Hearing loss - Knowledge

721:, typically manifests as elevated hearing thresholds (i.e. less sensitivity or muting). Noise exposure is the cause of approximately half of all cases of hearing loss, causing some degree of problems in 5% of the population globally. The majority of hearing loss is not due to age, but due to noise exposure. Various governmental, industry and standards organizations set noise standards. Many people are unaware of the presence of environmental sound at damaging levels, or of the level at which sound becomes harmful. Common sources of damaging noise levels include car stereos, children's toys, motor vehicles, crowds, lawn and maintenance equipment, power tools, gun use, musical instruments, and even hair dryers. Noise damage is cumulative; all sources of damage must be considered to assess risk. In the US, 12.5% of children aged 6–19 years have permanent hearing damage from excessive noise exposure. The World Health Organization estimates that half of those between 12 and 35 are at risk from using 1067: 1491: 1654:. Data from the United States in 2011–2012 found that rates of hearing loss has declined among adults aged 20 to 69 years, when compared with the results from an earlier time period (1999–2004). It also found that adult hearing loss is associated with increasing age, sex, ethnicity, educational level, and noise exposure. Nearly one in four adults had audiometric results suggesting noise-induced hearing loss. Almost one in four adults who reported excellent or good hearing had a similar pattern (5.5% on both sides and 18% on one side). Among people who reported exposure to loud noise at work, almost one third had such changes. 60: 561:

decline, cognitive impairment, and dementia. The association between age-related hearing loss and Alzheimer's disease was found to be nonsignificant, and this finding supports the hypothesis that hearing loss is associated with dementia independent of Alzheimer pathology. There are several hypotheses about the underlying causal mechanism for age-related hearing loss and cognitive decline. One hypothesis is that this association can be explained by common etiology or shared neurobiological pathology with decline in other physiological system. Another possible cognitive mechanism emphasize on individual's

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cochlear implants to hear. They discovered further evidence for rate coding of pitch, a system that codes for information for frequencies by the rate that neurons fire in the auditory system, especially for lower frequencies as they are coded by the frequencies that neurons fire from the basilar membrane in a synchronous manner. Their results showed that the subjects could identify different pitches that were proportional to the frequency stimulated by a single electrode. The lower frequencies were detected when the basilar membrane was stimulated, providing even further evidence for rate coding.

1673: 1430: 415:. The ear does not hear all frequencies equally well: hearing sensitivity peaks around 3,000 Hz. There are many qualities of human hearing besides frequency range and intensity that cannot easily be measured quantitatively. However, for many practical purposes, normal hearing is defined by a frequency versus intensity graph, or audiogram, charting sensitivity thresholds of hearing at defined frequencies. Because of the cumulative impact of age and exposure to noise and other acoustic insults, 'typical' hearing may not be normal. 350: 794:, ototoxic medication and infection as well as noise exposure in the neonatal units. Also, hearing loss in premature babies is often discovered far later than a similar hearing loss would be in a full-term baby because normally babies are given a hearing test within 48 hours of birth, but doctors must wait until the premature baby is medically stable before testing hearing, which can be months after birth. The risk of hearing loss is greatest for those weighing less than 1500 g at birth. 646:, or as a side-effect of a medicine. Typically, hearing loss is gradual and often detected by family and friends of affected individuals long before the patients themselves will acknowledge the disability. Post-lingual deafness is far more common than pre-lingual deafness. Those who lose their hearing later in life, such as in late adolescence or adulthood, face their own challenges, living with the adaptations that allow them to live independently. 1336:

further field studies on resulting noise exposures following such interventions are needed. Other possible solutions include improved enforcement of existing legislation and better implementation of well-designed prevention programmes, which have not yet been proven conclusively to be effective. The conclusion of the Cochrane Review was that further research could modify what is now regarding the effectiveness of the evaluated interventions.

1687:. Sign languages convey meaning through manual communication and body language instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns. This involves the simultaneous combination of hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express a speaker's thoughts. "Sign languages are based on the idea that vision is the most useful tool a deaf person has to communicate and receive information". 1008: 565:. As people developing hearing loss in the process of aging, the cognitive load demanded by auditory perception increases, which may lead to change in brain structure and eventually to dementia. One other hypothesis suggests that the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline is mediated through various psychosocial factors, such as decrease in 1129:

objective hearing test that may be administered to toddlers and children too young to cooperate in a conventional hearing test. Auditory brainstem response testing is an electrophysiological test used to test for hearing deficits caused by pathology within the ear, the cochlear nerve and also within the brainstem.

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Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1970) and by Passchier-Vermeer (1968). As race are some of the factors that can affect the expected distribution of pure-tone hearing thresholds several other national or regional datasets exist, from Sweden, Norway, South Korea, the United States and Spain.

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Globally, hearing loss affects about 10% of the population to some degree. It caused moderate to severe disability in 124.2 million people as of 2004 (107.9 million of whom are in low and middle income countries). Of these 65 million acquired the condition during childhood. At birth ~3

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For people with idiopathic sudden hearing loss, different treatment approaches have been suggested that are usually based on the suspected cause of the sudden hearing loss. Treatment approaches may include corticosteroid medications, rheological drugs, vasodilators, anesthetics, and other medications

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This choice depends on the level of hearing loss, type of hearing loss, and personal preference. Hearing aid applications are one of the options for hearing loss management. For people with bilateral hearing loss, it is not clear if bilateral hearing aids (hearing aids in both ears) are better than a

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Human hearing extends in frequency from 20 to 20,000 Hz, and in intensity from 0 dB to 120 dB HL or more. 0 dB does not represent absence of sound, but rather the softest sound an average unimpaired human ear can hear; some people can hear down to −5 or even −10 dB. Sound is

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Over 30% of childhood hearing loss is caused by diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, meningitis and ear infections. These can be prevented through immunization and good hygiene practices. Another 17% of childhood hearing loss results from complications at birth, including prematurity, low birth

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Avoiding exposure to loud noise can help prevent noise-induced hearing loss. 18% of adults exposed to loud noise at work for five years or more report hearing loss in both ears as compared to 5.5% of adults who were not exposed to loud noise at work. Different programs exist for specific populations

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language in children, but deaf children can acquire spoken language through support from cochlear implants (sometimes combined with hearing aids). Non-signing (hearing) parents of deaf babies (90–95% of cases) usually go with oral approach without the support of sign language, as these families lack

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is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In older adults, the suicide rate is higher than it is for younger adults, and more suicide cases are attributable to depression. Different studies have been done to investigate potential risk factors that can give rise to depression

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, Carter A, Casey DC, Charlson FJ, Chen AZ, Coggeshall M, Cornaby L, Dandona L, Dicker DJ, Dilegge T, Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Fullman N, Gething PW, Goldberg EM, Graetz N, Haagsma JA, Hay SI, Johnson CO,

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A 2017 report by the World Health Organization estimated the costs of unaddressed hearing loss and the cost-effectiveness of interventions, for the health-care sector, for the education sector and as broad societal costs. Globally, the annual cost of unaddressed hearing loss was estimated to be in

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There can be damage either to the ear, whether the external or middle ear, to the cochlea, or to the brain centers that process the aural information conveyed by the ears. Damage to the middle ear may include fracture and discontinuity of the ossicular chain. Damage to the inner ear (cochlea) may

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is another aspect of hearing which involves the perceived clarity of a word rather than the intensity of sound made by the word. In humans, this is usually measured with speech discrimination tests, which measure not only the ability to detect sound, but also the ability to understand speech. There

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is signed, and who practice social and cultural norms which are distinct from those of the surrounding hearing community. This community does not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor does it exclude every hearing person. According to Baker and Padden, it includes

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recommends that adults should be screened at least every decade through age 50 and at three-year intervals thereafter, to minimize the detrimental effects of the untreated condition on quality of life. For the same reason, the US Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion included as one of

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for all newborns, as the first three years of life are believed to be the most important for language development. Universal neonatal hearing screenings have now been widely implemented across the U.S., with rates of newborn screening increasing from less than 3% in the early 1990s to 98% in 2009.

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Companies can also provide personal hearing protector devices tailored to both the worker and type of employment. Some hearing protectors universally block out all noise, and some allow for certain noises to be heard. Workers are more likely to wear hearing protector devices when they are properly

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procedure. Audiograms, obtained using mobile applications, can be used to adjust hearing aid applications. Another method for quantifying hearing loss is a speech-in-noise test. which gives an indication of how well one can understand speech in a noisy environment. Otoacoustic emissions test is an

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Hearing loss is defined as diminished acuity to sounds which would otherwise be heard normally. The terms hearing impaired or hard of hearing are usually reserved for people who have relative inability to hear sound in the speech frequencies. Hearing loss occurs when sound waves enter the ears and

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Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, Charlson F, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dicker D, Duan L, Erskine H, Feigin VL, Ferrari AJ, Fitzmaurice C, Fleming T, Graetz N, Guinovart C, Haagsma J, Hansen GM, Hanson SW, Heuton KR, Higashi H, Kassebaum N, Kyu H, Laurie E, Liang X,

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with normal hearing ability. It includes the set of social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. Members of the Deaf community tend to

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was not shown to decrease exposure to noise. Ear protection, if used correctly, can reduce noise to safer levels, but often, providing them is not sufficient to prevent hearing loss. Engineering noise out and other solutions such as proper maintenance of equipment can lead to noise reduction, but

699:. For men, this can start as early as 25 and women at 30. Although genetically variable, it is a normal concomitant of ageing and is distinct from hearing losses caused by noise exposure, toxins or disease agents. Common conditions that can increase the risk of hearing loss in elderly people are 589:

between hearing loss and falls—greater severity of hearing loss is associated with increased difficulties in postural control and increased prevalence of falls. The underlying causal link between the association of hearing loss and falls is yet to be elucidated. There are several hypotheses that

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and eventually dementia. The association between hearing loss and cognitive decline has been studied in various research settings. Despite the variability in study design and protocols, the majority of these studies have found consistent association between age-related hearing loss and cognitive

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Besides research studies seeking to improve hearing, such as the ones listed above, research studies on the deaf have also been carried out in order to understand more about audition. Pijil and Shwarz (2005) conducted their study on the deaf who lost their hearing later in life and, hence, used

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Most hearing loss, that result from age and noise, is progressive and irreversible, and there are currently no approved or recommended treatments. A few specific kinds of hearing loss are amenable to surgical treatment. In other cases, treatment is addressed to underlying pathologies, but any

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have important health implications, especially for an aging population where they can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Elderly people are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of injuries caused by falls, since older individuals typically have greater bone fragility and poorer

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Hearing loss is an increasing concern especially in aging populations. The prevalence of hearing loss increases about two-fold for each decade increase in age after age 40. While the secular trend might decrease individual level risk of developing hearing loss, the prevalence of hearing loss is

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As of 2013 hearing loss affects about 1.1 billion people to some degree. It causes disability in about 466 million people (5% of the global population), and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people. Of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income

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chosen based on the suspected underlying pathology that caused the sudden hearing loss. The evidence supporting most treatment options for idiopathic sudden hearing loss is very weak and adverse effects of these different medications is a consideration when deciding on a treatment approach.

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that does not have a known cause. This type of loss is usually only on one side (unilateral) and the severity of the loss varies. A common threshold of a "loss of at least 30 dB in three connected frequencies within 72 hours" is sometimes used, however there is no universal definition or

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that uses the A-weighted sound exposure level, how many years the people were exposed to this noise, how old the people are, and their sex. The model's estimations are only useful for people without hearing loss due to non-job related exposure and can be used for prevention activities.

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in guinea pigs. However, the regrowth of cochlear hair cells does not imply the restoration of hearing sensitivity, as the sensory cells may or may not make connections with neurons that carry the signals from hair cells to the brain. A 2008 study has shown that gene therapy targeting

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for the deaf baby because the deaf baby would not have a sign language if the child is unable to acquire spoken language successfully. The 5–10% of cases of deaf babies born into signing families have the potential of age-appropriate development of language due to early exposure to a

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weight, birth asphyxia and neonatal jaundice. Improved maternal and child health practices would help to prevent these complications. The use of ototoxic medicines in expectant mothers and newborns, which is responsible for 4% of childhood hearing loss, could potentially be avoided.

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Recent research, reported in 2012 achieved growth of cochlear nerve cells resulting in hearing improvements in gerbils, using stem cells. Also reported in 2013 was regrowth of hair cells in deaf adult mice using a drug intervention resulting in hearing improvement. The

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for otosclerosis, 'noise' notch for noise-induced damage, high frequency rolloff for presbycusis, or a flat audiogram for conductive hearing loss. In conjunction with speech audiometry, it may indicate central auditory processing disorder, or the presence of a

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or single-sided deafness (SSD) have difficulty in hearing conversation on their impaired side, localizing sound, and understanding speech in the presence of background noise. One reason for the hearing problems these patients often experience is due to the

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Use of the terms "hearing impaired", "deaf-mute", or "deaf and dumb" to describe deaf and hard of hearing people is discouraged by many in the deaf community as well as advocacy organizations, as they are offensive to many deaf and hard of hearing people.

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Flamme GA, Deiters K, Needham T (March 2011). "Distributions of pure-tone hearing threshold levels among adolescents and adults in the United States by gender, ethnicity, and age: Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey".

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Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, Bontempo LJ, Faucett EA, Finestone SA, Hollingsworth DB, Kelley DM, Kmucha ST, Moonis G, Poling GL, Roberts JK, Stachler RJ, Zeitler DM, Corrigan MD, Nnacheta LC, Satterfield L, Monjur TM (August 2019).

524:. The risk increases with the hearing loss degree. There are several hypotheses including cognitive resources being redistributed to hearing and social isolation from hearing loss having a negative effect. According to preliminary data, 622:

and hearing loss. Hearing loss can attribute to decrease in health-related quality of life, increase in social isolation and decline in social engagement, which are all risk factors for increased risk of developing depression symptoms.

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protective reflexes. Fall-related injury can also lead to burdens on the financial and health care systems. In literature, age-related hearing loss is found to be significantly associated with incident falls. There is also a potential

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Hearing loss is categorized by severity, type, and configuration. Furthermore, a hearing loss may exist in only one ear (unilateral) or in both ears (bilateral). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent, sudden or progressive. The

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Tambs K, Hoffman HJ, Borchgrevink HM, Holmen J, Engdahl B (May 2006). "Hearing loss induced by occupational and impulse noise: results on threshold shifts by frequencies, age and gender from the Nord-Trøndelag Hearing Loss Study".

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It is estimated that half of cases of hearing loss are preventable. About 60% of hearing loss in children under the age of 15 can be avoided. There are a number of effective preventative strategies, including: immunization against

2300:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1149:, Bing and Schwabach tests. In case of infection or inflammation, blood or other body fluids may be submitted for laboratory analysis. MRI and CT scans can be useful to identify the pathology of many causes of hearing loss. 366:(an instrument used to measure hearing by producing pure tone sounds through a range of frequencies) may not be detected. In total deafness, no sounds at all, regardless of amplification or method of production, can be heard. 1340: 1619:(ISO) developed the ISO 1999 standards for the estimation of hearing thresholds and noise-induced hearing impairment. They used data from two noise and hearing study databases, one presented by Burns and Robinson ( 1132:

A case history (usually a written form, with questionnaire) can provide valuable information about the context of the hearing loss, and indicate what kind of diagnostic procedures to employ. Examinations include

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Often interventions to prevent noise-induced hearing loss have many components. A 2017 Cochrane review found that stricter legislation might reduce noise levels. Providing workers with information on their

967:. Combined with noise, these ototoxic chemicals have an additive effect on a person's hearing loss. Hearing loss due to chemicals starts in the high frequency range and is irreversible. It damages the 362:

Deafness is defined as a degree of loss such that a person is unable to understand speech, even in the presence of amplification. In profound deafness, even the highest intensity sounds produced by an

6133: 501:, also known as autophonia, abnormal hearing of one's own voice and respiratory sounds, usually as a result of a patulous (a constantly open) eustachian tube or dehiscent superior semicircular canals 1046:. The auditory nerve takes the impulses to the brainstem, which sends the impulses to the midbrain. Finally, the signal goes to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe to be interpreted as sound. 6969: 1982:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 665:

and cannot competently provide it to their children without learning it themselves. This may in some cases (late implantation or not sufficient benefit from cochlear implants) bring the risk of

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Management depends on the specific cause if known as well as the extent, type and configuration of the hearing loss. Sudden hearing loss due to an underlying nerve problem may be treated with

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Newborns whose screening reveals a high index of suspicion of hearing loss are referred for additional diagnostic testing with the goal of providing early intervention and access to language.

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Hearing loss has multiple causes, including ageing, genetics, perinatal problems and acquired causes like noise and disease. For some kinds of hearing loss the cause may be classified as

377:, a variety of hearing loss in which the outer hair cells of the cochlea are intact and functioning, but sound information is not faithfully transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain. 341:. Many members of Deaf culture oppose attempts to cure deafness and some within this community view cochlear implants with concern as they have the potential to eliminate their culture. 1406:

While the American College of Physicians indicated that there is not enough evidence to determine the utility of screening in adults over 50 years old who do not have any symptoms, the

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Meyer C, Scarinci N, Ryan B, Hickson L (December 2015). "'This Is a Partnership Between All of Us': Audiologists' Perceptions of Family Member Involvement in Hearing Rehabilitation".

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in relatively homogeneous groups of people, such as workers with the same type of job. The ISO 1999 model estimates how much hearing impairment in a group can be ascribed to age and

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damage the sensitive tissues The severity of hearing loss is categorized according to the increase in intensity of sound above the usual level required for the listener to detect it.

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Older people may lose their hearing from long exposure to noise, changes in the inner ear, changes in the middle ear, or from changes along the nerves from the ear to the brain.

282:), moderate (41 to 55 dB), moderate-severe (56 to 70 dB), severe (71 to 90 dB), or profound (greater than 90 dB). There are three main types of hearing loss: 219:. Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to 573:. Findings on the association between hearing loss and dementia have significant public health implication, since about 9% of dementia cases are associated with hearing loss. 1279:

is being studied for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss, particularly for scenarios in which noise exposure cannot be reduced, such as during military operations.

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There also multiple educational institutions for both deaf and Deaf people, that usually use sign language as the main language of instruction. Famous institutions include

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Rodríguez Valiente A, Roldán Fidalgo A, García Berrocal JR, Ramírez Camacho R (August 2015). "Hearing threshold levels for an otologically screened population in Spain".

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Hearing loss is generally measured by playing generated or recorded sounds, and determining whether the person can hear them. Hearing sensitivity varies according to the

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Hearing loss is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to loud noises, from recreation or from work, that damage the hair cells, which do not grow back on their own.

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any person or persons who "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community," an example being

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and increase in incident falls, driven by physiological, cognitive, and behavioral factors. This evidence suggests that treating hearing loss has potential to increase

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Venet T, Campo P, Thomas A, Cour C, Rieger B, Cosnier F (March 2015). "The tonotopicity of styrene-induced hearing loss depends on the associated noise spectrum".

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Akinpelu OV, Mujica-Mota M, Daniel SJ (March 2014). "Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with alterations in hearing? A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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can cause hair cell growth and attract neuronal processes in embryonic mice. Some hope that a similar treatment will one day ameliorate hearing loss in humans.

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Isgrig K, Shteamer JW, Belyantseva IA, Drummond MC, Fitzgerald TS, Vijayakumar S, Jones SM, Griffith AJ, Friedman TB, Cunningham LL, Chien WW (March 2017).

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Hearing loss increases with age. In those between 20 and 35 rates of hearing loss are 3% while in those 44 to 55 it is 11% and in those 65 to 85 it is 43%.

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities

4662:"Use of the kurtosis statistic in an evaluation of the effects of noise and solvent exposures on the hearing thresholds of workers: An exploratory study" 1157:

of a hearing loss is ranked according to ranges of nominal thresholds in which a sound must be so it can be detected by an individual. It is measured in

991:(NIOSH) introduces the issue, provides examples of ototoxic chemicals, lists the industries and occupations at risk and provides prevention information. 7215:

Pan B, Askew C, Galvin A, Heman-Ackah S, Asai Y, Indzhykulian AA, Jodelka FM, Hastings ML, Lentz JJ, Vandenberghe LH, Holt JR, Géléoc GS (March 2017).

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Huang CQ, Dong BR, Lu ZC, Yue JR, Liu QX (April 2010). "Chronic diseases and risk for depression in old age: a meta-analysis of published literature".

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Jun HJ, Hwang SY, Lee SH, Lee JE, Song JJ, Chae S (March 2015). "The prevalence of hearing loss in South Korea: data from a population-based study".

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Agmon M, Lavie L, Doumas M (June 2017). "The Association between Hearing Loss, Postural Control, and Mobility in Older Adults: A Systematic Review".

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in the US has embarked on a project called the Hearing Restoration Project. Also Action on Hearing Loss in the UK is also aiming to restore hearing.

1344: 4084: 2744: 2489: 1105:, or other audiometric technician. Diagnosis of the cause of a hearing loss is carried out by a specialist physician (audiovestibular physician) or 2544: 1628: 1124:

using a mobile application or hearing aid application, which includes a hearing test. Hearing diagnosis using mobile application is similar to the

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Plontke SK, Meisner C, Agrawal S, Cayé-Thomasen P, Galbraith K, Mikulec AA, Parnes L, Premakumar Y, Reiber J, Schilder AG, Liebau A (2022-07-22).

3926: 3133:"Hearing, Cognition, and Healthy Aging: Social and Public Health Implications of the Links between Age-Related Declines in Hearing and Cognition" 1319:

program was created to encourage employers to purchase quieter machinery and tools. By purchasing less noisy power tools like those found on the

711:), or the use of certain medications harmful to the ear. While everyone loses hearing with age, the amount and type of hearing loss is variable. 7450:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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Berger EH, Voix J (2018). "Chapter 11: Hearing Protection Devices". In D.K. Meinke, E.H. Berger, R. Neitzel, D.P. Driscoll, K. Bright (eds.).

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to an hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise. Early identification and support are particularly important in children. For many,

3030:"Association of Age-Related Hearing Loss With Cognitive Function, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1365: 1315:

was created to recognize organizations that can demonstrate results of successful noise control and other interventions. Additionally, the

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expected to rise due to the aging population in the US. Another concern about aging process is cognitive decline, which may progress to

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Landegger LD, Pan B, Askew C, Wassmer SJ, Gluck SD, Galvin A, Taylor R, Forge A, Stankovic KM, Holt JR, Vandenberghe LH (March 2017).

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condition or through hearing loss before birth or in early infancy. Prelingual deafness impairs an individual's ability to acquire a

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that are too loud. Hearing loss in adolescents may be caused by loud noise from toys, music by headphones, and concerts or events.

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by sign-competent parents, thus they have the potential to meet language milestones, in sign language in lieu of spoken language.

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Park HL, O'Connell JE, Thomson RG (December 2003). "A systematic review of cognitive decline in the general elderly population".

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in at least one ear. Testing for poor hearing is recommended for all newborns. Hearing loss can be categorized as mild (25 to 40

479:, heightened sensitivity with accompanying auditory pain to certain intensities and frequencies of sound, sometimes defined as " 333:

countries. Of those with hearing loss, it began during childhood for 65 million. Those who use sign language and are members of

254:, birth complications, trauma to the ear, and certain medications or toxins. A common condition that results in hearing loss is 1663: 838: 6851: 6223:"Behavioral Evaluation of 3 Smartphone-Based Hearing Aid Apps for Patients with Mild Hearing Loss: An Exploratory Pilot Study" 6075: 4975: 7824: 6778: 6751: 6691: 6287: 5329: 4311: 3952: 1639: 3632:"What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: The Risk of Language Deprivation by Impairing Sign Language Development in Deaf Children" 2578: 227:, and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. 7758: 7433: 5022:"CDC – Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention – Preventing Hearing Loss, Risk Factors – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic" 4593: 2693:, Lalwani, Anil K. (Ed.) Chapter 44: Audiologic Testing by Brady M. Klaves, PhD, Jennifer McKee Bold, AuD, Access Medicine 1369: 1303:

demonstrates the different levels of controls to reduce or eliminate exposure to noise and prevent hearing loss, including

975:. For some ototoxic chemical exposures, particularly styrene, the risk of hearing loss can be higher than being exposed to 909: 744:. Syndromic deafness occurs when there are other signs or medical problems aside from deafness in an individual, such as 610:

in later life. Some chronic diseases are found to be significantly associated with risk of developing depression, such as

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of sounds. To take this into account, hearing sensitivity can be measured for a range of frequencies and plotted on an

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In addition to medications, hearing loss can also result from specific chemicals in the environment: metals, such as

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Johansson M, Arlinger S (2004-07-07). "Reference data for evaluation of occupationally noise-induced hearing loss".

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which is not a hearing loss as such but a difficulty perceiving sound. The shape of an audiogram shows the relative

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Carroll YI, Eichwald J, Scinicariello F, Hoffman HJ, Deitchman S, Radke MS, Themann CL, Breysse P (February 2017).

5007: 17: 2262:"1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss WHO highlights serious threat posed by exposure to recreational noise" 2261: 1311:(PPE). Other programs and initiative have been created to prevent hearing loss in the workplace. For example, the 1205:

Idiopathic sudden hearing loss is a condition where a person as an immediate decrease in the sensitivity of their

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such as school-age children, adolescents and workers. But the HPD (without individual selection, training and

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is another useful skill some develop. Access to hearing aids, however, is limited in many areas of the world.

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Robinson DW, Sutton GJ (1979). "Age effect in hearing – a comparative analysis of published threshold data".

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mothers, from the ototoxic effect on the developing fetus plus malnutrition during pregnancy from the excess

391: 4526:"Tox Town – Toluene – Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work – Text Version" 8037: 7638: 7477: 4661: 3273:

Jiam NT, Li C, Agrawal Y (November 2016). "Hearing loss and falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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About half of hearing loss globally is preventable through public health measures. Such practices include

7903: 7801: 5972:

Gaffney M, Eichwald J, Gaffney C, Alam S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014-09-12).

4748:"Autoincudotomy as an uncommon etiology of conductive hearing loss: Case report and review of literature" 2736: 2481: 1400: 1300: 1224: 536: 5742: 5601:

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Davis A, McMahon CM, Pichora-Fuller KM, Russ S, Lin F, Olusanya BO, Chadha S, Tremblay KL (April 2016).

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occurs when there are no other signs or medical problems associated with the deafness in an individual.

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is profound hearing loss that is sustained before the acquisition of language, which can occur due to a

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ANSI 7029:2000/BS 6951 Acoustics – Statistical distribution of hearing thresholds as a function of age

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Rodman R, Pine HS (June 2012). "The otolaryngologist's approach to the patient with Down syndrome".

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and limiting exposure to ototoxic chemicals, great strides can be made in preventing hearing loss.

761: 708: 3681:"When timing is everything: Age of first-language acquisition effects on second-language learning" 1849: 1783:

gene therapy recovered some of their hearing. In 2017, additional studies were performed to treat

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

5769:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

5709:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

5518:(6th ed.). Falls Church, Virginia: American Industrial Hygiene Association. pp. 255–308 1380:

advises that children should have their hearing tested several times throughout their schooling:

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Some medications may reversibly or irreversibly affect hearing. These medications are considered

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Global costs of unaddressed hearing loss and cost-effectiveness of interventions: a WHO report

4525: 4301: 2451: 8017: 7932: 7786: 7605: 6104: 5319: 3838: 2029: 1609: 1469:, a Hearing Impaired (HI) audio track may be available via headphones to better hear dialog. 1106: 980: 917: 866: 842: 765: 631: 581: 448: 373:

are very rare types of hearing loss that affect speech discrimination alone. One example is

322: 306: 7168:"A synthetic AAV vector enables safe and efficient gene transfer to the mammalian inner ear" 6867:"Functional auditory hair cells produced in the mammalian cochlea by in utero gene transfer" 6768: 6632: 6055: 5043: 4722: 2511: 2114:

Lasak JM, Allen P, McVay T, Lewis D (March 2014). "Hearing loss: diagnosis and management".

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disturbances of facial movement (indicating a possible tumour or stroke) or in persons with

7768: 7688: 7643: 6878: 4676: 4626: 4583:"Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment – the need for a noise notation" 4418: 1735: 1598: 1458: 1332: 1304: 757: 753: 666: 635: 220: 3381: 8: 7920: 7383: 7321: 7119:"Gene Therapy Restores Balance and Auditory Functions in a Mouse Model of Usher Syndrome" 5764: 3538:

Niparko JK, Tobey EA, Thal DJ, Eisenberg LS, Wang NY, Quittner AL, Fink NE (April 2010).

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This article is about the medical aspects of hearing loss. For the cultural aspects, see

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Arlinger S (July 2003). "Negative consequences of uncorrected hearing loss – a review".

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loss. In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness.

8022: 7989: 7942: 7816: 7241: 7216: 7192: 7167: 7143: 7118: 7094: 7069: 6970:"Drug may reverse permanent deafness by regenerating cells of inner ear: Harvard study" 6939: 6899: 6866: 6609: 6584: 6560: 6535: 6516: 6473: 6429: 6386: 6255: 6222: 6067: 5885: 5860: 5626: 5571: 5489: 5468: 5295: 5262: 5195: 5140: 5115: 5086: 5061: 4932: 4884: 4859: 4840: 4780: 4747: 4699: 4458: 4433: 4394: 4369: 4282: 4135: 3896: 3871: 3820: 3656: 3631: 3612: 3564: 3539: 3520: 3477: 3438: 3390: 3365: 3346: 3298: 3211: 3159: 3132: 3108: 3081: 3054: 3029: 3007: 2959: 2932: 2908: 2883: 2859: 2834: 2810: 2785: 2635: 2414: 2389: 2324: 2299: 2235: 2214: 2190: 2157: 2006: 1981: 1787:

and here, a recombinant adeno-associated virus seemed to outperform the older vectors.

1672: 1632: 1454: 1352: 1199: 1034:, causing it to vibrate. The vibrations are transferred by the 3 tiny ear bones of the 960: 814: 810: 431: 232: 83: 7446: 5908:

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance.

2721: 2704: 2315: 1997: 1723:

and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. When used as a label for the

1415:

objectives: to increase the proportion of persons who have had a hearing examination.

8042: 7796: 7709: 7598: 7505: 7343: 7246: 7197: 7148: 7099: 6904: 6774: 6747: 6687: 6614: 6565: 6520: 6508: 6465: 6421: 6378: 6342: 6283: 6260: 6242: 6178: 6059: 5993: 5985: 5890: 5618: 5576: 5558: 5494: 5325: 5300: 5282: 5236: 5215:"Speech-language and educational consequences of unilateral hearing loss in children" 5187: 5165:"Efficient hearing screening in noise-exposed listeners using the digit triplet test" 5145: 5091: 4924: 4889: 4844: 4832: 4824: 4785: 4767: 4704: 4642: 4504: 4463: 4399: 4350: 4307: 4274: 4269: 4252: 4207: 4172: 4127: 4013: 4008: 3991: 3901: 3812: 3729: 3661: 3604: 3569: 3512: 3469: 3430: 3395: 3338: 3290: 3255: 3203: 3164: 3113: 3059: 2999: 2964: 2913: 2864: 2815: 2639: 2631: 2457: 2419: 2361: 2329: 2240: 2195: 2177: 2158:"Bilateral versus unilateral hearing aids for bilateral hearing impairment in adults" 2131: 2011: 1961: 1929: 1825: 1462: 1343:

has created a hearing impairment calculator based on the ISO 1999 model for studying

1264: 830: 787: 749: 619: 437: 412: 369: 318: 192: 188: 150: 120: 67: 7326: 6943: 6843: 6818: 6433: 6390: 6071: 5630: 5415: 5349: 5199: 4979: 4345: 4328: 4286: 4139: 3824: 3616: 3524: 3481: 3442: 3302: 3215: 3199: 3011: 1341:

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance

1173:, and mixed hearing loss. An additional problem which is increasingly recognised is 695:

There is a progressive loss of ability to hear high frequencies with aging known as

59: 7947: 7791: 7745: 7626: 7469: 7429:

National Institute for the Prevention of Deafness and other Communication Disorders

7236: 7228: 7187: 7179: 7138: 7130: 7089: 7081: 6931: 6894: 6886: 6604: 6596: 6555: 6547: 6500: 6477: 6457: 6413: 6370: 6250: 6234: 6168: 6051: 6039: 6020: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5832: 5610: 5566: 5550: 5536: 5484: 5476: 5290: 5278: 5274: 5226: 5179: 5135: 5127: 5081: 5073: 4950: 4936: 4916: 4879: 4871: 4816: 4775: 4759: 4694: 4684: 4634: 4494: 4453: 4445: 4389: 4381: 4340: 4264: 4199: 4162: 4119: 4003: 3891: 3883: 3804: 3760: 3721: 3692: 3651: 3643: 3596: 3559: 3551: 3504: 3461: 3422: 3385: 3377: 3350: 3330: 3282: 3245: 3195: 3154: 3144: 3103: 3093: 3049: 3041: 2991: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2903: 2895: 2854: 2846: 2805: 2797: 2716: 2662:"What causes vision loss and hearing loss? Is it because of loud music or yelling?" 2627: 2409: 2401: 2319: 2311: 2230: 2222: 2185: 2173: 2169: 2123: 2001: 1993: 1698: 1450: 1094: 854: 570: 98: 6504: 4993: 1916:. World Health Organization. March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015 786:

can be associated with sensorineural hearing loss because of an increased risk of

7673: 7409: 7337: 7085: 6741: 6461: 5614: 5448:. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. 25 March 2021 5183: 4920: 4875: 3887: 1438: 1260: 972: 894: 858: 783: 729: 728:

Hearing loss can be inherited. Around 75–80% of all these cases are inherited by

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Global Costs of unaddressed hearing loss and cost-effectiveness of interventions

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Tikka C, Verbeek JH, Kateman E, Morata TC, Dreschler WA, Ferrite S (July 2017).

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Researchers reported in 2015 that genetically deaf mice which were treated with

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Identification of a hearing loss is usually conducted by a general practitioner

353:

A deaf person using a camera-equipped smartphone to communicate in sign language

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need for increased volume on television, radio, music and other audio sources

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generally uncomfortably loud above 90 dB and 115 dB represents the

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Sound waves reach the outer ear and are conducted down the ear canal to the

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Eggermont JJ (January 2017). "Acquired hearing loss and brain plasticity".

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in the brain which is a cause for several neurological disorders including

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In the United States hearing is one of the health outcomes measure by the

305:

recommends that young people limit exposure to loud sounds and the use of

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Kral A, O'Donoghue GM (October 2010). "Profound deafness in childhood".

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hearing loss incurred may be permanent. Some management options include

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Hoffman HJ, Dobie RA, Losonczy KG, Themann CL, Flamme GA (March 2017).

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international consensus for diagnosing idiopathic sudden hearing loss.

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for hearing loss (adult onset) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:

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difficulty understanding speech in the presence of background noise (

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National University Corporation of Tsukuba University of Technology

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are reported to cause hearing loss in up to 64% of infants born to

737: 704: 540: 521: 486: 275: 263: 239: 224: 130: 102: 5861:"Interventions to prevent occupational noise-induced hearing loss" 5537:

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Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention

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alone. The effects is greatest when the combined exposure include

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view deafness as a difference in human experience rather than a

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is a yearly event to promote actions to prevent hearing damage.

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indicate that there may be a common process between decline in

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Deaf or hard of hearing; anakusis or anacusis is total deafness

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Koo M, Nguyen W, Lee JH, Oh SH, Kyun Park M (September 2022).

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Hearing loss may be caused by a number of factors, including:

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Hilal F, Liaw J, Cousins JP, Rivera AL, Nada A (2023-04-01).

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Hearing loss is sensory, but may have accompanying symptoms:

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Hearing loss due to exposure to steady state broadband noise

4432:

Rybak LP, Mukherjea D, Jajoo S, Ramkumar V (November 2009).

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American Language, Speech Pathology and Hearing Association

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to the fluid in the inner ear. The fluid moves hair cells (

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Thomson RS, Auduong P, Miller AT, Gurgel RK (April 2017).

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Thomson RS, Auduong P, Miller AT, Gurgel RK (April 2017).

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Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology

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de Laat JA, van Deelen L, Wiefferink K (September 2016).

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People with extreme hearing loss may communicate through

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may see themselves as having a difference rather than a

5675:"Safety and Health Topics: Occupational Noise Exposure" 4416: 4152: 2613:"Defending Deaf Culture: The Case of Cochlear Implants" 2387: 2360:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008. p. 35. 1855: 6686:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 1. 5924:"Your Baby's Hearing Screening and Next Steps | NIDCD" 4745: 3784:. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. pp. 141–142. 3181: 3130: 1951: 1026:

How sounds make their way from the source to the brain

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Harvard Medical School Center For Hereditary Deafness

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1263:, and avoidance of certain medication as prevention. 989:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

454:

sounds or speech sounding dull, muffled or attenuated

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Acoustics – Estimation of noise induced hearing loss

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Kassebaum NJ, Kawashima T, Kemmer L (October 2016).

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American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 4303:Hearing Loss: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment 4224: 3747:Abraham AM, Jacob JJ, Varghese A (2023-09-28). 3232:Dhital A, Pey T, Stanford MR (September 2010). 2456:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 602. 1954:"Deafness and Hereditary Hearing Loss Overview" 928:) and platinum based chemotherapeutics such as 797:Disorders responsible for hearing loss include 258:. Certain infections during pregnancy, such as 7447:Occupational Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention 7017:"Biomedical research – Action On Hearing Loss" 6767:Lane HL, Richard Pillard, Ulf Hedberg (2011). 6403: 6220: 6011:Wilson JM, Jungner G, Organization WH (1968). 5376:"Childhood hearing loss: act now, here's how!" 5113: 3779: 3711: 3412: 2933:"Hearing loss prevalence in the United States" 1657: 1617:International Organization for Standardization 7832: 7485: 7208: 7159: 7110: 6227:The Journal of International Advanced Otology 5735:"Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention Award" 5679:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 5317: 4480: 4293: 3945:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 3941:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3272: 2984:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2256: 2254: 1297:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1282: 985:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 740:patterns, and fewer than 1% are inherited by 6670: 5949:"Recommended Uniform Screening Panel | HRSA" 5206: 5060:Shojaeemend H, Ayatollahi H (October 2018). 4955:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 3869: 3865: 3863: 3364:Fiske A, Wetherell JL, Gatz M (April 2009). 3323:Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2512:"Sound and Fury – Cochlear Implants – Essay" 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2088:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 1952:Shearer AE, Hildebrand MS, Smith RJ (2014). 1914:"Deafness and hearing loss Fact sheet N°300" 1366:United States Preventive Services Task Force 634:is hearing loss that is sustained after the 7398:WHO fact sheet on deafness and hearing loss 6709: 6589:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 6540:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 5865:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5600: 5267:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4438:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 4419:"Ototoxic Medications (Medication Effects)" 4225:McKusick VA, Kniffen CL (30 January 2012). 3034:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 2162:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1727:condition, it is written with a lower case 7839: 7825: 7492: 7478: 7465:International Ototoxicity Management Group 6760: 6730: 6197:"Accessibility & The Audio Track File" 5511: 4802: 4520: 4518: 4189: 4050: 4048: 4046: 2881: 2579:"Why not all deaf people want to be cured" 2347: 2345: 2343: 2251: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 983:. A 2018 informational bulletin by the US 626: 7240: 7191: 7142: 7093: 7040: 6898: 6705: 6703: 6608: 6559: 6254: 6172: 6097:"Who Should be Screened for Hearing Loss" 5884: 5836: 5570: 5505: 5488: 5294: 5230: 5139: 5085: 4906: 4883: 4805:"Isolated congenital ossicular anomalies" 4779: 4698: 4688: 4498: 4457: 4393: 4361: 4344: 4268: 4166: 4007: 3895: 3860: 3764: 3696: 3655: 3563: 3389: 3249: 3158: 3148: 3107: 3097: 3086:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology 3053: 2958: 2948: 2907: 2858: 2839:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology 2809: 2720: 2430: 2413: 2394:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2354:The global burden of disease: 2004 update 2323: 2234: 2189: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2022: 2005: 1972: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1740:National Technical Institute for the Deaf 274:finds that a person is unable to hear 25 7413:) is being considered for deletion. See 6773:. Oxford University Press. p. 269. 5539:"Do hearing protectors protect hearing?" 5010:. NIH – Noisy Planet. December 27, 2017. 4857: 4250: 4192:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 4066:. Harvard Medical School. Archived from 4038:National Center for Environmental Health 3678: 3455: 2576: 1947: 1945: 1851:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1671: 1489: 1428: 1065: 1006: 535:Hearing loss is responsible for causing 348: 231:usually affects both ears and is due to 7263: 7009: 6915: 6844:"Gene therapy is first deafness 'cure'" 6841: 6819:"Tsukuba University of Technology Home" 6655: 6056:10.7326/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00526 6031: 5543:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5416:"Preventing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss" 4580: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4515: 4183: 4043: 2729: 2702: 2659: 2610: 2604: 2474: 2449: 2340: 1838: 14: 8010: 6700: 5854: 5852: 3963: 3961: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3227: 3225: 3075: 3073: 2683: 2212: 2142: 2100: 1869: 1664:Social impact of profound hearing loss 839:superior semicircular canal dehiscence 7820: 7473: 6921: 6746:. Multilingual Matters. p. 502. 6643:from the original on 15 November 2016 6037: 5825:"Occupationally-Induced Hearing Loss" 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5055: 5053: 5014: 5008:"What Is Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?" 4481:Rybak LP, Ramkumar V (October 2007). 3953:Mine Safety and Health Administration 3382:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621 3023: 3021: 2492:from the original on 27 December 2015 2036:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2011. 1960:. Seattle: University of Washington. 1942: 1755:Stem cell transplant and gene therapy 1650:status of adults and children in the 1640:National Center for Health Statistics 1247:also recommends immunization against 910:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 837:, recurring ear infections, strokes, 418: 7759:Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo 6984: 6795:"Top Deaf universities and colleges" 6736: 6278:World Health Organization W (2017). 6189: 6161:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 5212: 4543: 4410: 3848:from the original on October 4, 2016 3629: 3370:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2796:(8). Journal of Epidemiol: 517–521. 2783: 2743:. National Association of the Deaf. 2488:. National Association of the Deaf. 1844: 1499: 1141:, and differential testing with the 550: 385: 7564: 6302: 5849: 5775:from the original on August 8, 2016 5645:"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention" 5549:(9). Wiley Periodicals: 1001–1010. 5114:Keidser G, Convery E (April 2016). 4306:. Elsevier Science. pp. 198–. 4231:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 3958: 3589:The New England Journal of Medicine 3309: 3222: 3070: 2620:The Journal of Political Philosophy 1351:. The result is calculated via an 908:such as furosemide and bumetanide, 528:usage can slow down the decline in 215:is a partial or total inability to 24: 7460:International Society of Audiology 6493:International Journal of Audiology 6450:International Journal of Audiology 6363:International Journal of Audiology 5805:from the original on June 30, 2016 5475:. 56 Suppl 2 (Suppl_2): S256–267. 5247: 5102: 5050: 4574: 4554: 4091:. Pennsylvania Ear Institute. 2016 4085:"Hearing Loss in Premature Babies" 3458:International Journal of Audiology 3018: 1002: 27:Partial or total inability to hear 25: 8054: 7417:to help reach a consensus. › 7276: 6967: 5745:from the original on May 27, 2016 5715:from the original on July 4, 2016 5655:from the original on July 9, 2016 5392:from the original on 6 March 2016 3636:Maternal and Child Health Journal 3234:"Visual loss and falls: a review" 2722:10.1097/01.HJ.0000559500.67179.7d 2221:. 57 Suppl 4 (suppl_4): S182–84. 2051: 1759:A 2005 study achieved successful 1287:Noise is widely recognized as an 7061: 7049:from the original on 9 July 2015 7034: 6961: 6858: 6854:from the original on 2008-09-14. 6835: 6811: 6787: 6680:Padden CA, Humphries T( (2005). 6625: 6576: 6527: 6484: 6440: 6397: 6353: 6326: 6311: 6296: 6271: 6214: 6147: 6118: 6089: 6004: 5965: 5941: 5916: 5901: 5845:from the original on 2016-05-12. 5817: 5787: 5757: 5727: 5697: 5685:from the original on May 6, 2016 5667: 5637: 5594: 5442:"Quick Statistics About Hearing" 5338:from the original on 2017-09-08. 4803:Park K, Choung YH (2009-01-01). 4374:American Journal of Epidemiology 4270:10.1288/00005537-197703000-00010 4054: 4009:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.017 3996:The Journal of Adolescent Health 3979:from the original on 2009-12-21. 3929:from the original on 2015-06-13. 3876:Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 3870:Oishi N, Schacht J (June 2011). 2632:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00217.x 2470:from the original on 2015-12-14. 2377:from the original on 2013-06-24. 1719:is often written with a capital 772:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 516:Hearing loss is associated with 511: 58: 6998:from the original on 2013-01-27 6950:from the original on 2012-12-14 6710:Jamie Berke (9 February 2010). 6136:from the original on 2017-03-18 6078:from the original on 2012-10-27 5910:"Hearing impairment calculator" 5827:. Publication number 2010-136. 5460: 5434: 5408: 5368: 5342: 5311: 5156: 5066:Healthcare Informatics Research 5036: 5000: 4986: 4968: 4943: 4900: 4851: 4796: 4739: 4715: 4653: 4610: 4532:from the original on 2010-06-09 4474: 4425: 4346:10.1590/s2179-64912012000200017 4320: 4251:Byl FM, Adour KK (March 1977). 4244: 4218: 4146: 4103: 4077: 4024: 3983: 3933: 3912: 3839:"Hearing Loss and Older Adults" 3831: 3788: 3773: 3740: 3705: 3672: 3623: 3580: 3531: 3488: 3449: 3406: 3357: 3266: 3200:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.004 3175: 3124: 2975: 2924: 2882:Hoppe U, Hesse G (2017-12-18). 2875: 2826: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2747:from the original on 2015-12-27 2696: 2653: 2593:from the original on 2015-09-24 2570: 2559:from the original on 2015-07-30 2537: 2526:from the original on 2015-07-06 2504: 2453:Textbook of clinical pediatrics 2381: 2290: 2278:from the original on 1 May 2015 2206: 2040:from the original on 2012-06-25 1608:the range of $ 750–790 billion 1485: 1181:of the hearing loss, such as a 8033:Occupational safety and health 7074:Science Translational Medicine 6712:"Deaf Culture - Big D Small D" 6662:Baker C, Carol Padden (1978). 5877:10.1002/14651858.cd006396.pub4 5318:Graham JM, Baguley DM (2009). 5279:10.1002/14651858.CD008080.pub2 4619:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 3460:. 42 Suppl 2 (sup2): 2S17–20. 2950:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.506 2174:10.1002/14651858.CD012665.pub2 2076: 2034:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1621:Hearing and Noise in Industry, 1477:Idiopathic sudden hearing loss 1378:American Academy of Pediatrics 596:health-related quality of life 13: 1: 7402: 6848:NewScientist.com News Service 6505:10.3109/14992027.2015.1009643 5705:"Controls for Noise Exposure" 3753:Aging Medicine and Healthcare 3497:American Journal of Audiology 2937:Archives of Internal Medicine 2316:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 1998:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1831: 1495:Disability-adjusted life year 1418: 1309:personal protective equipment 1213: 601: 392:Absolute threshold of hearing 344: 7639:Auditory processing disorder 7086:10.1126/scitranslmed.aab1996 6462:10.3109/14992027.2010.540582 6318:Passchier-Vermeer W (1969). 5615:10.1097/moo.0000000000000079 5184:10.1097/AUD.0b013e318297920b 5024:. NIOSH/CDC. 5 February 2018 4921:10.1016/j.heares.2016.05.008 4876:10.1016/j.heares.2012.11.010 4161:. 119 ( Pt 3) (3): 741–753. 3888:10.1517/14728214.2011.552427 3366:"Depression in older adults" 2219:Clinical Infectious Diseases 1597:and more than 6 per 1000 in 1359: 1301:hierarchy of hazard controls 1291:. In the United States, the 1175:auditory processing disorder 1055: 465:pain or pressure in the ears 121:central auditory dysfunction 7: 7904:Eustachian tube dysfunction 7135:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.007 7041:Gallacher J (9 July 2015). 6992:"Hearing Health Foundation" 6714:. About.com. Archived from 6044:Annals of Internal Medicine 4764:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.10.097 4124:10.1515/JBCPP.2000.11.3.215 3842:(Last Updated June 3, 2016) 3766:10.33879/AMH.143.2022.01008 2213:Fowler KB (December 2013). 2059:"Deafness and hearing loss" 1799: 1790: 1749: 1658:Social and cultural aspects 1433:An in-the-canal hearing aid 1225:congenital rubella syndrome 807:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 229:Hearing loss related to age 206:1.33 billion / 18.5% (2015) 10: 8059: 7589:Sensorineural hearing loss 5350:"Hearing Loss in Children" 5232:10.1001/archotol.130.5.524 5044:"Age-Related Hearing Loss" 4858:Oesterle EC (March 2013). 1854:. Elsevier. Archived from 1661: 1425:Management of hearing loss 1422: 1370:neonatal hearing screening 1321:NIOSH Power Tools Database 1283:Workplace noise regulation 1171:sensorineural hearing loss 1059: 732:, 20–25% are inherited by 715:Noise-induced hearing loss 681: 587:dose-response relationship 537:thalamocortical dysrthymia 399: 389: 290:, and mixed hearing loss. 288:sensorineural hearing loss 119:, and mixed hearing loss, 29: 7977: 7956: 7884: 7861: 7779: 7738: 7717: 7708: 7656: 7614: 7582:Superior canal dehiscence 7557: 7521: 7512: 7437:World Health Organization 7358: 7284: 6936:10.1038/nature.2012.11402 6552:10.1001/jamaoto.2016.3527 6375:10.1080/14992020600582166 5078:10.4258/hir.2018.24.4.263 4996:. NIDCD. January 3, 2018. 4821:10.1080/00016480802587846 4639:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.02.003 4581:Johnson AC (2008-09-09). 4300:Jos J. Eggermont (2017). 4204:10.1016/j.otc.2012.03.010 3726:10.3109/00206097909072634 3698:10.1017/s0142716407070294 3685:Applied Psycholinguistics 3648:10.1007/s10995-017-2287-y 3466:10.3109/14992020309074639 3427:10.1016/j.arr.2009.05.005 3046:10.1001/jamaoto.2017.2513 2577:Williams S (2012-09-13). 2128:10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.003 2063:World Health Organization 1934:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1774:Hearing Health Foundation 1761:regrowth of cochlea cells 1676:The sign for "friend" in 1638:program conducted by the 1245:World Health Organization 1097:, certified and licensed 1062:Diagnosis of hearing loss 742:mitochondrial inheritance 677: 661:previous experience with 638:, which can occur due to 558:mild cognitive impairment 303:World Health Organization 202: 176: 161: 149: 126: 108: 92: 88:Decreased ability to hear 82: 66: 57: 49: 44: 7909:Patulous Eustachian tube 7415:templates for discussion 6842:Coghlan A (2005-02-14). 6633:"American Sign Language" 6174:10.1177/0194599819859883 5838:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2010136 5132:10.1177/2331216516643284 5046:. NIDCD. 18 August 2015. 4198:(3): 599–629, vii–viii. 3509:10.1044/2015_AJA-15-0026 2660:Mehmood A (2023-01-30). 762:neurofibromatosis type 2 736:, 1–2% are inherited by 709:hearing loss in diabetes 576: 8028:Communication disorders 7802:Vestibulo–ocular reflex 7572:Conductive hearing loss 6038:Moyer VA (2012-11-06). 4528:. toxtown.nlm.nih.gov. 4168:10.1093/brain/119.3.741 3417:. Microbes and Ageing. 3415:Ageing Research Reviews 2790:Journal of Epidemiology 1704:children of deaf adults 1693:refers to a tight-knit 1601:have hearing problems. 1227:, immunization against 1195:unilateral hearing loss 1167:conductive hearing loss 1101:, school or industrial 636:acquisition of language 627:Spoken language ability 284:conductive hearing loss 7266:Physiology of behavior 7019:. RNID. Archived from 6922:Gewin V (2012-09-12). 6823:www.tsukuba-tech.ac.jp 6601:10.15585/mmwr.mm6605e3 6239:10.5152/iao.2022.21469 4809:Acta Oto-Laryngologica 4752:Radiology Case Reports 4592:: 1–48. Archived from 3939:In the United States, 3150:10.1055/s-0035-1555116 2802:10.2188/jea.JE20140147 2703:Bennett R (May 2019). 1680: 1678:American Sign Language 1589: 1434: 1086: 1027: 997:temporal bone fracture 723:personal audio devices 717:(NIHL), also known as 684:Causes of hearing loss 612:coronary heart disease 402:Equal-loudness contour 354: 307:personal audio players 256:chronic ear infections 7933:Middle ear barotrauma 7606:Nonsyndromic deafness 6130:www.healthypeople.gov 5795:"PowerTools Database" 5481:10.1093/geront/gnw033 5321:Ballantyne's Deafness 4590:Karolinska Institutet 4559:. CDC. Archived from 4500:10.1038/sj.ki.5002434 4155:"Auditory neuropathy" 3601:10.1056/NEJMra0911225 3556:10.1001/jama.2010.451 2406:10.2471/blt.13.128728 1675: 1610:international dollars 1493: 1432: 1399:At least once during 1393:At least once during 1333:sound exposure levels 1259:, efforts to prevent 1207:sensorineural hearing 1107:otorhinolaryngologist 1069: 1025: 918:macrolide antibiotics 867:vestibular schwannoma 766:Nonsyndromic deafness 632:Post-lingual deafness 449:cocktail party effect 424:difficulty using the 400:Further information: 352: 297:, proper care around 168:, proper care around 7926:Gradenigo's syndrome 7769:Labyrinthine fistula 7694:visual reinforcement 7644:Spatial hearing loss 7221:Nature Biotechnology 7172:Nature Biotechnology 6017:Public Health Papers 5213:Lieu JE (May 2004). 4487:Kidney International 4450:10.1620/tjem.219.177 3630:Hall WC (May 2017). 2784:Hung SC (Aug 2015). 2271:. 27 February 2015. 1992:(10053): 1545–1602. 1736:Gallaudet University 1599:developing countries 1459:assistive technology 1390:At ages 6, 8, and 10 1305:engineering controls 963:, for example); and 754:Waardenburg syndrome 667:language deprivation 545:visual snow syndrome 481:auditory recruitment 438:understanding speech 8038:Otorhinolaryngology 7533:Excessive response 7264:Carlson NR (2010). 6891:10.1038/nature07265 6883:2008Natur.455..537G 6683:Inside Deaf Culture 6456:(Suppl 1): S11–20. 5385:. 2016. p. 6. 5126:: 233121651664328. 4681:2018ASAJ..143.1704F 4631:2015NTxT...48...56V 4040:. (6 January 2020). 3975:. CDC. 2009-07-01. 3679:Mayberry R (2007). 3251:10.1038/eye.2010.60 3137:Seminars in Hearing 2709:The Hearing Journal 2587:The Daily Telegraph 2583:www.telegraph.co.uk 2549:www.theatlantic.com 2450:Elzouki AY (2012). 1742:in the US, and the 1595:developed countries 1455:middle ear implants 1413:Healthy People 2020 1313:Safe-in-Sound Award 1289:occupational hazard 1239:to reduce cases of 799:auditory neuropathy 792:hyperbilirubinaemia 701:high blood pressure 650:Prelingual deafness 530:cognitive functions 518:Alzheimer's disease 375:auditory neuropathy 73:Otorhinolaryngology 7943:Perforated eardrum 7452:(6 February 2018). 7359:External resources 6418:10.1002/lary.24913 6335:Noise & Health 5555:10.1002/ajim.22323 5356:. October 29, 2021 4386:10.1093/aje/kws146 3973:CDC Healthy Youth! 3809:10.1002/lary.24354 3335:10.3766/jaaa.16044 3287:10.1002/lary.25927 2611:Sparrow R (2005). 2227:10.1093/cid/cit609 1681: 1590: 1435: 1353:algebraic equation 1200:head shadow effect 1087: 1028: 961:automobile exhaust 815:multiple sclerosis 811:autoimmune disease 495:and disequilibrium 432:sound localization 419:Signs and symptoms 355: 233:cochlear hair cell 8005: 8004: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7787:Dix–Hallpike test 7754:Ménière's disease 7704: 7703: 7652: 7651: 7599:Cortical deafness 7393: 7392: 7123:Molecular Therapy 7080:(295): 295ra108. 6780:978-0-19-975929-3 6753:978-1-85359-545-5 6693:978-0-674-01506-7 6289:978-92-4-151204-6 5928:www.nidcd.nih.gov 5473:The Gerontologist 5331:978-0-470-74441-3 5120:Trends in Hearing 4994:"How Do We Hear?" 4690:10.1121/1.5028368 4313:978-0-12-809349-8 3925:. 25 March 2015. 3595:(15): 1438–1450. 3550:(15): 1498–1506. 3281:(11): 2587–2596. 2990:(12): 1121–1134. 2943:(20): 1851–1852. 2900:10.3205/cto000147 2705:"Time for Change" 2310:(9995): 743–800. 1826:World Hearing Day 1587: 1586: 1463:closed captioning 1451:cochlear implants 1265:World Hearing Day 1165:of hearing loss: 1023: 835:Ménière's disease 831:perilymph fistula 758:Alport's syndrome 750:Stickler syndrome 616:pulmonary disease 598:in older adults. 551:Cognitive decline 468:a blocked feeling 413:threshold of pain 386:Hearing standards 370:Speech perception 319:cochlear implants 248:exposure to noise 210: 209: 193:closed captioning 189:cochlear implants 151:Diagnostic method 139:exposure to noise 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8050: 7948:Tympanosclerosis 7921:Bezold's abscess 7841: 7834: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7792:Unterberger test 7746:Balance disorder 7715: 7714: 7627:Wolfram syndrome 7562: 7561: 7519: 7518: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7471: 7470: 7456:Global Audiology 7441:Internet archive 7282: 7281: 7270: 7269: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7233:10.1038/nbt.3801 7212: 7206: 7205: 7195: 7184:10.1038/nbt.3781 7163: 7157: 7156: 7146: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6976:. Archived from 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6877:(7212): 537–41. 6862: 6856: 6855: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6563: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6406:The Laryngoscope 6401: 6395: 6394: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6103:. Archived from 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5978:MMWR Supplements 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5888: 5856: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5574: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5515:The Noise Manual 5509: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5258: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5169: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5111: 5100: 5099: 5089: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4978:. Archived from 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4909:Hearing Research 4904: 4898: 4897: 4887: 4864:Hearing Research 4855: 4849: 4848: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4783: 4758:(4): 1461–1465. 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4692: 4675:(3): 1704–1710. 4666: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4598: 4587: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4552: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4461: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4397: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4272: 4257:The Laryngoscope 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4052: 4041: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4011: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3965: 3956: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3899: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3797:The Laryngoscope 3792: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3567: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3318: 3307: 3306: 3275:The Laryngoscope 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3244:(9): 1437–1446. 3229: 3220: 3219: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3162: 3152: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3101: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3025: 3016: 3015: 2996:10.1002/gps.1023 2979: 2973: 2972: 2962: 2952: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2862: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2700: 2694: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2668:. Archived from 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2447: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2349: 2338: 2337: 2327: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2277: 2266: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2168:(12): CD012665. 2153: 2140: 2139: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2009: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1910: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1842: 1699:primary language 1697:of people whose 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1384:When they enter 1295:(NIOSH) and the 1190:or other tumor. 1095:otolaryngologist 1024: 904:. This includes 871:viral infections 855:Pendred Syndrome 847:Treacher-Collins 690:of unknown cause 571:social isolation 569:and increase in 442:higher frequency 99:Social isolation 62: 42: 41: 21: 18:Hearing impaired 8058: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7973: 7952: 7888: 7880: 7857: 7848:Diseases of the 7845: 7815: 7806: 7775: 7734: 7700: 7674:Tone decay test 7648: 7610: 7553: 7508: 7498: 7443:on 12 May 2020. 7418: 7394: 7389: 7388: 7354: 7353: 7293: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7262: 7258: 7213: 7209: 7164: 7160: 7115: 7111: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7039: 7035: 7026: 7024: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6999: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6920: 6916: 6863: 6859: 6840: 6836: 6827: 6825: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6803: 6801: 6799:Healthy Hearing 6793: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6718:on 4 March 2016 6708: 6701: 6694: 6678: 6671: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6581: 6577: 6532: 6528: 6489: 6485: 6445: 6441: 6402: 6398: 6358: 6354: 6331: 6327: 6316: 6312: 6303:ISO IO (2013). 6301: 6297: 6290: 6276: 6272: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6152: 6148: 6139: 6137: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6108: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6079: 6036: 6032: 6009: 6005: 5970: 5966: 5957: 5955: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5906: 5902: 5871:(7): CD006396. 5857: 5850: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5506: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5273:(7): CD008080. 5259: 5248: 5211: 5207: 5172:Ear and Hearing 5167: 5161: 5157: 5112: 5103: 5058: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4905: 4901: 4856: 4852: 4801: 4797: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4479: 4475: 4430: 4426: 4415: 4411: 4366: 4362: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4223: 4219: 4188: 4184: 4151: 4147: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4029: 4025: 3988: 3984: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3938: 3934: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3868: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3793: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3745: 3741: 3710: 3706: 3677: 3673: 3628: 3624: 3585: 3581: 3536: 3532: 3493: 3489: 3454: 3450: 3411: 3407: 3362: 3358: 3319: 3310: 3271: 3267: 3230: 3223: 3180: 3176: 3129: 3125: 3099:10.1002/lio2.65 3078: 3071: 3026: 3019: 2980: 2976: 2929: 2925: 2880: 2876: 2851:10.1002/lio2.65 2831: 2827: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2666:militaryseoblog 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2527: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2464: 2448: 2431: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2341: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2211: 2207: 2154: 2143: 2112: 2101: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2023: 1977: 1973: 1950: 1943: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1802: 1793: 1757: 1752: 1670: 1662:Main articles: 1660: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1488: 1479: 1439:corticosteroids 1427: 1421: 1362: 1345:threshold shift 1285: 1261:premature birth 1216: 1064: 1058: 1007: 1005: 1003:Pathophysiology 987:(OSHA) and the 973:auditory system 922:aminoglycosides 895:West Nile virus 784:Premature birth 730:recessive genes 719:acoustic trauma 686: 680: 629: 604: 592:auditory system 579: 553: 514: 421: 408: 398: 388: 347: 272:hearing testing 260:cytomegalovirus 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8056: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7871:Otitis externa 7867: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7844: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7797:Romberg's test 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7632:Usher syndrome 7629: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7568: 7566: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7497: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7431: 7426: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384:article/994159 7375: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7340: 7329: 7314: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285:Classification 7278: 7277:External links 7275: 7272: 7271: 7256: 7227:(3): 264–272. 7207: 7178:(3): 280–284. 7158: 7129:(3): 780–791. 7109: 7060: 7033: 7008: 6983: 6980:on 2013-02-16. 6960: 6914: 6857: 6834: 6810: 6786: 6779: 6759: 6752: 6729: 6699: 6692: 6669: 6654: 6639:. 2015-08-18. 6624: 6595:(5): 139–144. 6575: 6546:(3): 274–285. 6526: 6499:(8): 499–506. 6483: 6439: 6412:(3): 690–694. 6396: 6369:(5): 309–317. 6352: 6325: 6310: 6295: 6288: 6270: 6233:(5): 399–404. 6213: 6188: 6167:(2): 195–210. 6146: 6117: 6088: 6030: 6003: 5964: 5940: 5915: 5900: 5848: 5816: 5786: 5756: 5726: 5696: 5666: 5636: 5609:(5): 388–393. 5593: 5529: 5504: 5459: 5433: 5407: 5367: 5341: 5330: 5310: 5246: 5225:(5): 524–530. 5205: 5178:(6): 773–778. 5155: 5101: 5072:(4): 263–275. 5049: 5035: 5013: 4999: 4985: 4982:on 1 May 2017. 4967: 4942: 4899: 4850: 4815:(4): 419–422. 4795: 4738: 4714: 4652: 4609: 4573: 4542: 4514: 4493:(8): 931–935. 4473: 4444:(3): 177–186. 4424: 4409: 4380:(6): 544–554. 4360: 4339:(2): 188–192. 4319: 4312: 4292: 4263:(3): 372–379. 4243: 4217: 4182: 4145: 4118:(3): 215–230. 4102: 4076: 4073:on 2013-10-19. 4042: 4023: 4002:(3): 243–245. 3982: 3957: 3932: 3911: 3882:(2): 235–245. 3859: 3830: 3803:(3): 767–776. 3787: 3772: 3759:(3): 102–113. 3739: 3720:(4): 320–334. 3704: 3691:(3): 537–549. 3671: 3642:(5): 961–965. 3622: 3579: 3530: 3503:(4): 536–548. 3487: 3448: 3421:(2): 131–141. 3405: 3376:(1): 363–389. 3356: 3329:(6): 575–588. 3308: 3265: 3221: 3174: 3143:(3): 122–139. 3123: 3069: 3040:(2): 115–126. 3017: 2974: 2923: 2874: 2825: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2728: 2695: 2682: 2652: 2603: 2569: 2555:. 2013-08-09. 2536: 2503: 2473: 2462: 2429: 2380: 2366: 2339: 2289: 2250: 2205: 2141: 2099: 2075: 2050: 2021: 1971: 1941: 1868: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1821:Safe listening 1818: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1785:Usher syndrome 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1695:cultural group 1685:sign languages 1659: 1656: 1642:. It examines 1585: 1584: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1498: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1467:movie theaters 1423:Main article: 1420: 1417: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1361: 1358: 1349:noise exposure 1284: 1281: 1215: 1212: 1091:medical doctor 1074:conducting an 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 1044:cochlear nerve 1004: 1001: 906:loop diuretics 887:herpes viruses 851:Usher Syndrome 746:Usher syndrome 734:dominant genes 682:Main article: 679: 676: 628: 625: 603: 600: 578: 575: 567:social contact 563:cognitive load 552: 549: 513: 510: 509: 508: 502: 496: 490: 484: 470: 469: 466: 459: 458: 455: 452: 445: 434: 428: 420: 417: 387: 384: 379: 378: 367: 360: 346: 343: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 178: 174: 173: 163: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 128: 124: 123: 110: 106: 105: 96: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 70: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8055: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:Cholesteatoma 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7835: 7830: 7828: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7764:Labyrinthitis 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7622:Deafblindness 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7500:Disorders of 7495: 7490: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7023:on 2013-01-23 7022: 7018: 7012: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6974:National Post 6971: 6964: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6658: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6341:(24): 35–41. 6340: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6107:on 2017-03-17 6106: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5739:Safe-in-Sound 5736: 5730: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5517: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5422:. 8 June 2020 5421: 5417: 5411: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5023: 5017: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4976:"How We Hear" 4971: 4956: 4952: 4951:"How We Hear" 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4599:on 2012-09-06 4595: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4563:on 2009-01-22 4562: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483:"Ototoxicity" 4477: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4178: 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2477: 2469: 2465: 2463:9783642022012 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400:(5): 367–73. 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2367:9789241563710 2363: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1858:on 2014-01-11 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1762: 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1156: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085:testing booth 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1000: 998: 995:be caused by 992: 990: 986: 982: 981:impulse noise 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 924:(main member 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 881:, congenital 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:cholesteatoma 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:Down syndrome 800: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 691: 685: 675: 673: 672:sign language 668: 664: 663:sign language 659: 655: 651: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 624: 621: 617: 613: 608: 599: 597: 593: 588: 583: 574: 572: 568: 564: 559: 548: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 512:Complications 507: 503: 500: 499:tympanophonia 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 478: 475: 474: 473: 467: 464: 463: 462: 456: 453: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 433: 429: 427: 423: 422: 416: 414: 407: 403: 397: 396:Hearing range 393: 383: 376: 371: 368: 365: 361: 357: 356: 351: 342: 340: 336: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315:sign language 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 185:sign language 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 157: 156:Hearing tests 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 117:sensorineural 114: 111: 107: 104: 100: 97: 95: 94:Complications 91: 87: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8018:Hearing loss 7995:tympanometry 7969:Hearing loss 7968: 7938:Otitis media 7664:Hearing test 7577:Otosclerosis 7529:Hearing loss 7528: 7449: 7420:Hearing loss 7408: 7377: 7366: 7342: 7331: 7316: 7297: 7265: 7259: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7051:. 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