63:
514:
56:
468:
40:
522:
484:
686:
849:
817:
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2018:
476:
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637:'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, the Sphinx temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple yielded several statues of Khafre. Several were found in a well in the floor of the temple by Mariette in 1860. Others were found during successive excavations by Sieglin (1909–1910), Junker, Reisner, and Hassan. Khafre's complex contained five boat-pits and a subsidiary pyramid with a
2250:
861:
502:
2236:
869:
762:. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo.
2170:
This arrangement lasted until 1905, when, under the supervision of
Schiaparelli and Francesco Ballerini, the Italian excavations ceased at Giza. As the Italians were more interested in sites which might yield more papyri, they turned their concession of the southern strip of the Western Cemetery over
2110:
Prior to the division of the Giza
Plateau into three institutional concessions in 1903, amateur and private excavations at the Giza Necropolis had been permitted to operate. The work of these amateur archaeologists failed to meet high scientific standards. Montague Ballard, for instance, excavated in
1977:
10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers, and carpenters were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill.
1976:
tombs with beer and bread to support them in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of
884:
The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others were also needed for the project. Along
947:
for lesser royals were constructed around them. Near the pyramid of Khufu, the main cemetery is G 7000, which lies in the East Field located to the east of the main pyramid and next to the Queen's pyramids. These cemeteries around the pyramids were arranged along streets and avenues. Cemetery G 7000
889:
visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by
Egyptian priests that "the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time." Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years
2148:
By the turn of the 20th century, the three largest pyramids on the Giza plateau were considered mostly exhausted by previous excavations, so the
Western Cemetery and its collection of private mastaba tombs were thought to represent the richest unexcavated part of the plateau. George Reisner's wife,
592:
walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The valley temple was connected to a causeway that was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the
Mortuary Temple of Khufu, which was connected to the pyramid. Of this temple, the basalt pavement is the only
765:
To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction, the outer
803:
was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the "former
Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead". It is theorized the pyramid not only served as a tomb for the pharaoh, but also as a storage pit for various items he would need in the
987:
numbers such as
Cemetery G 1000, Cemetery G 1100, etc. The West Field contains Cemetery G1000 – Cemetery G1600, and Cemetery G 1900. Further cemeteries in this field are: Cemeteries G 2000, G 2200, G 2500, G 3000, G 4000, and G 6000. Three other cemeteries are named after their excavators:
905:
complexes. Among the discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters, bakeries, breweries, and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread, beef, and fish were dietary staples), a copper workshop, a hospital, and a cemetery (where some of the skeletons were found with signs of
750:
In building the pyramids, the architects might have developed their techniques over time. They would select a site on a relatively flat area of bedrock—not sand—which provided a stable foundation. After carefully surveying the site and laying down the first level of stones, they constructed the
2157:
Rights to excavate the
Pyramids were then also negotiated between Schiaparelli, Borchardt, and Reisner. Schiaparelli gained rights to excavate the Great Pyramid of Khufu along with its three associated queens' pyramids and most of its Eastern Cemetery. Borchardt received Khafre's pyramid, its
872:
644:
Khafre's pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu
Pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. Khafre's pyramid retains a prominent display of casing stones at its apex.
875:
874:
871:
876:
1333:
The East Field is located to the east of Khufu's pyramid and contains cemetery G 7000. This cemetery was a burial place for some of the family members of Khufu. The cemetery also includes mastabas from tenants and priests of the pyramids dated to the 5th
Dynasty and 6th Dynasty.
746:
Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. Disagreements arise over the feasibility of the different proposed methods by which the stones were conveyed and placed.
2158:
causeway, the Sphinx, and the Sphinx's associated temples. Reisner claimed Menkaure's pyramid as well as its associated queens' pyramids and pyramid temple, along with a portion of Schiaparelli's Eastern Cemetery. Any future disputes were to be resolved by Inspector
443:
were found at the foot of the Great Pyramid, likely from a disturbed earlier settlement. Further Maadi settlement near the site was uncovered during work on the Greater Cairo Wastewater Project. Recent reassessment of the radiocarbon dating puts the Maadi culture's
2220:, the refurbishment includes a new visitors' centre, an environmentally-friendly electric bus, a restaurant (the 9 Pyramids Lounge), as well as a cinema, public toilets, site-wide signage, food trucks, photo booths, and free Wi-Fi. The new facility is part of a
2657:
873:
804:
afterlife. The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the king was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the
3466:
A. Spiekermann, "Steindorff und Mastaba G 2005" in Zur Zierde gereicht... Festschrift Bettina Schmitz zum 60. Geburtstag am 24. Juli 2008, Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge 50, A. Spiekermann, Ed. (Verlag Gebrüder Gerstenberg, Hildesheim, 2008), pp.
982:
The West Field is located to the west of Khufu's pyramid. It is divided into smaller areas such as the cemeteries referred to as the Abu Bakr Excavations (1949–1950, 1950–1951, 1952, and 1953), and several cemeteries named based on the
2149:
Mary, drew names from a hat to assign three long east-west plots of the necropolis among the Italian, German, and American missions. Schiaparelli was assigned the southernmost strip, Borchardt the center, and Reisner the northernmost.
1951:
as well as later burials. Of the more significant of these early dynastic tombs are one referred to as "Covington's tomb", otherwise known as Mastaba T, and the large Mastaba V which contained artifacts naming the 1st Dynasty pharaoh
194:
758:, most of the stone for the interior seems to have been quarried immediately to the south of the construction site. The smooth exterior of the pyramid was made of a fine grade of white limestone that was quarried across the
2123:
resolved to issue permits exclusively to authorized individuals representing public institutions. In November of that year, the Service awarded three scholars with concessions on the Giza Necropolis. They were the Italian
567:. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways, and temples. Besides the archaeological structures, the ancient landscape has also been investigated.
921:
The development of this urban complex must have been rapid. All of the construction probably happened in the 35 to 50 years that spanned the reigns of Khafre and Menkaure, builders of the Second and Third Giza
1927:
and later period were found near the causeway of Khafre and the Great Sphinx. These tombs include the tomb of a commander of the army named Ahmose and his mother Queen Nakhtubasterau, who was the wife of
2049:
visited the pyramids and the Sphinx; he reported being told in a dream that if he cleared the sand that had built up around the Sphinx, he would be rewarded with kingship. This event is recorded in the
930:
The picture that emerges is that of a planned settlement, some of the world's earliest urban planning, securely dated to the reigns of two Giza pyramid builders: Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure
2005:
The Osiris Shaft is a narrow burial-shaft leading to three levels for a tomb and below it a flooded area. It was first mentioned by Hassan, and a thorough excavation was conducted by a team led by
2658:"A team from the Grand Egyptian Museum succeeded in the first trial run conducted to test the vehicles that will be used in the transferring the first Khufu Solar Boat from its current location"
3818:
1972:
In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids, with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in
885:
with the methods used to construct the pyramids, there is also wide speculation regarding the exact number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian
3817:
with an improved, expanded website. This website is a comprehensive resource for research on Giza. It contains photographs and other documentation from the original Harvard University –
870:
597:
associated with it and three boat pits. The boat pits contained a ship, and the two pits on the south side of the pyramid contained intact ships when excavated. One of these ships, the
2476:
Sheisha, Hader; Kaniewski, David; Marriner, Nick; Djamali, Morteza; Younes, Gamal; Chen, Zhongyuan; El-Qady, Gad; Saleem, Amr; Véron, Alain; Morhange, Christophe (13 September 2022).
2136:
from the Hearst Expedition. Within a matter of months, the site had been divided between the concessionaires following a meeting at the Mena House Hotel involving Schiaparelli,
662:'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple once contained several statues of Menkaure. During the
2102:
In 1903, rights to excavate the West Field and Pyramids of the Giza Necropolis were divided by three institutions from Italy, Germany, and the United States of America.
4193:
4245:
3375:
3796:
666:, a smaller ante-temple was added on to the valley temple. The mortuary temple also yielded several statues of Menkaure. The king's pyramid, completed
3401:
1668:
include the mastabas of the royal chamberlain Khaemnefert, the King's son Khufudjedef (master of the royal largesse), and an official named Niankhre.
3967:
3846:
594:
3605:
799:
673:, has three subsidiary or queen's pyramids. Of the four major monuments, only Menkaure's pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished
4526:
2111:
the Western Cemetery (with the hesitant permission of the Egyptian Antiquities Service) and neither kept records of his finds nor published them.
2641:
Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Volume III. Memphis. Part I. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr.
3232:
612:
Khufu's pyramid still has a limited number of casing stones at its base. These casing stones were made of fine white limestone quarried at
3704:
3196:
4186:
3580:
2662:
103:
3730:
3762:
3682:
3289:
2198:
935:
Radiocarbon data for the Old Kingdom Giza plateau and the workers' settlement were published in 2006, and then re-evaluated in 2011.
4155:
3520:
P. D. Manuelian, Walking Among Pharaohs: George Reisner and the Dawn of Modern Egyptology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2023).
741:
416:
3538:
P. D. Manuelian, Walking Among Pharaohs: George Reisner and the Dawn of Modern Egyptology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2023).
3502:
P. D. Manuelian, Walking Among Pharaohs: George Reisner and the Dawn of Modern Egyptology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2023).
3457:
P. D. Manuelian, Walking Among Pharaohs: George Reisner and the Dawn of Modern Egyptology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2023).
917:(2520–2472 BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA team:
910:. The same material was also identified among the copper artefacts from the "Kromer" site, from the reigns of Khufu and Khafre.
4536:
4511:
4179:
3038:
Bonani, Georges; Haas, Herbert; Hawass, Zahi; Lehner, Mark; Nakhla, Shawki; Nolan, John; Wenke, Robert; Wölfli, Willy (2001).
4541:
4302:
3839:
3216:
2773:
2748:
2585:
2552:
2542:
2429:
55:
1997:. He states: "Very few of the Saitic shafts have been thoroughly examined, for the reason that most of them are flooded."
189:
2789:
2459:
Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997).
1989:
and various unfinished shafts and tunnels located in the Giza complex that were discovered and mentioned prominently by
4531:
4111:
3782:
781:
quarries to Giza. The journal was already published, as well as a popular account of the importance of this discovery.
428:
2057:
During the early years of his reign, Thutmose IV, together with his wife Queen Nefertari, had stelae erected at Giza.
3511:
G. A. Reisner, A History of the Giza Necropolis. Volume I (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1942).
3148:
2464:
897:
and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is located to the southeast of the
2193:
performed at the complex to a crowd of approximately 100,000 people. The complex was used for the final draw of the
960:
were buried in Cemetery G 1200 and Cemetery G 4000, respectively. These cemeteries were further expanded during the
563:
lies on the east side of the complex. Consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of
4490:
4480:
3832:
3549:
3821:(1904 to 1947), from recent MFA fieldwork, and from other expeditions, museums, and universities around the world.
4546:
3529:
E. David, Gaston Maspero. Lettres d'Egypte. Correspondence avec Louise Maspero (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 2003).
1682:
The Central Field contains several burials of royal family members. The tombs range in date from the end of the
732:. The pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus includes her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple, and a pyramid town.
4335:
4250:
4078:
2185:
153:
17:
4516:
2087:
2083:
3631:
2424:. Studi di preistoria orientale. Rome: Dipartimento di scienze dell'antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma.
253:
4010:
3409:
157:
3802:
789:
The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased
3810:
3350:
2331:
Some medieval visitors, however, viewed them as "the Granaries of Joseph", such as the Spanish traveller
2205:
2068:
2034:
3089:"Reanalysis of the Chronological Discrepancies Obtained by the Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments Project"
906:
trauma associated with accidents on a building site). The metal processed at the site was the so-called
4364:
2194:
1357:
926:
Using pottery shards, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to date the site, the team further concludes:
769:
New insights into the closing stages of the Great Pyramid building were provided by the recent find of
44:
The three main pyramids at Giza, together with subsidiary pyramids and the remains of other structures
4139:
4134:
2273:
2268:
2033:
Giza was still an active site. A brick-built chapel was constructed near the Sphinx during the early
1660:(Junker) or earlier (Reisner), and contains several stone-built mastabas dating from as late as the
584:'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman;
4160:
3766:
2644:
833:
440:
277:
3002:"Egyptian Pyramids – Lost City of the Pyramid Builders – AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates"
2929:
2478:"Nile waterscapes facilitated the construction of the Giza pyramids during the 3rd millennium BCE"
2393:
Sanussi, Ashraf el-; Jones, Michael (1997). "A site of the Maadi culture near the Giza pyramids".
1174:
G 2100 belongs to Merib, a King's (grand-)Son and G2101 belongs to a 5th Dynasty king's daughter.
3437:
3240:
3020:
2955:
2355:
1683:
1063:
949:
914:
327:
3657:
4358:
4116:
4058:
4000:
3944:
3168:
2045:
built a temple dedicated to Hauron-Haremakhet near the Sphinx. As a prince, the future pharaoh
1986:
1944:
1687:
1661:
1516:
1019:
1015:
965:
961:
716:
707:
dedicated a new temple to Hauron-Haremakhet and this structure was added onto by later rulers.
663:
602:
439:
The earliest settlement of the Giza plateau predates the pyramid complexes. Four jars from the
353:
2577:
2570:
4521:
4475:
4437:
3924:
2133:
1960:(5th and 6th Dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the
837:
755:
606:
576:
533:
349:. The site also includes several temples, cemeteries, and the remains of a workers' village.
311:
208:
3731:"Pyramids of Giza Is Getting a New Visitors Center Complete With a Lounge, Cinema, and More"
3208:
2337:
506:
4454:
4005:
3939:
3879:
3286:
3100:
3051:
2967:
2489:
2241:
2125:
2030:
694:
629:
479:
Aerial view from north of cultivated Nile valley with the pyramids in the background (1938)
331:
323:
223:
3824:
2422:
Predynastic Maadi in context: the research of the Italian expedition revisited (1977–1986)
2079:
erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun.
8:
4447:
4202:
4073:
4063:
4048:
4015:
3934:
3896:
3087:
Dee, M. W.; Bronk Ramsey, C.; Shortland, A. J.; Higham, T. F. G.; Rowland, J. M. (2009).
2713:
2255:
1763:
1677:
725:
654:
556:
377:
369:
368:. It forms the northernmost part of the 16,000 ha (160 km; 62 sq mi)
319:
243:
218:
177:
82:
3104:
3055:
2971:
2493:
2132:
from the University of Leipzig who had funding from Wilhelm Pelizaeus, and the American
1917:
King's daughter and Queen, middle to end of 4th Dynasty. Also known as the Galarza Tomb
4328:
3990:
3954:
3814:
3632:"9 Pyramids Lounge: Everything to know about Egypt's First Restaurant At Giza Pyramids"
3140:
2983:
2910:
2643:
2nd edition, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1974.
2518:
2477:
2402:
829:
424:
420:
3757:
3606:"Egypt to build first restaurant serving tourists at Great Pyramids of Giza: Minister"
555:(or Chephren) a few hundred metres to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized
431:. It is by far the oldest of the Ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.
392:
pyramid complexes, which were all built in the vicinity of Egypt's ancient capital of
4442:
4263:
4033:
3995:
3929:
3901:
3477:
3212:
3144:
3118:
3069:
2987:
2864:
2769:
2744:
2581:
2548:
2523:
2505:
2460:
2425:
2406:
2375:
2263:
2221:
853:
625:
552:
526:
412:
315:
213:
4485:
4470:
4369:
4043:
3705:"The Pyramids of Giza Are Getting a New Cafe, Lounge, and Visitor's Center by 2021"
3204:
3108:
3059:
2975:
2902:
2824:
2815:
2513:
2497:
2367:
2279:
2213:
2137:
2129:
948:
was one of the earliest and contained tombs of wives, sons, and daughters of these
907:
2685:
39:
4068:
4053:
3806:
3786:
3683:"In Photos: A Look At the First Restaurant Near Giza Pyramids | Egyptian Streets"
3293:
3164:
2979:
2793:
2351:
1912:
1328:
977:
724:
was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the
521:
495:
483:
401:
233:
228:
4171:
3324:
4227:
4083:
4038:
3869:
3855:
2954:
Odler, Martin; Kmošek, Jiří; Fikrle, Marek; Erban Kochergina, Yulia V. (2021).
2371:
2120:
774:
393:
365:
3431:
3113:
3088:
3064:
3039:
2097:
766:
surface of the stone was smooth limestone; excess stone has eroded over time.
685:
4505:
4321:
4269:
4258:
4222:
3962:
3263:"The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza: Dr. Zahi Hawass"
3122:
3073:
3001:
2868:
2637:
2633:
2509:
2379:
2217:
2180:
2159:
1560:
1550:
1473:
1430:
952:
rulers. On the other side of the pyramid in the West Field, the royals' sons
794:
467:
335:
118:
105:
3779:
3262:
2501:
2216:
as well as make the site more accessible and tourist-friendly. According to
2086:, the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the
893:
The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which
4385:
4288:
4101:
3911:
2809:
2527:
2042:
1990:
1773:
1651:
1637:
1592:
1493:
1447:
1416:
1075:'s family are buried here; Wepemnefert (King's Son), Kaem-ah (King's Son),
848:
836:, the arrangement of the pyramids is a representation of the constellation
770:
704:
560:
491:
238:
2810:"Ancient Egyptian chronology and the astronomical orientation of pyramids"
2766:
The Red Sea scrolls: how ancient papyri reveal the secrets of the pyramids
2743:. MIFAO (in French). Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
816:
4416:
4106:
2332:
2284:
2076:
2064:
had a structure built, which is now referred to as the king's resthouse.
2061:
2051:
2046:
2022:
2006:
1957:
1948:
1924:
1443:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1373:
1279:
1076:
953:
894:
778:
721:
613:
513:
195:
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
3557:
2914:
2890:
459:, which is also the likely maximum possible range for the Giza remains.
266:
3888:
2212:
17,000,000 revamp of the complex by the end of 2021, in order to boost
2038:
1713:
1605:
598:
397:
2307:"Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur"
2017:
3985:
3433:
First Time Exploring The Astonishing Osiris Shaft on the Giza Plateau
2906:
2828:
2395:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo
1932:
1618:
1510:
1460:
988:
Junker Cemetery West, Junker Cemetery East, and Steindorff Cemetery.
886:
825:
805:
674:
589:
2306:
2114:
1610:
Son of Kawab, a grandson of Khufu, served as Director of the Palace
475:
4217:
4126:
2849:
2690:
2313:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
2091:
1973:
1882:
1869:
1747:
1665:
1657:
1574:
1483:
902:
729:
659:
138:
2956:"Arsenical copper tools of Old Kingdom Giza craftsmen: First data"
4240:
4093:
4025:
3658:"New cafe at the Pyramids of Giza to open soon as part of revamp"
2953:
2190:
1929:
1899:
1852:
1730:
1536:
1530:
1497:
1379:
1255:
984:
957:
944:
790:
689:
The Sphinx partially excavated, photo taken between 1867 and 1899
585:
559:(or Mykerinos) a few hundred metres farther south-west. The
389:
385:
3040:"Radiocarbon Dates of Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments in Egypt"
2686:"In pictures: Egypt pharaoh's 'solar boat' moved to Giza museum"
860:
4411:
4401:
3977:
2475:
2072:
1888:
1858:
1841:
1824:
1787:
1769:
1753:
1736:
1719:
1564:
1540:
1520:
1400:
898:
832:
within a small fraction of a degree. According to the disputed
700:
638:
634:
564:
405:
396:. Further Old Kingdom pyramid fields were located at the sites
381:
3799:
3792:
3086:
2249:
777:, whose team was assigned to deliver the white limestone from
501:
4406:
4206:
3581:"Egypt's Giza Pyramids are getting a revamp to boost tourism"
1961:
1904:
King's daughter and Queen, end of 4th Dynasty or 5th Dynasty
1835:
1631:
1580:
1556:
1479:
1426:
1363:
1288:
1072:
581:
537:
445:
307:
288:
16,203.36 ha (162.0336 km; 62.5615 sq mi)
3306:
Cooney, Kathlyn (2007). "Labour". In Wilkinson, Toby (ed.).
1202:
Includes mastabas of Vizier Senedjemib-Inti and his family.
411:
The Great Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khafre are the largest
4344:
3854:
2568:
Arnold, Dieter; Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen (2002).
2209:
2098:
Division of the 1903–1905 excavation of the Giza Necropolis
1953:
759:
361:
357:
2891:"The Pyramid Age Settlement of the Southern Mount at Giza"
2054:, which he had installed between the Sphinx's front legs.
1692:
1336:
2090:, a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen
593:
thing that remains. The king's pyramid has three smaller
2567:
751:
pyramids in horizontal levels, one on top of the other.
601:, has been restored and was originally displayed at the
505:
The Great Pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza in 1914 (
322:, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the
4313:
3773:
1623:
Son of Kawab, a grandson of Khufu, served as Treasurer
415:, and they have historically been common as emblems of
3176:. London: School of Archaeology in Egypt. pp. 2–8
3037:
2768:. London New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
2075:
added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son
364:, and about 13 km (8.1 mi) southwest of the
2276:, includes section on calculating weight of megaliths
2140:(Steindorff's representative in Egypt), and Reisner.
2009:
in 1999. It was opened to tourists in November 2017.
494:
after original views. Wilbour Library of Egyptology.
4278:
2857:
DIO: The International Journal of Scientific History
2706:
2356:"The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence"
2231:
380:, inscribed in 1979. The pyramid fields include the
356:, approximately 9 km (5.6 mi) west of the
2808:
2572:The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture
2569:
1943:The South Field includes mastabas dating from the
913:The workers' town appears to date from the middle
4201:
3325:"Digital Giza | Excavations at Gîza 5: 1933–1934"
2115:Italian, German, and American Concessions at Giza
824:The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were
4503:
2895:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
2741:Les papyrus de la mer Rouge: papyrus Jarf A et B
2119:In 1902, the Egyptian Antiquities Service under
1967:
1502:Meresankh was a king's daughter and king's wife
2842:
2482:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1891:) and Queen, end of 4th Dynasty or 5th Dynasty
797:. A portion of the pharaoh's spirit called his
3968:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
2183:played a series of concerts later released as
2012:
4329:
4187:
3840:
3197:"The Art and Archaeology of the Giza Plateau"
2162:, as per a letter from Borchardt to Maspero.
2143:
3765:– Pictures of Giza Pyramids published under
3159:
3157:
2763:
2540:
2392:
856:at Giza, as seen from Khafre's valley temple
710:
423:times, when the Great Pyramid was listed by
62:
2927:
2152:
4336:
4322:
4246:Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
4194:
4180:
3847:
3833:
3780:3D virtual tour explaining Houdin's theory
3348:
2960:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1874:King's son and vizier, end of 4th Dynasty
525:View from top of the Great Pyramid to the
3154:
3112:
3063:
2541:Shafer, Byron E.; Arnold, Dieter (2005).
2517:
532:The Giza pyramid complex consists of the
4156:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
3547:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2016:
867:
859:
847:
815:
742:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
699:The Sphinx dates from the reign of king
684:
536:(also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or
520:
512:
500:
482:
474:
466:
417:Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination
4527:Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
3856:Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex
3793:The Giza Archives at Harvard University
3578:
3399:
3194:
2882:
14:
4504:
3305:
3163:
3021:"Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids"
3018:
2888:
2850:"The Great Pyramid: Star Fixed, When?"
2806:
2738:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2419:
2199:2021 World Men's Handball Championship
2165:
943:As the pyramids were constructed, the
462:
4317:
4303:List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt
4175:
3828:
3819:Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition
3440:from the original on 13 December 2021
3319:
3317:
3209:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.29
2764:Tallet, Pierre; Lehner, Mark (2021).
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2438:
2224:to renovate the 4,500 year old site.
1656:This cemetery dates from the time of
992:Cemeteries in the West Field at Giza
648:
27:Archaeological site near Cairo, Egypt
3776:, researching Giza for over 30 years
3550:"Shakira Rocks the Pyramids of Giza"
3376:"Pyramids of Giza (pyramids, Egypt)"
3287:The Cemetery of the Pyramid Builders
3027:. Ancient Egypt Research Associates.
2990:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2928:Odler, Martin; Kmošek, Jiří (2019).
2350:
2301:
2299:
1861:, end of 4th Dynasty or 5th Dynasty
864:Giza pyramid complex seen from above
434:
3402:"The Osiris Shaft: a Giza cenotaph"
2663:Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
2645:PDF from The Giza Archives, 29,5 MB
1452:King's Son and Vizier and his wife
1134:Two men who were prophets of Khufu
1107:Two men who were prophets of Khufu
843:
619:
190:Pyramid fields from Giza to Dahshur
24:
3314:
2792:. culturefocus.com. Archived from
2594:
2128:from the Turin Museum, the German
1465:King's Son of Khufu and Meritites
1435:Kawab was the eldest son of Khufu
570:
25:
4558:
3774:Ancient Egypt Research Associates
3751:
3579:Sanders, Laura (7 January 2021).
3406:Ancient Near East: Just the Facts
3355:ArS Artistic Adventure of Mankind
2930:"Copper at Giza: the Latest News"
2807:Spence, Kate (16 November 2000).
2296:
1956:. Other tombs date from the late
1801:King's Son, probably 5th Dynasty
1597:Meritites is a daughter of Khufu
1238:Fisher and Eckley Case Jr. (1915)
1168:the 4th and 5th Dynasty and later
820:The Giza pyramid complex at night
605:, then subsequently moved to the
4491:Green Land International Schools
4481:Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule
4281:
3878:
3019:Lehner, Mark (14 October 2009).
2248:
2234:
2171:to the Americans under Reisner.
1671:
61:
54:
38:
3723:
3697:
3675:
3650:
3624:
3598:
3572:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3470:
3460:
3451:
3424:
3393:
3368:
3342:
3299:
3280:
3255:
3225:
3188:
3129:
3080:
3031:
3012:
2994:
2947:
2921:
2800:
2782:
2757:
2732:
2678:
2650:
2547:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 51–52.
2174:
2025:between the Sphinx's front legs
2000:
1812:King's Son, end of 4th Dynasty
1739:and Persenet, served as vizier
1645:
990:
880:3D overview of the Giza complex
735:
413:pyramids built in ancient Egypt
352:The site is at the edge of the
4079:Southern South Saqqara pyramid
3195:Flentye, Laurel (March 2018).
2561:
2534:
2469:
2413:
2386:
2344:
2325:
2186:Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978
1938:
1287:Includes mastaba of the dwarf
13:
1:
4537:Archaeological sites in Egypt
4512:World Heritage Sites in Egypt
2290:
2105:
1995:Excavations at Giza 1933–1934
1968:Tombs of the pyramid builders
1583:and thus a grandson of Khufu
1322:
1182:Late 4th or early 5th Dynasty
971:
938:
667:
541:
449:
339:
4542:Tourist attractions in Egypt
4270:Wadi El Hitan (Whale Valley)
4011:Unfinished Pyramid of Abusir
3400:Kmtsesh (18 February 2012).
3349:Carolinarh (29 April 2013).
2980:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102868
2360:Journal of Field Archaeology
2311:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2189:. In 2007, Colombian singer
1790:, Vizier in the 5th Dynasty
1338:Cemeteries G 7000 – Royalty
1254:Includes tomb of the vizier
811:
728:, near the valley temple of
326:. All were built during the
7:
2647:Retrieved 10 February 2017.
2227:
2013:New Kingdom and Late Period
1298:5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty
1210:5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty
1196:5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty
419:. They were popularised in
10:
4563:
4365:2011 Imbaba church attacks
3813:, in Boston, has moved to
3548:H. A. R. (31 March 2007).
2863:(1): 2–11. December 2003.
2372:10.1179/009346994791547553
2195:2019 Africa Cup of Nations
2144:Division of the West Field
1675:
1649:
1326:
1147:Only one mastaba (G 1903)
1120:Only one mastaba (G 1601)
975:
784:
739:
714:
703:. During the New Kingdom,
692:
652:
623:
574:
471:Giza pyramid complex (map)
429:Seven Wonders of the World
374:Memphis and its Necropolis
178:UNESCO World Heritage Site
4532:Open-air museums in Egypt
4463:
4425:
4394:
4378:
4351:
4298:
4276:
4213:
4148:
4140:Northern Mazghuna pyramid
4135:Southern Mazghuna pyramid
4125:
4092:
4024:
3976:
3953:
3910:
3887:
3876:
3862:
3484:. Giza Project at Harvard
3292:15 September 2010 at the
3233:"Who Built the Pyramids?"
3201:Online Only – Archaeology
3114:10.1017/S0033822200034111
3065:10.1017/S0033822200038558
2274:List of largest monoliths
2269:List of Egyptian pyramids
1980:
1664:. Tombs from the time of
1251:Junker and Reisner (1931)
711:Tomb of Queen Khentkaus I
680:
292:
284:
272:
262:
252:
201:
184:
175:
168:
163:
149:
144:
134:
97:
89:
78:
49:
37:
4343:
4161:Lepsius list of pyramids
3767:Creative Commons License
2544:Temples of Ancient Egypt
2153:Division of the Pyramids
1694:Central Field – Royalty
1155:the 5th and 6th Dynasty
1128:the 5th Dynasty or later
1101:the 5th Dynasty or later
834:Orion correlation theory
775:diary of inspector Merer
551:), the slightly smaller
3805:11 October 2008 at the
3380:Encyclopedia Britannica
2739:Tallet, Pierre (2017).
2576:. I.B. Tauris. p.
2502:10.1073/pnas.2202530119
1382:, half-sister of Khufu
1087:the 5th and 6th Dynasty
1048:the 5th and 6th Dynasty
1034:the 5th and 6th Dynasty
773:papyri, especially the
4547:Western Desert (Egypt)
4359:Battle of the Pyramids
4117:Pyramid of Ameny Qemau
4001:Pyramid of Neferirkare
3945:Pyramid of Khentkaus I
3167:; et al. (1907).
3165:Petrie, W. M. Flinders
2714:"Riddle of the Sphinx"
2335:in 1436 (Pedro Tafur,
2026:
1923:Tombs dating from the
1308:Junker Cemetery (East)
1301:Steindorff (1903–1907)
1275:Junker Cemetery (West)
881:
865:
857:
821:
717:Pyramid of Khentkaus I
690:
603:Giza Solar boat museum
529:
518:
510:
498:
480:
472:
4476:Cairo Japanese School
4039:Pyramid of Sekhemkhet
3925:Great Pyramid of Giza
3137:The Complete Pyramids
2889:Lehner, Mark (2002).
2420:Bajeot, Jade (2017).
2208:unveiled plans for a
2020:
1857:Probably daughter of
1844:, end of 4th Dynasty
1827:, end of 4th Dynasty
1248:4th Dynasty and later
1093:Brick built mastabas
1054:Brick built mastabas
1040:Stone built mastabas
879:
863:
851:
819:
688:
607:Grand Egyptian Museum
577:Great Pyramid of Giza
524:
516:
504:
486:
478:
470:
209:Great Pyramid of Giza
154:Early Dynastic Period
119:29.97611°N 31.13278°E
4517:Giza pyramid complex
4251:Saint Catherine Area
4235:Giza pyramid complex
4203:World Heritage Sites
4006:Pyramid of Neferefre
3920:Giza pyramid complex
3785:28 July 2011 at the
3329:giza.fas.harvard.edu
3243:on 16 September 2002
3237:Explore the pyramids
3008:. 10 September 2009.
2638:Moss, Rosalind L. B.
2242:Ancient Egypt portal
2126:Ernesto Schiaparelli
1887:King's daughter (of
1011:Abu Bakr Excavations
931:(2490–2472 BC).
890:to build a pyramid.
695:Great Sphinx of Giza
630:Great Sphinx of Giza
590:nummulitic limestone
446:eponymous settlement
366:city centre of Cairo
300:Giza pyramid complex
258:Cultural: i, iii, vi
224:Great Sphinx of Giza
33:Giza pyramid complex
4448:Pyramid of Menkaure
4074:Pyramid of Khendjer
4059:Mastabet el-Fara'un
4049:Pyramid of Djedkare
4016:Pyramid of Nyuserre
3935:Pyramid of Menkaure
3897:Pyramid of Djedefre
3811:Museum of Fine Arts
3560:on 31 December 2018
3141:Thames & Hudson
3105:2009Radcb..51.1061D
3056:2001Radcb..43.1297B
2972:2021JArSR..36j2868O
2494:2022PNAS..11902530S
2488:(37): e2202530119.
2256:Architecture portal
2206:Minister of Tourism
2166:Immediate Aftermath
2037:, probably by King
1985:There are multiple
1722:, served as vizier
1695:
1678:Central Field, Giza
1339:
1295:Steindorff Cemetery
1268:Reisner (1925–1926)
1213:Reisner (1911–1913)
1199:Reisner (1911–1913)
1158:Reisner (1905–1906)
1104:Reisner (1903–1905)
1090:Reisner (1903–1905)
1068:Reisner (1903–1905)
1051:Reisner (1903–1905)
1037:Reisner (1903–1905)
993:
830:cardinal directions
655:Pyramid of Menkaure
557:Pyramid of Menkaure
549: 2560 BC
517:The complex in 1955
488:Pyramids of Ghizeh.
463:Pyramids and Sphinx
378:World Heritage Site
320:Pyramid of Menkaure
244:Central Field, Giza
219:Pyramid of Menkaure
115: /
83:Giza, Greater Cairo
34:
4231:and its Necropolis
3991:Pyramid of Userkaf
3815:Harvard University
3809:maintained by the
3795:– since 2010, the
3478:"Montague Ballard"
3308:The Egyptian World
2796:on 2 January 2010.
2720:. 23 December 2009
2027:
1964:period and later.
1693:
1482:and later wife of
1358:Queen Hetepheres I
1337:
1284:Junker (1926–1927)
1079:(King's Daughter)
991:
882:
866:
858:
822:
691:
649:Menkaure's complex
530:
519:
511:
507:Autochrome Lumière
499:
481:
473:
425:Antipater of Sidon
124:29.97611; 31.13278
70:Shown within Egypt
32:
4499:
4498:
4443:Pyramid of Khafre
4311:
4310:
4266:
4257:
4239:
4232:
4169:
4168:
3996:Pyramid of Sahure
3930:Pyramid of Khafre
3902:Lepsius I Pyramid
3711:. 27 October 2020
3638:. 21 October 2020
3612:. 5 February 2020
3610:Egypt Independent
3412:on 24 August 2019
3218:978-0-19-993541-3
2775:978-0-500-05211-2
2750:978-2-7247-0706-9
2718:Documentary Storm
2587:978-1-86064-465-8
2554:978-1-85043-945-5
2431:978-88-904240-2-1
2338:Andanças e viajes
2264:Egyptian pyramids
1921:
1920:
1643:
1642:
1515:Son of Khufu and
1320:
1319:
877:
854:Pyramid of Khafre
626:Pyramid of Khafre
553:Pyramid of Khafre
527:Pyramid of Khafre
435:Maadi settlements
316:Pyramid of Khafre
302:(also called the
296:
295:
214:Pyramid of Khafre
16:(Redirected from
4554:
4486:El Alsson School
4471:Cairo University
4370:2022 church fire
4338:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4261:
4255:
4237:
4230:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4044:Headless Pyramid
3882:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3797:Old Giza Project
3789:(plug in needed)
3763:Pyramids in Giza
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3735:Travel + Leisure
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3556:. Archived from
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3408:. Archived from
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:. Archived from
3229:
3223:
3222:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3161:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3099:(3): 1061–1070.
3084:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3050:(3): 1297–1320.
3035:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2907:10.2307/40001149
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2829:10.1038/35042510
2823:(408): 320–324.
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2790:"Egypt pyramids"
2786:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2654:
2648:
2631:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2473:
2467:
2457:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2352:Bard, Kathryn A.
2348:
2342:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2280:Outline of Egypt
2258:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2214:tourism in Egypt
2138:Ludwig Borchardt
2130:Georg Steindorff
1696:
1579:Probably son of
1340:
1311:Late Old Kingdom
1071:Some members of
994:
908:arsenical copper
878:
852:One face of the
844:Workers' village
828:oriented to the
672:
669:
620:Khafre's complex
595:queen's pyramids
550:
546:
543:
540:and constructed
458:
454:
451:
348:
344:
341:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
65:
64:
58:
42:
35:
31:
21:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4459:
4433:Pyramid complex
4421:
4390:
4374:
4347:
4342:
4312:
4307:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4209:
4200:
4170:
4165:
4144:
4121:
4088:
4069:Pyramid of Teti
4054:Pyramid of Unas
4020:
3972:
3955:Zawyet el'Aryan
3949:
3906:
3883:
3874:
3858:
3853:
3807:Wayback Machine
3787:Wayback Machine
3772:Website of the
3754:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3369:
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3351:"Saitic Period"
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3294:Wayback Machine
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3135:Lehner, Mark, "
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2694:. 7 August 2021
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2100:
2015:
2003:
1983:
1970:
1941:
1913:Khamerernebty I
1690:or even later.
1680:
1674:
1654:
1648:
1591:Akhethotep and
1331:
1329:Giza East Field
1325:
1262:Cemetery G 6000
1245:Cemetery G 4000
1232:Cemetery G 3000
1220:Cemetery G 2500
1207:Cemetery G 2400
1193:Cemetery G 2300
1188:Mastaba G 2220
1179:Cemetery G 2200
1165:Cemetery G 2100
1152:Cemetery G 2000
1139:Cemetery G 1900
1125:Cemetery G 1600
1117:Reisner (1931?)
1112:Cemetery G 1500
1098:Cemetery G 1400
1084:Cemetery G 1300
1059:Cemetery G 1200
1045:Cemetery G 1100
1031:Cemetery G 1000
980:
978:Giza West Field
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624:Main articles:
622:
579:
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571:Khufu's complex
548:
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496:Brooklyn Museum
465:
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452:
437:
402:Zawyet El Aryan
360:in the city of
346:
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310:is home to the
304:Giza necropolis
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234:Giza East Field
229:Giza West Field
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3752:External links
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3685:. 28 July 2020
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3296:by Zahi Hawass
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2634:Porter, Bertha
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2366:(3): 265–288.
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2134:George Reisner
2121:Gaston Maspero
2116:
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2099:
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2014:
2011:
2002:
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1993:in his report
1982:
1979:
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1806:G 8080 (LG 92)
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1799:
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1784:
1781:
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1760:G 8154 (LG 89)
1757:
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1744:G 8156 (LG 88)
1741:
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1727:G 8158 (LG 87)
1724:
1723:
1716:
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1710:G 8172 (LG 86)
1707:
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1676:Main article:
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1543:
1539:and Vizier of
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1399:and Vizier of
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1327:Main article:
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1185:Reisner ?
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1171:Reisner (1931)
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976:Main article:
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826:astronomically
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810:
786:
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740:Main article:
737:
734:
715:Main article:
712:
709:
693:Main article:
682:
679:
671: 2510 BC
653:Main article:
650:
647:
621:
618:
575:Main article:
572:
569:
464:
461:
457: 3400 BC
436:
433:
427:as one of the
370:Pyramid Fields
354:Western Desert
347: 2500 BC
328:Fourth Dynasty
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18:Great Pyramids
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4438:Great Pyramid
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4223:Islamic Cairo
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4112:Black Pyramid
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3963:Layer Pyramid
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3662:Lonely Planet
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3267:guardians.net
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2218:Lonely Planet
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2181:Grateful Dead
2179:In 1978, the
2172:
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2160:James Quibell
2150:
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2019:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:burial-shafts
1978:
1975:
1965:
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1959:
1955:
1950:
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1911:
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1672:Central Field
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1636:Son of Queen
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795:Ancient Egypt
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4455:Great Sphinx
4432:
4386:Giza Plateau
4289:Egypt portal
4234:
4102:Bent Pyramid
4034:Step Pyramid
3919:
3758:Giza Plateau
3738:. Retrieved
3734:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3709:Scoop Empire
3708:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
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3635:
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3609:
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3562:. Retrieved
3558:the original
3553:
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3486:. Retrieved
3482:Digital Giza
3481:
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3442:, retrieved
3432:
3426:
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3410:the original
3405:
3395:
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3328:
3310:. Routledge.
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2820:
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2794:the original
2784:
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2175:Modern usage
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2084:21st Dynasty
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2069:19th Dynasty
2066:
2059:
2056:
2043:Amenhotep II
2035:18th Dynasty
2028:
2004:
2001:Osiris Shaft
1994:
1991:Selim Hassan
1984:
1971:
1942:
1922:
1774:Hekenuhedjet
1681:
1655:
1652:Cemetery GIS
1646:Cemetery GIS
1638:Meresankh II
1593:Meritites II
1555:Daughter of
1494:Meresankh II
1448:Nefertkau II
1417:Nefermaat II
1378:Daughter of
1332:
981:
942:
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912:
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883:
823:
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771:Wadi el-Jarf
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736:Construction
720:
705:Amenhotep II
698:
658:
643:
633:
611:
580:
561:Great Sphinx
531:
492:heliogravure
487:
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410:
373:
351:
324:Great Sphinx
303:
299:
297:
239:Cemetery GIS
193:
93:Middle Egypt
29:
4417:Mohandessin
4107:Red Pyramid
3093:Radiocarbon
3044:Radiocarbon
3025:aeraweb.org
3006:aeraweb.org
2943:(2): 12–17.
2834:28 December
2401:: 241–253.
2333:Pedro Tafur
2317:7 September
2285:Teotihuacan
2082:During the
2077:Ramesses II
2067:During the
2062:Tutankhamun
2052:Dream Stele
2047:Thutmose IV
2031:New Kingdom
2029:During the
2023:Dream Stele
1958:Old Kingdom
1949:3rd Dynasty
1945:1st Dynasty
1939:South Field
1699:Tomb number
1688:5th Dynasty
1684:4th Dynasty
1662:6th Dynasty
1547:G 7530–7540
1507:G 7430–7440
1490:G 7410–7420
1457:G 7210–7220
1444:Khufukhaf I
1440:G 7130–7140
1423:G 7110–7120
1411:Sneferukhaf
1397:Nefertkau I
1391:Nefermaat I
1374:Nefertkau I
1343:Tomb number
1280:Old Kingdom
1265:5th Dynasty
1235:6th Dynasty
1077:Nefertiabet
1064:4th Dynasty
1024:(1949–1953)
1020:6th Dynasty
1000:Time Period
954:Wepemnofret
950:4th Dynasty
915:4th Dynasty
895:Mark Lehner
722:Khentkaus I
664:5th Dynasty
588:paving and
545: 2580
453: 3800
421:Hellenistic
343: 2600
332:Old Kingdom
273:Inscription
158:Late Period
122: /
98:Coordinates
4506:Categories
4264:Necropolis
3889:Abu Rawash
3564:11 January
3444:24 October
3416:24 October
3385:24 October
3360:24 October
3334:24 October
2966:: 102868.
2291:References
2222:wider plan
2106:Background
2039:Thutmose I
1764:Sekhemkare
1714:Nebemakhet
1606:Kaemsekhem
1563:, wife of
1362:Mother of
1323:East Field
1003:Excavation
972:West Field
939:Cemeteries
793:who ruled
599:Khufu ship
547: – c.
455: – c.
398:Abu Rawash
358:Nile River
345: – c.
338:, between
318:, and the
276:1979 (3rd
192:" part of
164:Site notes
107:29°58′34″N
4464:Education
4426:Landmarks
4395:Districts
4379:Geography
4262:with its
3986:Abu Gorab
3554:Waleg.com
3247:27 August
3123:0033-8222
3074:0033-8222
2988:233577883
2901:: 27–74.
2869:1041-5440
2510:0027-8424
2407:192152723
2380:0093-4690
1933:Amasis II
1705:Comments
1619:Mindjedef
1511:Minkhaf I
1461:Djedefhor
1349:Comments
1006:Comments
922:Pyramids.
887:Herodotus
812:Astronomy
806:afterlife
675:limestone
263:Reference
110:31°7′58″E
4218:Abu Mena
4149:See also
4127:Mazghuna
4064:Serapeum
3803:Archived
3783:Archived
3740:19 March
3715:19 March
3689:19 March
3667:19 March
3642:24 April
3616:19 March
3590:19 March
3585:euronews
3488:4 August
3467:241–249.
3438:archived
3290:Archived
3272:4 August
3143:, 1997.
2937:Aeragram
2915:40001149
2724:4 August
2698:7 August
2691:BBC News
2528:36037388
2354:(1994).
2228:See also
2204:Egypt's
2197:and the
2092:Henutsen
2060:Pharaoh
1974:mudbrick
1883:Rekhetre
1870:Ankhmare
1798:Niankhre
1783:Niuserre
1752:Wife of
1748:Persenet
1666:Menkaure
1658:Menkaure
1575:Duaenhor
1484:Djedefre
1478:Wife of
1354:G 7000 X
997:Cemetery
945:mastabas
903:Menkaure
791:pharaohs
754:For the
730:Menkaure
677:casing.
660:Menkaure
254:Criteria
202:Includes
139:Monument
79:Location
4352:History
4256:Ancient
4241:Dahshur
4228:Memphis
4094:Dahshur
4026:Saqqara
3870:Memphis
3800:website
3636:El-Shai
3180:4 April
3101:Bibcode
3052:Bibcode
2968:Bibcode
2874:9 March
2670:8 March
2519:9477388
2490:Bibcode
2191:Shakira
1930:Pharaoh
1900:Bunefer
1853:Hemetre
1840:Son of
1823:Son of
1786:Son of
1768:Son of
1735:Son of
1731:Nikaure
1718:Son of
1686:to the
1537:Sneferu
1535:Son of
1531:Ankhhaf
1498:Horbaef
1415:Son of
1395:Son of
1380:Sneferu
1256:Hemiunu
1225:Reisner
1062:Mainly
985:mastaba
958:Hemiunu
785:Purpose
586:diabase
394:Memphis
390:Dahshur
386:Saqqara
376:UNESCO
372:of the
330:of the
278:Session
185:Part of
169:Website
150:Periods
145:History
85:, Egypt
4412:Imbaba
4402:Agouza
4361:(1798)
4259:Thebes
3978:Abusir
3940:Sphinx
3215:
3147:
3121:
3072:
2986:
2913:
2867:
2816:Nature
2772:
2747:
2666:. 2019
2584:
2551:
2526:
2516:
2508:
2463:
2428:
2405:
2378:
2073:Seti I
2007:Hawass
1981:Shafts
1909:G 8978
1896:G 8408
1889:Khafre
1879:G 8530
1866:G 8460
1859:Khafre
1849:G 8464
1842:Khafre
1832:G 8466
1825:Khafre
1820:Babaef
1817:G 8260
1809:Iunmin
1795:G 8130
1788:Khafre
1780:G 8140
1770:Khafre
1754:Khafre
1737:Khafre
1720:Khafre
1628:G 7810
1615:G 7760
1602:G 7660
1588:G 7560
1571:G 7550
1565:Khafre
1541:Khafre
1527:G 7510
1521:Khafre
1517:Vizier
1470:G 7350
1407:G 7070
1401:Khafre
1387:G 7060
1370:G 7010
1314:Junker
899:Khafre
701:Khafre
681:Sphinx
639:serdab
635:Khafre
565:Khafre
406:Meidum
404:, and
388:, and
382:Abusir
314:, the
267:86-002
90:Region
4407:Dokki
4207:Egypt
3174:(PDF)
2984:S2CID
2933:(PDF)
2911:JSTOR
2853:(PDF)
2403:S2CID
1962:Saite
1925:Saite
1836:Iunre
1702:Owner
1632:Djaty
1581:Kawab
1557:Kawab
1480:Kawab
1427:Kawab
1364:Khufu
1346:Owner
1289:Seneb
1278:Late
1073:Khufu
838:Orion
582:Khufu
538:Khufu
308:Egypt
306:) in
4345:Giza
3912:Giza
3863:City
3742:2021
3717:2021
3691:2021
3669:2021
3644:2021
3618:2021
3592:2021
3566:2022
3490:2023
3446:2019
3418:2019
3387:2019
3362:2019
3336:2019
3274:2023
3249:2010
3213:ISBN
3182:2019
3145:ISBN
3119:ISSN
3070:ISSN
2876:2022
2865:ISSN
2836:2023
2770:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2726:2023
2700:2021
2672:2022
2636:and
2582:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2524:PMID
2506:ISSN
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2426:ISBN
2376:ISSN
2319:2021
2021:The
1954:Djet
1772:and
1559:and
1496:and
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1429:and
1018:and
1014:the
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956:and
901:and
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760:Nile
628:and
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