398:
440:
406:
47:
2636:
1713:
63:
2903:
3771:
2648:
582:
2624:
613:, is one; Michigan City Road through Riverdale, Dolton, and Calumet City, Illinois, is another; LaGrange Road is another; Riverside Drive in Riverside; Ridgeland Avenue in Oak Park, or Grosse Point Road, Carpenter Road, and Ridge Avenue (The Rosehill Spit) in the Rogers Park/West Ridge neighborhood of Chicago, north of Devon Avenue and continuing north through Evanston, Illinois, are some others.
70:
756:
2612:
555:
The outlet channel is more than 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and cuts through glacial deposits. Near the head of the channel, rock layers have been cut through. It is probable that the distinct beaches from Lake
Chicago are the result of these rock layers giving way rapidly, dropping the lake level from
572:
northward across the Lake
Chicago, the lake bed extends 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 km) inland. The widest expanse is almost entirely fine sand. There is more sand than clay in a narrow strip along the shore. The clayey portions have till at only a few inches depth. The offshore winds along the
556:
higher to lower levels. After each stage, the next barrier remained solid, holding the lake stable and creating distinct beaches. If the outlet were formed by a steady erosion of the barrier, it would have been less likely that the well-defined beaches would have been created.
451:
valley, the waters in the Lake Huron and Lake Erie basin diverted from the
Michigan outlet, leaving Lake Chicago as a headwaters lake. Continued northward migration of the glacier set the stage for the next major proglacial lakes in the Lake Michigan basin as
597:
and beach lines—particularly at the southern tip of Lake
Michigan—were left behind by each of the three stages of lake level drop. Today, evidence of these vast sand deposits is still clearly visible. Northern Indiana, for example, contains the
559:
Along the eastern shore of Lake
Michigan, the beaches of Lake Chicago have been destroyed by erosion, except the highest beach, much of which has also been destroyed. The best remaining segments are along the southern tip of Lake Michigan in Indiana.
511:
occurred and the water level in Lake
Chicago began to drop in three observable stages of 15 to 20 feet (5–6 m) each. Eventually even the outlet to the southwest dried up, and the Des Plaines River overflowed into the basin that became Lake Michigan.
807:
Publication 9. Geological Series 7; Surface
Geology and Agricultural Conditions of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan; Frank Leverett with a Chapter on Climate by C. F. Schneider; Michigan Geological and Biological Survey Lansing Michigan;
540:, which is 55 feet (17 m) to 60 feet (18 m) above the level of Lake Michigan. There are two additional beaches formed when the Des Plaines outlet was abandoned for other outlets to the north and east: the
1559:
548:
20 feet (6.1 m) to 25 feet (7.6 m) above Lake
Michigan. The name Lake Chicago is used for the lake when it drains through the Des Plaines outlet. The Calumet and Tolleston Beach lake is
413:
The ice continued northward forming the next phase of Lake
Chicago. The lake level remained at 640' above sea level, but the ice margin was a third of the way north, opening a channel across
334:, or at 18th Street and Damen Avenue in Chicago. Evidence may also be found in the fossils in the Niagara limestone bedrock found throughout the Chicago area and extending all the way to
299:
lies in a broad plain that, hundreds of millions of years ago, was part of a great interior basin covered by warm, shallow seas. These seas covered portions of North
America from the
345:
crept four times down across the continent, covering the region with ice to a depth of a mile (1500 m) or more. As the climate changed, the ice melted, the last great ice flow (the
1607:
1529:
2050:
2208:
358:
2774:
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391:
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2081:
1748:
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period, which covered much of northern half of North America) retreated, and an outlet for the melting water developed through the Sag River and the
789:
The Illinois Ice Lobe; Frank Leverett; U.S. Geological Survey, Monograph, #38; Government Printing Office; Washington, D.C.; 1899, Plates 14, 16, 53
115:
3810:
3557:
387:
1662:
1549:
2060:
1407:
1344:
3825:
3551:
3795:
1569:
827:
Willman, W.B. 1971. Summary of the Geology of the Chicago Area. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, IL. Circular 460. 77 pages.
732:
2902:
1741:
378:
The earliest formation of Lake Chicago occurred when the Michigan Lobe of the glacier retreated northward into the basin of modern
1617:
737:
3485:
3461:
3449:
1400:
1277:
521:
62:
3104:
1684:
821:
Bretz, J.H. 1939. Geology of the Chicago Region, Part 1 - General. Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 65. 118 pages.
1339:
857:
824:
Killey, Myrna M. 1998. Illinois' Ice Age Legacy. Illinois State Geological Survey GeoScience Education Series 14. 66 pages.
17:
3491:
1734:
1699:
1597:
602:, and many of the Chicago area's trails and roads follow some of these ancient beach lines or ridges in the sand spits.
524:
retreated northward, the area of Lake Chicago increased. Lake Chicago’s initial outlet was to the southwest through the
287:. Formed about 13,000 years ago and fed by retreating glaciers, it drained southwest through the Chicago Outlet River.
2685:
1326:
1005:
262:; Frank Leverett and Frank B. Taylor; Monographs of the United States Geological Survey; Volume LIII; Washington; 1915
3731:
1689:
1574:
365:
poured through those valleys, eventually leaving behind the prehistoric Lake Chicago, the ancestor of Lake Michigan.
775:
Bulletin 4, The GLACIAL LAKES around Michigan; William R. Farrand, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; 1988
3721:
3424:
3097:
1667:
716:
397:
439:
3418:
1564:
1554:
610:
468:
Extending somewhat further south, west and east than Lake Michigan, Lake Chicago extended west to present day
3830:
3037:
1957:
409:
Map of Glacial lakes Whittlesey, Saginaw and Chicago, based on the USGS Report of 1915, Chicago is lower left
3800:
3152:
2386:
1524:
1514:
568:
Lake Chicago covered only a narrow strip of land on the south and east side of modern Lake Michigan. From
405:
3805:
3515:
1395:
3661:
3388:
2734:
2459:
2449:
1827:
1796:
1390:
573:
east shore of Lake Michigan have created sand dunes, burying the older glacial beaches and lake beds.
401:
Early Lake Chicago at the edge of the ice sheet, near the head of the Chicago Outlet River, lower left
3815:
3726:
3382:
3157:
2919:
2596:
2580:
2545:
1381:
1356:
1349:
1304:
1056:
46:
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3681:
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1478:
850:
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1657:
1632:
1602:
1299:
1015:
1726:
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3394:
3192:
3079:
2950:
2766:
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1637:
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2145:
2135:
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1165:
682:
614:
457:
443:
Map of Glacial Lakes Duluth, Chicago, and Lundy (USGS 1915), the Chicago Outlet is lower left
173:
152:
3716:
3671:
3509:
3187:
3142:
3137:
2770:
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2203:
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166:
742:
8:
3666:
3455:
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2977:
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2852:
2778:
2739:
2729:
1544:
1534:
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1314:
1294:
1270:
843:
658:
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618:
545:
469:
323:
234:
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1412:
1265:
1051:
1030:
1020:
668:
639:
537:
504:
473:
159:
3230:
2758:
499:
continued to retreat, it created new outlets for the water in Lake Chicago, including
3774:
3751:
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2826:
2818:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2671:
2278:
1775:
1652:
1592:
1361:
1066:
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606:
569:
541:
525:
496:
481:
477:
354:
346:
335:
2530:
3281:
2988:
2856:
2808:
2804:
2616:
2371:
2316:
2267:
2252:
1622:
1099:
972:
942:
544:, about 35 feet (11 m) to 40 feet (12 m) above the current lake, and the
485:
425:
362:
331:
3620:
3589:
3521:
3503:
3261:
3240:
3162:
3147:
2848:
2840:
2796:
2469:
2164:
2111:
2040:
1855:
1760:
1334:
1260:
1140:
1114:
1083:
1071:
998:
634:
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327:
272:
717:
http://lwr.state.wi.us/subcategory.asp?linksubcatid=440&linkcatid=481&li
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2965:
2628:
2381:
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2224:
2213:
2193:
2188:
2121:
2096:
2045:
2009:
2004:
1912:
1865:
1627:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1376:
1175:
1061:
1010:
937:
932:
922:
835:
687:
663:
549:
533:
529:
453:
304:
187:
30:
This article is about the prehistoric lake. Not to be confused with the modern
3789:
3736:
3701:
3533:
3527:
3497:
3479:
3400:
3342:
3291:
3276:
3235:
2844:
2830:
2822:
2751:
2652:
2482:
2444:
2414:
2409:
2287:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2198:
2169:
2025:
1999:
1907:
1902:
1860:
1428:
1366:
1309:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1218:
1170:
901:
891:
760:
692:
677:
599:
500:
489:
379:
342:
280:
276:
180:
130:
117:
91:
31:
1560:
Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
3686:
3651:
3167:
3057:
2640:
2555:
2487:
2477:
2350:
2336:
2130:
2091:
2086:
1976:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1850:
1817:
1812:
1780:
1717:
1642:
1468:
1443:
1371:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1135:
1076:
993:
977:
917:
896:
621:
were, literally, islands left behind as Lake Chicago's water level fell.
508:
448:
418:
300:
3089:
260:
The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes
147:
3711:
3696:
3691:
3545:
3337:
3225:
3182:
3007:
2747:
2540:
2454:
2439:
2419:
2345:
2326:
2237:
2179:
2155:
2101:
2070:
2065:
2035:
2015:
1991:
1981:
1952:
1757:
1694:
1463:
1180:
1119:
1025:
927:
866:
350:
284:
101:
830:
3615:
3594:
3327:
3286:
3177:
2961:
2724:
2716:
2575:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2401:
2391:
2321:
2307:
2140:
2106:
1870:
1612:
1223:
1104:
967:
886:
429:
160:
2647:
605:
For example, Ridge Road from Homewood, Illinois, through Thornton and
174:
2936:
2911:
2879:
2510:
2030:
1967:
1886:
1287:
1145:
1109:
881:
433:
3599:
3307:
2871:
1822:
719:
nkid=). Lower Wisconsin State Riverway Board. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
414:
383:
319:
316:
382:, ca 13,000 years ago. The edge of the retreating glacier formed
3656:
3266:
3256:
3067:
2875:
2694:
1756:
759:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
296:
51:
Map of middle stage of glacial Lake Chicago, USGS Report of 1915.
581:
2502:
308:
3312:
3215:
2565:
594:
312:
3322:
2663:
2560:
1530:
Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program
831:
Oak Park - Ancient Lake Chicago & Continental Divide
609:, and then crossing the state border into Munster and
447:
When the ice retreated northward enough to open the
1520:
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
27:Prehistoric lake from the Wisconsin Glacial Period
34:, on whose shores the city of Chicago is located.
3787:
865:
108:
3558:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
785:
783:
781:
3105:
2679:
1742:
1550:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
851:
507:. As these outlets were developed, a partial
275:that is the ancestor of what is now known as
727:
725:
3552:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
3119:
792:
778:
3112:
3098:
2686:
2672:
1749:
1735:
858:
844:
771:
769:
722:
585:Stages of development of the Great Lakes.
307:. Evidence of these seas is found in the
580:
438:
404:
396:
738:Forest Preserve District of Cook County
361:, in the area known as the Palos. The
14:
3788:
3486:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
3450:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
766:
3811:Geological history of the Great Lakes
3093:
2667:
1730:
839:
515:
374:13,000 to 11,000 years before present
563:
69:
3492:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
1598:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac
24:
3826:Glacial lakes of the United States
480:, completely covering what is now
25:
3842:
3796:Former lakes of the United States
3480:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
1345:Isle Royale National Park Islands
815:
3770:
3769:
3425:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
2901:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
1711:
754:
741:. March 16, 1946. Archived from
390:in present-day Illinois and the
68:
61:
45:
3488:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1565:International Joint Commission
1555:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
709:
13:
1:
3732:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
3038:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
1958:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
702:
368:
315:, such as those unearthed in
3153:Glacial history of Minnesota
2693:
1525:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
1515:Alliance for the Great Lakes
520:As the Michigan Lobe of the
7:
3516:Kettle Moraine State Forest
3419:Lion's Head Provincial Park
1391:Province of Ontario Islands
624:
536:. The highest beach is the
201:18,000 years before present
10:
3847:
3662:Penultimate Glacial Period
3389:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
2735:Penultimate Glacial Period
1828:West Siberian Glacial Lake
484:, including the cities of
29:
3765:
3727:Late Glacial Interstadial
3634:
3608:
3577:
3506:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
3440:
3383:Arrowhead Provincial Park
3375:
3359:
3300:
3249:
3208:
3201:
3158:List of prehistoric lakes
3125:
3076:
3025:
3006:
2987:
2960:
2935:
2910:
2899:
2870:
2715:
2701:
2605:
2597:List of prehistoric lakes
2589:
2581:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
2523:
2501:
2468:
2400:
2359:
2335:
2306:
2276:
2222:
2178:
2154:
2120:
1990:
1966:
1932:
1925:
1895:
1879:
1843:
1836:
1805:
1789:
1768:
1708:
1663:Museum and historic ships
1585:
1507:
1421:
1396:State of Michigan Islands
1325:
1211:
1191:
1128:
1092:
1044:
986:
960:
951:
910:
874:
394:in Indiana and Michigan.
290:
255:
251:
243:
233:
225:
217:
213:241 mi (388 km)
209:
205:
197:
186:
172:
158:
146:
107:
97:
87:
56:
44:
39:
3682:Holocene glacial retreat
3474:Glacial Lakes State Park
3413:Foothills Erratics Train
1479:Midcontinent Rift System
589:Vast amounts of sand in
576:
528:valley, thence down the
229:160 ft (49 m)
3722:Bølling–Allerød warming
3462:Devil's Lake State Park
3431:Ovayok Territorial Park
3120:Continental glaciations
2926:Late Paleozoic icehouse
2051:Lake Houghton (glacial)
1300:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal
463:
247:160 ft (49 m)
239:4000 years in existence
221:57 mi (92 km)
3564:Yosemite National Park
3468:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
3407:Eskers Provincial Park
3395:Cypress Hills (Canada)
3193:Timeline of glaciation
3080:Timeline of glaciation
2947:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
2293:Kankakee Outwash Plain
2209:Glacial Lake Sammamish
1648:Marine protected areas
1638:Lake Michigan Triangle
1540:Great Lakes Commission
1283:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
586:
444:
410:
402:
3707:Quaternary glaciation
3642:Quaternary glaciation
3540:Mill Bluff State Park
3504:Interstate State Park
3318:Giant current ripples
3133:Cordilleran ice sheet
3043:Great Oxidation Event
2258:Lake Jordan (Montana)
2146:Glacial Lake Missoula
2136:Glacial Lake Columbia
2076:Nipissing Great Lakes
2056:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1489:Nipissing Great Lakes
1434:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1340:Detroit River Islands
1305:Trent–Severn Waterway
683:Nipissing Great Lakes
615:Blue Island, Illinois
584:
458:Nipissing Great Lakes
442:
408:
400:
3831:Geography of Chicago
3717:Wisconsin glaciation
3672:Last Glacial Maximum
3188:Post-glacial rebound
3143:Last Glacial Maximum
3138:Laurentide ice sheet
2928:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
2922:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
2744:Last Glacial Maximum
2617:Geography portal
2387:Lake Nantucket Sound
2204:Glacial Lake Russell
1499:Wisconsin glaciation
1474:Last Glacial Maximum
1234:Great Lakes Waterway
715:"Geologic History" (
392:Lake Borders Moraine
167:Laurentide Ice Sheet
18:Glacial Lake Chicago
3801:Geology of Illinois
3702:Pre-Illinoian Stage
3667:Last Glacial Period
3456:Coteau des Prairies
3367:Greenland ice sheet
3063:Milankovitch cycles
2740:Last Glacial Period
1633:Lake Michigan–Huron
1545:Great Lakes Compact
1535:Great Lakes Charter
1494:Scotch Bonnet Ridge
1295:Straits of Mackinac
1271:St. Lawrence Seaway
659:Lake Border Moraine
650:Tolleston Shoreline
522:Labradorean Ice Cap
470:La Grange, Illinois
324:Stony Island Avenue
235:Residence time
127: /
3806:Geology of Indiana
3747:4.2 kiloyear event
3742:8.2 kiloyear event
3677:Mousterian Pluvial
3409:, British Columbia
2976:(717 to 660 Mya);
2953:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
2629:History portal
2082:Early Lake Ontario
1484:Niagara Escarpment
1413:Potawatomi Islands
1401:Lake Huron Islands
1266:St. Lawrence River
1052:Grand Traverse Bay
1031:St. Joseph Channel
1021:Potagannissing Bay
669:Valparaiso Moraine
640:Glenwood Shoreline
587:
538:Glenwood Shoreline
516:Outlet and beaches
505:St. Lawrence River
445:
411:
403:
271:was a prehistoric
3783:
3782:
3752:Piora Oscillation
3712:Sangamonian Stage
3573:
3572:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3087:
3086:
3018:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
2897:
2896:
2661:
2660:
2653:Oceans portal
2519:
2518:
2189:Glacial Lake Hood
2078:(Multiple basins)
2012:(Multiple basins)
1921:
1920:
1776:Lake Makgadikgadi
1724:
1723:
1653:Marysburgh vortex
1362:Manitoulin Island
1357:Lake Erie Islands
1207:
1206:
1067:Little Bay de Noc
745:on April 26, 2006
700:
699:
645:Calumet Shoreline
611:Highland, Indiana
607:Lansing, Illinois
564:Lake bed deposits
542:Calumet Shoreline
526:Des Plaines River
497:Wisconsin Glacier
482:Northwest Indiana
478:Lansing, Illinois
472:and south beyond
355:Des Plaines River
347:Wisconsin Glacier
336:Niagara, New York
266:
265:
244:Surface elevation
16:(Redirected from
3838:
3816:Proglacial lakes
3773:
3772:
3373:
3372:
3298:
3297:
3282:Terminal moraine
3206:
3205:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3090:
2999:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
2989:Paleoproterozoic
2980:(650 to 635 Mya)
2905:
2713:
2712:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2641:Lakes portal
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2493:Lake San AgustĂn
2372:Lake Connecticut
2317:Lake Monongahela
2268:Lake Musselshell
2253:Lake Great Falls
1930:
1929:
1841:
1840:
1763:and related seas
1761:proglacial lakes
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1718:Lakes portal
1716:
1715:
1714:
1623:Lake-effect snow
1422:Historic geology
1100:Hamilton Harbour
973:Presque Isle Bay
958:
957:
869:of North America
860:
853:
846:
837:
836:
809:
805:
790:
787:
776:
773:
764:
758:
757:
753:
751:
750:
729:
720:
713:
629:
628:
426:proglacial lakes
363:Kankakee Torrent
341:Much later, the
332:McCook, Illinois
176:
175:Primary outflows
162:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
132:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
110:
72:
71:
65:
49:
37:
36:
21:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3761:
3647:Illinoian Stage
3630:
3621:Lambert Glacier
3604:
3590:Killary Harbour
3569:
3522:Lake Bonneville
3442:
3436:
3371:
3347:
3296:
3245:
3241:U-shaped valley
3231:Roche moutonnée
3197:
3163:Proglacial lake
3148:Canadian Shield
3121:
3118:
3088:
3083:
3072:
3021:
3002:
2983:
2956:
2931:
2906:
2893:
2890:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
2878:
2874:
2866:
2706:
2697:
2692:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2585:
2515:
2497:
2470:Rio Grande rift
2464:
2396:
2355:
2331:
2302:
2272:
2218:
2174:
2165:Lake Bonneville
2150:
2116:
2112:Lake Whittlesey
2041:Early Lake Erie
1986:
1962:
1917:
1891:
1875:
1856:Baltic Ice Lake
1832:
1801:
1785:
1764:
1755:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1581:
1503:
1417:
1382:Treasure Island
1335:Apostle Islands
1321:
1278:St. Marys River
1261:St. Clair River
1203:
1187:
1141:Chequamegon Bay
1124:
1088:
1084:Manitou Passage
1072:Porte des Morts
1040:
999:Nottawasaga Bay
982:
953:
947:
911:Secondary lakes
906:
870:
864:
818:
813:
812:
806:
793:
788:
779:
774:
767:
755:
748:
746:
731:
730:
723:
714:
710:
705:
635:Chicago Portage
627:
579:
566:
546:Tolleston Beach
518:
466:
423:Lake Whittlesey
417:, draining the
371:
328:Thornton Quarry
293:
273:proglacial lake
190: countries
161:Primary inflows
135:
133:
129:
126:
121:
118:
116:
114:
113:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3757:Little Ice Age
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3626:Ross Ice Shelf
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Hardangerfjord
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3510:Kelleys Island
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3458:, South Dakota
3453:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3397:, Saskatchewan
3392:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Glacial striae
3218:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Snowball Earth
3050:
3048:Little Ice Age
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Glacial period
3029:
3027:
3026:Related topics
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2968:
2966:Snowball Earth
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2920:Andean-Saharan
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
2837:
2815:
2793:
2755:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Lake Ballivián
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Lake Merrimack
2379:
2377:Lake Hitchcock
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2298:Lake Wisconsin
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2225:Missouri River
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2214:Lake Skokomish
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Lake Nisqually
2191:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2122:Columbia River
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Lake Tonawanda
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Lake Frontenac
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2010:Lake Algonquin
2007:
2005:Lake Admiralty
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1913:Lake Pickering
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1866:Mastogloia Sea
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Lake freighter
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1586:Related topics
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1570:Municipalities
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Lake Frontenac
1456:
1451:
1449:Lake Algonquin
1446:
1441:
1439:Lake Admiralty
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:Lake Mindemoya
1374:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1176:Batchawana Bay
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:Big Bay de Noc
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Munuscong Lake
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
990:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
964:
962:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
912:
908:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
878:
876:
872:
871:
863:
862:
855:
848:
840:
834:
833:
828:
825:
822:
817:
816:External links
814:
811:
810:
791:
777:
765:
733:"Lake Chicago"
721:
707:
706:
704:
701:
698:
697:
696:
695:
690:
688:Lake Algonquin
685:
680:
673:
672:
671:
666:
664:Tinley Moraine
661:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
626:
623:
578:
575:
565:
562:
550:Lake Algonquin
534:Gulf of Mexico
530:Illinois River
517:
514:
465:
462:
454:Lake Algonquin
370:
367:
357:Valley around
305:Gulf of Mexico
292:
289:
264:
263:
257:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
184:
183:
178:
170:
169:
164:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
111:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
75:
74:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Lake Michigan
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Younger Dryas
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3534:Lake Missoula
3532:
3529:
3528:Lake Lahontan
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:Ice Age Trail
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:Eramosa River
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:North America
3358:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3292:Veiki moraine
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Rogen moraine
3275:
3273:
3272:Pulju moraine
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Erratic block
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Tunnel valley
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:Pre-Illinoian
2842:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:Pre-Illinoian
2820:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:Younger Dryas
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Late Cenozoic
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:South America
2522:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Lake Estancia
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2460:Lake Thompson
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Lake Panamint
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Lake Corcoran
2413:
2411:
2410:Lake Cahuilla
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Lake Cape Cod
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Lake Kankakee
2286:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Lake McKenzie
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Lake Glendive
2246:
2244:
2243:Lake Cut Bank
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Lake Chouteau
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Lake Puyallup
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2170:Lake Lahontan
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Lake Chippewa
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Champlain Sea
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:North America
1924:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Lake Lapworth
1906:
1904:
1903:Lake Harrison
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:Great Britain
1894:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Littorina Sea
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1797:Lake Washburn
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1719:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:Organizations
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Champlain Sea
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Lake Kagawong
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:Welland Canal
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Nipigon River
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:Niagara River
1242:
1240:
1239:Chicago River
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Detroit River
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:Whitefish Bay
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:North Channel
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
991:
989:
985:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
956:
950:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
877:
873:
868:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
841:
838:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
786:
784:
782:
772:
770:
762:
761:public domain
744:
740:
739:
734:
728:
726:
718:
712:
708:
694:
693:Lake Michigan
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:Lake Chippewa
676:
675:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
600:Indiana Dunes
596:
592:
583:
574:
571:
561:
557:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
510:
506:
502:
501:Niagara Falls
498:
493:
491:
490:Gary, Indiana
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
450:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
407:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Lake Michigan
376:
375:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:polar ice cap
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
281:North America
278:
277:Lake Michigan
274:
270:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
226:Average depth
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:First flooded
196:
193:United States
192:
189:
185:
182:
181:Chicago River
179:
177:
171:
168:
165:
163:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
140:
131:42.2°N 87.1°W
112:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
92:North America
90:
86:
64:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:Lake Michigan
19:
3687:Oldest Dryas
3657:Interstadial
3652:Interglacial
3635:Time periods
3566:, California
3560:, Washington
3301:Glacifluvial
3250:Depositional
3173:Lake Chicago
3172:
3168:Lake Agassiz
3078:
3058:Interglacial
2556:Lake Minchin
2488:Lake Palomas
2478:Lake Alamosa
2450:Lake Russell
2351:Lake Passaic
2131:Lake Allison
2092:Lake Stanley
2087:Lake Saginaw
2021:Lake Chicago
2020:
1977:Lake Ojibway
1948:Lake Bassano
1943:Lake Agassiz
1934:Nelson River
1851:Ancylus Lake
1818:Lake Tengger
1813:Lake Bandung
1781:Lake Ptolemy
1643:Lake surfing
1469:Lake Stanley
1454:Lake Chicago
1453:
1444:Lake Agassiz
1372:Lake Manitou
1229:French River
1161:Superior Bay
1156:Pokegama Bay
1151:Keweenaw Bay
1136:Au Train Bay
1077:Sturgeon Bay
994:Georgian Bay
978:Sandusky Bay
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
736:
711:
619:Stony Island
604:
588:
567:
558:
554:
519:
509:lake capture
494:
467:
449:Mohawk River
446:
419:Lake Saginaw
412:
388:Park Moraine
377:
373:
372:
340:
301:Arctic Ocean
295:The city of
294:
269:Lake Chicago
268:
267:
259:
76:Lake Chicago
40:Lake Chicago
3697:Pleistocene
3692:Older Dryas
3554:, Wisconsin
3546:Oneida Lake
3542:, Wisconsin
3518:, Wisconsin
3500:, Wisconsin
3494:, Wisconsin
3482:, Wisconsin
3476:, Minnesota
3470:, Wisconsin
3464:, Wisconsin
3452:, Wisconsin
3338:Outwash fan
3333:Kettle hole
3226:Ribbon lake
3183:Teays River
3008:Mesoarchean
2951:Baykonurian
2813:Santa MarĂa
2767:Weichselian
2541:Lake Escara
2455:Lake Tecopa
2440:Lake Mojave
2420:Lake Harper
2360:New England
2346:Lake Albany
2327:Teays River
2279:Mississippi
2238:Lake Circle
2180:Puget Sound
2156:Great Basin
2102:Lake Warren
2071:Lake Minong
2066:Lake Maumee
2036:Lake Duluth
2016:Lake Arkona
1992:Great Lakes
1982:Tyrrell Sea
1953:Lake Souris
1758:Pleistocene
1695:Third Coast
1658:Megalopolis
1618:Lake breeze
1603:Circle Tour
1464:Lake Maumee
1350:Isle Royale
1315:First canal
1181:Goulais Bay
1166:Thunder Bay
1120:Wellers Bay
1115:Toronto Bay
1036:Thunder Bay
1026:Saginaw Bay
1006:Lake George
943:Couchiching
867:Great Lakes
351:Pleistocene
285:Great Lakes
210:Max. length
153:former lake
136:42.2; -87.1
134: /
109:Coordinates
102:Great Lakes
3790:Categories
3616:Antarctica
3609:Antarctica
3595:Monte Rosa
3548:, New York
3328:Kame delta
3287:Till plain
3178:Lake Tight
2962:Cryogenian
2857:Beestonian
2809:Wolstonian
2791:Llanquihue
2775:Midlandian
2725:Antarctica
2717:Quaternary
2703:Quaternary
2576:Lake Tauca
2546:Inca Huasi
2435:Lake Modoc
2430:Lake Manly
2425:Lake Manix
2402:California
2392:Lake Stowe
2322:Lake Tight
2141:Lake Lewis
2107:Lake Wayne
2061:Lake Lundy
1871:Yoldia Sea
1844:Baltic Sea
1790:Antarctica
1685:Shipwrecks
1613:Great Loop
1224:Erie Canal
1199:Anchor Bay
1105:Humber Bay
968:Maumee Bay
875:Main lakes
749:2022-02-10
703:References
503:, and the
430:Lake Huron
369:Chronology
359:Mt. Forest
256:References
218:Max. width
3536:, Montana
3433:, Nunavut
3427:, Ontario
3421:, Ontario
3415:, Alberta
3403:, Ontario
3391:, Alberta
3385:, Ontario
3209:Erosional
3202:Landforms
2937:Ediacaran
2912:Paleozoic
2888:Antarctic
2880:Oligocene
2839:7th–8th:
2835:Rio Llico
2817:3rd–6th:
2801:Illinoian
2771:Devensian
2763:Wisconsin
2730:Greenland
2511:Lake Atna
2031:Lake Dana
1968:James Bay
1887:Lake Komi
1678:Laurentia
1608:Crossings
1408:Populated
1288:Soo Locks
1212:Waterways
1192:St. Clair
1146:Huron Bay
1110:Sodus Bay
1057:Green Bay
938:Winnebago
933:St. Clair
923:Nipissing
456:and then
434:Lake Erie
279:, one of
148:Lake type
3775:Category
3600:Svalbard
3530:, Nevada
3308:Diluvium
2997:Huronian
2978:Marinoan
2974:Sturtian
2945:Gaskiers
2872:Pliocene
2853:Menapian
2779:Pinedale
2695:Ice ages
2310:drainage
2281:drainage
1970:drainage
1936:drainage
1823:Mundafan
1700:Treaties
1129:Superior
1045:Michigan
954:channels
952:Bays and
902:Superior
892:Michigan
625:See also
474:Homewood
436:basins.
415:Michigan
384:moraines
320:quarries
317:Illinois
283:'s five
88:Location
3578:Eurasia
3267:Moraine
3257:Drumlin
3126:General
3068:Stadial
3016:Pongola
2876:Miocene
2861:Caracol
2831:Anglian
2590:Summary
2571:Salinas
1327:Islands
1093:Ontario
918:Nipigon
897:Ontario
570:Holland
532:to the
495:As the
486:Hammond
428:in the
349:of the
309:fossils
303:to the
297:Chicago
122:87°06′W
119:42°12′N
3524:, Utah
3512:, Ohio
3443:States
3441:United
3376:Canada
3343:Sandur
2827:Elster
2819:Mindel
2787:Merida
2783:Fraser
2551:Mataro
2536:Cabana
2503:Alaska
2339:valley
2337:Hudson
2277:Upper
2223:Upper
2182:system
2158:system
2124:system
1880:Russia
1837:Europe
1769:Africa
1690:Storms
1673:Region
1575:Cities
928:Simcoe
617:, and
386:, the
330:, and
291:Origin
3313:Esker
3216:Fjord
2805:Saale
2795:2nd:
2757:1st:
2748:Older
2566:Sajsi
1668:Ports
1593:Basin
1249:Falls
987:Huron
887:Huron
595:dunes
591:spits
577:Today
313:coral
188:Basin
98:Group
3323:Kame
2849:Elbe
2841:GĂĽnz
2797:Riss
2759:WĂĽrm
2750:and
2561:Ouki
2308:Ohio
1806:Asia
961:Erie
882:Erie
808:1911
488:and
476:and
464:Size
432:and
421:and
2851:or
322:at
311:of
3792::
2859:,
2855:,
2847:,
2843:,
2833:,
2829:,
2825:,
2821:,
2811:,
2807:,
2803:,
2799:,
2789:,
2785:,
2777:,
2769:,
2765:,
2761:,
2746:,
2705:/
794:^
780:^
768:^
735:.
724:^
593:,
552:.
492:.
460:.
338:.
326:,
3113:e
3106:t
3099:v
2964:-
2781:/
2773:/
2754:)
2742:(
2687:e
2680:t
2673:v
1750:e
1743:t
1736:v
859:e
852:t
845:v
763:.
752:.
20:)
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