3660:, ch. 7: "A gloating account of the whole ritual is given in a letter written on the very day by a youth named Gaspar Schopp of Breslau, a recent convert to Catholicism to whom Pope Clement VIII had shown great favor, creating him Knight of St. Peter and Count of the Sacred Palace. Schopp was addressing Conrad Rittershausen. He recounts that because of his heresy Bruno had been publicly burned that day in the Square of Flowers in front of the Theatre of Pompey. He makes merry over the belief of the Italians that every heretic is a Lutheran. It is evident that he had been present at the interrogations, for he relates in detail the life of Bruno and the works and doctrines for which he had been arraigned, and he gives a vivid account of Bruno's final appearance before his judges on 8 February. To Schopp we owe the knowledge of Bruno's bearing under judgement. When the verdict had been declared, records Schopp, Bruno with a threatening gesture addressed his judges: "Perchance you who pronounce my sentence are in greater fear than I who receive it." Thus he was dismissed to the prison, gloats the convert, "and was given eight days to recant, but in vain. So today he was led to the funeral pyre. When the image of our Savior was shown to him before his death he angrily rejected it with averted face. Thus my dear Rittershausen is it our custom to proceed against such men or rather indeed such monsters."
1753:
within the highest mountains, should belong to the Earth as its members, just as the air in the lungs and in other cavities of animals by which they breathe, widen their arteries, and other similar effects necessary for life are performed. The clouds, too, move through accidents in the body of the Earth and are in its bowels as are the waters. With the Earth move all things that are on the Earth. If, therefore, from a point outside the Earth something were thrown upon the Earth, it would lose, because of the latter's motion, its straightness as would be seen on the ship moving along a river, if someone on point C of the riverbank were to throw a stone along a straight line, and would see the stone miss its target by the amount of the velocity of the ship's motion. But if someone were placed high on the mast of that ship, move as it may however fast, he would not miss his target at all, so that the stone or some other heavy thing thrown downward would not come along a straight line from the point E which is at the top of the mast, or cage, to the point D which is at the bottom of the mast, or at some point in the bowels and body of the ship. Thus, if from the point D to the point E someone who is inside the ship would throw a stone straight up, it would return to the bottom along the same line however far the ship moved, provided it was not subject to any pitch and roll."
4272:("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") (1910), p. 321: "Also darf man vielleicht glauben, daß das ganze System eine Erhebung des Physischen aus seiner Natur in das Göttliche ist oder eine Durchstrahlung des Physischen durch das Göttliche; beides eine Art Pandeismus. Und so zeigt sich auch der Begriff Gottes von dem des Universums nicht getrennt; Gott ist naturierende Natur, Weltseele, Weltkraft. Da Bruno durchaus ablehnt, gegen die Religion zu lehren, so hat man solche Angaben wohl umgekehrt zu verstehen: Weltkraft, Weltseele, naturierende Natur, Universum sind in Gott. Gott ist Kraft der Weltkraft, Seele der Weltseele, Natur der Natur, Eins des Universums. Bruno spricht ja auch von mehreren Teilen der universellen Vernunft, des Urvermögens und der Urwirklichkeit. Und damit hängt zusammen, daß für ihn die Welt unendlich ist und ohne Anfang und Ende; sie ist in demselben Sinne allumfassend wie Gott. Aber nicht ganz wie Gott. Gott sei in allem und im einzelnen allumfassend, die Welt jedoch wohl in allem, aber nicht im einzelnen, da sie ja Teile in sich zuläßt."
4297:("Theological Literature Journal"), Volume 35, column 827 (1910): "Dem Verfasser hat anscheinend die Einteilung: religiöse, rationale und naturwissenschaftlich fundierte Weltanschauungen vorgeschwebt; er hat sie dann aber seinem Material gegenüber schwer durchführbar gefunden und durch die mitgeteilte ersetzt, die das Prinzip der Einteilung nur noch dunkel durchschimmern läßt. Damit hängt wohl auch das vom Verfasser gebildete unschöne griechisch-lateinische Mischwort des 'Pandeismus' zusammen. Nach S. 228 versteht er darunter im Unterschied von dem mehr metaphysisch gearteten Pantheismus einen 'gesteigerten und vereinheitlichten Animismus', also eine populäre Art religiöser Weltdeutung. Prhagt man lieh dies ein, so erstaunt man über die weite Ausdehnung, die dem Begriff in der Folge gegeben wird. Nach S. 284 ist Scotus Erigena ein ganzer, nach S. 300 Anselm von Canterbury ein 'halber Pandeist'; aber auch bei Nikolaus Cusanus und Giordano Bruno, ja selbst bei Mendelssohn und Lessing wird eine Art von Pandeismus gefunden (S. 306. 321. 346.)."
1896:
3035:: "In Rome, Bruno was imprisoned for seven years and subjected to a difficult trial that analyzed, minutely, all his philosophical ideas. Bruno, who in Venice had been willing to recant some theses, became increasingly resolute and declared on 21 December 1599 that he 'did not wish to repent of having too little to repent, and in fact did not know what to repent.' Declared an unrepentant heretic and excommunicated, he was burned alive in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome on Ash Wednesday, 17 February 1600. On the stake, along with Bruno, burned the hopes of many, including philosophers and scientists of good faith like Galileo, who thought they could reconcile religious faith and scientific research, while belonging to an ecclesiastical organization declaring itself to be the custodian of absolute truth and maintaining a cultural militancy requiring continual commitment and suspicion."
3023:, pp. 18–19: For Bruno was claiming for the philosopher a principle of free thought and inquiry which implied an entirely new concept of authority: that of the individual intellect in its serious and continuing pursuit of an autonomous inquiry… It is impossible to understand the issue involved and to evaluate justly the stand made by Bruno with his life without appreciating the question of free thought and liberty of expression. His insistence on placing this issue at the center of both his work and of his defense is why Bruno remains so much a figure of the modern world. If there is, as many have argued, an intrinsic link between science and liberty of inquiry, then Bruno was among those who guaranteed the future of the newly emerging sciences, as well as claiming in wider terms a general principle of free thought and expression."
4301:: "The author apparently intended to divide up religious, rational and scientifically based philosophies, but found his material overwhelming, resulting in an effort that can shine through the principle of classification only darkly. This probably is also the source of the unsightly Greek-Latin compound word, 'Pandeism.' At page 228, he understands the difference from the more metaphysical kind of pantheism, an enhanced unified animism that is a popular religious worldview. In remembering this borrowing, we were struck by the vast expanse given the term. According to page 284, Scotus Erigena is one entirely, at p. 300 Anselm of Canterbury is 'half Pandeist'; but also Nicholas of Cusa and Giordano Bruno, and even in Mendelssohn and Lessing a kind of Pandeism is found (p. 306 321 346.)".
47:
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935:. During his Venetian trial, he told inquisitors that while in Geneva he told the Marchese de Vico of Naples, who was notable for helping Italian refugees in Geneva, "I did not intend to adopt the religion of the city. I desired to stay there only that I might live at liberty and in security." Bruno had a pair of breeches made for himself, and the Marchese and others apparently made Bruno a gift of a sword, hat, cape and other necessities for dressing himself; in such clothing Bruno could no longer be recognized as a priest. Things apparently went well for Bruno for a time, as he entered his name in the Rector's Book of the
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2874:, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 10, " sources... seem to have been more numerous than his followers, at least until the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revival of interest in Bruno as a supposed 'martyr for science.' It is true that he was burned at the stake in Rome in 1600, but the church authorities guilty of this action were almost certainly more distressed at his denial of Christ's divinity and alleged diabolism than at his cosmological doctrines."
965:, where he took his doctorate in theology and was elected by students to lecture in philosophy. He also attempted at this time to return to Catholicism, but was denied absolution by the Jesuit priest he approached. When religious strife broke out in the summer of 1581, he moved to Paris. There he held a cycle of thirty lectures on theological topics and also began to gain fame for his prodigious memory. His talents attracted the benevolent attention of the king
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3151:, p. : "Following the northern route back through Brescia, Bruno came to Bergamo where he resumed the monastic habit. He perhaps visited Milan, and then leaving Italy he crossed the Alps by the Mont Cenis pass, and came to Chambéry. He describes his hospitable reception there by the Dominican Convent, but again he received no encouragement to remain, and he journeyed on to Lyons. Bruno's next movements are obscure. In 1579 he reached Geneva."
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2926:"Yet the fact remains that cosmological matters, notably the plurality of worlds, were an identifiable concern all along and appear in the summary document: Bruno was repeatedly questioned on these matters, and he apparently refused to recant them at the end.14 So, Bruno probably was burned alive for resolutely maintaining a series of heresies, among which his teaching of the plurality of worlds was prominent but by no means singular."
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1369:, as well as accusations of personal misconduct. Bruno defended himself skillfully, stressing the philosophical character of some of his positions, denying others and admitting that he had had doubts on some matters of dogma. The Roman Inquisition, however, asked for his transfer to Rome. After several months of argument, the Venetian authorities reluctantly consented and Bruno was sent to Rome in January 1593.
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1381:. Some important documents about the trial are lost, but others have been preserved, among them a summary of the proceedings that was rediscovered in 1940. The numerous charges against Bruno, based on some of his books as well as on witness accounts, included blasphemy, immoral conduct, and heresy in matters of dogmatic theology, and involved some of the basic doctrines of his philosophy and cosmology.
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doctrine of a plurality of worlds." and "Bruno, however, by admitting so candidly his distance from the
Catholic theology, was indirectly questioning such a system of law, which imposed on his conscience views different from his own. (...) he was doing it in the name of a principle of religious pluralism which derived directly from his cosmology.
2017:, and possession of banned texts. White considers that Bruno's later heresy was "multifaceted" and may have rested on his conception of infinite worlds. "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea was quite unthinkable."
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contrary to the way in which Bruno has been portrayed as a martyr for modern science. Instead, Gosselin argues, Bruno should be understood in the context of reformist
Catholic dissenters. Edward A. Gosselin, "A Dominican Head in Layman's Garb? A Correction to the Scientific Iconography of Giordano Bruno", in
1975:
According to historian
Mordechai Feingold, "Both admirers and critics of Giordano Bruno basically agree that he was pompous and arrogant, highly valuing his opinions and showing little patience with anyone who even mildly disagreed with him." Discussing Bruno's experience of rejection when he visited
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which began around 1610. "It should not be supposed," writes A. M. Paterson of Bruno and his "heliocentric solar system", that he "reached his conclusions via some mystical revelation....His work is an essential part of the scientific and philosophical developments that he initiated." Paterson echoes
1811:
Bruno's overall contribution to the birth of modern science is still controversial. Some scholars follow
Frances Yates in stressing the importance of Bruno's ideas about the universe being infinite and lacking geocentric structure as a crucial crossing point between the old and the new. Others see in
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Bruno defended himself as he had in Venice, insisting that he accepted the Church's dogmatic teachings, but trying to preserve the basis of his cosmological views. In particular, he held firm to his belief in the plurality of worlds, although he was admonished to abandon it. His trial was overseen by
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rejects what she describes as the "legend that Bruno was prosecuted as a philosophical thinker, was burned for his daring views on innumerable worlds or on the movement of the earth." Yates however writes that "the Church was... perfectly within its rights if it included philosophical points in its
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Other scholars oppose such views, and claim Bruno's martyrdom to science to be exaggerated, or outright false. For Yates, while "nineteenth century liberals" were thrown "into ecstasies" over Bruno's
Copernicanism, "Bruno pushes Copernicus' scientific work back into a prescientific stage, back into
5085:
The Spirit of Things (Transcript) "Erica
Patient: She came into contact with theosophy through 2GB, Station 2GB when it was owned by the Theosophical Society. Rachael Kohn: GB stands for Giordano Bruno. Erica Patient: It does. Actually we wanted to have AB for Annie Besant, but it sounded too like
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At the time such a move did not seem to be too much of a risk: Venice was by far the most liberal of the
Italian states; the European tension had been temporarily eased after the death of the intransigent pope Sixtus V in 1590; the Protestant Henry of Bourbon was now on the throne of France, and a
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Theophilus – air through which the clouds and winds move are parts of the Earth, to mean under the name of Earth the whole machinery and the entire animated part, which consists of dissimilar parts; so that the rivers, the rocks, the seas, the whole vaporous and turbulent air, which is enclosed
1606:
In the second half of the 16th century, the theories of
Copernicus (1473–1543) began diffusing through Europe. Copernicus conserved the idea of planets fixed to solid spheres, but considered the apparent motion of the stars to be an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis; he also
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One of the first and most notable developments consisted in a growing awareness that earlier commentators had indeed been right to consider Bruno's trial as being closely linked to that of
Galileo (...) Jean Seidengart underlined the particular emphasis to be found throughout the trial on Bruno's
2002:
perpetual becoming of all things in an infinite universe." A. M. Paterson says that, while we no longer have a copy of the official papal condemnation of Bruno, his heresies included "the doctrine of the infinite universe and the innumerable worlds" and his beliefs "on the movement of the earth".
2001:
Alfonso
Ingegno states that Bruno's philosophy "challenges the developments of the Reformation, calls into question the truth-value of the whole of Christianity, and claims that Christ perpetrated a deceit on mankind... Bruno suggests that we can now recognize the universal law which controls the
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and forbidden books soon caused him difficulties. Given the controversy he caused in later life, it is surprising that he was able to remain within the monastic system for eleven years. In his testimony to Venetian inquisitors during his trial many years later, he says that proceedings were twice
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in 1600. After his death, he gained considerable fame, being particularly celebrated by 19th- and early 20th-century commentators who regarded him as a martyr for science. Some historians are of the opinion his heresy trial was not a response to his cosmological views but rather a response to his
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Gosselin has argued that Bruno's report that he returned to Dominican garb in Padua suggests that he kept his tonsure at least until his arrival in Geneva in 1579. He also suggests it is likely that Bruno kept the tonsure even after this point, showing a continued and deep religious attachment
973:"I got me such a name that King Henry III summoned me one day to discover from me if the memory which I possessed was natural or acquired by magic art. I satisfied him that it did not come from sorcery but from organized knowledge; and, following this, I got a book on memory printed, entitled
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Bruno's cosmology distinguishes between "suns" which produce their own light and heat, and have other bodies moving around them; and "earths" which move around suns and receive light and heat from them. Bruno suggested that some, if not all, of the objects classically known as
2199:, "His philosophy is a kind of dualism – every power in nature must evolve an opposite in order to realise itself and opposition brings reunion". Amongst his numerous allusions to Bruno in his novel, including his trial and torture, Joyce plays upon Bruno's notion of
1928:
declared Bruno's death to be a "sad episode" but, despite his regret, he defended Bruno's prosecutors, maintaining that the Inquisitors "had the desire to serve freedom and promote the common good and did everything possible to save his life". In the same year, Pope
1558:
The earliest likeness of Bruno is an engraving published in 1715 and cited by Salvestrini as "the only known portrait of Bruno". Salvestrini suggests that it is a re-engraving made from a now lost original. This engraving has provided the source for later images.
1603:, envisioning instead an infinite universe whose center was everywhere and circumference nowhere, and moreover teeming with countless stars. He also predicted that neither were the rotational orbits circular nor were their movements uniform.
3102:
This is recorded in the diary of one Guillaume Cotin, librarian of the Abbey of St. Victor, who recorded recollections of a number of personal conversations he had with Bruno. Bruno also mentions this dedication in the Dedicatory Epistle of
1967:
desire "to improve speculative science and knowledge of natural things," and to achieve a philosophy "which brings about the perfection of the human intellect most easily and eminently, and most closely corresponds to the truth of nature."
2033:, "in 1600 there was no official Catholic position on the Copernican system, and it was certainly not a heresy. When Bruno was burned at the stake as a heretic, it had nothing to do with his writings in support of Copernican cosmology."
1562:
The records of Bruno's imprisonment by the Venetian inquisition in May 1592 describe him as a man "of average height, with a hazel-coloured beard and the appearance of being about forty years of age". Alternately, a passage in a work by
2044:
In the same rooms where Giordano Bruno was questioned, for the same important reasons of the relationship between science and faith, at the dawning of the new astronomy and at the decline of Aristotle's philosophy, sixteen years later,
4646:
Campo de' Fiori was festooned with flags bearing Masonic symbols. Fiery speeches were made by politicians, scholars and atheists about the importance of commemorating Bruno as one of the most original and oppressed freethinkers of his
1032:, 1582). In the 16th century dedications were, as a rule, approved beforehand, and hence were a way of placing a work under the protection of an individual. Given that Bruno dedicated various works to the likes of King Henry III, Sir
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presents Bruno as an impoverished philosopher who was ultimately executed due to his refusal to recant his belief in other worlds, a portrayal that was criticized by some as simplistic or historically inaccurate. Corey S. Powell, of
1352:
one year later. Bruno accepted Mocenigo's invitation and moved to Venice in March 1592. For about two months he served as an in-house tutor to Mocenigo, to whom he let slip some of his heterodox ideas. Mocenigo denounced him to the
2890:, University of California Press, p. 24, "Though Bruno may have been a brilliant thinker whose work stands as a bridge between ancient and modern thought, his persecution cannot be seen solely in light of the war between
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that the earth did go round, and the heavens did stand still; whereas in truth it was his own head which rather did run round, and his brains did not stand still", and found Bruno had both plagiarized and misrepresented
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1567:
indicates that Bruno was of diminutive stature: "When that Italian Didapper, who intituled himselfe Philotheus Iordanus Brunus Nolanus, magis elaboratae Theologiae Doctor, &c. with a name longer than his body...".
2164:, a (possibly autobiographical) poem about a group of American poets who visit Italy and are lectured about Bruno and the nature of poetry by a local arts administrator. The poem was published in the collection
950:, a distinguished professor. Bruno and the printer, Jean Bergeon, were promptly arrested. Rather than apologizing, Bruno insisted on continuing to defend his publication. He was refused the right to take
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Complete works of Bruno as well as main biographies and studies available for free download in PDF format from the Warburg Institute and the Centro Internazionale di Studi Bruniani Giovanni Aquilecchia
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Bruno imagines all planets and stars having souls (part of what he means by them all having the same "composition"), and he uses his cosmology as a tool for advancing an animist or Pandeist theology.
2906:, p. 7: "This was perhaps the most dangerous notion of all... If other worlds existed with intelligent beings living there, did they too have their visitations? The idea was quite unthinkable."
1924:, who discovered a number of lost documents relating to Bruno's trial, stated that the Church was perfectly justified in condemning him. On the 400th anniversary of Bruno's death, in 2000, Cardinal
1777:
The universe is then one, infinite, immobile... It is not capable of comprehension and therefore is endless and limitless, and to that extent infinite and indeterminable, and consequently immobile.
848:, and for having recommended controversial texts to a novice. Such behavior could perhaps be overlooked, but Bruno's situation became much more serious when he was reported to have defended the
1881:
as pandeistic, writing that it was "a tool for advancing an animist or Pandeist theology", and this assessment of Bruno as a pandeist was agreed with by science writer Michael Newton Keas, and
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1607:
preserved the notion of an immobile center, but it was the Sun rather than the Earth. Copernicus also argued the Earth was a planet orbiting the Sun once every year. However he maintained the
2360:(the search for extraterrestrial intelligence). The award was proposed by sociologist Donald Tarter in 1995 on the 395th anniversary of Bruno's death. The trophy presented is called a Bruno.
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4180:(1584) claims that "innumerable celestial bodies, stars, globes, suns and earths may be sensibly perceived therein by us and an infinite number of them may be inferred by our own reason."
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in writing that Bruno "ushers in a modern theory of knowledge that understands all natural things in the universe to be known by the human mind through the mind's dialectical structure".
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was strongly expressed in the teachings of Bruno, especially with respect to the vision of a deity for which "the concept of God is not separated from that of the universe." However,
1740:
In particular, to support the Copernican view and oppose the objection according to which the motion of the Earth would be perceived by means of the motion of winds, clouds etc., in
2123:
magazine, says of Bruno, "A major reason he moved around so much is that he was argumentative, sarcastic, and drawn to controversy...He was a brilliant, complicated, difficult man.
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1198:, put forth this idea in a published work in 1576, some eight years earlier than Bruno. An infinite universe and the possibility of alien life had also been earlier suggested by
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on the site of his execution became feasible. The monument was sharply opposed by the clerical party, but was finally erected by the Rome Municipality and inaugurated in 1889.
4363:, 03.23.14: "Bruno, for instance, was a 'pandeist', which is the belief that God had transformed himself into all matter and ceased to exist as a distinct entity in himself."
2049:, who then contested Bruno's heretical theses, summoned Galileo Galilei, who also faced a famous inquisitorial trial, which, luckily for him, ended with a simple abjuration.
1112:
Nevertheless, his stay in England was fruitful. During that time Bruno completed and published some of his most important works, the six "Italian Dialogues", including the
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Hegel's lectures on the history of philosophy, translated by E.S. Haldane and F.H. Simson, in three volumes. Volume III, p. 119. The Humanities Press, 1974, New York.
1176:
has advanced the theory that, while staying in the French Embassy in London, Bruno was also spying on Catholic conspirators, under the pseudonym "Henry Fagot", for
1976:
Oxford University, Feingold suggests that "it might have been Bruno's manner, his language and his self-assertiveness, rather than his ideas" that caused offence.
1591:
Illuminated illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric conception of the universe. The outermost text reads "The heavenly empire, dwelling of God and all the elect."
1208:
in "On Learned Ignorance" published in 1440 and Bruno attributed his understanding of multiple worlds to this earlier scholar, who he called "the divine Cusanus".
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In October 1585, Castelnau was recalled to France, and Bruno went with him. In Paris, Bruno found a tense political situation. Moreover, his 120 theses against
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5143:"A Selected Analytical Bibliography of Works for Saxophone by Composers Associated with the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music: 1946-2021"
3703:"Il Sommario del Processo di Giordano Bruno, con appendice di Documenti sull'eresia e l'inquisizione a Modena nel secolo XVI", edited by Angelo Mercati, in
3632:"II Sommario del Processo di Giordano Bruno, con appendice di Documenti sull'eresia e l'inquisizione a Modena nel secolo XVI", edited by Angelo Mercati, in
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views, while others find the main reason for Bruno's death was indeed his cosmological views. Bruno's case is still considered a landmark in the history of
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in 1572 at age 24. During his time in Naples, he became known for his skill with the art of memory and on one occasion traveled to Rome to demonstrate his
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makes an annual award honoring the memory of Giordano Bruno to a deserving person or persons who have made a significant contribution to the practice of
1020:). All of these were based on his mnemonic models of organized knowledge and experience, as opposed to the simplistic logic-based mnemonic techniques of
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Bruno wrote that other worlds "have no less virtue nor a nature different from that of our Earth" and, like Earth, "contain animals and inhabitants".
389:. Other studies of Bruno have focused on his qualitative approach to mathematics and his application of the spatial concepts of geometry to language.
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2105:. Edward Gosselin has suggested that it is likely Bruno kept his tonsure at least until 1579, and it is possible that he wore it again thereafter.
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3052:; for a return to emphasis on Bruno's role in the development of Science, and criticism of Yates' emphasis on magical and Hermetic themes, see
1895:
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In Paris, Bruno enjoyed the protection of his powerful French patrons. During this period, he published several works on mnemonics, including
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4126:"Giordano Bruno: On the Infinite Universe and Worlds (De l'Infinito Universo et Mondi) Introductory Epistle: Argument of the Third Dialogue"
1660:. The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at the same fixed distance from the immobile Earth at the center of the sphere.
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The Giordano Bruno Foundation (German: Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung) is a non-profit foundation based in Germany that pursues the "Support of
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Bruno is sometimes cited as being the first to propose that the universe is infinite, which he did during his time in England, but an
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through applying his name to word puns such as "Browne and Nolan" (the name of Dublin printers) and '"brownesberrow in nolandsland".
792:) in 1548, he was the son of Giovanni Bruno (1517- c. 1592), a soldier, and Fraulissa Savolino (1520-?). In his youth he was sent to
4322:
2231:. Historical episodes from Bruno’s life are fictionalized in the novels, and his philosophical ideas are key to the novels’ themes.
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and gave a mystical stance to exploring the universe. He proposed that the stars were distant suns surrounded by their own planets (
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1851:
takes exception to what he considers Weinstein's overbroad assertions that Bruno, as well as other historical philosophers such as
1172:, appear to have given offense. Once again, Bruno's controversial views and tactless language lost him the support of his friends.
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3065:
Alessandro G. Farinella and Carole Preston, "Giordano Bruno: Neoplatonism and the Wheel of Memory in the 'De Umbris Idearum'", in
939:
in May 1579. But in keeping with his personality he could not long remain silent. In August he published an attack on the work of
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in Naples, taking the name Giordano, after Giordano Crispo, his metaphysics tutor. He continued his studies there, completing his
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is an unfinished, posthumously published fictional autobiography of Bruno, ostensibly written shortly before Bruno's execution.
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During the late 16th century, and throughout the 17th century, Bruno's ideas were held up for ridicule, debate, or inspiration.
1744:
Bruno anticipates some of the arguments of Galilei on the relativity principle. Note that he also uses the example now known as
4709:
Gosselin, Edward A. (1996). "A Dominican Head in Layman's Garb? A Correction to the Scientific Iconography of Giordano Bruno".
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natural science soon put him in ill favor. In 1586, following a violent quarrel over these theses, he left France for Germany.
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2114:. In this depiction, Bruno is shown with a more modern look, without tonsure and wearing clerical robes and without his hood.
1911:
Monument to Giordano Bruno at Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany, referencing his burning at the stake while tied upside down.
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The earliest depiction of Bruno is an engraving published in 1715 in Germany, presumed based on a lost contemporary portrait.
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Edward A. Gosselin, "A Dominican Head in Layman's Garb? A Correction to the Scientific Iconography of Giordano Bruno", in
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Encyclopedia of Cosmology (Routledge Revivals): Historical, Philosophical, and Scientific Foundations of Modern Cosmology
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Giordano Bruno, Teofilo, in Cause, Principle, and Unity, "Fifth Dialogue", (1588), ed. and trans. by Jack Lindsay (1962).
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Bruno's idea of multiple worlds instantiating the infinite possibilities of a pristine, indivisible One, a forerunner of
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2146:, which draws parallels between indifference to the fate of Bruno and indifference to the victims of the then-ongoing
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282:), and he raised the possibility that these planets might foster life of their own, a cosmological position known as
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In Search of the Multiverse: Parallel Worlds, Hidden Dimensions, and the Ultimate Quest for the Frontiers of Reality
2005:
Michael White notes that the Inquisition may have pursued Bruno early in his life on the basis of his opposition to
1546:
The measures taken to prevent Bruno continuing to speak have resulted in his becoming a symbol for free thought and
1302:). All these were apparently transcribed or recorded by Besler (or Bisler) between 1589 and 1590. He also published
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2157:, which addresses Bruno, along with Galileo and Newton, as an originator of the modern scientific-industrial world.
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for two years. However, with a change of intellectual climate there, he was no longer welcome, and went in 1588 to
1085:
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to be educated. He was tutored privately at the Augustinian monastery there, and attended public lectures at the
20:
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6353:
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Giordano Bruno, Teofilo, in La Cena de le Ceneri, "Third Dialogue", (1584), ed. and trans. by S.L. Jaki (1975).
2024:
condemnation of Bruno's heresies" because "the philosophical points were quite inseparable from the heresies."
1348:, where he taught briefly, and applied unsuccessfully for the chair of mathematics, which was given instead to
1240:
625:
5278:
Mertens, Manuel (2009). "A Perspective on Bruno's "De Compendiosa Architectura et Complemento Artis Lullii"".
6443:
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1991:
1953:
1843:("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Nature"), wrote that the theological model of
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declared Bruno a heretic, and the Inquisition issued a sentence of death. According to the correspondence of
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then becoming popular. Bruno also published a comedy summarizing some of his philosophical positions, titled
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in present-day Rome, where an annual memorial service takes place close to the spot where he was executed.
1325:, who wished to be instructed in the art of memory, and also heard of a vacant chair in mathematics at the
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1502:(a central Roman market square), naked, with his "tongue imprisoned because of his wicked words", he was
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2340:". It was founded by entrepreneur Herbert Steffen in 2004. The Giordano Bruno Foundation is critical of
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The Vatican has published few official statements about Bruno's trial and execution. In 1942, Cardinal
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1227:
Woodcut from "Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque philosophos",
897:
635:
537:
508:
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6363:
3707:, vol. 101; the precise terminology for the tool used to silence Bruno before burning is recorded as
3048:; for an alternative assessment, placing more emphasis on the Kabbalah, and less on Hermeticism, see
2331:
2284:
to Italian texts by Bruno, recorded in 1972 at the Salzburg Festival reissued on CD Orfeo C609 031B.
2037:
1804:
in 1664. Bruno's true, if partial, vindication would have to wait for the implications and impact of
1645:
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977:, which I dedicated to His Majesty. Forthwith he gave me an Extraordinary Lectureship with a salary."
745:
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made a general apology for "the use of violence that some have committed in the service of truth".
1864:
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270:. He is known for his cosmological theories, which conceptually extended to include the then-novel
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Nicholas of Cusa on learned ignorance : a translation and an appraisal of De docta ignorantia
2916:
Shackelford, Joel (2009). "Myth 7 That Giordano Bruno was the first martyr of modern science". In
2108:
An idealized animated version of Bruno appears in the first episode of the 2014 television series
1084:, and unsuccessfully sought a teaching position there. His views were controversial, notably with
832:. In his later years, Bruno claimed that the Pope accepted his dedication to him of the lost work
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High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Giordano Bruno in .jpg and .tiff format.
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1044:, it is apparent that this wanderer had risen sharply in status and moved in powerful circles.
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Some authors have characterized Bruno as a "martyr of science", suggesting parallels with the
1636:, and that all heavenly bodies revolved around it. The ultimate limit of the universe was the
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Aquilecchia, Giovanni; Montano, Aniello; Bertrando, Spaventa (2007). Gargano, Antonio (ed.).
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McHugh, Roland. Annotations to Finnegans Wake. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1980. Print, xv.
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Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis
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Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis
1841:
Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis
1377:
During the seven years of his trial in Rome, Bruno was held in confinement, lastly in the
8:
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4285:("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature") in
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1800:, for example, wrote an entire series of poems against "atoms" and "infinite worlds" in
1495:("Perhaps you pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it").
1491:, he is said to have made a threatening gesture towards his judges and to have replied:
6221:
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5658:
5287:
4934:"Tom Hunley's "Epiphanic Structure in Heather McHugh's Ars Poetica, 'What He Thought'""
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4015:
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2014:
1972:
Hermeticism, interpreting the Copernican diagram as a hieroglyph of divine mysteries."
1963:, "aimed at liberating man from the fear of death and the gods." Characters in Bruno's
1900:
1797:
1790:, he was the first person to grasp that "stars are other suns with their own planets."
1730:
1688:
1499:
1479:, who demanded a full recantation, which Bruno eventually refused. On 20 January 1600,
1467:
1466:
The trial of Giordano Bruno by the Roman Inquisition. Bronze relief by Ettore Ferrari,
1426:
1401:
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brought against him in Venice, based on Mocenigo's denunciation, was his belief in the
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Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque Philosophos
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5673:. Translated by Robert de Lucca; Richard J. Blackwell. Cambridge University Press.
5629:
5333:
5217:"Berlin human rights conference stands up to nationalism, religious fundamentalism"
5146:
4911:
4907:
4718:
4672:
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4496:
4007:
3944:
3834:
3734:
3711:, or "a vise of wood", and not an iron spike as sometimes claimed by other sources.
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1921:
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1596:
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1205:
1080:, though there is no evidence that Bruno ever met Dee himself. He also lectured at
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230:
176:
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6107:
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
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19:
This article is about the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno. For other uses, see
6077:
5697:
5573:
4991:
4895:
4817:
4500:
4359:
3969:
3888:
3346:
God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science
2428:
2154:
2087:
2064:
1942:
1883:
1874:
1704:
1692:
1608:
1600:
1349:
1322:
1264:
1165:
1106:
1076:(to whom he dedicated two books) and other members of the Hermetic circle around
998:
905:
865:
829:
801:
615:
515:
382:
4633:
4581:
4286:
3782:
Robert McNulty, "Bruno at Oxford", in Renaissance News, 1960 (XIII), pp. 300–305
3299:
Weiner, Andrew D. (1980). "Expelling the Beast: Bruno's Adventures in England".
2629:
One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World Against the Peripatetics
6257:
6112:
5220:
5142:
4869:
3739:
3722:
2917:
2191:
2161:
1948:
1484:
1448:
1412:
1188:
712:
670:
523:
326:
235:
27:
2265:
series (2010–2023) of historical crime novels by S. J. Parris (a pseudonym of
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taken against him for having cast away images of the saints, retaining only a
655:
6267:
5846:
5617:
5235:
4919:
3956:
3846:
2797:
2376:
2020:
1925:
1716:
1696:
1665:
1628:, during Bruno's time most educated Catholics subscribed to the Aristotelian
1536:
1378:
1195:
1073:
1056:
Woodcut illustration of one of Giordano Bruno's less complex mnemonic devices
1033:
597:
370:
362:
330:
5993:
5320:"'Meanings of "contractio" in Giordano Bruno's Sigillus sigillorum' – Staff"
3811:
6233:
6209:
6185:
6097:
Bruno's Latin and Italian works online: Biblioteca Ideale di Giordano Bruno
4091:
3825:
Certeau, Michel De; Porter, Catherine (1987). "The Gaze Nicholas of Cusa".
3397:
2942:
Ideas under Fire: Historical Studies of Philosophy and Science in Adversity
2040:, discussing a summary of legal proceedings against Bruno in Rome, states:
1930:
1813:
1805:
1787:
1498:
He was turned over to the secular authorities. On 17 February 1600, in the
1411:
holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith pertaining to Jesus as the
1021:
718:
660:
378:
355:
263:
93:
6028:
The Acentric Labyrinth. Giordano Bruno's Prelude to Contemporary Cosmology
5375:
Anima Mundi: The Rise of the World Soul Theory in Modern German Philosophy
4341:
UNbelievable: 7 Myths About the History and Future of Science and Religion
1259:, but no teaching position. He went on to serve briefly as a professor in
4448:
4189:
3114:
2938:"Why Giordano Bruno's "Tranquil Universal Philosophy" Finished in a Fire"
2310:
2238:
2186:
1832:
1783:
1734:
1657:
1629:
1547:
1528:
1390:
1385:
speculates the charges made against Bruno by the Roman Inquisition were:
1382:
1357:, which had Bruno arrested on 22 May 1592. Among the numerous charges of
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1268:
1069:
1060:
In April 1583, Bruno went to England with letters of recommendation from
1041:
840:
825:
494:
409:
338:
310:
275:
267:
247:
118:
5291:
5145:, Christopher Mark DeLouis, DMA thesis, West Virginia University, 2021,
4602:
2372:
on the far side of the Moon is named in his honor, as are the main belt
1587:
1341:, Bruno was lulled into making the fatal mistake of returning to Italy.
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4629:
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A statue of a stretched human figure standing on its head, designed by
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works, dictated to his friend and secretary Girolamo Besler, including
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861:
813:
640:
465:
374:
259:
6252:
5944:
The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast: Spaccio Della Bestia Trionfante
5883:
3854:
3322:
3044:
The primary work on the relationship between Bruno and Hermeticism is
4695:
4313:"Defending Giordano Bruno: A Response from the Co-Writer of 'Cosmos'"
2006:
1960:
1878:
1848:
1824:
1770:
1769:(momentum). Most dramatically, he completely abandoned the idea of a
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1612:
1358:
1314:
1256:
1244:
1217:
1191:
951:
839:
While Bruno was distinguished for outstanding ability, his taste for
809:
587:
502:
435:
351:
322:
279:
255:
146:
6121:
4722:
2685:
One Hundred and Sixty Theses Against Mathematicians and Philosophers
2625:
Centum et viginti articuli de natura et mundo adversus peripateticos
2280:
set his large scale cantata for orchestra, choir and four soloists,
1757:
Bruno's infinite universe was filled with a substance—a "pure air",
6168:
6125:
3994:
3975:"The contribution of Giordano Bruno to the principle of relativity"
3838:
3314:
2373:
2010:
1995:
1844:
1828:
962:
849:
845:
821:
785:
645:
592:
366:
301:
on charges of denial of several core Catholic doctrines, including
287:
5935:
Im Schatten der Diana: Die Jagdmetapher im Werk von Giordano Bruno
1519:
in 1603. The inquisition cardinals who judged Giordano Bruno were
1493:
Maiori forsan cum timore sententiam in me fertis quam ego accipiam
1223:
896:
with the permission (so he claimed at his trial) of the Dominican
16:
Italian Dominican friar, philosopher and mathematician (1548–1600)
3796:(2nd ed.). Minneapolis: A.J. Benning Press. pp. 89–98.
3000:(in Spanish). México D.F.: Siglo XXI Editores. pp. 159–169.
2291:
wrote an opera, based on a libretto by Stefano Busellato, titled
2102:
1661:
1488:
1397:
1236:
1199:
909:
857:
853:
306:
5717:
Giordano Bruno and the Kabbalah: Prophets, Magicians, and Rabbis
3870:
Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America
2254:, several characters travel on an interstellar spaceship named
1721:
In 1584, Bruno published two important philosophical dialogues (
1611:
that the orbits of the planets were composed of perfect circles—
3927:
Russell, Henry Norris (1931). "Tidying Up the Constellations".
2922:
Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion
2224:
2091:
1669:
1543:(Archbishop of Santa Severina, Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina).
1372:
1362:
1318:
1252:
1248:
1228:
932:
923:
904:, where he met fellow Dominicans who convinced him to wear his
889:
881:
864:
was being prepared against him in Naples he fled, shedding his
793:
776:
5334:"Giordano Bruno: The Heroic Frenzies ('De Gli Eroici Furori')"
5261:"Giordano Bruno: Cantus Circaeus ('The Incantation of Circe')"
2940:. In Lavery, Jonathan; Groarke, Louis; Sweet, William (eds.).
2097:
Retrospective iconography of Bruno shows him with a Dominican
1994:
writes that Bruno's life represented "a bold rejection of all
1418:
holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith regarding the
361:
In addition to cosmology, Bruno also wrote extensively on the
246:, January or February 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian
5919:
4950:
James Joyce, Letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver, 27 January 1925,
4436:. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1970, p. 16.
2783:
1619:—and that the stars were fixed on a stationary outer sphere.
1507:
1345:
1275:
901:
885:
325:
was not taken lightly by the church, nor was his teaching of
211:
191:
4659:
Bhattacharjee, Yudhiijit (13 March 2008). "Think About It".
1333:
seemed to be losing some of its strictness, and because the
1168:. Some of the works that Bruno published in London, notably
182:
5607:
3602:
3578:
3566:
3513:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3120:
3032:
2139:, written when the statue of Bruno was constructed in Rome.
2098:
1425:
holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith about both
1068:. Bruno lived at the French embassy with the lexicographer
958:
917:
877:
856:, annotated by him, was discovered hidden in the monastery
771:
373:
argues that Bruno was deeply influenced by the presocratic
334:
302:
251:
217:
197:
89:
71:
6204:
4813:"How 'Cosmos' Bungles the History of Religion and Science"
3893:. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 25.
2787:), Dritter Band (1962) / curantibus F. Tocco et H. Vitelli
1823:
While many academics note Bruno's theological position as
1396:
holding opinions contrary to the Catholic faith about the
179:
6088:
Library of the World's Best Literature Ancient and Modern
4599:"Summary of the trial against Giordano Bruno: Rome, 1597"
4176:
Bruno (from the mouth of his character Philotheo) in his
3280:
3268:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
2972:
Burned Alive: Giordano Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition
2888:
The Constant Fire: Beyond the Science vs. Religion Debate
2363:
2181:
Bruno and his theory of "the coincidence of contraries" (
1531:), Domenico Cardinal Pinelli, Pompeio Cardinal Arrigoni,
5027:
5016:
Margaret Jones, "Vale a reluctant heretic", critique of
4626:"A hungry mind: Giordano Bruno, philosopher and heretic"
4562:
4355:
How 'Cosmos' Bungles the History of Religion and Science
2086:
and depicting Bruno's death at the stake, was placed in
385:-like legends surrounding the Hellenistic conception of
4984:
3614:
3590:
3554:
2735:
Of Innumerable Things, Vastness and the Unrepresentable
2383:; the latter is named after his philosophical dialogue
1622:
Despite the widespread publication of Copernicus' work
954:. Though this right was soon restored, he left Geneva.
5349:
5347:
5236:"The SETI League, Inc. Giordano Bruno Technical Award"
5107:
Giordano Bruno, Opéra de Francesco Filidei, Calendrier
3501:
3256:
3244:
3184:
2924:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 66.
2295:. The premiere took place on 12 September 2015 at the
1235:
In Germany he failed to obtain a teaching position at
871:
6145:
5610:
Le deposizioni davanti al tribunale dell'Inquisizione
4552:
4550:
3723:"Giordano Bruno: Expander of the Copernican Universe"
1959:
Ingegno writes that Bruno embraced the philosophy of
1211:
214:
194:
5488:
5486:
4493:
Occult and scientific mentalities in the Renaissance
4472:
3172:
2442:
De compendiosa architectura et complento artis Lulli
1899:
The monument to Bruno in the place he was executed,
1729:) in which he argued against the planetary spheres (
1640:, whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a
1599:
challenged the then widely accepted philosophies of
1576:
1100:. Abbot mocked Bruno for supporting "the opinion of
961:, and thereafter settling for a time (1580–1581) in
208:
205:
188:
5432:"Progress and the Hunter's Lamp of Logical Methods"
5344:
5119:
Giordano Bruno, Opéra de Francesco Filidei, Musique
4460:
4338:
3159:
3157:
2852:
1109:'s work, leading Bruno to return to the continent.
202:
185:
5937:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag.
5824:
5811:
5689:
5657:
5131:Giordano Bruno, Opéra de Francesco Filidei, Livret
4547:
4526:
4234:
3084:
3072:
2212:was released, an Italian/French movie directed by
6049:. Translated by R.E.W. Maddison. Paris: Hermann.
4408:, Ontario Consultants. Retrieved 27 December 2013
3639:
2820:
2649:Progress and the Hunter's Lamp of Logical Methods
6265:
6000:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
5894:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 686–687.
5660:Giordano Bruno: His Life, Thought, and Martyrdom
5306:"Thirty dangerous seals | Lines of thought"
4205:
3154:
2347:
1737:in 1587) and affirmed the Copernican principle.
1644:God, not part of the universe (although, as the
5878:
5671:Cause, Principle and Unity: And Essays on Magic
4742:
4740:
4693:
4490:
3868:Koyré, Alexandre (1943). "NICOLAS COPERNICUS".
3426:. New York: Springer International Publishing.
2579:Two Dialogues of Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani
6469:People executed by the Papal States by burning
5165:"Avenged Sevenfold – The Stage (Album Review)"
4893:
4423:The Popular Science Monthly, Supplement, 1878.
2302:The 2016 song "Roman Sky" by heavy metal band
1786:are in fact suns. According to astrophysicist
1304:De Imaginum, Signorum, Et Idearum Compositione
6534:Academic staff of the University of Helmstedt
5942:Bruno, Giordano (2024). Gatti, Hilary (ed.).
5059:
4694:Schmidt-Salomon, Michael (26 February 2008).
4658:
4403:
4206:Biernacki, Loriliai; Clayton, Philip (2014).
4063:
4061:
3824:
3549:religious pacification seemed to be imminent.
3139:, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Autumn, 1996), pp. 673–678.
3069:, Vol. 55, No. 2, (Summer, 2002), pp. 596–624
2745:On the Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas
2741:De imaginum, signorum et idearum compositione
2575:Dialogi duo de Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani
2223:Bruno is a major character in the four-novel
1867:, were pandeists or leaned towards pandeism.
1664:had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48
1308:On the Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas
1040:(French Ambassador to England), and possibly
920:. His movements after this time are obscure.
746:
6464:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
5714:
5191:"The Curious Works of Roger Doyle, Reviewed"
4737:
4491:Feingold, Mordechai; Vickers, Brian (1984).
4150:
3982:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
3720:
3049:
2782:Giordano Bruno the Nolan's Works Written in
2778:Jordani Bruni Nolani opera latine conscripta
2731:De innumerabilibus, immenso, et infigurabili
2446:A Compendium of Architecture and Lulli's Art
2325:
2195:. Joyce wrote in a letter to his patroness,
1701:A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes
1373:Imprisonment, trial and execution, 1593–1600
1263:, but had to flee again in 1590 when he was
852:, and when a copy of the banned writings of
5793:Giordano Bruno and the Geometry of Language
4980:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
3163:
2915:
2645:De progressu et lampade venatoria logicorum
2135:"The Monument of Giordano Bruno" (1889) by
1317:, where he received an invitation from the
1072:. There he became acquainted with the poet
4972:
4894:Mordecai; Marcus, Erin (1 February 1958).
4058:
3669:
2872:The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900
2639:The Lamp of Combinations according to Lull
2387:("The Ash Wednesday Supper") (see above).
1393:and speaking against it and its ministers;
753:
739:
416:
45:
6289:16th-century executions by Italian states
5985:Giordano Bruno: The Forgotten Philosopher
5852:Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition
5086:ABC. So they said they wouldn't have it."
4790:"Why Did Cosmos Focus on Giordano Bruno?"
4601:. Vatican Secret Archives. Archived from
4232:
4209:Panentheism Across the World's Traditions
3993:
3886:
3738:
3121:Aquilecchia, Montano & Bertrando 2007
3033:Aquilecchia, Montano & Bertrando 2007
2944:. Fairleigh Dickinson. pp. 116–118.
2176:
1672:were each fixed to a transparent sphere.
1239:, but was granted permission to teach at
1018:Circe in the arts § Reasoning beasts
765:
6474:People executed by the Roman Inquisition
5818:. New York: Greenwood Press, Publishers.
5757:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
5687:
5655:
5508:
5371:
5214:
4810:
4708:
3915:Cosmography by Peter Apian, Antwerp 1539
3676:. Oxford University Press. p. 239.
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3519:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
2968:
2842:
2803:List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
2605:Animadversiones circa lampadem lullianam
2053:
1915:
1906:
1894:
1586:
1513:All of Bruno's works were placed on the
1461:
1222:
1051:
922:
876:Bruno first went to the Genoese port of
286:. He also insisted that the universe is
86:17 February 1600 (aged 51–52)
6074:: text, concordances and frequency list
5771:
5448:
5355:"All About Heaven - Sources returnpage"
5277:
5035:"Children of God by Mary Doria Russell"
4792:. National Center for Science Education
4787:
4623:
4151:Hetherington, Norriss S., ed. (2014) .
3926:
3791:
3773:, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Autumn, 1996), p. 674
3753:
3721:Valentinuzzi, Max E. (4 October 2019).
2272:
2126:
1683:. Among those who did were the Germans
1595:In the first half of the 15th century,
1274:During this period he produced several
1164:, 1585). Some of these were printed by
1092:and subsequently bishop of Oxford, and
6266:
5809:
5790:
5755:Giordano Bruno and Renaissance Science
5664:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner.
4746:
4310:
4241:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p.
3657:
3424:Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy
3421:
3298:
3178:
3148:
3090:
3078:
2565:Figuratio Aristotelici Physici auditus
2510:Concerning Cause, Principle, and Unity
2364:Astronomical objects named after Bruno
2058:
1936:
1890:
1710:
1553:
5845:
5822:
5752:
5733:
5668:
5571:
5449:Rowland, Ingrid D. (September 2009).
5215:Heinrich, Daniel (12 November 2018).
5088:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4838:
4588:(online. Retrieved 19 November 2005).
4568:
4556:
4532:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4434:The Infinite Worlds of Giordano Bruno
4420:"Giordano Bruno and Galileo Galilei,"
4375:"Vatican Regrets Burning Cosmologist"
4372:
4090:
4067:
3867:
3645:
3507:
3375:Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair
3369:
3053:
3045:
3020:
2995:
2935:
2903:
2858:
2826:
2539:The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast
1987:Lectures on the History of Philosophy
1979:
1145:The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast
1064:as a guest of the French ambassador,
1047:
957:He went to France, arriving first in
369:techniques and principles. Historian
229:
6294:16th-century Italian Christian monks
5855:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
5814:Giordano Bruno: His Life and Thought
5692:Historical Dictionary of Catholicism
5636:
5616:
5586:
5492:
5414:
5398:
5162:
5078:
4624:Findlen, Paula (10 September 2008).
3973:and Catarina Espirito Santo (2015),
3377:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2838:
2715:On the Threefold Minimum and Measure
1998:beliefs resting on mere authority."
1137:On the Infinite, Universe and Worlds
784:, in the Southern Italian region of
510:The Book of the Secrets of the Stars
5998:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5925:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5774:Giordano Bruno: Philosopher/Heretic
5715:DeLeón-Jones, Karen Silvia (1997).
5555:"De monade, numero et figura liber"
5188:
4586:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4233:Thielicke, Helmut (November 1990).
4074:On the infinite universe and worlds
3673:Discourse on Civility and Barbarity
2609:Amendments regarding Lull's Lantern
2517:On the Infinite Universe and Worlds
2131:Poems that refer to Bruno include:
2030:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1625:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1527:, Camillo Cardinal Borghese (later
892:, where he published his lost work
872:First years of wandering, 1576–1583
800:. At the age of 17, he entered the
13:
6539:Writers about religion and science
5871:
5079:Kohn, Rachael (15 November 2006).
4868:
4747:Powell, Corey S. (10 March 2014).
4311:Powell, Corey S. (13 March 2014).
3949:10.1038/scientificamerican0631-380
3890:Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible
2309:Bruno is the central character in
2261:Bruno features as the hero of the
1420:virginity of Mary, mother of Jesus
1337:was the most liberal state in the
1212:Last years of wandering, 1585–1592
1141:Lo spaccio de la bestia trionfante
698:Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica
452:Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus
14:
6550:
6304:16th-century Italian male writers
6299:16th-century Italian philosophers
6065:
5966:Eros and Magic in the Renaissance
5882:; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911).
5574:"Summa Terminorum metaphysicorum"
5512:Eros and Magic in the Renaissance
5233:
5060:O'Connell, John (13 March 2010).
4432:Antoinette Mann Paterson (1970).
4012:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2015.03.02
2936:Gatti, Hilary (26 October 2012).
2075:over the city, the erection of a
1577:Contemporary cosmological beliefs
1506:. His ashes were thrown into the
1458:dealing in magics and divination.
1389:holding opinions contrary to the
703:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
482:Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth
105:Execution by burning at the stake
6414:Italian male non-fiction writers
6251:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6191:
6179:
6167:
6155:
6137:Works by or about Giordano Bruno
6129:
5933:Bombassaro, Luiz Carlos (2002).
5810:Singer, Dorothea Waley (1968) .
5565:
5547:
5529:
5502:
5469:
5442:
5424:
5365:
5326:
5312:
5298:
5271:
5253:
5227:
5208:
5182:
5156:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5072:
5053:
5010:
4966:
4957:
4944:
4926:
4896:"26. Jarrell's the Emancipators"
4887:
4862:
4844:"The Monument of Giordano Bruno"
4832:
4811:Sessions, David (3 March 2014).
4804:
4781:
4702:
2725:On the Monad, Number, and Figure
2635:De Lampade combinatoria Lulliana
2569:Figures From Aristotle's Physics
1583:Celestial spheres § History
1521:Cardinal Bellarmino (Bellarmine)
1133:De l'infinito, universo et mondi
175:
6309:16th-century Italian scientists
6047:The Cosmology of Giordano Bruno
5968:. University of Chicago Press.
5946:. University of Toronto Press.
5639:Giordano Bruno: An Introduction
5612:(in Italian). La Citta del Sol.
5515:. University of Chicago Press.
5455:. University of Chicago Press.
4788:Rosenau, Josh (18 March 2014).
4687:
4652:
4617:
4591:
4574:
4538:
4517:
4484:
4439:
4426:
4412:
4397:
4373:Seife, Charles (1 March 2000).
4366:
4347:
4332:
4304:
4275:
4262:
4226:
4199:
4183:
4178:De l'infinito universo et mondi
4144:
4118:
4084:
4049:
4040:
3963:
3920:
3907:
3880:
3861:
3818:
3785:
3776:
3763:
3714:
3697:
3663:
3651:
3626:
3525:
3415:
3391:
3363:
3337:
3292:
3142:
3126:
3096:
3059:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2989:
2975:. University of Chicago Press.
2751:Summa terminorum metaphysicorum
2535:Spaccio de la bestia trionfante
2529:De l'infinito universo et mondi
2306:focuses on the death of Bruno.
2206:In 1973 the biographical drama
1827:, several have described it as
1727:De l'infinito universo et mondi
1681:Copernicus's heliocentric model
969:; Bruno subsequently reported:
381:, Renaissance Hermeticism, and
365:, a loosely organized group of
21:Giordano Bruno (disambiguation)
6519:Philosophers of social science
5641:. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi.
5600:
5163:Nash, Lisa (5 December 2016).
4912:10.1080/00144940.1958.11481973
4673:10.1126/science.319.5869.1467b
4406:Apologies by Pope John Paul II
4404:Robinson, B A (7 March 2000),
4096:"The Cosmos of Giordano Bruno"
3166:Bibliografia di Giordano Bruno
3164:Salvestrini, Virgilio (1958).
2962:
2929:
2909:
2897:
2877:
2864:
2771:
2755:Handbook of Metaphysical Terms
2506:De la causa, principio, et uno
2476:Explicatio triginta sigillorum
1455:of the human soul into brutes;
1:
5776:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
5736:Il processo di Giordano Bruno
5688:Collinge, William J. (2012).
5479:– via Internet Archive.
5477:"THE PLEASURE OF THE DISPUTE"
4711:The Sixteenth Century Journal
4295:Theologische Literaturzeitung
3771:The Sixteenth Century Journal
3136:The Sixteenth Century Journal
2969:Martínez, Alberto A. (2018).
2808:
2711:De triplici minimo et mensura
2619:The Lantern of Thirty Statues
2368:The 22 km impact crater
2348:Giordano Bruno Memorial Award
2153:"The Emancipators" (1958) by
1537:Pedro Cardinal De Deza Manuel
1129:On Cause, Principle and Unity
1125:De la causa, principio et uno
908:again. From Padua he went to
725:Hermetism and other religions
445:Liber Hermetis (astrological)
341:found him guilty, and he was
6384:Italian architecture writers
5831:. New York: William Morrow.
5628:. Mobile, AL. Archived from
5280:Bruniana & Campanelliana
4501:10.1017/CBO9780511572999.004
4339:Michael Newton Keas (2019).
3670:Fitzgerald, Timothy (2007).
2813:
2315:Heresy - an electronic opera
2185:) play an important role in
2160:"What He Thought" (1994) by
2142:"Campo Dei Fiori" (1943) by
2071:and the end of the Church's
1835:. Physicist and philosopher
1733:did the same in 1586 as did
1695:(1571–1630); the Englishman
1632:view that the Earth was the
1571:
1525:Cardinal Madruzzo (Madruzzi)
1436:claiming the existence of a
1300:A General Account of Bonding
912:and then across the Alps to
7:
6504:Philosophers of mathematics
6319:Architectural theoreticians
6128:(public domain audiobooks)
6045:Michel, Paul Henri (1973).
6005:McIntyre, J. Lewis (1997).
5918:Blum, Paul Richard (2021).
5899:Blum, Paul Richard (1999).
5772:Rowland, Ingrid D. (2016).
5637:Blum, Paul Richard (2012).
4978:A history of Italian cinema
4840:Swinburne, Algernon Charles
3887:Blackwell, Richard (1991).
2791:
2480:Explanation of Thirty Seals
2111:Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
1516:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
358:and the emerging sciences.
231:[dʒorˈdaːnoˈbruːno]
10:
6555:
6479:People executed for heresy
6314:16th-century Italian poets
6078:Writings of Giordano Bruno
6026:Mendoza, Ramon G. (1995).
5987:. Rationalist Association.
5827:The Pope & the Heretic
5656:Boulting, William (1914).
5509:Couliano, Ioan P. (1987).
5024:, Spectrum, 5 August 2000.
4157:. Routledge. p. 419.
3740:10.1109/MPULS.2019.2937244
3109:Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo
2721:De monade numero et figura
2549:Cabal of the Horse Pegasus
2545:Cabala del cavallo Pegaseo
2329:
2137:Algernon Charles Swinburne
1965:Cause, Principle and Unity
1940:
1818:many-worlds interpretation
1714:
1699:(c. 1546–1595), author of
1580:
931:In 1579, Bruno arrived in
898:Remigio Nannini Fiorentino
860:. When he learned that an
636:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
538:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
290:and could have no center.
25:
18:
6449:Nontrinitarian Christians
6329:Commentators on Aristotle
5719:. Yale University Press.
5372:Vassányi, Miklós (2010).
5133:, accessed Dec. 20, 2023.
5121:, accessed Dec. 20, 2023.
5109:, accessed Dec. 20, 2023.
2996:Koyré, Alexandre (1980).
2615:Lampas triginta statuarum
2332:Giordano Bruno Foundation
2326:Giordano Bruno Foundation
2320:
2038:Vatican Apostolic Archive
1679:of Bruno's time accepted
1504:burned alive at the stake
900:. From Venice he went to
894:On the Signs of the Times
343:burned alive at the stake
164:
152:
140:
124:
114:
110:
100:
82:
60:
44:
37:
6509:Philosophers of religion
6011:. Kessinger Publishing.
5791:Saiber, Arielle (2005).
5669:Bruno, Giordano (1998).
5572:Bruno, Giordano (1609).
5338:www.esotericarchives.com
5265:www.esotericarchives.com
4992:"Aegypt by John Crowley"
4696:"giordano bruno denkmal"
4237:Modern Faith and Thought
4068:Bruno, Giordano (1584).
3792:Hopkins, Jasper (1985).
2765:The Art of Communicating
2665:Camoeracensis Acrotismus
2595:De somni interpretatione
2500:The Ash Wednesday Supper
2413:The Incantation of Circe
2390:
2342:religious fundamentalism
2282:Novae de infinito laudes
2227:sequence (1987–2007) by
2201:coincidentia oppositorum
2183:coincidentia oppositorum
1475:the Inquisitor Cardinal
1251:, where he obtained 300
1170:The Ash Wednesday Supper
1121:The Ash Wednesday Supper
1098:Archbishop of Canterbury
68:January or February 1548
26:Not to be confused with
6514:Philosophers of science
6494:Philosophers of culture
6349:Executed Italian people
6334:Communication theorists
6122:Works by Giordano Bruno
6113:Works by Giordano Bruno
5903:. Munich: Beck Verlag.
5891:Encyclopædia Britannica
5885:"Bruno, Giordano"
5823:White, Michael (2002).
5738:(in Italian). Salerno.
5559:Encyclopædia Britannica
5541:Encyclopædia Britannica
4268:Max Bernhard Weinsten,
3537:Encyclopædia Britannica
2669:The Pleasure of Dispute
2403:On the Shadows of Ideas
1887:writer David Sessions.
1877:also described Bruno's
1243:, where he lectured on
1184:'s Secretary of State.
989:On the Shadows of Ideas
868:, at least for a time.
770:Born Filippo Bruno in
392:
240:Iordanus Brunus Nolanus
53:Opere di Giordano Bruno
6424:Italian occult writers
6404:Italian-language poets
5983:Kessler, John (1900).
5753:Gatti, Hilary (2002).
4544:Paterson, p. 198.
3422:Sgarbi, Marco (2022).
3168:(in Italian). Firenze.
2675:De specierum scrutinio
2177:Appearances in fiction
2051:
1912:
1904:
1837:Max Bernhard Weinstein
1820:of quantum mechanics.
1779:
1755:
1634:center of the universe
1592:
1471:
1232:
1178:Sir Francis Walsingham
1162:On the Heroic Frenzies
1057:
979:
928:
766:Early years, 1548–1576
517:The Secret of Creation
489:Prayer of Thanksgiving
239:
6499:Philosophers of logic
6354:Executed philosophers
6091:Charles Dudley Warner
5992:Knox, Dilwyn (2019).
5734:Firpo, Luigi (1993).
5062:"Heresy by SJ Parris"
5022:Sydney Morning Herald
4753:Pick the Wrong Hero?"
4582:"Nicolaus Copernicus"
4445:Paterson, p. 61.
4325:on 16 November 2019.
3971:Alessandro De Angelis
3105:The Cabala of Pegasus
3067:Renaissance Quarterly
2701:De vinculis in genere
2338:Evolutionary Humanism
2287:The Italian composer
2067:by the newly created
2054:In art and literature
2042:
1916:Late Vatican position
1910:
1898:
1775:
1750:
1590:
1465:
1296:De Vinculis in Genere
1226:
1055:
1016:, 1582; described at
971:
926:
806:San Domenico Maggiore
626:Giovanni da Correggio
583:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
6444:Natural philosophers
6434:Italian semioticians
6419:Italian male writers
6394:Italian esotericists
5620:(11 November 1997).
4974:Bondanella, Peter E.
4257:bruno panentheistic.
3917:and its outer sphere
2892:science and religion
2761:Artificium perorandi
2599:Dream Interpretation
2589:The Triumphant Idiot
2555:De gli eroici furori
2496:La cena de le ceneri
2385:La Cena de le Ceneri
2299:in Porto, Portugal.
2273:Appearances in music
2168:, a nominee for the
2148:Occupation of Poland
2127:References in poetry
1853:John Scotus Eriugena
1742:La Cena de le Ceneri
1723:La Cena de le Ceneri
1609:Ptolemaic hypothesis
1355:Venetian Inquisition
1150:De gli eroici furori
1117:La cena de le ceneri
975:The Shadows of Ideas
937:University of Geneva
804:at the monastery of
666:Christian Rosenkreuz
631:Pico della Mirandola
570:Zosimos of Panopolis
561:Ancient and medieval
293:Bruno was tried for
131:Renaissance humanism
6529:Social philosophers
6489:Philosophers of art
6389:Italian astrologers
6359:Executed scientists
5543:. 19 February 2024.
5041:. 13 September 2022
5018:The Last Confession
4940:. 21 February 2013.
4763:Kalmbach Publishing
4571:, pp. 354–356.
4343:. pp. 149–150.
4004:2015JAHH...18..241D
3941:1931SciAm.144..380R
3929:Scientific American
3611:, pp. 287–288.
3587:, pp. 257–258.
3575:, pp. 253–257.
3522:, pp. 224–225.
3498:, pp. 214–219.
3486:, pp. 207–213.
3474:, pp. 196–197.
3462:, pp. 189–194.
3450:, pp. 112–113.
2998:Estudios galileanos
2705:Of Bonds in General
2695:Consolation Oration
2691:Oratio consolatoria
2659:Valedictory Oration
2655:Oratio valedictoria
2559:The Heroic Frenzies
2486:Sigillus sigillorum
2235:The Last Confession
2197:Harriet Shaw Weaver
2170:National Book Award
2063:Following the 1870
2059:Artistic depictions
2047:Cardinal Bellarmino
2036:The website of the
1937:A martyr of science
1891:Retrospective views
1831:, and some also as
1711:Cosmological claims
1554:Physical appearance
1438:plurality of worlds
1367:plurality of worlds
1327:University of Padua
1139:, 1584) as well as
1114:cosmological tracts
1096:, who later became
1066:Michel de Castelnau
1038:Michel de Castelnau
788:, then part of the
621:Lodovico Lazzarelli
531:Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs
424:Hermes Trismegistus
387:Hermes Trismegistus
101:Cause of death
55:, published in 1830
6524:Philosophy writers
6429:Italian scientists
5359:allaboutheaven.org
5151:10.33915/etd.10239
4636:on 4 December 2008
4495:. pp. 73–94.
4194:Parallel Universes
4132:on 13 October 2014
4029:on 26 January 2016
3709:una morsa di legno
2918:Numbers, Ronald L.
2870:Michael J. Crowe,
2727:, Frankfurt, 1591)
2252:Mary Doria Russell
2244:In the 2008 novel
2218:Gian Maria Volonté
1980:Theological heresy
1913:
1905:
1798:Margaret Cavendish
1731:Christoph Rothmann
1703:; and the Italian
1689:Christoph Rothmann
1593:
1533:Cardinal Sfondrati
1472:
1427:Transubstantiation
1402:divinity of Christ
1335:Republic of Venice
1329:. At the time the
1313:In 1591 he was in
1233:
1058:
1048:England, 1583–1585
941:Antoine de La Faye
929:
834:On The Ark of Noah
782:province of Naples
780:in the modern-day
693:As above, so below
593:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
578:(may be legendary)
552:Historical figures
319:transubstantiation
311:divinity of Christ
6409:Italian logicians
6399:Italian essayists
6369:Former Dominicans
6117:Project Gutenberg
6037:978-1-85230-640-3
6030:. Element Books.
6018:978-1-56459-141-8
5975:978-0-226-12315-8
5953:978-1-4875-5200-8
5910:978-3-406-41951-5
5862:978-0-7100-2337-7
5838:978-0-06-018626-5
5802:978-0-7546-3321-1
5783:978-1-4668-9584-3
5764:978-0-8014-8785-9
5745:978-88-8402-135-9
5726:978-0-300-06807-8
5707:978-0-8108-5755-1
5680:978-0-521-59658-9
5648:978-90-420-3555-3
5081:"Theosophy Today"
4996:Publishers Weekly
4874:"Campo Dei Fiori"
4457:, "Introduction".
4353:David Sessions, "
4291:Adolf von Harnack
4094:(13 March 2014).
4080:on 27 April 2012.
3683:978-0-19-804103-0
3384:978-0-300-04993-0
3289:, pp. 57–58.
3277:, pp. 56–57.
3241:, pp. 49–52.
3217:, pp. 46–47.
3205:, pp. 44–45.
3050:DeLeón-Jones 1997
2951:978-1-61147-543-2
2585:Idiota triumphans
2490:The Seal of Seals
2470:The Art of Memory
2460:The Candle Bearer
2436:The Art of Memory
2398:De umbris idearum
2344:and nationalism.
2304:Avenged Sevenfold
2289:Francesco Filidei
2278:Hans Werner Henze
2267:Stephanie Merritt
2214:Giuliano Montaldo
2094:on 2 March 2008.
2077:monument to Bruno
2027:According to the
1802:Poems and Fancies
1646:kingdom of heaven
1541:Cardinal Santorio
1481:Pope Clement VIII
1344:He went first to
1339:Italian Peninsula
1323:Giovanni Mocenigo
1203:Catholic Cardinal
1006:The Art of Memory
984:De umbris idearum
790:Kingdom of Naples
763:
762:
459:Corpus Hermeticum
436:Hermetic writings
315:virginity of Mary
303:eternal damnation
299:Roman Inquisition
168:
167:
135:Neopythagoreanism
76:Kingdom of Naples
6546:
6484:People from Nola
6364:Executed writers
6256:
6255:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6231:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6207:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6171:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6151:
6141:Internet Archive
6133:
6132:
6060:
6041:
6022:
6001:
5994:"Giordano Bruno"
5988:
5979:
5962:Culianu, Ioan P.
5957:
5938:
5929:
5920:"Giordano Bruno"
5914:
5895:
5887:
5866:
5842:
5830:
5819:
5817:
5806:
5787:
5768:
5749:
5730:
5711:
5695:
5684:
5665:
5663:
5652:
5633:
5622:"Giordano Bruno"
5613:
5594:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5537:"Giordano Bruno"
5533:
5527:
5526:
5506:
5500:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5428:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5322:. 30 March 2005.
5316:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5234:Shuch, H. Paul.
5231:
5225:
5224:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5154:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5031:
5025:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4955:
4952:Selected Letters
4948:
4942:
4941:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4850:on 23 April 2015
4846:. Archived from
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4769:on 16 March 2014
4765:. Archived from
4744:
4735:
4734:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4632:. Archived from
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4589:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4381:. Archived from
4370:
4364:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4321:. Archived from
4308:
4302:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4240:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4128:. Archived from
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4102:. Archived from
4088:
4082:
4081:
4076:. Archived from
4070:"Third Dialogue"
4065:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4022:, archived from
3997:
3979:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3718:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3533:"Giordano Bruno"
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3510:, p. xxxvi.
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:978-3-319-141695
3419:
3413:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3367:
3361:
3353:Ltd, 2009, 312,
3341:
3335:
3334:
3302:Modern Philology
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3229:, p. 48–49.
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2525:
2466:Ars reminiscendi
2432:
2381:13223 Cenaceneri
2166:Hinge & Sign
2084:Alexander Polzin
2069:Kingdom of Italy
1922:Giovanni Mercati
1857:Nicholas of Cusa
1685:Michael Maestlin
1652:), a motionless
1597:Nicholas of Cusa
1206:Nicholas of Cusa
1158:
1002:
949:
798:Studium Generale
755:
748:
741:
708:Hermetic Qabalah
686:Modern offshoots
674:
669:(legendary, see
610:
609:
608:
579:
575:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān
564:
563:
562:
420:
397:
396:
284:cosmic pluralism
272:Copernican model
233:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
159:Cosmic pluralism
49:
35:
34:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6344:Epistemologists
6264:
6263:
6262:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6166:
6156:
6154:
6146:
6130:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6044:
6038:
6025:
6019:
6004:
5991:
5982:
5976:
5960:
5954:
5941:
5932:
5917:
5911:
5898:
5880:Adamson, Robert
5874:
5872:Further reading
5869:
5863:
5839:
5803:
5784:
5765:
5746:
5727:
5708:
5698:Scarecrow Press
5681:
5649:
5632:on 16 May 2019.
5603:
5598:
5597:
5585:
5581:
5570:
5566:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5507:
5503:
5491:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5447:
5443:
5438:. 24 June 2015.
5430:
5429:
5425:
5413:
5409:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5370:
5366:
5353:
5352:
5345:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5276:
5272:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5232:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5195:Dublin InQuirer
5189:Maxwell, Luke.
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5161:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5077:
5073:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5015:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4949:
4945:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4870:Milosz, Czeslaw
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4818:The Daily Beast
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4745:
4738:
4723:10.2307/2544011
4707:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4657:
4653:
4639:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4413:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4371:
4367:
4360:The Daily Beast
4352:
4348:
4337:
4333:
4309:
4305:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4188:
4184:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4106:on 25 June 2020
4089:
4085:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4026:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3885:
3881:
3866:
3862:
3823:
3819:
3804:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3752:
3748:
3719:
3715:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3420:
3416:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3368:
3364:
3343:Hannam, James.
3342:
3338:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3064:
3060:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3008:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2952:
2934:
2930:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2794:
2774:
2541:, London, 1584)
2519:
2456:The Torchbearer
2426:
2409:Cantus circaeus
2393:
2366:
2350:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2275:
2247:Children of God
2179:
2155:Randall Jarrell
2129:
2088:Potsdamer Platz
2065:Capture of Rome
2061:
2056:
1982:
1945:
1943:Conflict thesis
1939:
1918:
1901:Campo de' Fiori
1893:
1884:The Daily Beast
1875:Corey S. Powell
1719:
1713:
1705:Galileo Galilei
1693:Johannes Kepler
1601:Aristotelianism
1585:
1579:
1574:
1556:
1500:Campo de' Fiori
1468:Campo de' Fiori
1375:
1350:Galileo Galilei
1292:Theses on Magic
1288:Theses De Magia
1214:
1182:Queen Elizabeth
1166:John Charlewood
1152:
1090:Lincoln College
1050:
1030:The Candlemaker
1010:Cantus circaeus
996:
943:
906:religious habit
888:and finally to
874:
866:religious habit
830:Cardinal Rebiba
802:Dominican Order
768:
759:
730:
729:
688:
687:
678:
677:
668:
616:Marsilio Ficino
606:
605:
604:
577:
560:
559:
558:
554:
553:
544:
543:
439:
438:
427:
395:
383:Book of Genesis
347:Campo de' Fiori
274:. He practiced
226:
201:
178:
174:
155:
143:
133:
96:
87:
78:
69:
67:
66:
56:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6374:Galileo affair
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6274:Giordano Bruno
6261:
6260:
6248:
6236:
6224:
6212:
6200:
6188:
6176:
6164:
6144:
6143:
6134:
6119:
6110:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6084:Giordano Bruno
6080:
6075:
6067:
6066:External links
6064:
6062:
6061:
6055:
6042:
6036:
6023:
6017:
6008:Giordano Bruno
6002:
5989:
5980:
5974:
5958:
5952:
5939:
5930:
5915:
5909:
5901:Giordano Bruno
5896:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5847:Yates, Frances
5843:
5837:
5820:
5807:
5801:
5788:
5782:
5769:
5763:
5750:
5744:
5731:
5725:
5712:
5706:
5685:
5679:
5666:
5653:
5647:
5634:
5618:Birx, H. James
5614:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5579:
5564:
5546:
5528:
5522:978-0226123165
5521:
5501:
5482:
5468:
5462:978-0226730240
5461:
5452:Giordano Bruno
5441:
5423:
5407:
5391:
5385:978-9048187966
5384:
5364:
5343:
5325:
5311:
5297:
5286:(2): 513–525.
5270:
5252:
5240:setileague.org
5226:
5221:Deutsche Welle
5207:
5181:
5155:
5153:, pp. 105-106.
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5071:
5052:
5039:Powell's Books
5026:
5009:
4998:. 1 March 1987
4983:
4965:
4956:
4943:
4938:Voltage Poetry
4925:
4900:The Explicator
4886:
4861:
4831:
4803:
4780:
4736:
4717:(3): 673–678.
4701:
4686:
4667:(5869): 1467.
4651:
4616:
4605:on 9 June 2010
4590:
4580:Sheila Rabin,
4573:
4561:
4546:
4537:
4525:
4516:
4510:978-0511572999
4509:
4483:
4481:, p. 225.
4471:
4459:
4447:
4438:
4425:
4411:
4396:
4385:on 8 June 2013
4365:
4346:
4331:
4303:
4274:
4261:
4251:
4225:
4218:
4198:
4182:
4164:978-1317677666
4163:
4143:
4117:
4083:
4057:
4048:
4039:
3988:(3): 241–248,
3962:
3935:(6): 380–381.
3919:
3906:
3900:978-0268010249
3899:
3879:
3860:
3839:10.2307/464833
3817:
3803:978-0938060307
3802:
3784:
3775:
3762:
3746:
3713:
3696:
3682:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3625:
3623:, p. 292.
3613:
3601:
3599:, p. 259.
3589:
3577:
3565:
3563:, p. 249.
3553:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3432:
3414:
3410:978-0470613528
3390:
3383:
3362:
3359:978-1848310704
3336:
3315:10.1086/391002
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3153:
3141:
3125:
3113:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3058:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3007:978-9682310355
3006:
2988:
2982:978-1780238968
2981:
2961:
2950:
2928:
2908:
2896:
2876:
2863:
2861:, p. 450.
2851:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2449:
2439:
2438:, Paris, 1582)
2420:
2419:, Paris, 1582)
2406:
2405:, Paris, 1582)
2392:
2389:
2370:Giordano Bruno
2365:
2362:
2349:
2346:
2330:Main article:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2297:Casa da Música
2293:Giordano Bruno
2274:
2271:
2263:Giordano Bruno
2256:Giordano Bruno
2209:Giordano Bruno
2192:Finnegans Wake
2189:'s 1939 novel
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2162:Heather McHugh
2158:
2151:
2144:Czesław Miłosz
2140:
2128:
2125:
2073:temporal power
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2009:, interest in
1981:
1978:
1949:Galileo affair
1938:
1935:
1917:
1914:
1892:
1889:
1746:Galileo's ship
1715:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1666:constellations
1650:adjacent to it
1642:transcendental
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1555:
1552:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:transmigration
1449:metempsychosis
1445:
1442:their eternity
1434:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1391:Catholic faith
1374:
1371:
1265:excommunicated
1213:
1210:
1086:John Underhill
1049:
1046:
873:
870:
836:at this time.
824:system before
767:
764:
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
722:
715:
713:Rosicrucianism
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
685:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
671:Rosicrucianism
663:
658:
653:
651:Giordano Bruno
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
611:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
572:
566:
565:
555:
551:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
527:
524:Emerald Tablet
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
470:
469:
455:
448:
440:
434:
433:
432:
429:
428:
421:
413:
412:
406:
405:
394:
391:
350:religious and
329:regarding the
327:metempsychosis
266:theorist, and
171:Giordano Bruno
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
142:Main interests
141:
138:
137:
128:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
88:
84:
80:
79:
70:
64:
62:
58:
57:
51:Portrait from
50:
42:
41:
39:Giordano Bruno
38:
28:Bruno Giordano
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6551:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6072:Bruno's works
6070:
6069:
6058:
6056:0-8014-0509-2
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5626:The Harbinger
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5524:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5505:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5478:
5472:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5387:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5023:
5019:
5013:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4960:
4953:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4791:
4784:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4469:, p. 63.
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4254:
4252:9780802826725
4248:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4221:
4219:9780199989898
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4179:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:Soter, Steven
4087:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4052:
4043:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3705:Studi e Testi
3700:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3659:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3634:Studi e Testi
3629:
3622:
3621:Boulting 1914
3617:
3610:
3609:Boulting 1914
3605:
3598:
3597:Boulting 1914
3593:
3586:
3585:Boulting 1914
3581:
3574:
3573:Boulting 1914
3569:
3562:
3561:Boulting 1914
3557:
3550:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3520:Boulting 1914
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3496:Boulting 1914
3492:
3485:
3484:Boulting 1914
3480:
3473:
3472:Boulting 1914
3468:
3461:
3460:Boulting 1914
3456:
3449:
3448:Boulting 1914
3444:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3288:
3287:Boulting 1914
3283:
3276:
3275:Boulting 1914
3271:
3265:, p. 53.
3264:
3263:Boulting 1914
3259:
3253:, p. 51.
3252:
3251:Boulting 1914
3247:
3240:
3239:Boulting 1914
3235:
3228:
3227:Boulting 1914
3223:
3216:
3215:Boulting 1914
3211:
3204:
3203:Boulting 1914
3199:
3193:, p. 42.
3192:
3191:Boulting 1914
3187:
3181:, p. 12.
3180:
3175:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3123:, p. 11.
3122:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2843:Collinge 2012
2840:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Fermi paradox
2796:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:, 1582; play)
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:5148 Giordano
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:Frances Yates
2018:
2016:
2013:, reading of
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:Angelo Sodano
1923:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1717:Heliocentrism
1708:
1707:(1564–1642).
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:Thomas Digges
1694:
1690:
1687:(1550–1631),
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:primum mobile
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Gaspar Schopp
1482:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:believing in
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:Tower of Nona
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:Thomas Digges
1193:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Philip Sidney
1071:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Philip Sidney
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:, 1582), and
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
985:
978:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
947:
942:
938:
934:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
841:free thinking
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
734:
733:
726:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
682:
681:
672:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
603:
602:
599:
598:Aḥmad al-Būnī
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
557:
556:
548:
547:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:
521:
519:
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5601:Works cited
5245:25 February
5174:23 December
4379:Science Now
4299:Translation
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4212:. OUP USA.
4190:Max Tegmark
3658:Singer 1968
3636:, vol. 101.
3371:Bossy, John
3309:(1): 1–13.
3179:Singer 1968
3149:Singer 1968
3091:Singer 1968
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2772:Collections
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3508:Bruno 1998
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3046:Yates 1964
3021:Gatti 2002
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2859:Yates 1964
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2809:References
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