109:
1735:
1717:
1623:
1517:
1369:
1364:
1289:
1254:
1121:
3433:. Antigonus was executed in 37 BCE, after a reign of three years during which he led the national struggle of the
5718:
5416:
5363:
5353:
5267:
5048:
4834:
2946:
2253:
2152:
1707:
1690:
1643:
1542:
1452:
1389:
1339:
1319:
1314:
1234:
1208:
1183:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1021:
1016:
17:
2639:
of Alexandria show no particular belief that Jewish and Greek culture are incompatible; as another example, the
4858:
3538:
3337:
1726:
1712:
1680:
1660:
1628:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1502:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1447:
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1432:
1409:
1324:
1309:
1229:
1188:
1141:
1136:
1056:
1001:
5927:
5865:
5723:
5701:
5696:
5639:
5262:
3930:
3191:
2815:
2484:
2147:
1685:
1670:
1633:
1595:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1457:
1423:
1394:
1294:
1279:
1203:
1193:
1111:
1081:
1006:
992:
4428:
5948:
5574:
5433:
5272:
5018:
4988:
4848:
3965:
3796:
3000:
2421:
1755:
1675:
1638:
1562:
1507:
1374:
1349:
1274:
1249:
1239:
1178:
1101:
1096:
1076:
1066:
1046:
1031:
924:
628:
392:
387:
4122:
3238:
Greco-Jewish Septuagint culture, were expunged progressively in the late medieval and modern eras by both
5691:
5282:
5277:
5121:
5101:
2783:
2607:
Adaptation to Hellenic culture did not require compromise of Jewish precepts or conscience. When a Greek
2504:
1745:
1740:
1695:
1648:
1334:
1304:
1264:
1259:
1116:
422:
2570:
5958:
5855:
5063:
5058:
4438:
3799:
born circa 70 CE, was one of the main leaders the Jewish resistance movement against the Roman army in
2841:
2745:
2608:
2219:
2064:
1772:
1166:
362:
352:
88:
5963:
5205:
4625:
3453:
2930:
2333:
2026:
1877:
1818:
709:
4068:
Hezser, Catherine (2010-08-19). "The Graeco‐Roman Context of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine".
2675:
promised his Jewish subjects a reduction in taxes and funds to repair the city of Jerusalem and the
5916:
4478:
4467:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+Ap.+1.176&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0215
4400:
4257:
3905:
3822:
is paradoxically "equally influenced by Greek and Rabbinic thought." He is most likely the same as
3709:
3374:
2995:
converted progressively to the Greco-Roman branch of Christianity that eventually constituted the "
2036:
2016:
1126:
606:
147:
5870:
5860:
5834:
5706:
5671:
5567:
5373:
5038:
5033:
4981:
4508:
4094:
4069:
3960:
3925:
3469:
3422:
3326:
3156:
2753:
2672:
2177:
2167:
2132:
2011:
2001:
1784:
955:
897:
731:
410:
367:
82:
5885:
5773:
5399:
5200:
3768:
3691:
3682:
3534:
3520:
3029:
2864:
2764:
2729:
2683:
2632:
2480:
2393:
2296:
2031:
1945:
1011:
563:
182:
152:
4339:, Quote: from 'Range of Hellenic Influence' and 'Reaction Against Hellenic Influence' sections
4104:
4079:
2956:
as a "Jewish superstition", while Judaism retained its privileges as long as members paid the
5875:
5471:
5450:
5389:
5384:
5210:
5144:
4608:
3628:
3502:
3235:
2880:
2612:
2440:
2397:
2187:
2182:
2127:
1915:
830:
558:
545:
440:
157:
4956:
4928:
Constructs of Identity In Hellenistic Judaism: Essays On Early Jewish Literature and History
4392:
4249:
3894:, as the center of Radhanite activity was probably in France where their trade routes began.
2713:
The most significant literary achievement of Hellenistic Judaism was the development of the
5778:
5131:
5116:
3819:
3698:
academic. He popularized the idea that Judaism was similar in many ways to Greek philosophy
3493:
3033:
3025:
2926:
2890:
2542:
2258:
2210:
1950:
1808:
621:
486:
475:
433:
4899:
Die Begegnung zwischen Hellenismus und Judentum Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
4853:
8:
5900:
5476:
5316:
4636:
4613:
4424:
4393:
4335:
4250:
3950:
3729:
3725:
3590:
3528:
3440:
3416:
3259:
3152:
3038:
2733:
2518:
2425:
2389:
2385:
2311:
2006:
684:
454:
447:
377:
265:
140:
5895:
5758:
5491:
5106:
5086:
4795:
4227:(1993). "Hellenism and Persecution: Antiochus IV and the Jews". In Green, Peter (ed.).
3701:
3396:
3053:
2898:
2640:
2534:
2476:
2464:
2417:
2162:
2112:
2059:
2054:
1968:
1838:
1106:
935:
694:
614:
468:
34:
5523:
5394:
5309:
5232:
5195:
5159:
4923:. Hellenistic Culture and Society 46. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
4883:
4761:
4713:
4442:
4404:
4261:
4199:
4176:
Gruen, Erich S. (1997). "Fact and Fiction: Jewish Legends in a Hellenistic Context".
4156:
4020:
3980:
3849:
3497:
3483:
3179:
2845:
2803:
2691:
2664:
2588:
2306:
2248:
2228:
2045:
1605:
1244:
704:
575:
505:
382:
295:
162:
4969:
Books that contain Bibliographies on the Hellenistic Judaism - Oxford Bibliographies
3814:
Trypho the Jew, thought to be a 2nd-century CE rabbi opposed to Christian apologist
2695:
5814:
5763:
5304:
5190:
5185:
5164:
5096:
5043:
4753:
4705:
4702:
Jews in the Hellenistic World: Josephus, Aristeas, The Sibylline Oracles, Eupolemus
4520:
4489:
4198:. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 68. T&T Clark. pp. 155–165.
4191:
4148:
4100:
4075:
3945:
3716:
3616:
3299:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3116:
2934:
2910:
2886:
2872:
2825:
2749:
2687:
2619:. They plainly did not reckon such activities as undermining their priestly duties.
2456:
2276:
2157:
2117:
2081:
1779:
1329:
840:
596:
500:
415:
305:
97:
5819:
4152:
5910:
5804:
5794:
5466:
5296:
5244:
5220:
5215:
4709:
4672:
4632:
4582:
4560:
4541:
4530:
4524:
4496:
4355:
4330:
4299:
4245:
3752:
3570:
3552:
3514:
3291:
3073:
3042:
3007:
As Christian Judaism originated at Jerusalem, so Gentile Christianity started at
2958:
2829:
2726:
2668:
2452:
2424:, both founded in the end of the 4th century BCE in the wake of the conquests of
2238:
2197:
2192:
2172:
2094:
2088:
2021:
1973:
1813:
1794:
945:
674:
586:
569:
113:
3690:, was the first Jewish historian. Initially a Jewish military leader during the
2893:
report that—after his initial focus on the conversion of Hellenized Jews across
5768:
5629:
5624:
5486:
5154:
5053:
5004:
4348:
4224:
3975:
3920:
3664:
3606:
3562:
3444:
3412:
3408:
3251:
3199:
3187:
2906:
2856:
2821:
2741:
2718:
2648:
2624:
2338:
2137:
1992:
1872:
1851:
1828:
1823:
1801:
1789:
1384:
865:
799:
764:
742:
679:
517:
495:
357:
336:
312:
78:
60:
5559:
4935:
An Early History of Compassion: Emotion and Imagination In Hellenistic Judaism
4757:
4147:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–166.
5942:
5839:
5824:
5809:
5799:
5511:
4534:
4019:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–114.
3891:
3815:
3227:
3144:
2787:
2676:
2526:
2512:
2433:
2286:
2281:
1487:
1414:
940:
789:
784:
779:
769:
747:
699:
461:
300:
205:
167:
118:
2690:. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the
5829:
5753:
5548:
5169:
3857:
3823:
3800:
3648:
3624:
3378:
3105:
3089:
2984:
2768:
2522:
2448:
2316:
2142:
1983:
1978:
1936:
1889:
983:
850:
835:
794:
759:
372:
214:
4553:
4093:
Zangenberg, Jürgen K.; Van De Zande, Dianne (2010-08-19). "Urbanization".
3381:
scholar of the 2nd century BCE. One of the first known advocates of early
4921:
The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
4575:
3985:
3848:
active in France, Germany, Central Europe, Central Asia and China in the
3733:
3636:
3594:
3524:
3258:" (literally "Roman"; usually referred to as "Byzantine" in English) and
3061:
2603:) as a threat of assimilation diametrically opposed to Jewish tradition,
2600:
2596:
2538:
2471:
and the historiographical works of the other Hellenistic Jewish authors.
2460:
2301:
2243:
1908:
814:
809:
804:
774:
3287:
5528:
5081:
3853:
3789:, 115-117 CE (their Hebrew names were Shemaiah and Ahijah respectively)
3695:
3678:
3544:
3386:
3340: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2938:
2918:
2913:
eventually preferred to evangelize communities of Greek and Macedonian
2802:
The turbulence created by Alexander the Great's death also popularized
2760:
2714:
2660:
2644:
2555:
2550:
2444:
2401:
1959:
973:
902:
860:
689:
669:
228:
135:
55:
4178:
Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography
4119:"Syracuse University. "The Jewish Diaspora in the Hellenistic Period""
3694:, he famously switched sides and became a Roman citizen and acclaimed
2933:
made Christianity a more attractive option for interested pagans than
5321:
5225:
4434:
4367:
3879:
3845:
3837:
3808:
3786:
3742:
3736:
3632:
3605:(309-265 BCE). Onias I is thought to be the father or grandfather of
3548:
3489:
3426:
3390:
3382:
3239:
3172:
2922:
2914:
2616:
2546:
2122:
2107:
1197:
1145:
907:
855:
845:
526:
522:
512:
427:
187:
3315:
875:
5481:
5341:
4252:
The Great Transformation: The Beginning of our Religious Traditions
3860:, among others, claim their name may have come originally from the
3841:
3720:
3705:
3687:
3644:
3612:
3586:
3582:
3492:, an early Hellenic Jewish historian whose writings are known from
3400:
3295:
3247:
2953:
2894:
2563:
2291:
1901:
1833:
664:
172:
123:
4041:
The Library Of Alexandria: Centre Of Learning In The Ancient World
3861:
3486:, Jewish historian referenced by Alexander Polyhistor and Josephus
3399:, also known as Antigonos of Socho, was the first scholar of whom
5609:
5596:
5336:
5331:
4973:
4523:
xv. 9; Yevamot 72a, b; Yerushalmi Peah i. 16b; Yevamot viii. 9a;
3712:
3602:
3558:
3404:
3211:
3121:
3085:
3081:
3065:
3032:
and the works of Greek-speaking Jewish authors of the end of the
3021:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2976:
2837:
2791:
2774:
Hellenization was evident in the religious Jewish establishment:
2707:
2409:
2381:
2267:
2233:
2102:
1896:
885:
880:
752:
643:
538:
534:
530:
279:
274:
251:
233:
108:
103:
93:
71:
46:
5591:
3186:
have survived partially to the present, notably in the distinct
2752:
to be a Hellenist Jew, even though he claimed to be a Pharisee (
2499:
2467:. Mentionable are also the philosophic and ethical treatises of
5602:
5438:
5346:
5326:
4942:
Dictionary of Judaism in the Biblical Period: 450 BCE to 600 CE
4395:
Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures
4349:
The Holocaust in Greece: Ioannina. URL accessed April 15, 2006.
4017:
The Cambridge history of Judaism. Volume 2: The Hellenistic Age
3865:
3792:
3598:
3578:
3476:
3rd century BC), Alexandrian Jewish writer who wrote a history
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3176:
3168:
3148:
3097:
3093:
2902:
2860:
2833:
2722:
2575:
2530:
2413:
1927:
1922:
1882:
1867:
978:
870:
290:
256:
242:
177:
3255:
4554:" Conflict and Diversity in the Earliest Christian Community"
3885:
3875:
3804:
3776:
3668:
3660:
3448:
3430:
3207:
3104:), many of these early synagogues were at first mistaken for
3101:
3077:
3069:
2988:
2636:
2615:. And other priests soon engaged in wrestling matches in the
2584:
2468:
2405:
890:
319:
223:
192:
4399:. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. p.
3677:; c. 20 BCE – c. 50 CE), also called Philo Judaeus, of
4096:
The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine
4071:
The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine
3782:
3434:
3183:
2795:
2779:
42:
2388:
that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of
4591:
3748:
3830:
3747:'patriarch' or 'elder') born circa 80 CE in the city of
4056:
Griechische Geschichte im Rahmen der Alterumsgeschichte
3643:; literally meaning "army leader") in the Greco-Syrian
2820:
For two milennia, Jews lived in Greece and created the
2503:
Map of Alexander's empire, extending east and south of
4944:. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996.
4092:
3589:, this Jaddua is said to have been a contemporary of
2851:
2694:, which lasted from 141 BCE to 63 BCE and eventually
2611:
was introduced into Jerusalem, it was installed by a
2521:
in the late 4th century BCE spread Greek culture and
3218:, and in the Greek-Levantine Christian diasporas of
3115:
Israeli rabbis of Babylonian Jewish descent such as
3028:
and borrowed allegories and concepts from classical
1906:
1887:
310:
4876:
Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch römischer Zeit
4874:hrsg. von W.G. Kümmel und H. Lichtenberger (1973),
4293:"Saul of Tarsus: Not a Hebrew Scholar; a Hellenist"
4240:
4238:
3368:
2682:Relations deteriorated under Antiochus's successor
4231:. University of California Press. pp. 238 ff.
3411:. Antigonus is also the first noted Jew to have a
2701:
2439:The major literary product of the contact between
4430:Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History
4180:. University of California Press. pp. 72 ff.
3728:(Hellenized form of the Latin name Julianus) and
5940:
4235:
3443:, or Alexander Maccabeus, was the eldest son of
5589:
3971:Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism
2909:without criticizing their laws and traditions—
2400:, the main centers of Hellenistic Judaism were
4940:Neusner, Jacob, and William Scott Green, eds.
4423:
2999:" (or "Imperial") Hellenistic churches of the
2943:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
2654:
5575:
4989:
4937:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
4372:Jewish Community of Rhodes - Official Website
4099:. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–166.
3305:
3076:as early as the first century BCE—notably in
2358:
4256:(First ed.). New York: Knopf. pp.
3654:
3425:(known in Hebrew as Matityahu) was the last
4947:
4916:. Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, 1996.
4673:"Cleodemus | Jewish historian | Britannica"
4279:
4277:
3869:
3124:, from Koine Greek προσβολή, "to deliver":
3060:or adherents of Hellenistic Judaism in the
2877:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
2541:in the Alexandrian empire based on that of
602:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
5582:
5568:
4996:
4982:
4914:Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism
4888:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4737:
3627:(died 135 BCE) was the second son of king
2763:philosophy that anticipated the tenets of
2365:
2351:
4244:
4142:
4050:
4048:
3941:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period
3462:
3356:Learn how and when to remove this message
2767:. He also popularized metaphors such as "
2430:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period
4695:
4342:
4274:
4219:
4217:
4215:
2855:
2794:, and Asiatics in the Holy City itself (
2688:traditionalist revolt against Greek rule
2569:
2498:
4896:
4105:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199216437.013.0010
4080:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199216437.013.0003
4074:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
3936:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
3597:regards Onias as a contemporary of the
3407:, he was the disciple and successor of
3155:cultural base, Hellenistic Judaism and
14:
5941:
5649:
4465:, I.176-183. Retrieved 6/16/2012 from
4390:
4190:
4169:
4067:
4045:
3715:city", he was a secretary to governor
3244:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
2567:small number of foreign inhabitants.
2489:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
2428:. Hellenistic Judaism also existed in
27:Form of Judaism in classical antiquity
5563:
4977:
4950:Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews
4223:
4212:
4175:
4033:
3831:Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Era
2525:—a process of cultural change called
2432:, where there was a conflict between
5140:Timeline of the Second Temple period
4819:Justin Martyr, Dialogue avec Tryphon
4749:The Exagōgē of Ezekiel the Tragedian
4314:E. g., Leviticus 26:41, Ezekiel 44:7
4014:
3956:List of events in early Christianity
3338:adding citations to reliable sources
3309:
3147:traits inhered from the fusion of a
2529:—over non-Greek lands including the
4867:
4612:, Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in
4535:Catholic Encyclopedia: Circumcision
3756:
3631:and the first prince of the Jewish
3480:, quoted by Polyhistor and Eusebius
2738:Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
2574:Mosaic floor of a Jewish Synagogue
24:
5024:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine
5003:
4901:(in German), vol. Bd. II 20.1
4828:
4576:"History of Christianity in Syria"
4360:
3916:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
2852:Absorption into early Christianity
2771:of the heart" to Greek audiences.
2717:. Other notable works include the
25:
5975:
4962:
3840:: an influential group of Jewish
3561:(Hellenized form of Hebrew name (
3437:for independence from the Romans.
393:Historical population comparisons
5608:
5590:
4145:The Cambridge history of Judaism
3911:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
3551:dynasty, was the second wife of
3369:Hellenistic and Hasmonean Period
3314:
3290:"), also referring to Greeks in
3196:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
3120:famously the Talmudic notion of
2842:destruction of the Second Temple
2483:and its traditions, such as the
1037:Democratic Republic of the Congo
951:Historical population by country
5354:Talmudic academies in Babylonia
5112:Judah's revolts against Babylon
4811:
4802:
4788:
4779:
4738:Lanfranchi, Pierluigi (2018), "
4731:
4696:Bartlett, John R., ed. (1985),
4689:
4665:
4641:
4619:
4600:
4569:
4547:
4513:
4502:
4483:
4472:
4455:
4417:
4384:
4317:
4308:
4286:
4229:Hellenistic History and Culture
4184:
3325:needs additional citations for
2947:Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
2702:Hellenization of Jewish society
2443:and Hellenistic culture is the
4649:"Artapanus | Encyclopedia.com"
4136:
4111:
4086:
4061:
4008:
3999:
3619:, or "Book of Ecclesiasticus".
3513:a paraphrase of the Exodus in
2975:. When he had in mind Greeks,
13:
1:
5866:Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki
4153:10.1017/CHOL9780521219297.005
3992:
3541:from 171 BCE to about 161 BCE
3192:Melkite Greek Catholic church
2816:History of the Jews in Greece
2494:
2485:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
608:Christianity and Judaism
5901:Don Pacifico affair and case
5434:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
4948:Tcherikover, Victor (1975),
4859:Resources in other libraries
4710:10.1017/CBO9780511621307.005
4427:(2002). Rhodes, P.J. (ed.).
3966:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
3880:
3743:
3737:
3274:. In that context, the term
3020:Both early Christianity and
2987:and neighboring cities) and
2929:allowing converts to forego
2809:
2759:Philo defended Judaism as a
2696:disintegrated into civil war
2422:Middle East and North Africa
7:
4930:. Boston: De Gruyter, 2016.
3898:
3704:, Jewish historian born in
3375:Andronicus son of Meshullam
3068:, Northwestern and Eastern
2655:Hellenistic rulers of Judea
2559:("mother city") as before.
2539:common or universal culture
2537:, which sought to create a
1907:
1888:
1615:Latin America and Caribbean
311:
10:
5980:
5954:Hellenistic Jewish history
5856:Holocaust Museum of Greece
4906:
4439:Cambridge University Press
3886:
3777:
3772:
3669:
3547:, Jewish princess of the
3306:Individual Hellenized Jews
3194:and its sister church the
3143:The unique combination of
2870:
2813:
2746:Greek Apocalypse of Baruch
2510:
2220:Jewish political movements
1917:Conversion to Judaism
5925:
5884:
5848:
5787:
5746:
5684:
5638:
5617:
5539:
5459:
5372:
5295:
5243:
5178:
5130:
5072:
5011:
4897:Delling, Gerhard (1987),
4854:Resources in your library
4817:Philippe Bobichon (ed.),
4758:10.1017/9781139833936.006
4354:October 20, 2004, at the
3655:Herodian and Roman Period
3635:. He was also a general (
3566:
3454:Aristobulus of Alexandria
3110:Antiochian Greek Orthodox
3015:
2748:. Some scholars consider
2592:same as it was in Egypt.
2545:, along with a fusion of
623:Hinduism and Judaism
5917:National Union of Greece
5364:Revolt against Heraclius
5092:Ancient Israel and Judah
5074:Ancient Israel and Judah
4744:of Ezekiel the Tragedian
3906:Christianity and Judaism
3539:High Priest in Jerusalem
3389:) orthodoxy against the
3190:of the followers of the
3022:early Rabbinical Judaism
2533:. This gave rise to the
449:Temple in Jerusalem
142:Bar and bat mitzvah
5871:Jewish Museum of Rhodes
5861:Jewish Museum of Greece
5049:Expulsions and exoduses
4957:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4873:
4391:Bonfil, Robert (2011).
3961:Origins of Christianity
3926:History of Christianity
3795:, also called Andreas,
3683:Roman province of Egypt
3470:Artapanus of Alexandria
3423:Antigonus II Mattathias
2941:for converts. See also
2828:, a Greek dialect with
2673:Antiochus III the Great
2418:Greek urban settlements
411:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5774:Hebrew Political Union
5400:Invasion of Banu Nadir
5201:First Jewish-Roman War
4878:(in German), Gütersloh
3870:
3721:Titus Flavius Josephus
3692:First Jewish-Roman War
3688:Titus Flavius Josephus
3509:poet who wrote a play
3165:
3141:
3030:Hellenistic philosophy
3013:
2981:
2923:sympathetic to Judaism
2868:
2865:Dura-Europos synagogue
2824:community. They spoke
2800:
2765:Hellenistic philosophy
2730:apocalyptic literature
2684:Seleucus IV Philopator
2629:
2579:
2508:
2394:early Muslim conquests
5876:Kehila Kedosha Janina
5451:Medieval antisemitism
5390:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
5385:Siege of Banu Qurayza
5359:Revolt against Gallus
5145:Second Temple Judaism
4808:I Macc. xii. 7, 8, 20
4626:Alexander II of Judea
4609:Encyclopaedia Biblica
4587:Catholic Encyclopedia
4565:Fr. V. Kesich, O.C.A.
4283:Grabbe 2010, p. 10–16
3503:Ezekiel the Tragedian
3161:
3136:Judaism and Hellenism
3126:
3005:
2968:
2881:Gospel of the Hebrews
2859:
2776:
2605:
2573:
2502:
2441:Second Temple Judaism
2436:and traditionalists.
2398:eastern Mediterranean
1157:São Tomé and Príncipe
1152:Republic of the Congo
546:Second Temple Judaism
417:Kingdom of Judah
388:Modern historiography
5779:Maccabi Thessaloniki
5412:Sephardic Golden Age
5206:Battle of Beth Horon
5132:Second Temple period
5117:Babylonian captivity
4952:, New York: Atheneum
4933:Mirguet, Françoise.
4752:, pp. 125–146,
4653:www.encyclopedia.com
3820:Dialogue with Trypho
3494:Alexander Polyhistor
3461: 181–124
3334:improve this article
3039:liturgical languages
3034:Second Temple period
3026:Hellenistic religion
2891:Acts of the Apostles
2599:, notably a work in
2543:fifth-century Athens
2259:World Agudath Israel
1400:United Arab Emirates
487:Second Temple period
477:Babylonian captivity
5949:Hellenistic Judaism
5906:1891 riots in Corfu
5657:Hellenistic Judaism
5150:Hellenistic Judaism
5059:Political movements
4840:Hellenistic Judaism
4637:Jewish Encyclopedia
4490:McGarvey on Acts 16
4461:Josephus, Flavius.
4336:Jewish Encyclopedia
4304:Jewish Encyclopedia
3951:Jewish Christianity
3591:Alexander the Great
3531:from 175 to 172 BCE
3529:Temple in Jerusalem
3478:Concerning the Jews
3441:Alexander of Judaea
3417:Alexander the Great
3260:referring to Greeks
2939:ritual circumcision
2921:, or Greek circles
2734:Assumption of Moses
2519:Alexander the Great
2447:translation of the
2426:Alexander the Great
2390:Hellenistic culture
2386:classical antiquity
2378:Hellenistic Judaism
552:Hellenistic Judaism
130:Land of Israel
89:Principles of faith
5896:Rhodes blood libel
5759:Jewish Koine Greek
5107:Assyrian Captivity
5087:Origins of Judaism
5029:Population history
4796:Jewish Antiquities
4677:www.britannica.com
4631:2011-10-16 at the
4581:2013-01-17 at the
4559:2013-05-10 at the
4540:2013-01-16 at the
4529:2020-05-08 at the
4509:1 Corinthians 7:18
4495:2012-10-16 at the
4329:2009-03-29 at the
4298:2009-03-29 at the
3921:History of Judaism
3702:Justus of Tiberias
3507:Alexandrian Jewish
3397:Antigonus of Sokho
3278:is preferred over
3157:Roman civilization
3054:Jewish Koiné Greek
2869:
2641:Letter of Aristeas
2613:Jewish High Priest
2580:
2535:Hellenistic period
2509:
2477:early Christianity
2465:Jewish Koine Greek
2113:Jewish Koine Greek
1655:Dominican Republic
936:Judaism by country
615:Jews and Christmas
470:Assyrian captivity
5959:Cultural exchange
5936:
5935:
5742:
5741:
5680:
5679:
5557:
5556:
5549:WP:Jewish history
5407:Under Muslim rule
5395:Battle of Khaybar
5310:Synagogal Judaism
5291:
5290:
5233:Bar Kokhba revolt
5196:Jewish-Roman Wars
5160:Hasmonean kingdom
5102:Kingdom of Israel
4919:Cohen, Getzel M.
4835:Library resources
4767:978-1-107-03855-4
4719:978-0-521-28551-3
4267:978-0-676-97465-2
4205:978-0-567-03396-3
4192:Grabbe, Lester L.
3981:Synagogal Judaism
3850:Early Middle Ages
3633:Hasmonean Dynasty
3577:) was the son of
3498:Eusebius Pamphili
3484:Cleodemus Malchus
3366:
3365:
3358:
3092:. Because of the
2937:, which required
2846:Clearchus of Soli
2804:Jewish messianism
2692:Hasmonean dynasty
2665:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2589:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2517:The conquests of
2505:ancient Macedonia
2375:
2374:
2324:
2323:
2072:
2071:
1819:Reconstructionist
1763:
1762:
915:
914:
722:
721:
559:Jewish–Roman wars
507:Hasmonean dynasty
423:Kingdom of Israel
327:
326:
16:(Redirected from
5971:
5964:Interculturalism
5930:
5888:
5815:Mordechai Frizis
5764:Yevanic language
5707:Internment camps
5682:
5681:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5612:
5605:
5599:
5594:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5545:
5381:Mohammedan Wars
5305:Rabbinic Judaism
5258:Byzantine Empire
5211:Galilee campaign
5191:Judean Civil War
5186:Maccabean Revolt
5179:Wars and revolts
5176:
5175:
5165:Herodian kingdom
5122:Babylonian Yehud
5097:Kingdom of Judah
5034:Military history
4998:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4953:
4926:Gruen, Erich S.
4902:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4868:Foreign language
4822:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4800:
4792:
4786:
4785:Nehemiah xii. 11
4783:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4617:
4614:online .pdf file
4604:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4573:
4567:
4551:
4545:
4517:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4487:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4398:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4364:
4358:
4346:
4340:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4255:
4246:Armstrong, Karen
4242:
4233:
4232:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4121:. Archived from
4115:
4109:
4108:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4059:
4054:Ulrich Wilcken,
4052:
4043:
4039:Roy M. MacLeod,
4037:
4031:
4030:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3946:Jewish apocrypha
3889:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3864:River valley in
3781: – city of
3780:
3779:
3774:
3758:
3746:
3740:
3717:Herod Agrippa II
3672:
3671:
3617:Wisdom of Sirach
3568:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3318:
3310:
3300:Classical Arabic
3272:Levantine Arabic
3242:European-Greek (
3139:
3117:Hillel the Elder
3084:, Alexandretta,
2935:Rabbinic Judaism
2927:Apostolic Decree
2911:Paul the Apostle
2887:Pauline epistles
2873:Jewish Christian
2822:Romaniote Jewish
2790:, Alexandrians,
2750:Paul the Apostle
2627:
2463:, specifically,
2457:Biblical Aramaic
2367:
2360:
2353:
2216:
2215:
2097:
1918:
1912:
1893:
1857:
1856:
1804:
1751:New Zealand
1703:
1666:El Salvador
1656:
1588:Northern America
1580:
1174:
930:
929:
841:Crimean Karaites
737:
736:
715:
713:
634:
632:
624:
618:
609:
597:Rabbinic Judaism
578:
572:
566:
554:
542:
508:
501:Maccabean Revolt
478:
471:
465:
457:
450:
444:
436:
418:
342:
341:
316:
211:
210:
143:
131:
30:
29:
21:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5911:Campbell pogrom
5886:
5880:
5844:
5805:Avraam Benaroya
5795:Mary the Jewess
5783:
5769:Ladino language
5738:
5676:
5640:
5634:
5613:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5535:
5524:Israeli history
5467:Jewish question
5455:
5368:
5297:Rabbinic period
5287:
5239:
5221:Diaspora revolt
5216:Siege of Masada
5174:
5126:
5068:
5039:Genetic history
5007:
5002:
4965:
4912:Borgen, Peder.
4909:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4829:Further reading
4826:
4825:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4633:Wayback Machine
4624:
4620:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4583:Wayback Machine
4574:
4570:
4561:Wayback Machine
4552:
4548:
4542:Wayback Machine
4531:Wayback Machine
4518:
4514:
4507:
4503:
4497:Wayback Machine
4488:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4441:. p. 381.
4422:
4418:
4411:
4389:
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3663:of Alexandria (
3657:
3585:. According to
3553:Herod the Great
3515:iambic trimeter
3460:
3379:Egyptian Jewish
3371:
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3188:church services
3167:Some typically
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3133:
3074:Northern Israel
3043:Biblical Hebrew
3018:
2959:fiscus Judaicus
2883:
2854:
2818:
2812:
2727:pseudepigraphic
2704:
2669:Seleucid Empire
2657:
2628:
2623:
2515:
2497:
2453:Biblical Hebrew
2416:, the two main
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2326:
2325:
2213:
2203:
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2193:Judeo-Malayalam
2173:Judaeo-Georgian
2093:
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1974:Yiddish theatre
1916:
1854:
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630:
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587:Rabbinic period
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339:
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129:
74:
28:
23:
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18:Hellenistic Jew
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11:
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5977:
5967:
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2863:. Fresco from
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2814:Main article:
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2742:Book of Baruch
2719:Book of Wisdom
2703:
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2667:and later the
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4289:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4254:
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4247:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4162:9781139055123
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4125:on 2012-01-30
4124:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4098:
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4089:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4028:
4026:9781139055123
4022:
4018:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3987:
3984:
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3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
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3909:
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3893:
3882:
3877:
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3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:Justin Martyr
3813:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3770:
3769:Ancient Greek
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:and rival of
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:Romano-Jewish
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:: στραταγός,
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3581:mentioned in
3580:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3519:Jason of the
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3455:
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3418:
3414:
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3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3357:
3349:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3323:This section
3321:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:Second Temple
3233:
3229:
3228:United States
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:ethnocultural
3137:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:Greek temples
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2905:and northern
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2677:Second Temple
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2649:God of Israel
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:Hellenization
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:Hellenization
2506:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Judeo-Aramaic
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Judeo-Italian
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Ghardaïa Sign
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:Denominations
1769:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
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1692:
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1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
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1667:
1664:
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1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
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1637:
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1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:United States
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
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1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Guinea-Bissau
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
994:
991:
990:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
966:
963:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Lists of Jews
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
822:
821:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
716:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:The Holocaust
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
656:
655:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
627:
625:
620:
616:
610:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
577:
571:
565:
560:
557:
553:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
472:
467:
463:
459:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
435:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
332:
321:
318:
315:
314:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Mishneh Torah
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
207:
202:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
139:
137:
134:
132:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
62:
61:Who is a Jew?
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5887:Antisemitism
5835:Albert Cohen
5830:Karolos Koun
5754:Greek citron
5729:Thessaloniki
5667:Ottoman Jews
5656:
5607:
5595:
5507:World War II
5497:Soviet Union
5477:Emancipation
5472:Disabilities
5253:Roman Empire
5170:Roman Judaea
5149:
4949:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4898:
4875:
4849:Online books
4839:
4818:
4813:
4804:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4771:, retrieved
4748:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4723:, retrieved
4701:
4691:
4680:. Retrieved
4676:
4667:
4656:. Retrieved
4652:
4643:
4621:
4607:
4602:
4593:
4586:
4571:
4564:
4549:
4515:
4504:
4485:
4474:
4462:
4457:
4429:
4419:
4394:
4386:
4375:. Retrieved
4371:
4362:
4344:
4334:
4319:
4310:
4303:
4288:
4251:
4228:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4171:
4144:
4138:
4127:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4113:
4095:
4088:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4040:
4035:
4016:
4010:
4001:
3858:Claude Cahen
3824:Rabbi Tarfon
3811:, 115-117 CE
3801:North Africa
3764:
3760:
3708:, "a highly
3674:
3649:Antiochus VI
3640:
3625:Simon Thassi
3574:
3510:
3477:
3352:
3343:
3332:Please help
3327:verification
3324:
3286:(literally "
3283:
3279:
3275:
3202:of southern
3166:
3162:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3114:
3090:Dura-Europos
3057:
3049:
3047:
3019:
3006:
2985:Alexandretta
2982:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2931:circumcision
2884:
2819:
2801:
2777:
2773:
2769:circumcision
2761:monotheistic
2758:
2732:such as the
2712:
2705:
2681:
2658:
2633:Antiochus IV
2630:
2606:
2594:
2581:
2561:
2554:
2547:Near Eastern
2523:colonization
2516:
2479:centered on
2473:
2449:Hebrew Bible
2438:
2392:. Until the
2377:
2376:
2317:Post-Zionism
2188:Judeo-Berber
2183:Judeo-Arabic
2143:Judeo-Gascon
1890:Pidyon haben
1809:Conservative
1355:Saudi Arabia
1173:South Africa
1162:Sierra Leone
984:Israeli Jews
898:Mosaic Arabs
851:Kaifeng Jews
712:Arab–Israeli
685:Emancipation
564:Great Revolt
551:
373:Anti-Judaism
368:Antisemitism
363:Name "Judea"
158:Baal teshuva
5685:By location
5618:Communities
5374:Middle Ages
5283:Mesopotamia
4698:"EUPOLEMUS"
4606:"Antioch,"
4479:Acts 16:1–3
4324:"Hellenism"
3986:Therapeutae
3868:, which is
3807:during the
3734:Koine Greek
3710:Hellenistic
3637:Doric Greek
3595:I Maccabees
3525:High Priest
3214:, Northern
3062:Greek Isles
3058:Hellenistai
3052:comes from
2973:Hellenistai
2919:God-fearers
2601:Koine Greek
2597:2 Maccabees
2461:Koine Greek
2434:Hellenizers
2312:Revisionist
2302:Neo-Zionism
1909:Zeved habat
1702:Puerto Rico
1528:Netherlands
1360:South Korea
1345:Philippines
1225:Afghanistan
1092:Ivory Coast
866:Crypto-Jews
831:Bnei Anusim
810:Bene Israel
775:Beta Israel
732:Communities
639:Middle Ages
378:Persecution
153:Bereavement
5943:Categories
5929:Synagogues
5529:New Yishuv
5517:Resistance
5082:Israelites
4799:xi. 8, § 7
4773:2024-02-19
4725:2024-02-19
4682:2024-02-19
4658:2024-02-19
4377:2024-01-20
4368:"Language"
4129:2013-09-11
3993:References
3931:Greek Jews
3854:Cecil Roth
3846:financiers
3838:Radhanites
3797:Libyan Jew
3679:Alexandria
3629:Mattathias
3545:Mariamne I
3447:, king of
3391:Samaritans
3387:Rabbinical
3153:Macedonian
3112:churches.
3041:replacing
2915:proselytes
2871:See also:
2784:Libertines
2715:Septuagint
2661:suzerainty
2659:Under the
2645:polytheism
2556:metropolis
2551:Alexandria
2495:Background
2445:Septuagint
2402:Alexandria
2297:Maximalism
2249:Secularism
2229:Autonomism
2046:Literature
1839:Humanistic
1443:Azerbaijan
1405:Uzbekistan
1380:Tajikistan
1300:Kyrgyzstan
1285:Kazakhstan
1132:Mozambique
1107:Madagascar
1027:Cape Verde
979:New Yishuv
974:Old Yishuv
925:Population
903:Subbotniks
861:Samaritans
800:Romanyotim
743:Ashkenazim
690:Old Yishuv
670:Sabbateans
657:Modern era
649:Golden Age
576:Bar Kokhba
296:Beit Yosef
163:Philosophy
5734:Zakynthos
5424:Byzantium
5322:Sanhedrin
5226:Kitos War
5044:Languages
5012:Overviews
4435:Cambridge
3842:merchants
3809:Kitos War
3787:Kitos War
3778:Διόσπολις
3765:Diospolis
3681:, in the
3641:stratagos
3549:Hasmonean
3490:Eupolemus
3427:Hasmonean
3401:Pharisaic
3383:Pharisaic
3240:Phanariot
3173:Synagogal
3171:"Ancient
3050:synagogue
3048:The word
2899:Macedonia
2810:Diasporas
2792:Cilicians
2788:Cyrenians
2754:Acts 23:6
2617:palaestra
2609:gymnasium
2587:with the
2578:(300 CE).
2307:Religious
2163:Zarphatic
2153:Bukharian
2123:Judeo-Tat
2108:Yeshivish
2082:Languages
2037:Sephardic
2027:Israelite
2017:Ethiopian
2007:Ashkenazi
1946:Religious
1736:Australia
1718:Venezuela
1624:Argentina
1606:Greenland
1518:Lithuania
1370:Sri Lanka
1365:Singapore
1290:Kurdistan
1255:Indonesia
1245:Hong Kong
1198:Abayudaya
1122:Mauritius
856:Igbo Jews
846:Krymchaks
765:Sephardim
633:relations
527:Sadducees
523:Pharisees
513:Sanhedrin
428:Jerusalem
188:Synagogue
56:Etymology
5719:Kastoria
5714:Ioannina
5544:See also
5429:Crusades
5417:Kairouan
5342:Savoraim
5268:Carthage
5245:Diaspora
5064:Timeline
4884:citation
4742:Exagōgē
4629:Archived
4579:Archived
4557:Archived
4538:Archived
4527:Archived
4493:Archived
4352:Archived
4327:Archived
4296:Archived
4248:(2006).
4194:(2008).
3899:See also
3881:Rhodanos
3871:Rhodanus
3818:, whose
3726:Julianos
3713:Galilean
3706:Tiberias
3647:army of
3645:Seleucid
3613:Ben Sira
3587:Josephus
3583:Nehemiah
3569:) from (
3535:Menelaus
3523:family,
3511:Exagōgē,
3429:king of
3346:May 2018
3296:Sanskrit
3177:priestly
3132:—
2977:gentiles
2954:Domitian
2945:and the
2895:Anatolia
2889:and the
2744:and the
2622:—
2564:diaspora
2487:and the
2334:Category
2292:Kahanism
2239:Feminism
2211:Politics
2095:Biblical
2065:American
2012:Bukharan
2002:American
1902:Shidduch
1878:Clothing
1834:Haymanot
1780:Orthodox
1708:Suriname
1691:Paraguay
1644:Colombia
1543:Portugal
1453:Bulgaria
1390:Thailand
1340:Pakistan
1320:Mongolia
1315:Malaysia
1235:Cambodia
1209:Zimbabwe
1184:Tanzania
1062:Eswatini
1052:Ethiopia
1042:Djibouti
1022:Cameroon
1017:Botswana
946:Diaspora
908:Noahides
881:Marranos
805:Cochinim
790:Bukharim
780:Gruzinim
770:Teimanim
760:Mizrahim
748:Galician
714:conflict
675:Hasidism
665:Haskalah
570:Diaspora
441:timeline
353:Timeline
266:Rabbinic
173:Kabbalah
148:Marriage
124:Tzedakah
114:Holidays
72:Religion
35:a series
33:Part of
5849:Museums
5747:Culture
5650:General
5641:History
5598:Judaism
5492:Zionism
5337:Amoraim
5332:Tannaim
5054:Schisms
4907:English
4635:at the
4521:Shabbat
3887:Ῥοδανός
3603:Areus I
3599:Spartan
3575:Honiyya
3559:Onias I
3527:in the
3405:Mishnah
3385:(proto-
3268:Persian
3264:Turkish
3248:Vatican
3212:Lebanon
3198:in the
3169:Grecian
3122:Prozbul
3098:frescos
3094:mosaics
3086:Galilee
3082:Antioch
3066:Cilicia
3009:Antioch
2997:Melkite
2993:Lebanon
2838:Aramaic
2826:Yevanic
2798:vi. 9).
2708:Gentile
2663:of the
2481:Antioch
2420:of the
2410:Antioch
2396:of the
2382:Judaism
2277:General
2268:Zionism
2244:Leftism
2234:Bundism
2158:Knaanic
2118:Yevanic
2103:Yiddish
2060:Yiddish
2055:Israeli
2032:Mizrahi
2022:Israeli
1993:Cuisine
1969:Ancient
1951:Secular
1897:Kashrut
1873:Wedding
1860:Customs
1852:Culture
1829:Science
1824:Renewal
1814:Karaite
1795:Hasidic
1727:Oceania
1713:Uruguay
1681:Jamaica
1661:Ecuador
1629:Bolivia
1573:Ukraine
1548:Romania
1523:Moldova
1503:Hungary
1493:Germany
1488:Georgia
1478:Finland
1473:Estonia
1468:Denmark
1463:Czechia
1448:Belarus
1438:Austria
1433:Armenia
1410:Vietnam
1325:Myanmar
1310:Lebanon
1230:Bahrain
1189:Tunisia
1167:Somalia
1142:Nigeria
1137:Namibia
1127:Morocco
1057:Eritrea
1002:Algeria
886:Neofiti
795:Italkim
785:Juhurim
695:Zionism
644:Khazars
539:Sicarii
535:Zealots
531:Essenes
518:Schisms
383:Leaders
345:General
337:History
280:Tosefta
275:Midrash
252:Mishnah
234:Ketuvim
229:Nevi'im
178:Customs
109:Shabbat
104:Halakha
96: (
94:Mitzvot
81: (
47:Judaism
5724:Rhodes
5702:Cyprus
5697:Athens
5604:Greece
5460:Modern
5439:Anusim
5347:Geonim
5327:Chazal
5278:Persia
5263:Greece
4837:about
4764:
4716:
4445:
4407:
4264:
4260:–352.
4202:
4159:
4023:
3866:France
3793:Lukuas
3753:Hebrew
3732:(from
3730:Pappos
3675:Philōn
3579:Jaddua
3571:Hebrew
3449:Judaea
3288:Ionian
3284:Ionani
3280:Yāvāni
3246:) and
3232:Canada
3226:, the
3224:Mexico
3220:Brazil
3216:Israel
3204:Turkey
3138:(1974)
3102:rabbis
3016:Legacy
3003:area:
2925:: the
2903:Thrace
2879:, and
2861:Joshua
2834:Arabic
2830:Hebrew
2740:, the
2736:, the
2723:Sirach
2576:Aegina
2531:Levant
2414:Turkey
2339:Portal
2198:Domari
2128:Shassi
2089:Hebrew
1984:Humour
1928:Hiloni
1923:Aliyah
1883:Niddah
1868:Minyan
1803:Reform
1790:Haredi
1785:Modern
1686:Mexico
1671:Guyana
1634:Brazil
1596:Canada
1568:Sweden
1558:Serbia
1553:Russia
1538:Poland
1533:Norway
1513:Latvia
1498:Greece
1483:France
1458:Cyprus
1424:Europe
1395:Turkey
1385:Taiwan
1295:Kuwait
1280:Jordan
1270:Israel
1204:Zambia
1194:Uganda
1112:Malawi
1082:Guinea
1072:Gambia
1007:Angola
993:Africa
876:Dönmeh
871:Anusim
815:Berber
753:Litvak
705:Israel
611:
548:
462:Second
430:
291:Targum
257:Gemara
243:Talmud
215:Tanakh
168:Ethics
119:Prayer
5273:Egypt
3892:Greek
3890:) in
3876:Latin
3862:Rhône
3805:Egypt
3773:Λύδδα
3761:Lydda
3744:papas
3738:pappa
3670:Φίλων
3665:Greek
3661:Philo
3601:king
3567:Ὀνίας
3563:Greek
3521:Oniad
3431:Judea
3413:Greek
3208:Syria
3184:hymns
3180:rites
3149:Greek
3078:Delos
3070:Syria
2989:Syria
2907:Syria
2637:Philo
2585:Judea
2469:Philo
2451:from
2406:Egypt
2287:Labor
2282:Green
1979:Dance
1937:Music
1756:Palau
1676:Haiti
1639:Chile
1563:Spain
1508:Italy
1415:Yemen
1375:Syria
1350:Qatar
1330:Nepal
1275:Japan
1250:India
1240:China
1179:Sudan
1102:Libya
1097:Kenya
1077:Ghana
1067:Gabon
1047:Egypt
1032:Benin
891:Xueta
836:Lemba
455:First
320:Zohar
224:Torah
206:Texts
193:Rabbi
183:Rites
83:names
5692:Arta
5317:Nasi
4890:link
4762:ISBN
4714:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4262:ISBN
4200:ISBN
4157:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3878:and
3856:and
3844:and
3836:The
3803:and
3783:Zeus
3757:לוֹד
3496:and
3435:Jews
3298:and
3270:and
3230:and
3182:and
3096:and
3088:and
3072:and
3001:MENA
2917:and
2836:and
2796:Acts
2780:Acts
2725:and
2455:and
2408:and
1746:Guam
1741:Fiji
1696:Peru
1649:Cuba
1335:Oman
1305:Laos
1265:Iraq
1260:Iran
1217:Asia
1146:Igbo
1117:Mali
136:Brit
45:and
43:Jews
5601:in
4754:doi
4746:",
4740:The
4706:doi
4401:105
4258:350
4149:doi
4101:doi
4076:doi
3874:in
3749:Lod
3741:or
3474:fl.
3463:BCE
3458:fl.
3336:by
3282:or
3276:Rûm
3262:in
3256:Rûm
3108:or
2756:).
2459:to
2412:in
2404:in
2384:in
1960:Art
306:Tur
98:613
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4882:{{
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