Humorism - Knowledge

676:, but this link was not proposed by Hippocrates or Galen, who referred primarily to bodily fluids. While Galen thought that humors were formed in the body, rather than ingested, he believed that different foods had varying potential to act upon the body to produce different humors. Warm foods, for example, tended to produce yellow bile, while cold foods tended to produce phlegm. Seasons of the year, periods of life, geographic regions, and occupations also influenced the nature of the humors formed. As such, certain seasons and geographic areas were understood to cause imbalances in the humors, leading to varying types of disease across time and place. For example, cities exposed to hot winds were seen as having higher rates of digestive problems as a result of excess phlegm running down from the head, while cities exposed to cold winds were associated with diseases of the lungs, acute diseases, and "hardness of the bowels", as well as ophthalmies (issues of the eyes), and nosebleeds. Cities to the west, meanwhile, were believed to produce weak, unhealthy, pale people that were subject to all manners of disease. In the treatise, 35: 76: 1712:, the humoral theory's demise hastened even further. This demonstrates that there is only one precise cause and one specific issue for each and every sickness or disorder that has been diagnosed. Additionally, the identification of messenger molecules like hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters suggests that the humoral theory has not yet been made fully moribund. Humoral theory is still present in modern medical terminology, which refers to humoral immunity when discussing elements of immunity that circulate in the bloodstream, such as hormones and antibodies. 707:, Galen further emphasized the importance of the qualities. An ideal temperament involved a proportionally balanced mixture of the four qualities. Galen identified four temperaments in which one of the qualities (warm, cold, moist, or dry) predominated, and four more in which a combination of two (warm and moist, warm and dry, cold and dry, or cold and moist) dominated. These last four, named for the humors with which they were associated—sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic—eventually became better known than the others. While the term 1772:, in which the character Petruchio, a choleric man, uses humoral therapy techniques on Katherina, a choleric woman, in order to tame her into the socially acceptable phlegmatic woman. Some examples include: he yells at the servants for serving mutton, a choleric food, to two people who are already choleric; he deprives Katherina of sleep; and he, Katherina and their servant Grumio endure a cold walk home, for cold temperatures were said to tame choleric temperaments. 481: 933:, suggested that the four humors were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen: a dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"); above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"); above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"); the top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile"). 4068: 1589: 663:

are well mixed. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. The body depends heavily on the four humors because their balanced combination helps to keep people in good health. Having the right amount of humor is essential for health. The pathophysiology of disease is consequently brought on by humor excesses and/or deficiencies.

829:(wisdom)". Through this, Galen found a connection between these three parts of the soul and the three major organs that were recognized at the time: the brain, the heart, and the liver. This idea of connecting vital parts of the soul to vital parts of the body was derived from Aristotle's sense of explaining physical observations, and Galen utilized it to build his view of the human body. The organs (named 688: 672:

popularity for centuries, largely through the influence of the writings of Galen (129–201 AD). The four essential elements—humors—that make up the human body, according to Hippocrates, are in harmony with one another and act as a catalyst for preserving health. Hippocrates' theory of four humors was linked with the popular theory of the four elements (earth, fire, water, and air) proposed by

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centuries in the Byzantine Empire when traditional secular Greek culture gave way to Christian influences. Though the use of humoralist medicine continued during this time, its influence was diminished in favor of religion. The revival of Greek humoralism, owing in part to changing social and economic factors, did not begin until the early ninth century. Use of the practice in modern times is

1661: 496: 885:) to winter". He also related a correspondence between humors and seasons based on the properties of both. Blood, as a humor, was considered hot and wet. This gave it a correspondence to spring. Yellow bile was considered hot and dry, which related it to summer. Black bile was considered cold and dry, and thus related to autumn. Phlegm, cold and wet, was related to winter. 719:

and Western European medical establishments that adopted and adapted classical medical philosophy, believed that each of these humors would wax and wane in the body, depending on diet and activity. When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of the four humors, then said patient's personality and/or physical health could be negatively affected.

1127:. Some of the first descriptions of jaundice come from the Hippocratic physicians (icterus). The ailment appears multiple times in the Hippocratic Corpus, where its genesis, description, prognosis, and therapy are given. The five kinds of jaundice mentioned in the Hippocratic Corpus all share a yellow or greenish skin color. 1131:

contemporary medical practice, their capacity for observation as they described the various forms of jaundice is remarkable. In the Hippocratic Corpus, the Hippocratic physicians make multiple references to jaundice. At that time, jaundice was viewed as an illness unto itself rather than a symptom brought on by a disease.

847:) of a person. While the correspondence of parts of the body to the soul was an influential concept, Galen decided that the interaction of the four humors with natural bodily mechanisms were responsible for human development and this connection inspired his understanding of the nature of the components of the body. 1030:). Depression was attributed to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen. Cancer was also attributed to an excess of black bile concentrated in a specific area. The seasonal association of black bile was to autumn as the cold and dry characteristics of the season reflect the nature of man. 1002:, or in excretions such as vomit and feces. The associated qualities for yellow bile are hot and dry with the natural association of summer and fire. It was believed that an excess of this humor in an individual would result in emotional irregularities such as increased anger or irrational behaviour. 1130:

A modern doctor will undoubtedly start to think of the symptoms listed in contemporary atlases of medicine after reading the clinical symptoms of each variety of jaundice listed in the Hippocratic Corpus. Despite the fact that the Hippocratic physicians' therapeutic approaches have little to do with

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Disease could also be the result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors. These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. Greeks and Romans, and the later Muslim

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A fundamental idea of Hippocratic medicine was the endeavor to pinpoint the origins of illnesses in both the physiology of the human body and the influence of potentially hazardous environmental variables like air, water, and nutrition, and every humor has a distinct composition and is secreted by a

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The Human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and

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Although advances in cellular pathology and chemistry criticized humoralism by the 17th century, the theory had dominated Western medical thinking for more than 2,000 years. Only in some instances did the theory of humoralism wane into obscurity. One such instance occurred in the sixth and seventh

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further developed the idea that beneficial medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals and various alchemical combinations thereof. These beliefs were the foundation of mainstream Western medicine well into the 17th century. Specific minerals or herbs were used to treat ailments simple to

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It was thought that the nutritional value of the blood was the source of energy for the body and the soul. Blood was believed to consist of small proportional amounts of the other three humors. This meant that taking a blood sample would allow for determination of the balance of the four humors in

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Therefore, the goal of treatment was to rid the body of some of the excess humor through techniques like purging, bloodletting, catharsis, diuresis, and others. Bloodletting was already a prominent medical procedure by the first century, but venesection took on even more significance once Galen of

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Although the theory of the four humors does appear in some Hippocratic texts, other Hippocratic writers accepted the existence of only two humors, while some refrained from discussing the humoral theory at all. Humoralism, or the doctrine of the four temperaments, as a medical theory retained its

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Humoral theory was the grand unified theory of medicine, before the invention of modern medicine, for more than 2000 years. The theory was one of the fundamental tenets of the teachings of the Greek physician-philosopher Hippocrates (460–370 BC), who is regarded as the first practitioner of

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and liver also have to function normally for proper digestion. If there are any abnormalities in gastric digestion, the liver, blood vessels, and tissues cannot be provided with the raw chylous, which can cause abnormal humor and blood composition. A healthy functioning liver is not capable of

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Humorism theory was improved by Galen, who incorporated his understanding of the humors into his interpretation of the human body. He believed the interactions of the humors within the body were the key to investigating the physical nature and function of the organ systems. Galen combined his

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and others developed a set of characters based on the humors. Those with too much blood were sanguine. Those with too much phlegm were phlegmatic. Those with too much yellow bile were choleric, and those with too much black bile were melancholic. The idea of human personality based on humors

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as it is defined today. Phlegm was used as a general term to describe white or colorless secretions such as pus, mucus, saliva, sweat, or semen. Phlegm was also associated with the brain, possibly due to the color and consistency of brain tissue. The French physiologist and Nobel laureate

1759:. Through the neo-classical revival in Europe, the humor theory dominated medical practice, and the theory of humoral types made periodic appearances in drama. The humors were an important and popular iconographic theme in European art, found in paintings, tapestries, and sets of prints. 924:

These terms only partly correspond to modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and phlegm has a very different meaning. It was believed that the humors were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made.

1067:– where is it? Who will ever see it? Who has ever seen it? What can we say of this fanciful classification of humors into four groups, of which two are absolutely imaginary?" The seasonal association of phlegm is winter due to the natural properties of being cold and wet. 1146:: earth, fire, water, and air, with the earth producing the natural systems. Since this theory was influential for centuries, later scholars paired qualities associated with each humor as described by Hippocrates/Galen with seasons and "basic elements" as described by 811:

interpretation of the humors with his collection of ideas concerning nature from past philosophers in order to find conclusions about how the body works. For example, Galen maintained the idea of the presence of the Platonic tripartite soul, which consisted of "

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complex, from an uncomplicated upper respiratory infection to the plague. For example, chamomile was used to decrease heat, and lower excessive bile humor. Arsenic was used in a poultice bag to 'draw out' the excess humor(s) that led to symptoms of the plague.

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Emtiazy, M., Keshavarz, M., Khodadoost, M., Kamalinejad, M., Gooshahgir, S. A., Shahrad Bajestani, H., ... Alizad, M. (2012). Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna.

680:, a Hippocratic physician is described arriving to an unnamed city where they test various factors of nature including the wind, water, and soil to predict the direct influence on the diseases specific to the city based on the season and the individual. 948:, published in the mid-19th century by J. L. Ideler. In this text, the author establishes the relationship between elements of the universe (air, water, earth, fire) and elements of the man (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm). He said that: 667:

The existence of fundamental biochemical substances and structural components in the body remains a compellingly shared point with Hippocratic beliefs, despite the fact that current science has moved away from those four Hippocratic humors.

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different organ. Aristotle's concept of eucrasia—a state resembling equilibrium—and its relationship to the right balance of the four humors allow for the maintenance of human health, offering a more mathematical approach to medicine.

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Pergamum declared blood to be the most prevalent humor. The volume of blood extracted ranged from a few drops to several litres over the course of several days, depending on the patient's condition and the doctor's practice.

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to absorb and carry on digestion. Chylous is changed into chymous in the hepatic digestion stage. Chymous is composed of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These four humors then circulate in the

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Edwards. "A treatise concerning the plague and the pox discovering as well the meanes how to preserve from the danger of these infectious contagions, as also how to cure those which are infected with either of them".

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Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body, but he did not apply this idea to the Hippocratic humors. He believed that phlegm did not influence character. In his

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The concept of humorism was not definitively disproven until 1858. There were no studies performed to prove or disprove the impact of dysfunction in known bodily organs producing named fluids (humors) on

5166: 801:. Based on Hippocratic medicine, it was believed that for a body to be healthy, the four humors should be balanced in amount and strength. The proper blending and balance of the four humors was known as 1111:

Humors are the end product of gastric digestion, but they are not the end product of the digestion cycle, so an abnormal humor produced by hepatic digestion will affect other digestive organs.

3540:, Book I, New York 2001, p. 147: "The radical or innate is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humors of ros and gluten to maintain it ". 1103:

If anything goes wrong leading up to the production of humors, there will be an imbalance leading to disease. Proper organ functioning is necessary in the production of good humor. The

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Moore, Philip. "The hope of health wherin is conteined a goodlie regimente of life: as medicine, good diet and the goodlie vertues of sonderie herbes, doen by Philip Moore." 1564.

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dispositions, Galen used it to refer to bodily dispositions, which determined a person's susceptibility to particular diseases, as well as behavioral and emotional inclinations.

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a sick person or applying hot cups to a person were based on the humoral theory of imbalances of fluids (blood and bile in those cases). Methods of treatment like bloodletting,

34: 3261: 703:. The qualities of the humors, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused. Yellow bile caused warm diseases and phlegm caused cold diseases. In 1676:

and purges were aimed at expelling a surplus of a humor. Apocroustics were medications intended to stop the flux of malignant humors to a diseased body part.

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stage. Each stage digests food until it becomes suitable for use by the body. In gastric digestion, food is made into chylous, which is suitable for the

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Even though humorism theory had several models that used two, three, and five components, the most famous model consists of the four humors described by

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The Beginnings of Western Science: the European Scientific Tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450

3607: 3521: 2331: 652:, suggested that a moderate imbalance in the mixture of these fluids produces behavioral patterns. One of the treatises attributed to Hippocrates, 2906:"An Address On Ancient Humorism and Modern Humorism: Delivered at the International Congress of Physiology held in Vienna, September 27th to 30th" 952:

The people who have red blood are friendly. They joke and laugh about their bodies, and they are rose-tinted, slightly red, and have pretty skin.

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is usually credited with applying this idea to medicine. In contrast to Alcmaeon, Hippocrates suggested that humors are the vital bodily fluids:

3282: 2858: 2662: 4227: 4124: 841:) that contributed to the maintenance of the human body, and the expression of these functions is shown in characteristic activities (called 1641:

The humoralist system of medicine was highly individualistic, for all patients were said to have their own unique humoral composition. From

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nature (enthusiastic, active, and social). Blood is considered to be hot and wet, sharing these characteristics with the season of spring.

2642: 3006:"Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna" 1153:

The following table shows the four humors with their corresponding elements, seasons, sites of formation, and resulting temperaments:

1051:, when describing humorism's "phlegm or pituitary secretion" in 1910, asked rhetorically, "this strange liquid, which is the cause of 5232: 5173: 3296: 1901: 1657:, who mostly criticized Galen's theories of human anatomy and not the chemical hypothesis of behavioural regulation (temperament). 3544:

Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).

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Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).

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Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).

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The concept of "humors" (chemical systems regulating human behaviour) became more prominent from the writing of medical theorist

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Jouanna, Jacques (2012-01-01). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".

644:, yellow bile, and black bile. Alcmaeon and Hippocrates posited that an extreme excess or deficiency of any of the humors ( 101: 563:

Humorism began to fall out of favor in the 17th century and it was definitively disproved in the 1850s with the advent of

2679: 1650: 1039: 1011: 995: 983: 5266: 5186: 3377: 3350: 3325: 3304: 3220: 3170: 3133: 2687: 2619: 2527: 2457: 2179: 2050: 1997: 1866: 1100:. In the last stage of digestion, tissue digestion, food becomes similar to the organ tissue for which it is destined. 3949: 3934: 2600:

Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".

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Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".

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Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".

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The people who have yellow bile are bitter, short tempered, and daring. They appear greenish and have yellow skin.

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is a continuous process taking place in every animal, and it can be divided into four sequential stages. The

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The people who are composed of black bile are lazy, fearful, and sickly. They have black hair and black eyes.

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traits simply because the list of temperament traits was not defined up until the end of the 20th century.

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nature (ambitious, decisive, aggressive, and short-tempered). It was thought to be fluid found within the

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This article is about humors in ancient and medieval medicine. For the related theory of temperament, see

5239: 4829: 4546: 4099: 3790: 1821: 699:, was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases. Health was associated with a balance of humors, or 613:

medicine presented a theory of three humors (doṣas), which they sometimes linked with the five elements (

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The four humors as depicted in an 18th-century woodcut: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine and melancholic

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The Unani school of medicine, practiced in Perso-Arabic countries, India, and Pakistan, is based on

4797: 4691: 4657: 4541: 4017: 3929: 3616: 2659: 1454: 1229: 553: 356: 3162: 2753: 548:, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by 5204: 5122: 4874: 4556: 4495: 4266: 3959: 3835: 3680: 3531: 3299:, p. 204 in Webster's New World Medical Dictionary, 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 3123: 1768: 1599: 1200: 142: 4521: 1989: 1575:

medicine in its emphasis on the four humors as a fundamental part of the methodologic paradigm.

5036: 4904: 4817: 4792: 4782: 4640: 4343: 4210: 4092: 3700: 3685: 1854: 1763: 941: 921:)." He further said that blood is a mixture of the four elements: water, air, fire, and earth. 576: 549: 321: 3442:"William Shakespeare and the Four Humors: Elizabethan Medical Beliefs by Dr. Gail Kern Paster" 1213: 1075:

Humors were believed to be produced via digestion as the final products of hepatic digestion.

628:(c. 540–500 BC). His list of humors was longer and included fundamental elements described by 5041: 5026: 4919: 4551: 4490: 4485: 4378: 3850: 3825: 3515: 2325: 1497: 1345: 517: 432: 276: 121: 116: 3150: 1923:. Indian medical tradition (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 37–39. 1858: 1847: 1042:

nature, thought to be associated with reserved behavior. The phlegm of humorism is far from

5031: 4991: 4662: 4573: 4468: 4261: 4190: 3815: 3810: 3795: 3665: 1688:, in pre-modern medicine, were medications chewed in order to draw away phlegm and humors. 1339:

adopted the theory of humorism from Greco-Roman medicine, notably via the Persian polymath

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The Legacy of the Hippocrates Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours

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The Legacy of the Hippocrates Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours

1521: 5197: 5096: 5071: 4909: 4859: 4734: 4568: 4516: 4403: 4383: 4138: 3860: 3775: 3760: 3740: 3670: 3637: 3553: 3549: 3089: 3022: 3005: 2978: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2930: 2905: 2811: 2778: 2727: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2575: 2420: 2385: 2369: 2108: 1511: 1505: 1435: 1124: 1056: 926: 625: 111: 91: 4536: 2274: 2112: 5261: 5159: 5132: 5061: 4729: 4717: 4669: 4625: 4531: 4173: 4163: 3969: 3906: 3881: 3830: 3770: 3705: 3507: 3422: 3373: 3346: 3321: 3300: 3216: 3166: 3129: 3081: 3073: 3027: 2935: 2816: 2798: 2683: 2615: 2567: 2563: 2523: 2488: 2453: 2377: 2313: 2309: 2278: 2243: 2175: 2152: 2098: 2046: 2019: 1993: 1949: 1924: 1862: 1811: 1799: 1794: 1501: 1485: 1396: 1143: 970: 798: 500: 447: 437: 361: 211: 153: 20: 2579: 2389: 2130: 5101: 4802: 4761: 4723: 4645: 4615: 4610: 4413: 4040: 4007: 3765: 3750: 3715: 3642: 3503: 3093: 3065: 3017: 2925: 2917: 2806: 2790: 2605: 2583: 2559: 2545:"Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies" 2513: 2478: 2443: 2412: 2361: 2305: 2270: 2235: 2142: 2088: 1842: 1716: 1654: 1088: 557: 510: 442: 311: 231: 172: 96: 1948:. Indian medical tradition (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 5117: 5085: 4971: 4946: 4635: 4600: 4595: 4511: 4443: 4363: 4336: 4326: 4321: 4256: 4048: 3997: 3982: 3977: 3895: 3785: 3780: 2666: 1781: 915:) by blood. But the nature of phlegm has no effect on the character of the soul ( 412: 407: 397: 286: 243: 179: 2195: 5091: 5066: 5056: 5051: 5016: 5011: 4986: 4679: 4620: 4453: 4418: 4216: 4158: 4148: 4053: 3987: 3888: 3720: 3632: 3624: 3186: 2416: 1776: 1727:, but this is not a remnant of the humor theory. It is merely a literal use of 1685: 1048: 937: 485: 452: 402: 162: 3441: 3069: 3052:

Papavramidou, Niki; Fee, Elizabeth; Christopoulou-Aletra, Helen (2007-12-01).

2835:"melancholy | Origin and meaning of melancholy by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2610: 2518: 2483: 2448: 2365: 2093: 2080: 1402: 5255: 5180: 4976: 4807: 4751: 4630: 4578: 4526: 4373: 4311: 4306: 4168: 4153: 4115: 4002: 3745: 3725: 3710: 3077: 2834: 2802: 2317: 2156: 1693: 940:

texts were written during the golden age of the theory of the four humors in

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An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

3579: 3053: 5046: 4966: 4924: 4864: 4756: 4707: 4590: 4408: 4353: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4251: 4180: 3585: 3345:(Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. 3320:(Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 3158: 3085: 3031: 2939: 2921: 2820: 2794: 2571: 2381: 2282: 2247: 2239: 2147: 1882: 1747: 1669: 1378: 1097: 645: 616: 216: 189: 1443: 4951: 4712: 4438: 4428: 4296: 4246: 3874: 1736: 1642: 1470: 1349:(1025). Avicenna summarized the four humors and temperaments as follows: 1292: 1271: 1234: 999: 732: 633: 586: 564: 341: 248: 236: 226: 167: 2373: 2131:"The Hippocratic account of Mental Health: Humors and Human Temperament" 1705:

medicine, appropriately referred to as the "Father of Modern Medicine".

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Those who have phlegm are low spirited, forgetful, and have white hair.

903:) are caused by yellow bile in the soul, perseverance and consistency ( 712: 673: 629: 467: 346: 336: 326: 296: 201: 3548:. Studies in Ancient Medicine. Vol. 40. Brill. pp. 335–360. 589:, though it was not systemized until ancient Greek thinkers. The word 480: 5076: 4894: 4844: 4812: 4787: 4652: 4458: 4433: 4398: 4200: 4143: 3914: 3690: 3657: 1537: 1419: 1076: 779: 765: 751: 696: 457: 221: 16:

Ancient Greek and Roman system of medicine involving four fluid types

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Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy

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Karenberg, A. (2015). "Blood, Phlegm and Spirits: Galen on Stroke".

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Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy

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Medicine, Rationality and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective

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Karenberg, A. (2015). "Blood, Phlegm and Spirits: Galen on Stroke".

1588: 4834: 4368: 4316: 4276: 4195: 3800: 3755: 3429:. National Trust Historic Houses and Collections Annual 2012: 4–11. 3051: 2079:

Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).

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converting abnormal chylous into normal chylous and normal humors.

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A concise introduction to Indian medicine: = La médecine Indienne

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after Galen. One of those texts was an anonymous treatise called

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Jackson, William A (2001). "A short guide to humoral medicine".

973:, where character types were based on their humoral complexion. 4889: 4025: 3805: 3695: 1921:

A concise introduction to Indian medicine: la médecine indienne

1816: 1673: 1457: 1439: 1413: 1263: 1043: 854: 641: 1731:, i.e. pertaining to bodily fluids (such as blood and lymph). 1653:

until at least 1543 when it was first seriously challenged by

687: 648:) in a person can be a sign of illness. Hippocrates, and then 4463: 3675: 1805: 1568: 1481: 1449: 1387: 1382: 1327: 1296: 1205: 1092: 1084: 1025: 1019: 916: 910: 904: 898: 880: 874: 868: 862: 850: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 812: 802: 792: 786: 772: 758: 744: 736: 649: 637: 600: 594: 331: 281: 3237:"Popular medical treatments – cupping, bleeding and purging" 2129:

Tsagkaris, Christos; Kalachanis, Konstantinos (2020-09-20).

1988:. Translated by J Chadwick. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 3266:

Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

1660: 1645:

onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and

740: 271: 2018:

Kalachanis, Konstantinos; Michailidis, Ioannis E. (2015).

1889:. New York City: Medical Life Press. pp. 67, 87, 104. 861:, and says that, "As for ages and the seasons, the child ( 27:. For the use of humor in writing or public speaking, see 1719:

or humoral regulation when describing substances such as

606: 316: 3153:

The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History

2403:

Hankinson, R. J. (1991). "Galen's Anatomy of the Soul".

909:) by the melancholic humor, and simplicity and naivety ( 1087:

digestion stage, the vascular digestion stage, and the

54:(black bile), divided between the male and female sexes 2045:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2020:"The Hippocratic View on Humors and Human Temperament" 1775:

The theory of the four humors features prominently in

1134: 3215:(1st pbk. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 281. 3121: 2017: 38:

16th-century German illustration of the four humors:

739:. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black 3125:

Circles of Thorns: Hieronymus Bosch and Being Human

2128: 1562: 1353:Avicenna's (ibn Sina) four humors and temperaments 918:τοῦ δὲ φλέγµατος ἡ φύσις εἰς µὲν ἠθοποιῗαν ἄχρηστος 609:', metaphorically 'flavor'). Early texts on Indian 3423:"Jacob Jordaens's Elements and Humours Tapestries" 2643:"Biomedicine and Health: Galen and Humoral Theory" 1846: 3213:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine 1649:, and dominated the view of the human body among 1018:itself deriving from the Greek for 'black bile', 5253: 3343:The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800 3318:The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800 3472:The Western Medical Tradition 800 BC to AD 1800 3474:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 2350:"Galen: On Blood, the Pulse, and the Arteries" 1527:Infrigidants harmful, calefacients beneficial 946:On the Constitution of the Universe and of Man 853:recalls the correspondence between humors and 797:). Each corresponds to one of the traditional 614: 4125:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 4100: 3601: 3543: 3404:International Journal of Development Research 2952: 2701: 2078: 897:, Galen stated: "Sharpness and intelligence ( 518: 3615: 3520:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 2330:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 1918: 929:(1921), a Swedish physician who devised the 581:The concept of "humors" may have origins in 3397: 3210: 3106: 2959:. Selected Papers. Brill. pp. 335–60. 2776: 2708:. Selected Papers. Brill. pp. 335–60. 2172:Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe 1841: 4107: 4093: 3608: 3594: 3292: 3290: 3259: 1982:Mann, W. N. (1983). G. E. R. Lloyd (ed.). 823:(directed spiritedness, i.e. desire), and 525: 511: 5233:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 5174:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 3493: 3420: 3021: 2929: 2810: 2609: 2517: 2482: 2447: 2402: 2295: 2174:. University Printing House. p. 13. 2169: 2146: 2092: 1835: 1751:contributed to the character comedies of 1629:Learn how and when to remove this message 1119:According to Hippocratic humoral theory, 859:On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato 3546:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen 3496:History of Medicine: The Russian Journal 3365: 2903: 2697: 2695: 2602:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen 2510:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen 2475:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen 2440:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen 2135:Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal 2085:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen 2081:"Hippocratic Medicine and Greek Tragedy" 2040: 1899: 1659: 867:) corresponds to spring, the young man ( 686: 632:, such as water, earth, fire, air, etc. 33: 23:. For humors in Ayurvedic medicine, see 5138:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 3439: 3287: 3211:Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy, eds. (1997). 3003: 2884:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary" 2599: 2542: 2507: 2472: 2437: 2260: 1881: 1824:(Five Principles of Chinese philosophy) 1668:Typical 18th-century practices such as 1312: 1114: 965:Seventeenth century English playwright 621:): earth, water, fire, air, and space. 5254: 3359: 3340: 3315: 3277: 3275: 2347: 2218: 1943: 1900:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. 4088: 3589: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 2692: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2343: 2341: 2124: 2122: 3564:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013. 3484:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 3398:Bhikha, Rashid; Glynn, John (2017). 3148: 3142: 3054:"Jaundice in the Hippocratic Corpus" 3010:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2859:"Early Theories about Cancer Causes" 2024:European Journal of Social Behaviour 2013: 2011: 2009: 1981: 1611:adding citations to reliable sources 1582: 3446:Pitt Health Sciences Library System 3272: 3058:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 1664:The four humors and their qualities 1578: 1317: 1142:'s theory suggested that there are 1135:Unification with Empedocles's model 1070: 982:the body. It was associated with a 658:, describes the theory as follows: 13: 5187:James Randi Educational Foundation 3386: 3038: 2628: 2338: 2263:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2119: 1968:Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC), 994:Yellow bile was associated with a 14: 5288: 4114: 3950:Medical community of ancient Rome 3935:Food and diet in ancient medicine 3568: 3400:"The Theory of Humours Revisited" 2682:Cambridge University Press, 1994 2354:Journal of the History of Biology 2087:. Selected Papers. Brill: 55–80. 2006: 1944:Mazars, Guy (2006). "Chapter 2". 1919:Mazars, Guy; Mazars, Guy (2006). 1887:Essays in the History of Medicine 1524:harmful, infrigidants beneficial 1010:Black bile was associated with a 835:) had specific functions (called 4584:Strauss–Howe generational theory 4562:Moon landing conspiracy theories 4359:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 4067: 4066: 3955:Nutrition in classical antiquity 3508:10.17720/2409-5834.v2.2.2015.15k 2564:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x 2310:10.17720/2409-5834.v2.2.2015.15k 2200:British Columbia Medical Journal 1587: 1563:Perso-Arabic and Indian medicine 1155: 494: 479: 74: 5212:The Natural History of Quackery 5154:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 3464: 3433: 3414: 3334: 3309: 3260:Knapton, James; Knapton, John. 3253: 3229: 3204: 3179: 3115: 3100: 2997: 2946: 2897: 2876: 2851: 2827: 2770: 2746: 2672: 2653: 2593: 2536: 2501: 2466: 2431: 2396: 2289: 2254: 2212: 2188: 2163: 2072: 2059: 1598:needs additional citations for 1038:Phlegm was associated with all 3945:Mental illness in ancient Rome 3122:Lewis-Anthony, Justin (2008). 2034: 1975: 1962: 1937: 1912: 1908:– via perseus.tufts.edu. 1893: 1875: 989: 931:erythrocyte sedimentation rate 879:) to autumn, and the old man ( 726: 1: 3366:Williams, William F. (2013). 2865:. The American Cancer Society 2275:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01804-6 2196:"The history of bloodletting" 1828: 1710:Doctrine of Specific Etiology 1699: 1679:16th-century Swiss physician 1005: 873:) to summer, the mature man ( 5219:The Psychology of the Occult 4474:Traditional Chinese medicine 4349:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 4206:Superseded scientific theory 3341:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1998). 3316:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1998). 2221:"The demise of bloodletting" 1026: 843: 837: 831: 825: 819: 813: 803: 793: 780: 766: 759: 752: 695:The imbalance of humors, or 601: 7: 4830:Electronic voice phenomenon 4687:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 4547:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 3791:Quintus Gargilius Martialis 2067:On Airs, Waters, and Places 2041:Lindberg, David C. (2007). 1788: 1762:The humors can be found in 678:On Airs, Waters, and Places 615: 10: 5293: 5226:The Ragged Edge of Science 4957:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 4900:Pseudoscientific metrology 4424:Miracle Mineral Supplement 3940:Gynecology in ancient Rome 3925:Disability in ancient Rome 3582:in MP3 format, 45 minutes. 3580:Episode on the four humors 3128:. Bloomsbury. p. 70. 3107:Wittendorff, Alex (1994). 2669:Page accessed Feb 15, 2015 2477:. Brill. pp. 335–59. 2417:10.1163/156852891321052787 2030:(2): 1–5 – via EJSB. 1849:The Golden Age of the Moor 1742: 1715:Modern medicine refers to 1390:related to serious humor, 1333:Medieval medical tradition 1324:Medicine in medieval Islam 1321: 1020: 917: 911: 905: 899: 881: 875: 869: 863: 787: 773: 745: 595: 593:is a translation of Greek 574: 302:Interdisciplinary sciences 18: 5267:Obsolete medical theories 5146: 5110: 4937: 4840:Facilitated communication 4770: 4700: 4504: 4239: 4226: 4131: 4122: 4062: 4039: 4016: 3968: 3920:Dentistry in ancient Rome 3905: 3859: 3656: 3623: 3537:The Anatomy of Melancholy 3421:Mulherron, Jamie (2012). 3111:. G.E.C. Gad. p. 45. 3070:10.1007/s11605-007-0281-1 2611:10.1163/9789004232549_017 2543:Hart GD (December 2001). 2519:10.1163/9789004232549_017 2484:10.1163/9789004232549_017 2449:10.1163/9789004232549_017 2366:10.1007/s10739-006-9116-2 2228:J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2094:10.1163/9789004232549_005 1183: 1033: 735:and developed further by 583:Ancient Egyptian medicine 570: 5240:The Skeptic's Dictionary 4798:Biological transmutation 4718:Faster-than-light travel 4692:Enneagram of Personality 4658:Recovered-memory therapy 4542:9/11 conspiracy theories 3930:Disease in Imperial Rome 3617:Medicine in ancient Rome 2777:Viswanathan, VK (2010). 2348:Boylan, Michael (2007). 2170:Lindemann, Mary (2010). 976: 357:Research and development 5277:Mythological substances 5205:The Demon-Haunted World 5123:Bourgeois pseudoscience 4557:COVID-19 misinformation 4496:Young blood transfusion 4267:Anthroposophic medicine 3960:Surgery in ancient Rome 3681:Asclepiades of Bithynia 3554:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21 3241:Die Welt der Habsburger 3193:. Thefreedictionary.com 3149:Lutz, Peter L. (2002). 2965:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21 2714:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21 2312:(inactive 2024-06-22). 1906:A Greek-English Lexicon 1769:The Taming of the Shrew 1708:With the advent of the 757:), yellow bile (Greek: 605:(literally 'juice' or ' 5272:Ancient Greek medicine 5037:Corentin Louis Kervran 4905:Rapid prompting method 4793:Biodynamic agriculture 4783:Aquatic ape hypothesis 4641:Historical negationism 4344:Doctrine of signatures 4211:True-believer syndrome 3686:Aulus Cornelius Celsus 3510:(inactive 2024-06-22). 2922:10.1136/bmj.2.2596.921 2795:10.4161/gmic.1.2.11227 2604:. Brill. p. 342. 2512:. Brill. p. 340. 2442:. Brill. p. 339. 2240:10.4997/JRCPE.2014.117 2148:10.32437/mhgcj.v3i1.83 2113:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.9 1855:Transaction Publishers 1665: 1432:Subjective sensations 912:ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἠλιθιώτερον 711:came to refer just to 692: 665: 577:Ancient Greek medicine 264:Extrascientific fields 55: 5042:The Light (newspaper) 5027:William Donald Kelley 4920:Voice stress analysis 4552:Climate change denial 4491:Wind turbine syndrome 4486:Vertebral subluxation 4379:Germ theory denialism 3826:Charmis of Marseilles 3560:Williams, William F. 3281:NY Times Book Review 2886:. Oed.com. 2019-12-31 1970:On the Sacred Disease 1663: 1536:Dry regimen harmful, 1510:Rough skin, acquired 1346:The Canon of Medicine 1083:digestion stage, the 785:), and blood (Greek: 690: 660: 501:Philosophy portal 433:Science communication 277:Communication studies 37: 5032:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 4992:Ignatius L. Donnelly 4663:Past life regression 4522:Arabian Judah theory 4469:Traditional medicine 4262:Alternative medicine 4191:Pathological science 3816:Crinas of Marseilles 3811:Athenaeus of Attalia 3796:Thessalus of Tralles 3666:Pedanius Dioscorides 3470:Conrad, Lawrence I. 1985:Hippocratic writings 1607:improve this article 1545:Relation to weather 1518:Foods and medicines 1425:Difficult digestion 1313:Influence and legacy 1115:Relation to jaundice 655:On the Nature of Man 390:Scientific integrity 372:Vocational education 307:Knowledge management 197:Behavioural sciences 5128:Demarcation problem 4962:Brigitte Boisselier 4591:Hollow Earth theory 4574:Generational theory 4272:Applied kinesiology 3736:Marcellus Empiricus 3440:Kern Paster, Gail. 3189:The Free Dictionary 3004:Emtiazy, M (2012). 2298:History of Medicine 2219:Thomas, DP (2014). 1651:European physicians 1448:Lack of desire for 1354: 1337:Golden Age of Islam 906:ἑδραῖον καὶ βέβαιον 705:On the Temperaments 5198:Skeptical Inquirer 5097:Paul Joseph Watson 5072:Hans Alfred Nieper 4910:Statement analysis 4860:Intelligent design 4735:Reactionless drive 4569:Conversion therapy 4517:Ancient astronauts 4404:Leaky gut syndrome 4384:HIV/AIDS denialism 4139:Cargo cult science 3861:Medical literature 3776:Serenus Sammonicus 3761:Criton of Heraclea 3741:Caelius Aurelianus 3671:Soranus of Ephesus 3297:"Humoralism" entry 2839:www.etymonline.com 2754:"The Four Humours" 2665:2015-02-26 at the 1666: 1647:Islamic physicians 1352: 1125:Hippocratic Corpus 1123:is present in the 771:), phlegm (Greek: 693: 626:Alcmaeon of Croton 486:Science portal 56: 50:(yellow bile) and 5249: 5248: 5160:Cults of Unreason 5133:Scientific method 5062:Ministry of Ayush 5007:Nicholas Gonzalez 4933: 4932: 4870:Law of attraction 4850:Flat Earth theory 4730:Quantum mysticism 4670:Scientific racism 4626:Pseudoarchaeology 4532:Conspiracy theory 4230:characterized as 4174:Pseudomathematics 4164:Pseudoarchaeology 4082: 4081: 3882:De materia medica 3831:Scribonius Largus 3771:Marcellus of Side 3706:Antiochis of Tlos 3410:(9): 15029–15034. 3064:(12): 1728–1731. 2904:Richet C (1910). 1955:978-81-208-3058-5 1930:978-81-208-3058-5 1843:van Sertima, Ivan 1812:Five temperaments 1800:Comedy of humours 1795:Classical element 1764:Elizabethan works 1639: 1638: 1631: 1560: 1559: 1533:articles harmful 1409:Functional power 1310: 1309: 1014:nature, the word 895:The Nature of Man 799:four temperaments 535: 534: 448:Scientific method 438:Science education 379: 378: 362:Strategic studies 154:Scientific fields 21:four temperaments 5284: 5102:Andrew Wakefield 4803:Creation science 4762:Water-fueled car 4724:Perpetual motion 4646:Holocaust denial 4616:Nibiru cataclysm 4611:Nazi archaeology 4414:Macrobiotic diet 4237: 4236: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4086: 4085: 4070: 4069: 4008:Pneumatic school 3766:Sextus Empiricus 3751:Gessius of Petra 3716:Aurelius Opilius 3643:Spoon of Diocles 3610: 3603: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3557: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3395: 3384: 3383: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3313: 3307: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3156: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3049: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2933: 2916:(2596): 921–26. 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2699: 2690: 2676: 2670: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2647:encyclopedia.com 2639: 2626: 2625: 2613: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2582:. 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3172:978-0896038356 3171: 3141: 3135:978-1906286217 3134: 3114: 3099: 3037: 2996: 2945: 2896: 2875: 2863:www.cancer.org 2850: 2826: 2769: 2745: 2691: 2688:978-0521425766 2671: 2652: 2627: 2621:978-9004232549 2620: 2592: 2589:on 2011-07-08. 2535: 2529:978-9004232549 2528: 2500: 2493: 2465: 2459:978-9004232549 2458: 2430: 2411:(2): 197–233. 2395: 2337: 2288: 2253: 2211: 2187: 2181:978-0521272056 2180: 2162: 2118: 2103: 2071: 2058: 2052:978-0226482057 2051: 2033: 2005: 1999:978-0140444513 1998: 1974: 1961: 1954: 1936: 1929: 1911: 1892: 1874: 1868:978-1560005810 1867: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1779:'s 2005 novel 1777:Rupert Thomson 1744: 1741: 1701: 1698: 1637: 1636: 1595: 1593: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556:Bad in autumn 1554: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1491: 1488: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1452: 1446: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1375:Morbid states 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1136: 1133: 1116: 1113: 1072: 1069: 1049:Charles Richet 1035: 1032: 1007: 1004: 991: 988: 978: 975: 963: 962: 959: 956: 953: 942:Greek medicine 891:On Hippocrates 728: 725: 572: 569: 542:humoral theory 533: 532: 530: 529: 522: 515: 507: 504: 503: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 453:Science policy 450: 445: 440: 435: 429: 425: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 410: 405: 403:Cognitive bias 400: 394: 388: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 266: 265: 261: 260: 259: 258: 257: 256: 251: 241: 240: 239: 234: 229: 227:Criminological 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 194: 193: 192: 187: 177: 176: 175: 170: 157: 156: 148: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 88: 85: 84: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5289: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5181:Fortean Times 5178: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Deepak Chopra 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940:pseudoscience 4936: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4808:Cryptozoology 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708:Anti-gravity‎ 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4631:Pseudohistory 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4579:Generationism 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537:5G conspiracy 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527:Catastrophism 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:FasciaBlaster 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:Correactology 4310: 4308: 4307:Chromotherapy 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4232:pseudoscience 4225: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169:Pseudohistory 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4154:Fringe theory 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4116:Pseudoscience 4110: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4075: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4003:Miasma theory 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746:Cassius Felix 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3726:Sextius Niger 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711:Antonius Musa 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3574:BBC Radio4's 3573: 3572: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490:(3), 133–138. 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3375: 3372:. Routledge. 3371: 3370: 3362: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3262:"Apocroustic" 3256: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3016:(3): 133–38. 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2980: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2741: 2729: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2660:Medical Blood 2656: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558:(4): 719–28. 2557: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2531: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2494:9789004232549 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360:(2): 207–30. 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269:(9): 487–89. 2268: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104:9789004232549 2100: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2065:Hippocrates, 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2001: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1971: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1883:Sudhoff, Karl 1878: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1834: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1766:, such as in 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1694:pseudoscience 1689: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1633: 1630: 1622: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1596:This section 1594: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442:, burning at 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1379:Inflammations 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268:Cold and dry 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1239:Warm and dry 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144:four elements 1141: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1098:blood vessels 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1027:melaina kholé 1017: 1013: 1003: 1001: 997: 987: 985: 974: 972: 968: 960: 957: 954: 951: 950: 949: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 927:Robin Fåhræus 922: 896: 886: 860: 856: 852: 848: 845: 839: 833: 827: 821: 815: 808: 805: 800: 795: 784: 782: 770: 768: 761: 756: 754: 753:melaina chole 742: 738: 734: 724: 720: 716: 714: 713:psychological 710: 706: 702: 698: 689: 685: 681: 679: 675: 669: 664: 659: 657: 656: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 619: 618: 612: 608: 603: 592: 588: 584: 578: 568: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 550:Ancient Greek 547: 543: 539: 528: 523: 521: 516: 514: 509: 508: 506: 505: 502: 491: 487: 482: 477: 476: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 422: 421: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 391: 385: 384: 373: 370: 368: 367:Urban studies 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:Psychological 200: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190:Life sciences 188: 186: 183: 182: 181: 178: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 164: 161: 160: 159: 158: 155: 152: 151: 144: 140: 136: 130: 129: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 89: 87: 86: 77: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5047:Mike Lindell 4967:Rhonda Byrne 4938:Promoters of 4925:Water memory 4865:Laundry ball 4757:Tractor beam 4713:Cold fusion‎ 4409:Lunar effect 4393: 4354:Ear candling 4302:Chiropractic 4292:Bloodletting 4282:Bates method 4252:Aromatherapy 4215: 4181:Junk science 4071: 3992: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3575: 3561: 3545: 3535: 3516:cite journal 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3471: 3465:Bibliography 3450:. 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