67:
1078:
878:
820:
1164:
aggregates, cells initially distributed randomly undergo sorting and form two epithelial cell layers, in which the endodermal epithelial cells play more active roles in the process. Active mobility of these endodermal epithelial cells forms two layers in both the re-aggregate and the re-generating tip of the excised tissue. As these two layers are established, a patterning process takes place to form heads and feet.
44:
651:
1157:
direction of the pair of foot gradients. The evidence for these gradients was shown in the early 1900s with grafting experiments. The inhibitors for both gradients have shown to be important to block the bud formation. The location where the bud forms is where the gradients are low for both the head and foot.
1023:
are extraordinarily extensible and can be four to five times the length of the body. Once fully extended, the tentacles are slowly maneuvered around waiting for contact with a suitable prey animal. Upon contact, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey, and the tentacle itself coils around the
1097:
among a small population showing the feeding response after addition of glutathione. Recently, an assay for measuring the feeding response in hydra has been developed. In this method, the linear two-dimensional distance between the tip of the tentacle and the mouth of hydra was shown to be a direct
945:
into the water, and these can fertilize the egg in the ovary of another individual. The fertilized eggs secrete a tough outer coating, and, as the adult dies (due to starvation or cold), these resting eggs fall to the bottom of the lake or pond to await better conditions, whereupon they hatch into
1163:
are capable of regenerating from pieces of tissue from the body and additionally after tissue dissociation from reaggregates. This process takes place not only in the pieces of tissue excised from the body column, but also from re-aggregates of dissociated single cells. It was found that in these
1156:
is sliced into many segments, the middle slices form both a "head" and a "foot". The polarity of the regeneration is explained by two pairs of positional value gradients. There is both a head and foot activation and inhibition gradient. The head activation and inhibition works in an opposite
1093:(specifically in the reduced state as GSH) released from damaged tissue of injured prey. There are several methods conventionally used for quantification of the feeding response. In some, the duration for which the mouth remains open is measured. Other methods rely on counting the number of
1024:
prey. Most of the tentacles join in the attack within 30 seconds to subdue the struggling prey. Within two minutes, the tentacles surround the prey and move it into the open mouth aperture. Within ten minutes, the prey is engulfed within the body cavity, and digestion commences.
681:, which look like miniature light bulbs with a coiled thread inside. At the narrow outer edge of the cnidocyte is a short trigger hair called a cnidocil. Upon contact with prey, the contents of the nematocyst are explosively discharged, firing a dart-like thread containing
856:
with the mouth and tentacles and then relocate the foot, which provides the usual attachment, this process is called looping. In somersaulting, the body then bends over and makes a new place of attachment with the foot. By this process of "looping" or "somersaulting", a
2801:
J. F., Cazet; S., Siebert; H. M., Little; P., Bertemes; A. S., Primack; P., Ladurner; M., Achrainer; M. T., Fredriksen; R. T., Moreland; S., Singh; S., Zhang; T. G., Wolfsberg; T. G., Schnitzler; A. D., Baxevanis; O., Simakov; B., Hobmayer; C. E., Juliano (2023).
665:
body up to 10 mm (0.39 in) long when extended, secured by a simple adhesive foot known as the basal disc. Gland cells in the basal disc secrete a sticky fluid that accounts for its adhesive properties.
1374:
Due to the simplicity of their life cycle when compared to other hydrozoans, hydras have lost many genes that correspond to cell types or metabolic pathways of which the ancestral function is still unknown.
2506:
Estep PW (September 2010). "Declining asexual reproduction is suggestive of senescence in hydra: comment on
Martinez, D., "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra." Exp Gerontol 33, 217–25".
1425:. Among differentiated cells some express genes from families that date from the base of metazoans, like gland and neuronal cells, and others express genes from newer families, originating from the base of
852:, but do occasionally move quite readily, especially when hunting. They have two distinct methods for moving – 'looping' and 'somersaulting'. They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the
1238:), the transcription factor FoxO affects stress response, lifespan, and increase in stem cells. If this transcription factor is knocked down in bilaterian model organisms, such as
1541:
Jung S, Dingley AJ, Augustin R, Anton-Erxleben F, Stanisak M, Gelhaus C, Gutsmann T, Hammer MU, Podschun R, Bonvin AM, Leippe M, Bosch TC, Grötzinger J (January 2009).
1401:
of the same chromosome. It presents a great number of intercentromeric interactions when compared to other cnidarians, probably due to the loss of multiple subunits of
2555:
Boehm AM, Khalturin K, Anton-Erxleben F, Hemmrich G, Klostermeier UC, Lopez-Quintero JA, Oberg HH, Puchert M, Rosenstiel P, Wittlieb J, Bosch TC (November 2012).
1701:
Cantor, Marvin H.; Rahat, Menachem (1982). "Regulation of
Respiration and Photosynthesis in Hydra viridis and in Its Separate Cosymbionts: Effect of Nutrients".
1405:. It is organized in domains that span dozens to hundreds of megabases, containing epigenetically co-regulated genes and flanked by boundaries located within
1121:
1098:
measure of the extent of the feeding response. This method has been validated using a starvation model, as starvation is known to cause enhancement of the
956:
1280:. The repair pathways facilitate DNA replication by removing DNA damage. Their identification in hydra was based, in part, on the presence in its
1390:) are mostly located less than 2000 base pairs upstream from the closest transcription initiation site, but there are CREs located further away.
834:
are alarmed or attacked, the tentacles can be retracted to small buds, and the body column itself can be retracted to a small gelatinous sphere.
1876:
3057:
1433:, like nematocysts. Interstitial cells contain translation factors with a function that has been conserved for at least 400 million years.
933:
When a hydra is well fed, a new bud can form every two days. When conditions are harsh, often before winter or in poor feeding conditions,
838:
generally react in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus, and this may be due to the simplicity of the nerve nets.
2739:
Wong, WY; Simakov, O; Bridge, DM; Cartwright, P; Bellantuono, AJ; Kuhn, A; Holstein, TW; David, CN; Steele, RE; Martínez, DE (2019).
3005:
1676:
2291:"Hydra nematocysts in the flatworm Microstomum lineare: in search for alterations preceding their disappearance from the new host"
3152:
3031:
1367:
and is absent in the green hydra, which has a repeating landscape similar to other cnidarians. These genome characteristics make
1260:, but no death was observed, thus it is believed other factors may contribute to the apparent lack of aging in these creatures.
1019:
extend their body to maximum length and then slowly extend their tentacles. Despite their simple construction, the tentacles of
1284:
of genes homologous to ones present in other genetically well studied species playing key roles in these DNA repair pathways.
1152:; the "head" regenerates a "foot" and the "foot" regenerates a "head". This regeneration occurs without cell division. If the
1852:
1827:
1144:
reproduce by just budding off a whole new individual; the bud occurs around two-thirds of the way down the body axis. When a
2741:"Expansion of a single transposable element family is associated with genome-size increase and radiation in the genus Hydra"
1331:
3036:
1386:
have been created with regions around 500 to 2000 bases upstream of the gene of interest. Its cis-regulatory elements (
685:
into whatever triggered the release. This can paralyze the prey, especially if many hundreds of nematocysts are fired.
2016:
Bathia, Jay; Schröder, Katja; Fraune, Sebastian; Lachnit, Tim; Rosenstiel, Philip; Bosch, Thomas C. G. (6 June 2022).
1356:
1355:
are approximately 1 Gb in size. This is because the brown hydra genome is the result of an expansion event involving
630:
has a part severed, it will regenerate much like the mythical hydra’s heads. Biologists are especially interested in
580:
2984:
3106:
2411:
1486:
727:
populations that create many different cell types. These stem cells continually renew themselves in the body column
3062:
2997:
153:
3124:
3044:
1363:, in particular, a single family of the CR1 class. This expansion is unique to this subgroup of the genus
2932:
2927:
2914:
2018:"Symbiotic Algae of Hydra viridissima Play a Key Role in Maintaining Homeostatic Bacterial Colonization"
1421:(stem cells, neuron and nematocyst precursors, and germ cells) express genes from families that predate
1273:
662:
3098:
1192:(do not age), and that they are proof of the existence of non-senescing organisms generally. In 2010,
3111:
3072:
1474:
941:. Swellings in the body wall develop into either ovaries or testes. The testes release free-swimming
774:
673:. Each tentacle, or cnida (plural: cnidae), is clothed with highly specialised stinging cells called
2804:"A chromosome-scale epigenetic map of the Hydra genome reveals conserved regulators of cell state"
66:
2682:
Chapman JA, Kirkness EF, Simakov O, Hampson SE, Mitros T, Weinmaier T, et al. (March 2010).
2244:"Organelle survival in a foreign organism: Hydra nematocysts in the flatworm Microstomum lineare"
1239:
1211:
has attracted much attention from scientists. Research today appears to confirm
Martinez' study.
707:, because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple.
2854:
2402:
2159:
Venturini G (1987). "The hydra GSH receptor. Pharmacological and radioligand binding studies".
1543:"Hydramacin-1, structure and antibacterial activity of a protein from the basal metazoan Hydra"
1387:
1181:
635:
24:
1360:
1308:
is becoming an increasingly better model system as more genetic approaches become available.
3085:
2067:
Loomis WF (October 1955). "Glutathione control of the specific feeding reactions of hydra".
1256:), when FoxO levels were decreased, there was a negative effect on many key features of the
2953:
2901:
2752:
2695:
2568:
2076:
1966:
1954:
1608:
1326:
1277:
1216:
930:. The buds form from the body wall, grow into miniature adults and break away when mature.
923:
909:
593:
8:
1449:
1379:
1043:
934:
849:
754:
700:
2830:
2803:
2756:
2699:
2572:
2080:
1970:
1891:
1612:
919:
Most hydra species do not have any gender system. Instead, when food is plentiful, many
669:
At the free end of the body is a mouth opening surrounded by one to twelve thin, mobile
2775:
2740:
2716:
2683:
2645:
2618:
2591:
2556:
2532:
2488:
2445:
2378:
2326:
2219:
2198:
2141:
2092:
2088:
2044:
2017:
1998:
1935:
1919:
1870:
1734:
1726:
1629:
1596:
1572:
1317:
61:
2476:
3147:
3080:
2940:
2835:
2780:
2721:
2650:
2596:
2524:
2480:
2437:
2429:
2370:
2330:
2318:
2310:
2271:
2263:
2224:
2176:
2172:
2133:
2128:
2111:
2049:
1990:
1982:
1927:
1911:
1858:
1848:
1823:
1785:
1718:
1677:"Olympus Microscopy Resource Center | Pond Life Video Gallery – Hydra (Coelenterata)"
1634:
1564:
1347:
962:
866:
790:
746:
is sliced into many segments then the middle slices form both a "head" and a "foot".
619:
607:
502:
2617:
Barve, Apurva; Galande, Alisha A.; Ghaskadbi, Saroj S.; Ghaskadbi, Surendra (2021).
2536:
2449:
2382:
2145:
2096:
2002:
1939:
1738:
1223:" (FoxO) has been identified as a critical driver of the continuous self-renewal of
1200:) a letter to the editor arguing that the Martinez data refutes the hypothesis that
869:
of their bases or by detaching from the substrate and floating away in the current.
853:
845:
2945:
2825:
2815:
2770:
2760:
2711:
2703:
2640:
2630:
2586:
2576:
2516:
2492:
2472:
2419:
2415:
2360:
2302:
2255:
2214:
2206:
2168:
2161:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology
2123:
2084:
2039:
2029:
1974:
1903:
1775:
1765:
1714:
1710:
1624:
1616:
1576:
1554:
1309:
982:
611:
554:
2463:
Martínez DE (May 1998). "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra".
2892:
1978:
1620:
1418:
1417:
Different Hydra cell types express gene families of different evolutionary ages.
1406:
1352:
1228:
1112:
1008:
978:
734:
have two significant structures on their body: the "head" and the "foot". When a
365:
3049:
2520:
2992:
2979:
2561:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2306:
2259:
1442:
1371:
attractive for studies of transposon-driven speciations and genome expansions.
1351:, which has a genome size of approximately 300 Mb. In contrast, the genomes of
1248:
1055:
1035:
demonstrates the sophistication of what appears to be a simple nervous system.
513:
20:
2906:
2635:
2034:
1862:
1770:
1753:
1658:
803:
level 2 – interconnected ganglion cells synapsed to epithelial or motor cells.
742:; the "head" regenerates a "foot" and the "foot" regenerates a "head". If the
3141:
2919:
2877:
2433:
2314:
2267:
1986:
1915:
1722:
1383:
1227:. In experiments, a drastically reduced population growth resulted from FoxO
1193:
967:
650:
149:
118:
2765:
2581:
2290:
2243:
19:
This article is about the aquatic animal. For the mythological monster, see
2839:
2784:
2725:
2654:
2600:
2528:
2441:
2374:
2322:
2275:
2228:
2053:
1994:
1789:
1638:
1568:
1559:
1542:
1393:
Its chromatin has a Rabl configuration. There are interactions between the
1220:
1137:
1077:
704:
692:
2820:
2484:
2180:
2137:
1931:
1892:"Hydra viridis; transfer of metabolites between Hydra and symbiotic algae"
1081:
Reduction of glutathione causes reduction in the tentacle spread in hydra.
3018:
2886:
2668:
2557:"FoxO is a critical regulator of stem cell maintenance in immortal Hydra"
1780:
1090:
712:
2707:
1730:
1453:, another cnidarian (a jellyfish) that scientists believe to be immortal
985:, which is usually the life stage where sexual reproduction occurs, but
793:
and touch-sensitive nerve cells located in the body wall and tentacles.
3010:
2424:
2397:
2365:
2348:
1923:
1394:
1338:
1269:
1189:
723:
is composed of 50,000 to 100,000 cells which consist of three specific
708:
682:
678:
639:
3023:
2796:
2794:
1445:, a Greek mythological aquatic creature after which the genus is named
2966:
1430:
1422:
1402:
1313:
1235:
770:
750:
724:
674:
596:
78:
2848:
2554:
1907:
2971:
2871:
2791:
1426:
1398:
1342:
1293:
1253:
1243:
1117:
974:
696:
670:
623:
615:
603:
108:
98:
2210:
1296:
comparison analysis done within the last decade demonstrated that
3119:
2958:
1540:
1527:
1002:
927:
885:
54:
877:
1321:
1281:
1246:, their lifespan is significantly decreased. In experiments on
942:
808:
786:
627:
600:
88:
2616:
1820:
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa Süsswasserfauna von
Mitteleuropa. Bd 1/2+ 3
3093:
2681:
2112:"Affinity purification of Hydra glutathione binding proteins"
1148:
is cut in half, each half regenerates and forms into a small
1047:
819:
782:
738:
is cut in half, each half regenerates and forms into a small
589:
43:
1215:
stem cells have a capacity for indefinite self-renewal. The
2738:
2015:
1953:
Muscatine, Leonard; Lenhoff, Howard M. (15 November 1963).
1594:
1301:
1058:
products from the algae are beneficial as a food source to
572:
563:
1595:
Tomczyk S, Fischer K, Austad S, Galliot B (January 2015).
1184:. This publication has been widely cited as evidence that
1140:(tissue regeneration) when injured or severed. Typically,
970:
and may produce both testes and ovaries at the same time.
719:; it protects the outer layer against infection. A single
2669:"Transgenic Hydra Facility, University of Kiel (Germany)"
2199:"Measuring glutathione-induced feeding response in hydra"
1842:
757:, while larger excreta are discharged through the mouth.
861:
can move several inches (c. 100 mm) in a day.
1955:"Symbiosis: On the Role of Algae Symbiotic with Hydra"
622:, which was the many-headed beast of myth defeated by
581:
1312:
have become attractive model organisms to study the
569:
566:
1817:
677:. Cnidocytes contain specialized structures called
560:
557:
1889:
1803:Patton WK (August 2014). "Hydra (coelenterate)".
1521:
1397:of different chromosomes and the centromeres and
1378:Hydra genome shows a preference towards proximal
1072:
3139:
2109:
1952:
796:The structure of the nerve net has two levels:
2196:
2110:Bellis SL, Laux DC, Rhoads DE (November 1994).
1709:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 281–288.
699:, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the
2800:
2619:"DNA Repair Repertoire of the Enigmatic Hydra"
872:
800:level 1 – sensory cells or internal cells; and
638:; they do not appear to die of old age, or to
2389:
1172:Daniel Martinez claimed in a 1998 article in
1000:mainly feed on aquatic invertebrates such as
654:Schematic drawing of a discharging nematocyst
2612:
2610:
1050:. The algae are protected from predators by
2152:
2103:
1822:. Stuttgart: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
1745:
1700:
1601:Invertebrate Reproduction & Development
1597:"Hydra, a powerful model for aging studies"
773:, which is structurally simple compared to
2398:"Hydra regeneration and epitheliopeptides"
2349:"Hydra regeneration and epitheliopeptides"
2069:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1890:Thorington, Glyne; Margulis, Lynn (1981).
1875:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1028:can stretch their body wall considerably.
691:has two main body layers, which makes it "
42:
2829:
2819:
2774:
2764:
2715:
2644:
2634:
2607:
2590:
2580:
2423:
2364:
2218:
2158:
2127:
2043:
2033:
1779:
1769:
1751:
1628:
1558:
1511:(4th ed.). Primis Custom Publishing.
1506:
1472:
1252:(a radially symmetrical member of phylum
2462:
2395:
2346:
1207:The controversial unlimited lifespan of
1076:
989:do not progress beyond the polyp phase.
876:
818:
814:
649:
2396:Fujisawa, Toshitaka (29 January 2003).
2197:Kulkarni R, Galande S (November 2014).
2192:
2190:
1656:
1473:Schuchert P (2011). Schuchert P (ed.).
1468:
1466:
3140:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2288:
2241:
2066:
1802:
1234:In bilaterally symmetrical organisms (
1128:
2853:
2852:
2505:
2342:
2340:
1847:(Eighteenth ed.). New York, NY.
1754:"Hydra: Imaging Nerve Nets in Action"
3125:3B484273-FB37-45B3-9D5F-6F31CC3F6950
3099:FF75DF87-D54F-54CD-6F56-435F1A5D2206
3073:b7784a05-917e-4cb4-927d-ff13aaad356d
2998:0ca97b94-1537-4e70-8584-fb9c38012d5d
2187:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1522:Solomon E, Berg L, Martin D (2002).
1463:
703:, and the inner layer is called the
2543:
1547:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
749:Respiration and excretion occur by
13:
2337:
2089:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb35372.x
1843:Hickman, Cleveland P. Jr. (2019).
1818:Holstein T, Emschermann P (1995).
1412:
1268:Hydra are capable of two types of
1046:with various types of unicellular
14:
3164:
2203:Journal of Visualized Experiments
1645:
1583:
1167:
760:
2412:American Association for Anatomy
2248:European Journal of Cell Biology
1845:Integrated principles of zoology
1487:World Register of Marine Species
977:go through a body change from a
614:regions. The genus was named by
553:
65:
2732:
2675:
2661:
2499:
2456:
2282:
2235:
2060:
2009:
1946:
1883:
1836:
1811:
1805:Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia
1796:
1752:Ji N, Flavell SW (April 2017).
1382:. Thanks to this feature, many
695:". The layers are separated by
3153:Negligibly senescent organisms
1715:10.1086/physzool.55.3.30157891
1694:
1669:
1534:
1515:
1500:
1341:are usually less than 500 Mb (
1073:Measuring the feeding response
1065:and even help to maintain the
753:throughout the surface of the
1:
2684:"The dynamic genome of Hydra"
2477:10.1016/S0531-5565(97)00113-7
1457:
1263:
807:Some have only two sheets of
789:. Nerve nets connect sensory
781:does not have a recognizable
645:
460:Lang da Silveira et al., 1997
2347:Fujisawa T (February 2003).
2173:10.1016/0742-8413(87)90015-6
2129:10.1016/0014-5793(94)01154-0
1979:10.1126/science.142.3594.956
1621:10.1080/07924259.2014.927805
1105:
7:
2521:10.1016/j.exger.2010.03.017
1436:
1287:
873:Reproduction and life cycle
10:
3171:
2307:10.1007/s00441-019-03149-w
2260:10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.04.002
1274:nucleotide excision repair
992:
981:to an adult form called a
379:Griffin & Peters, 1939
260:Hadley & Forrest, 1949
18:
2861:
2636:10.3389/fgene.2021.670695
2035:10.3389/fmicb.2022.869666
1771:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.040
1300:share a minimum of 6,071
1031:The feeding behaviour of
606:. They are native to the
165:
160:
62:Scientific classification
60:
50:
41:
34:
2745:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2509:Experimental Gerontology
2465:Experimental Gerontology
2295:Cell and Tissue Research
1198:Experimental Gerontology
1174:Experimental Gerontology
1085:The feeding response in
777:animal nervous systems.
2766:10.1073/pnas.1910106116
2582:10.1073/pnas.1209714109
1896:The Biological Bulletin
1483:World Hydrozoa database
826:attached to a substrate
715:recently discovered in
287:De Carvalho Wolle, 1978
2403:Developmental Dynamics
2353:Developmental Dynamics
2289:Krohne, Georg (2020).
2242:Krohne, Georg (2018).
1681:olympus.magnet.fsu.edu
1560:10.1074/jbc.M804713200
1116:is preyed upon by the
1082:
916:
827:
765:The nervous system of
655:
320:Hydra madagascariensis
25:Hydra (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
2821:10.1101/gr.277040.122
2623:Frontiers in Genetics
1703:Physiological Zoology
1663:Developmental Biology
1361:transposable elements
1345:) in size, as in the
1182:biologically immortal
1080:
880:
822:
815:Motion and locomotion
653:
433:Chen & Wang, 2008
341:Cox & Young, 1973
2993:Fauna Europaea (new)
1507:Gilberson L (1999).
1327:Hydra magnipapillata
1278:base excision repair
1217:transcription factor
973:Many members of the
899:Daughter growing out
636:regenerative ability
536:Liu & Wang, 2010
2757:2019PNAS..11622915W
2751:(46): 22915–22917.
2708:10.1038/nature08830
2700:2010Natur.464..592C
2573:2012PNAS..10919697B
2081:1955NYASA..62..211L
1971:1963Sci...142..956M
1657:Gilbert SF (2000).
1613:2015InvRD..59S..11T
1450:Turritopsis dohrnii
1384:reporter cell lines
1196:published (also in
1129:Tissue regeneration
1122:Microstomum lineare
1044:mutual relationship
935:sexual reproduction
924:reproduce asexually
905:Daughter broken off
902:Beginning to cleave
533:Hydra zhujiangensis
421:Hydra plagiodesmica
359:Fan & Shi, 1999
251:Fan & Shi, 2003
16:Genus of cnidarians
2425:10.1002/dvdy.10221
2366:10.1002/dvdy.10221
1509:Zoology Lab Manual
1102:feeding response.
1083:
957:Hydra circumcincta
917:
828:
663:radially symmetric
656:
618:in 1758 after the
448:Hydra rutgersensis
212:Hydra circumcincta
185:Hydra beijingensis
3135:
3134:
3081:Open Tree of Life
2855:Taxon identifiers
2567:(48): 19697–702.
1965:(3594): 956–958.
1854:978-1-260-20519-0
1829:978-3-8274-0836-5
1807:. Grolier Online.
1348:Hydra viridissima
1320:. A draft of the
963:Hydra viridissima
865:may also move by
634:because of their
544:
543:
537:
528:
519:
508:
503:Hydra viridissima
497:
488:
479:
470:
469:Wang et al., 2009
461:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
406:Cernosvitov, 1935
398:
389:
380:
371:
360:
351:
342:
333:
329:Hydra magellanica
324:
315:
306:
297:
288:
279:
270:
261:
252:
248:Hydra harbinensis
243:
234:
225:
221:Hydra daqingensis
216:
207:
203:Hydra cauliculata
198:
189:
180:
179:Swarczewsky, 1923
176:Hydra baikalensis
156:
134:
3160:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3050:NHMSYS0020703689
3040:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2823:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2427:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2022:Front. Microbiol
2013:
2007:
2006:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1764:(8): R294–R295.
1749:
1743:
1742:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1526:(6th ed.).
1519:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1470:
1419:Progenitor cells
1332:reported in 2010
1310:Transgenic hydra
1204:do not senesce.
1038:Some species of
584:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
535:
526:
524:Hydra zeylandica
517:
506:
495:
486:
477:
468:
459:
457:Hydra salmacidis
450:
441:
432:
430:Hydra polymorpha
423:
414:
405:
403:Hydra paranensis
396:
394:Hydra paludicola
387:
378:
369:
358:
349:
340:
331:
322:
313:
304:
295:
286:
284:Hydra intermedia
277:
268:
259:
250:
241:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
194:Hydra canadensis
187:
178:
148:
132:
70:
69:
46:
32:
31:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2857:
2847:
2808:Genome Research
2799:
2792:
2737:
2733:
2694:(7288): 592–6.
2680:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2615:
2608:
2553:
2544:
2504:
2500:
2461:
2457:
2394:
2390:
2345:
2338:
2287:
2283:
2240:
2236:
2195:
2188:
2157:
2153:
2108:
2104:
2065:
2061:
2014:
2010:
1951:
1947:
1908:10.2307/1540911
1888:
1884:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1758:Current Biology
1750:
1746:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:(6th ed.).
1655:
1646:
1607:(sup1): 11–16.
1593:
1584:
1553:(3): 1896–905.
1539:
1535:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1479:Linnaeus, 1758"
1471:
1464:
1460:
1439:
1415:
1413:Transcriptomics
1407:heterochromatin
1337:The genomes of
1290:
1266:
1229:down-regulation
1170:
1131:
1113:Hydra oligactis
1108:
1075:
1015:While feeding,
995:
937:occurs in some
915:
893:Non-reproducing
875:
867:amoeboid motion
817:
763:
661:has a tubular,
648:
582:
556:
552:
540:
493:Hydra utahensis
366:Hydra oligactis
311:Hydra liriosoma
242:(Forrest, 1959)
230:Hydra ethiopiae
171:
170:
147:
131:
64:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3028:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2980:Fauna Europaea
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2883:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2814:(2): 283–298.
2790:
2731:
2674:
2660:
2606:
2542:
2498:
2455:
2388:
2336:
2281:
2254:(4): 289–299.
2234:
2205:(93): e52178.
2186:
2151:
2102:
2059:
2008:
1945:
1902:(1): 175–188.
1882:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1795:
1744:
1693:
1668:
1659:"Regeneration"
1644:
1582:
1533:
1514:
1499:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1443:Lernaean Hydra
1438:
1435:
1414:
1411:
1289:
1286:
1265:
1262:
1221:forkhead box O
1169:
1168:Non-senescence
1166:
1130:
1127:
1107:
1104:
1089:is induced by
1074:
1071:
1056:photosynthetic
994:
991:
968:hermaphrodites
954:species, like
914:
913:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:Creating a bud
894:
890:
874:
871:
844:are generally
816:
813:
805:
804:
801:
791:photoreceptors
762:
761:Nervous system
759:
647:
644:
626:, as when the
542:
541:
539:
538:
529:
520:
514:Hydra vulgaris
509:
498:
489:
480:
475:Hydra thomseni
471:
466:Hydra sinensis
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
385:Hydra oxycnida
381:
372:
361:
356:Hydra mohensis
352:
343:
334:
325:
323:Campbell, 1999
316:
314:Campbell, 1987
307:
302:Hydra javanica
298:
293:Hydra japonica
289:
280:
271:
266:Hydra iheringi
262:
253:
244:
235:
226:
217:
208:
199:
190:
181:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
140:
136:
135:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
48:
47:
39:
38:
21:Lernaean Hydra
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:(3): 217–25.
2470:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2211:10.3791/52178
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:(9): 211–27.
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:1721.1/114954
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:with humans.
1303:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:Preston Estep
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:; in return,
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
964:
959:
958:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
922:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
879:
870:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
837:
833:
825:
821:
812:
810:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
758:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
652:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
577:
550:
549:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
515:
510:
505:
504:
499:
494:
490:
485:
481:
478:Cordero, 1941
476:
472:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:Forrest, 1963
449:
445:
440:
439:Hydra robusta
436:
431:
427:
422:
418:
413:
409:
404:
400:
395:
391:
388:Schulze, 1914
386:
382:
377:
376:Hydra oregona
373:
368:
367:
362:
357:
353:
350:Forrest, 1963
348:
344:
339:
338:Hydra mariana
335:
332:Schulze, 1927
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
308:
305:Schulze, 1929
303:
299:
294:
290:
285:
281:
276:
272:
269:Cordero, 1939
267:
263:
258:
257:Hydra hymanae
254:
249:
245:
240:
239:Hydra hadleyi
236:
233:Hickson, 1930
231:
227:
222:
218:
215:Schulze, 1914
213:
209:
204:
200:
195:
191:
186:
182:
177:
173:
172:
164:
159:
155:
151:
146:
145:
141:
138:
137:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:Anthoathecata
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2862:
2811:
2807:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2663:
2626:
2622:
2564:
2560:
2515:(9): 645–6.
2512:
2508:
2501:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2418:): 182–189.
2407:
2401:
2391:
2359:(2): 182–9.
2356:
2352:
2301:(1): 63–71.
2298:
2294:
2284:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2202:
2167:(2): 321–4.
2164:
2160:
2154:
2122:(3): 320–4.
2119:
2116:FEBS Letters
2115:
2105:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1844:
1838:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1686:21 September
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1662:
1604:
1600:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1482:
1476:
1448:
1416:
1403:condensin II
1392:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:, a type of
1353:brown hydras
1346:
1336:
1325:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1233:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:morphallaxis
1133:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1110:The species
1109:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1069:microbiome.
1066:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1001:
997:
996:
986:
972:
961:
955:
951:
947:
938:
932:
920:
918:
884:
881:
862:
858:
841:
840:
835:
831:
829:
823:
806:
795:
778:
775:more derived
766:
764:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
720:
716:
705:gastrodermis
693:diploblastic
688:
687:
668:
658:
657:
631:
547:
546:
545:
532:
523:
518:Pallas, 1766
512:
507:Pallas, 1766
501:
492:
484:Hydra umfula
483:
474:
465:
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
370:Pallas, 1766
364:
355:
347:Hydra minima
346:
337:
328:
319:
310:
301:
292:
283:
275:Hydra intaba
274:
265:
256:
247:
238:
229:
220:
211:
202:
193:
184:
175:
143:
142:
128:
51:
35:
29:
3019:iNaturalist
2887:Wikispecies
1528:Brooks/Cole
1492:20 December
1395:centromeres
1249:H. vulgaris
1240:fruit flies
1091:glutathione
1042:exist in a
713:bactericide
683:neurotoxins
679:nematocysts
496:Hyman, 1931
442:(Itô, 1947)
424:Dioni, 1968
412:Hydra parva
206:Hyman, 1938
197:Rowan, 1930
3142:Categories
2629:: 670695.
2028:: 869666.
1863:1097367369
1458:References
1339:cnidarians
1270:DNA repair
1264:DNA repair
709:Hydramacin
675:cnidocytes
646:Morphology
597:hydrozoans
594:freshwater
527:Burt, 1929
487:Ewer, 1948
278:Ewer, 1948
133:Dana, 1846
2434:1058-8388
2331:209380951
2315:1432-0878
2268:1618-1298
1987:0036-8075
1916:0006-3185
1871:cite book
1723:0031-935X
1431:medusozoa
1423:metazoans
1399:telomeres
1380:promoters
1343:megabases
1314:evolution
1244:nematodes
1236:Bilateria
1106:Predators
912:of parent
908:Daughter
854:substrate
846:sedentary
771:nerve net
755:epidermis
751:diffusion
725:stem cell
701:epidermis
671:tentacles
608:temperate
592:of small
415:Itô, 1947
397:Itô, 1947
296:Itô, 1947
224:Fan, 2000
188:Fan, 2003
85:Kingdom:
79:Eukaryota
3148:Hydridae
2959:46551677
2872:Wikidata
2840:36639202
2831:10069465
2785:31659034
2726:20228792
2655:33995496
2601:23150562
2537:35408542
2529:20398746
2450:26953455
2442:12557197
2383:26953455
2375:12557197
2323:31848750
2276:29661512
2229:25490534
2146:29262166
2097:85570550
2054:35733963
2003:28578967
1995:17753799
1940:21008864
1790:28441559
1739:86961916
1731:30157891
1639:26120246
1569:19019828
1437:See also
1427:cnidaria
1318:immunity
1294:ortholog
1288:Genomics
1254:Cnidaria
1136:undergo
1118:flatworm
975:Hydrozoa
785:or true
697:mesoglea
642:at all.
624:Heracles
616:Linnaeus
612:tropical
604:Cnidaria
161:Species
150:Linnaeus
129:Hydridae
125:Family:
109:Hydrozoa
99:Cnidaria
95:Phylum:
89:Animalia
75:Domain:
3120:ZooBank
3011:9811888
2878:Q192290
2776:6859323
2753:Bibcode
2717:4479502
2696:Bibcode
2646:8117345
2592:3511741
2569:Bibcode
2493:2009972
2485:9615920
2220:4354099
2181:2888575
2138:7957948
2077:Bibcode
2045:9207534
1967:Bibcode
1959:Science
1932:6164406
1924:1540911
1630:4463768
1609:Bibcode
1577:3887876
1524:Biology
1190:senesce
1188:do not
1009:Cyclops
1003:Daphnia
993:Feeding
950:. Some
943:gametes
928:budding
886:budding
850:sessile
809:neurons
787:muscles
599:of the
588:) is a
139:Genus:
115:Order:
105:Class:
55:budding
3112:267491
3086:767784
3070:NZOR:
3024:203710
2985:215054
2972:1HDRAG
2933:104173
2838:
2828:
2783:
2773:
2724:
2714:
2688:Nature
2653:
2643:
2599:
2589:
2535:
2527:
2491:
2483:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2381:
2373:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2274:
2266:
2227:
2217:
2179:
2144:
2136:
2095:
2052:
2042:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1861:
1851:
1826:
1788:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1637:
1627:
1575:
1567:
1322:genome
1282:genome
1161:Hydras
1142:Hydras
1134:Hydras
983:medusa
966:, are
946:nymph
732:Hydras
628:animal
601:phylum
3107:WoRMS
3094:Plazi
3037:50845
2946:7P6HZ
2920:Hydra
2907:Hydra
2893:Hydra
2863:Hydra
2533:S2CID
2489:S2CID
2446:S2CID
2416:Wiley
2410:(2).
2379:S2CID
2327:S2CID
2142:S2CID
2093:S2CID
1999:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1920:JSTOR
1735:S2CID
1727:JSTOR
1573:S2CID
1477:Hydra
1369:Hydra
1365:Hydra
1357:LINEs
1306:Hydra
1302:genes
1298:Hydra
1258:Hydra
1225:Hydra
1213:Hydra
1209:Hydra
1202:Hydra
1186:Hydra
1178:Hydra
1176:that
1154:Hydra
1150:Hydra
1146:Hydra
1100:Hydra
1095:Hydra
1087:Hydra
1067:Hydra
1060:Hydra
1052:Hydra
1048:algae
1040:Hydra
1033:Hydra
1026:Hydra
1021:Hydra
1017:Hydra
998:Hydra
987:Hydra
979:polyp
952:Hydra
948:Hydra
939:Hydra
921:Hydra
910:clone
882:Hydra
863:Hydra
859:Hydra
842:Hydra
836:Hydra
832:Hydra
824:Hydra
783:brain
779:Hydra
769:is a
767:Hydra
744:Hydra
740:Hydra
736:Hydra
721:Hydra
717:Hydra
711:is a
689:Hydra
659:Hydra
632:Hydra
620:Hydra
590:genus
548:Hydra
144:Hydra
52:Hydra
36:Hydra
3063:6083
3058:NCBI
3032:ITIS
3006:GBIF
2967:EPPO
2928:BOLD
2836:PMID
2781:PMID
2722:PMID
2651:PMID
2597:PMID
2525:PMID
2481:PMID
2438:PMID
2430:ISSN
2371:PMID
2319:PMID
2311:ISSN
2272:PMID
2264:ISSN
2225:PMID
2177:PMID
2134:PMID
2050:PMID
1991:PMID
1983:ISSN
1928:PMID
1912:ISSN
1877:link
1859:OCLC
1849:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1786:PMID
1719:ISSN
1688:2019
1635:PMID
1565:PMID
1494:2011
1330:was
1276:and
1242:and
1180:are
1006:and
960:and
610:and
585:-drə
169:List
154:1758
3045:NBN
2954:EoL
2941:CoL
2915:AFD
2902:ADW
2826:PMC
2816:doi
2771:PMC
2761:doi
2749:116
2712:PMC
2704:doi
2692:464
2641:PMC
2631:doi
2587:PMC
2577:doi
2565:109
2517:doi
2473:doi
2420:doi
2408:226
2361:doi
2357:226
2303:doi
2299:379
2256:doi
2215:PMC
2207:doi
2169:doi
2124:doi
2120:354
2085:doi
2040:PMC
2030:doi
1975:doi
1963:142
1904:doi
1900:160
1776:hdl
1766:doi
1711:doi
1625:PMC
1617:doi
1555:doi
1551:284
1429:or
1388:CRE
1324:of
1316:of
1292:An
926:by
848:or
830:If
640:age
3144::
3122::
3109::
3096::
3083::
3060::
3047::
3034::
3021::
3008::
2995::
2982::
2969::
2956::
2943::
2930::
2917::
2904::
2889::
2874::
2834:.
2824:.
2812:33
2810:.
2806:.
2793:^
2779:.
2769:.
2759:.
2747:.
2743:.
2720:.
2710:.
2702:.
2690:.
2686:.
2649:.
2639:.
2627:12
2625:.
2621:.
2609:^
2595:.
2585:.
2575:.
2563:.
2559:.
2545:^
2531:.
2523:.
2513:45
2511:.
2487:.
2479:.
2469:33
2467:.
2444:.
2436:.
2428:.
2406:.
2400:.
2377:.
2369:.
2355:.
2351:.
2339:^
2325:.
2317:.
2309:.
2297:.
2293:.
2270:.
2262:.
2252:97
2250:.
2246:.
2223:.
2213:.
2201:.
2189:^
2175:.
2165:87
2163:.
2140:.
2132:.
2118:.
2114:.
2091:.
2083:.
2073:62
2071:.
2048:.
2038:.
2026:13
2024:.
2020:.
1997:.
1989:.
1981:.
1973:.
1961:.
1957:.
1934:.
1926:.
1918:.
1910:.
1898:.
1894:.
1873:}}
1869:{{
1857:.
1784:.
1774:.
1762:27
1760:.
1756:.
1733:.
1725:.
1717:.
1707:55
1705:.
1679:.
1661:.
1647:^
1633:.
1623:.
1615:.
1605:59
1603:.
1599:.
1585:^
1571:.
1563:.
1549:.
1545:.
1485:.
1481:.
1465:^
1409:.
1334:.
1272::
1231:.
1125:.
1012:.
889::
811:.
583:HY
564:aɪ
531:*
522:*
511:*
500:*
491:*
482:*
473:*
464:*
455:*
446:*
437:*
428:*
419:*
410:*
401:*
392:*
383:*
374:*
363:*
354:*
345:*
336:*
327:*
318:*
309:*
300:*
291:*
282:*
273:*
264:*
255:*
246:*
237:*
228:*
219:*
210:*
201:*
192:*
183:*
174:*
152:,
2842:.
2818::
2787:.
2763::
2755::
2728:.
2706::
2698::
2671:.
2657:.
2633::
2603:.
2579::
2571::
2539:.
2519::
2495:.
2475::
2452:.
2422::
2414:(
2385:.
2363::
2333:.
2305::
2278:.
2258::
2231:.
2209::
2183:.
2171::
2148:.
2126::
2099:.
2087::
2079::
2056:.
2032::
2005:.
1977::
1969::
1942:.
1906::
1879:)
1865:.
1832:.
1792:.
1778::
1768::
1741:.
1713::
1690:.
1641:.
1619::
1611::
1579:.
1557::
1530:.
1496:.
1475:"
1219:"
1063:,
729:.
576:/
573:ə
570:r
567:d
561:h
558:ˈ
555:/
551:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
