Geomorphology - Knowledge

1330: 462: 904: 38: 1282: 4272: 1153: 61: 182: 4764: 4776: 4285: 4396: 788:

occurs by backwearing of rocks, not by Davisian-style surface lowering, and his science tended to emphasise surface process over understanding in detail the surface history of a given locality. Penck was German, and during his lifetime his ideas were at times rejected vigorously by the English-speaking geomorphology community. His early death, Davis' dislike for his work, and his at-times-confusing writing style likely all contributed to this rejection.

1479: 482: 4297: 1420: 1498: 4788: 4309: 4102: 1240: 1388:. Rivers are also capable of eroding into rock and forming new sediment, both from their own beds and also by coupling to the surrounding hillslopes. In this way, rivers are thought of as setting the base level for large-scale landscape evolution in nonglacial environments. Rivers are key links in the connectivity of different landscape elements. 890:. The criticism by Stoddart proved "devastating" sparking a decline in the popularity of climatic geomorphology in the late 20th century. Stoddart criticized climatic geomorphology for applying supposedly "trivial" methodologies in establishing landform differences between morphoclimatic zones, being linked to 894:

and by allegedly neglecting the fact that physical laws governing processes are the same across the globe. In addition some conceptions of climatic geomorphology, like that which holds that chemical weathering is more rapid in tropical climates than in cold climates proved to not be straightforwardly

1074:

Today, the field of geomorphology encompasses a very wide range of different approaches and interests. Modern researchers aim to draw out quantitative "laws" that govern Earth surface processes, but equally, recognize the uniqueness of each landscape and environment in which these processes operate.

779:

could then start the cycle over. In the decades following Davis's development of this idea, many of those studying geomorphology sought to fit their findings into this framework, known today as "Davisian". Davis's ideas are of historical importance, but have been largely superseded today, mainly due

1615:

material and forcing rivers through new paths. The cones built by eruptions also build substantial new topography, which can be acted upon by other surface processes. Plutonic rocks intruding then solidifying at depth can cause both uplift or subsidence of the surface, depending on whether the new

995:

of these measurements. These methods began to allow prediction of the past and future behavior of landscapes from present observations, and were later to develop into the modern trend of a highly quantitative approach to geomorphic problems. Many groundbreaking and widely cited early geomorphology

787:

developed an alternative model to Davis's. Penck thought that landform evolution was better described as an alternation between ongoing processes of uplift and denudation, as opposed to Davis's model of a single uplift followed by decay. He also emphasised that in many landscapes slope evolution

1575:

Ongoing hillslope processes can change the topology of the hillslope surface, which in turn can change the rates of those processes. Hillslopes that steepen up to certain critical thresholds are capable of shedding extremely large volumes of material very quickly, making hillslope processes an

1316:

on soil development, to even controlling global erosion rates through modulation of climate through carbon dioxide balance. Terrestrial landscapes in which the role of biology in mediating surface processes can be definitively excluded are extremely rare, but may hold important information for

843:

in the late 19th century European explorers and scientists traveled across the globe bringing descriptions of landscapes and landforms. As geographical knowledge increased over time these observations were systematized in a search for regional patterns. Climate emerged thus as prime factor for

1461:

landscape evolution and its sedimentary record in many high mountain environments. Environments that have been relatively recently glaciated but are no longer may still show elevated landscape change rates compared to those that have never been glaciated. Nonglacial geomorphic processes which

824:

while a conflicting trend among geographers was to equate physiography with "pure morphology", separated from its geological heritage. In the period following World War II, the emergence of process, climatic, and quantitative studies led to a preference by many earth scientists for the term

1127:

model has remained part of the science of geomorphology. The model or theory has never been proved wrong, but neither has it been proven. The inherent difficulties of the model have instead made geomorphological research to advance along other lines. In contrast to its disputed status in

791:

Both Davis and Penck were trying to place the study of the evolution of the Earth's surface on a more generalized, globally relevant footing than it had been previously. In the early 19th century, authors – especially in Europe – had tended to attribute the form of landscapes to local

370:, respond to environmental and tectonic changes, and interact with humans. Soils geomorphologists investigate soil profiles and chemistry to learn about the history of a particular landscape and understand how climate, biota, and rock interact. Other geomorphologists study how 381:

Geomorphologists use a wide range of techniques in their work. These may include fieldwork and field data collection, the interpretation of remotely sensed data, geochemical analyses, and the numerical modelling of the physics of landscapes. Geomorphologists may rely on

639:

shells running in a horizontal span along the cut section of a cliffside, he theorized that the cliff was once the pre-historic location of a seashore that had shifted hundreds of miles over the centuries. He inferred that the land was reshaped and formed by

1079:

1) that not all landscapes can be considered as either "stable" or "perturbed", where this perturbed state is a temporary displacement away from some ideal target form. Instead, dynamic changes of the landscape are now seen as an essential part of their

1395:. These systems take on four general patterns: dendritic, radial, rectangular, and trellis. Dendritic happens to be the most common, occurring when the underlying stratum is stable (without faulting). Drainage systems have four primary components: 2968:

Merritts, Dorothy J.; Tucker, Gregory E.; Whipple, Kelin X.; Snyder, Noah P. (2000-08-01). "Landscape response to tectonic forcing: Digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California".

1645:

can account for significant changes over hundreds to thousands of years, and allows erosion of a mountain belt to promote further erosion as mass is removed from the chain and the belt uplifts. Long-term plate tectonic dynamics give rise to

298:

elsewhere within the landscape or off the coast. On progressively smaller scales, similar ideas apply, where individual landforms evolve in response to the balance of additive processes (uplift and deposition) and subtractive processes

804:

processes. In contrast, both Davis and Penck were seeking to emphasize the importance of evolution of landscapes through time and the generality of the Earth's surface processes across different landscapes under different conditions.

2739:

Burke, Kevin, and Yanni Gunnell. "The African erosion surface: a continental-scale synthesis of geomorphology, tectonics, and environmental change over the past 180 million years." Geological Society of America Memoirs 201 (2008):

1685:

are also important processes for some aspects of marine geomorphology. Because ocean basins are the ultimate sinks for a large fraction of terrestrial sediments, depositional processes and their related forms (e.g., sediment fans,

1742:. Glaciers can cause extensive erosion and deposition in a short period of time, making them extremely important entities in the high latitudes and meaning that they set the conditions in the headwaters of mountain-born streams; 1042:'s doctoral thesis, "The River Fyris" (1935), contained one of the first quantitative studies of geomorphological processes ever published. His students followed in the same vein, making quantitative studies of mass transport ( 698:

predicted that two monumental stelae recording his achievements, one buried at the foot of a mountain and the other erected at the top, would eventually change their relative positions over time as would hills and valleys.

546:

into the sea, eventually those seas would fill while the land lowered. He claimed that this would mean that land and water would eventually swap places, whereupon the process would begin again in an endless cycle. The

561:

during the 10th century also discussed the cyclical changing positions of land and sea with rocks breaking down and being washed into the sea, their sediment eventually rising to form new continents. The medieval

448:

processes are studied. This effort not only helps better understand the geologic and atmospheric history of those planets but also extends geomorphological study of the Earth. Planetary geomorphologists often use

820:, and the concept became embroiled in controversy surrounding the appropriate concerns of that discipline. Some geomorphologists held to a geological basis for physiography and emphasized a concept of 1650:, large mountain chains with typical lifetimes of many tens of millions of years, which form focal points for high rates of fluvial and hillslope processes and thus long-term sediment production. 1300:, can be of many different forms, and is probably of profound importance for the terrestrial geomorphic system as a whole. Biology can influence very many geomorphic processes, ranging from 2524:

Simons, Martin (1962), "The morphological analysis of landforms: A new review of the work of Walther Penck (1888–1923)", Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers) 31: 1–14.

1889:

Gilbert, Grove Karl, and Charles Butler Hunt, eds. Geology of the Henry Mountains, Utah, as recorded in the notebooks of GK Gilbert, 1875–76. Vol. 167. Geological Society of America, 1988.

2493:

Oldroyd, David R. & Grapes, Rodney H. Contributions to the history of geomorphology and Quaternary geology: an introduction. In: Grapes, R. H., Oldroyd, D. & GrigelisR, A. (eds)

1665:

of the lower lithosphere have also been hypothesised to play important roles in the long term (> million year), large scale (thousands of km) evolution of the Earth's topography (see

386:, using dating methods to measure the rate of changes to the surface. Terrain measurement techniques are vital to quantitatively describe the form of the Earth's surface, and include 1633:

effects on geomorphology can range from scales of millions of years to minutes or less. The effects of tectonics on landscape are heavily dependent on the nature of the underlying

742:

in his The Scientific Study of Scenery considered his book as, 'an Introductory Treatise on Geomorphology, a subject which has sprung from the union of Geology and Geography'.

326:

In addition to these broad-scale questions, geomorphologists address issues that are more specific or more local. Glacial geomorphologists investigate glacial deposits such as

968: 378:

and geomorphology. Because geomorphology is defined to comprise everything related to the surface of the Earth and its modification, it is a broad field with many facets.

2149: 1603:(intrusive) igneous processes can have important impacts on geomorphology. The action of volcanoes tends to rejuvenize landscapes, covering the old land surface with 315:, which in turn modifies the topography by changing the hydrologic regime in which it evolves. Many geomorphologists are particularly interested in the potential for 1231:(freeze-thaw) processes, salt-mediated action, changes to the seabed caused by marine currents, seepage of fluids through the seafloor or extraterrestrial impact. 2417:

Schottenhammer, Angela. "The 'China Seas' in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800",

771:

forms, for example, uniformitarianism posited a sequence in which a river runs through a flat terrain, gradually carving an increasingly deep valley, until the

1089:

of the processes occurring in them, that is, the probability distributions of event magnitudes and return times. This in turn has indicated the importance of

1269:. Although water and mass flow tend to mobilize more material than wind in most environments, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as 3512: 808:

During the early 1900s, the study of regional-scale geomorphology was termed "physiography". Physiography later was considered to be a contraction of "

1669:). Both can promote surface uplift through isostasy as hotter, less dense, mantle rocks displace cooler, denser, mantle rocks at depth in the Earth. 2574: 1706:

is the chemical and physical disruption of earth materials in place on exposure to atmospheric or near surface agents, and is typically studied by

976: 1167:

region, Pakistan. This is the deepest river canyon in the world. Nanga Parbat itself, the world's 9th highest mountain, is seen in the background.

501:

Other than some notable exceptions in antiquity, geomorphology is a relatively young science, growing along with interest in other aspects of the

3444: 980: 3213: 3181: 952: 3706: 3616:

Church, Michael; Ryder, June M. (October 1972). "Paraglacial Sedimentation: A Consideration of Fluvial Processes Conditioned by Glaciation".

2925: 997: 4149: 3921: 3704:

Gabet, Emmanuel J.; Reichman, O.J.; Seabloom, Eric W. (May 2003). "The Effects of Bioturbation on Soil Processes and Sediment Transport".

1457:

The way glacial processes interact with other landscape elements, particularly hillslope and fluvial processes, is an important aspect of

4112: 1791: 227:, and other factors, such as (in the very recent past) human alteration of the landscape. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by 1391:

As rivers flow across the landscape, they generally increase in size, merging with other rivers. The network of rivers thus formed is a

730:

in an 1858 work written in German. Keith Tinkler has suggested that the word came into general use in English, German and French after

3741:

Cserepes, L.; Christensen, U.R.; Ribe, N.M. (15 May 2000). "Geoid height versus topography for a plume model of the Hawaiian swell".

927:

Geomorphology was started to be put on a solid quantitative footing in the middle of the 20th century. Following the early work of

307:). Often, these processes directly affect each other: ice sheets, water, and sediment are all loads that change topography through 56:

studied the landscapes of this area in great detail, forming the observational foundation for many of his studies on geomorphology.

4117: 3874: 1714:, but is an essential component of geomorphology because it is what provides the material that can be moved in the first place. 871:

that was by the mid-20th century considered both un-innovative and dubious. Early climatic geomorphology developed primarily in

505:

in the mid-19th century. This section provides a very brief outline of some of the major figures and events in its development.

3618: 1285: 549: 477:. The cone itself is a volcanic edifice, representing complex interaction of intrusive igneous rocks with the surrounding salt. 2776:

Morisawa, Marie (1988-07-01). "The Geological Society of America Bulletin and the development of quantitative geomorphology".

4088: 4013: 3990: 3960: 3941: 3912: 3886: 3864: 2272: 2125: 2073: 1912: 4640: 2153: 1677:

Marine processes are those associated with the action of waves, marine currents and seepage of fluids through the seafloor.

282:

The broad-scale topographies of the Earth illustrate this intersection of surface and subsurface action. Mountain belts are

860:, the leading geomorphologist of his time, recognized the role of climate by complementing his "normal" temperate climate 4313: 3743: 1860: 1698:

There is a considerable overlap between geomorphology and other fields. Deposition of material is extremely important in

4036: 3165: 2551: 2448: 2440: 1845: 821: 3200:"The major landforms of the bedrock of Sweden–with a view on the relationships between physical geography and geology" 1329: 844:

explaining landform distribution at a grand scale. The rise of climatic geomorphology was foreshadowed by the work of

199:'s surface is modified by a combination of surface processes that shape landscapes, and geologic processes that cause 4347: 3600: 3452: 3370: 2762: 2406: 2385: 2361: 2304: 2243: 2218: 2044: 1776: 908: 3779: 1493:, Norway. Talus cones are accumulations of coarse hillslope debris at the foot of the slopes producing the material. 570: 4142: 1830: 1372:. The water, as it flows over the channel bed, is able to mobilize sediment and transport it downstream, either as 661: 1972: 141:

history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and

2681: 1796: 1392: 17: 2992: 2799: 1949: 4106: 4073: 4058: 3639: 2873: 2750:

Ethridge, Frank G.; Wohl, Ellen; Gellis, Allen; Germanoski, Dru; Hayes, Ben R.; Ouchi, Shunji (December 2012).

2611: 1001: 853: 420:

Planetary geomorphology studies landforms on other terrestrial planets such as Mars. Indications of effects of

3663:"Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology" 3563: 4829: 3386:

Dietrich, William E.; Perron, J. Taylor (26 January 2006). "The search for a topographic signature of life".

1454:. Glacial erosion is responsible for U-shaped valleys, as opposed to the V-shaped valleys of fluvial origin. 875:

while in the English-speaking world the tendency was not explicit until L.C. Peltier's 1950 publication on a

2822: 2534:

Richardson, Douglas; Castree, Noel; Goodchild, Michael F.; Liu, Weidong; Marston, Richard A., eds. (2017).

1514: 251:

from other parts of the landscape. The Earth's surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of

243:

changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep

4839: 4418: 4289: 4135: 3474: 1109:

is since the 1990s no longer accepted by mainstream scholarship as a basis for geomorphological studies.

919:

being incised into by the steep slopes of the escarpment, was cited by Davis as a classic example of his

887: 760: 445: 2582: 825:"geomorphology" in order to suggest an analytical approach to landscapes rather than a descriptive one. 4844: 4602: 4028: 3339: 3335: 3285: 3251: 2722: 2661: 2657: 2540:

International Encyclopedia of Geography, 15 Volume Set: People, the Earth, Environment & Technology

2377: 2340: 2296: 2168: 2065: 1399:, alluvial valley, delta plain, and receiving basin. Some geomorphic examples of fluvial landforms are 1137: 533: 450: 2751: 2337:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

2293:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

4385: 1719: 1430:, while geographically restricted, are effective agents of landscape change. The gradual movement of 1261:. Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials, and are effective agents in regions with sparse 1020: 142: 3873: 3780:"Geophysical evidence for lithospheric delamination beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif–Betic mountains" 3542: 3307: 3303: 3195: 2000: 1141: 1102: 3667: 3087: 3078: 1781: 1384:. The rate of sediment transport depends on the availability of sediment itself and on the river's 312: 189: 173:. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field. 170: 4819: 2606: 991:

by taking systematic, direct, quantitative measurements of aspects of them and investigating the

864:

with arid and glacial ones. Nevertheless, interest in climatic geomorphology was also a reaction

775:

eventually erode, flattening the terrain again, though at a lower elevation. It was thought that

539: 513:

The study of landforms and the evolution of the Earth's surface can be dated back to scholars of

363: 316: 31: 3133:

Dietrich, W. E.; Bellugi, D.G.; Sklar, L.S.; Stock, J.D.; Heimsath, A.M.; Roering, J.J. (2003).

4814: 3875:

Committee on Challenges and Opportunities in Earth Surface Processes, National Research Council

3537: 3520: 3470:"Equilibrium theory of erosional slopes approached by frequency distribution analysis; Part II" 2535: 1995: 1662: 1518: 1113: 834: 1116:

continues to exist as field of study producing relevant research. More recently concerns over

1035:, landscape change, and the interactions between climate, tectonics, erosion, and deposition. 461: 4681: 4340: 1625: 1439: 1385: 1129: 391: 320: 4083:

in: Hargitai H, Kereszturi Á, eds, Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Cham: Springer 2015

3756: 3083:"Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to channel networks from landsliding and debris flow" 2679:

Flemal, Ronald C. (1971). "The Attack on the Davisian System Of Geomorphology: A Synopsis".

2465: 3796: 3752: 3727: 3715: 3676: 3627: 3592: 3529: 3483: 3397: 3312: 3217: 3145: 3096: 3043: 2980: 2946: 2934: 2920: 2823:"Delayed recognition of geomorphology papers in the Geological Society of America Bulletin" 2787: 2690: 1987: 1937: 1486: 1188: 948: 940: 857: 756: 573:(973–1048), after observing rock formations at the mouths of rivers, hypothesized that the 518: 410: 295: 49: 8: 4854: 4849: 4742: 4706: 4676: 4423: 4375: 4169: 3204: 1928:

Willett, Sean D.; Brandon, Mark T. (January 2002). "On steady states in mountain belts".

1305: 944: 936: 903: 695: 583: 578: 263:

action with geologic processes, or alternatively stated, the intersection of the Earth's

158: 3800: 3719: 3680: 3631: 3533: 3487: 3401: 3221: 3149: 3100: 3047: 2984: 2938: 2791: 2694: 1991: 1941: 4696: 4635: 4587: 4513: 4474: 4405: 4380: 4370: 4261: 4158: 3822: 3778:

Seber, Dogan; Barazangi, Muawia; Ibenbrahim, Aomar; Demnati, Ahmed (29 February 1996).

3643: 3555: 3421: 3175: 3059: 3004: 2898: 2842: 2628: 2131: 2013: 1953: 1850: 1806: 1801: 1739: 1666: 1502: 1435: 1363: 1341: 1184: 1133: 1106: 1097:. The same processes in the same landscapes do not always lead to the same end results. 1086: 1063: 1059: 1032: 928: 872: 817: 731: 684: 543: 414: 359: 146: 53: 3764: 1348:. Dunes are mobile landforms formed by the transport of large volumes of sand by wind. 1039: 845: 395: 125:

features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near

4792: 4686: 4296: 4256: 4200: 4084: 4069: 4054: 4032: 4009: 3986: 3975: 3956: 3937: 3933: 3908: 3882: 3860: 3596: 3448: 3413: 3366: 3161: 3063: 2996: 2950: 2902: 2890: 2846: 2803: 2632: 2547: 2444: 2402: 2381: 2357: 2300: 2268: 2239: 2214: 2135: 2121: 2069: 2040: 2036: 1908: 1835: 1715: 1642: 1637:

fabric that more or less controls what kind of local morphology tectonics can shape.

1318: 1250: 964: 649: 617: 595: 529: 421: 308: 244: 208: 3647: 3559: 2090: 2017: 931:

around the turn of the 20th century, a group of mainly American natural scientists,

4834: 4824: 4780: 4701: 4671: 4597: 4582: 4492: 4333: 4301: 4191: 3896: 3826: 3812: 3804: 3787: 3760: 3723: 3684: 3635: 3547: 3491: 3425: 3405: 3388: 3225: 3153: 3104: 3051: 3008: 2988: 2942: 2882: 2834: 2795: 2698: 2620: 2260: 2113: 2005: 1957: 1945: 1870: 1766: 1722:

engineers are concerned with erosion and sediment transport, especially related to

1654: 1612: 1458: 1297: 1289: 1124: 956: 920: 891: 868: 861: 849: 751: 739: 688: 609: 514: 466: 387: 185: 3230: 3199: 37: 4721: 4523: 4497: 4444: 4195: 3982: 3852: 3362: 3144:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 135. Washington, DC. pp. 103–132. 3123:

Knighton, David. Fluvial forms and processes: a new perspective. Routledge, 2014.

3034:(2008). "Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems". 3031: 2575:"Geomorphology From Space: A Global Overview of Regional Landforms, Introduction" 2543: 1855: 1786: 1727: 1630: 1408: 1281: 1128:

geomorphology, the cycle of erosion model is a common approach used to establish

1055: 1051: 1012: 972: 840: 776: 700: 554: 470: 283: 200: 48:

at the foot of the North Caineville Plateau, Utah, within the pass carved by the

3134: 1047: 215:, and life on the surface of the Earth, along with chemical reactions that form 4768: 4716: 4650: 4612: 4607: 4559: 4439: 4182: 2624: 2288: 2264: 2094: 1865: 1811: 1731: 1569: 1541: 1533: 1450:. The debris transported by the glacier, when the glacier recedes, is termed a 1443: 1396: 1381: 1377: 1301: 1117: 1016: 1008: 883: 876: 711: 563: 502: 402: 232: 2702: 2117: 1470:

processes, which are directly driven by formation or melting of ice or frost.

1191:. Primary surface processes responsible for most topographic features include 4808: 4747: 4464: 4413: 4271: 4237: 4050: 3970: 3904: 3551: 3000: 2954: 2894: 2886: 2838: 2807: 2422: 1821: 1771: 1735: 1699: 1641:

can, in terms of minutes, submerge large areas of land forming new wetlands.

1447: 1359: 1292:, constitute a specific form of zoogeomorphology, a type of biogeomorphology. 1212: 784: 715: 632: 494: 383: 367: 72: 1973:"Feedbacks among climate, erosion, and tectonics in a critical wedge orogen" 1171:

Geomorphically relevant processes generally fall into (1) the production of

671:

were found to be preserved underground in the dry, northern climate zone of

4630: 4554: 4487: 4482: 4449: 4209: 4204: 4178: 3851: 3661:

Roering, Joshua J.; Kirchner, James W.; Dietrich, William E. (March 1999).

3496: 3469: 3417: 2971: 2778: 1971:

Roe, Gerard H.; Whipple, Kelin X.; Fletcher, Jennifer K. (September 2008).

1707: 1678: 1658: 1587:

may play important roles in setting the rates of some hillslope processes.

1565: 1549: 1510: 1400: 1204: 1164: 1152: 1090: 1075:

Particularly important realizations in contemporary geomorphology include:

988: 960: 764: 707: 641: 606: 592: 588: 574: 437: 433: 1552:

occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on

1004:) when a marked increase in quantitative geomorphology research occurred. 60: 4711: 4577: 4533: 4518: 4187: 4173: 3689: 3662: 1970: 1816: 1467: 1463: 1257:

and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the

1228: 1208: 1160: 1043: 1028: 992: 912: 801: 772: 735: 653: 486: 268: 264: 166: 162: 3409: 1576:

extremely important element of landscapes in tectonically active areas.

1419: 4691: 4666: 4645: 4622: 4549: 4454: 4242: 4222: 4217: 2009: 1761: 1756: 1743: 1703: 1638: 1584: 1482: 1404: 1313: 1262: 1244: 1200: 1176: 1094: 1024: 932: 797: 599: 525: 300: 287: 272: 220: 204: 122: 118: 4763: 4395: 3135:"Geomorphic Transport Laws for Predicting Landscape form and Dynamics" 3109: 3082: 2374:

Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine

1903:. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series (3rd ed.). 1478: 1000:, and received only few citations prior to 2000 (they are examples of 481: 181: 4737: 4592: 4459: 4251: 4247: 4127: 4005: 3922:

Ialenti, Vincent. "Envisioning Landscapes of Our Very Distant Future"

3817: 3808: 1904: 1826: 1682: 1580: 1545: 1506: 1333: 1309: 1224: 1220: 1144:

have praised it for its elegance and pedagogical value respectively.

1019:, laboratory studies, field measurements, theoretical work, and full 676: 665: 536: 521: 474: 441: 406: 347: 339: 276: 256: 130: 126: 3879:

Landscapes on the Edge: New Horizons for Research on Earth's Surface

3157: 3055: 1085:

2) that many geomorphic systems are best understood in terms of the

374:

form and change. Still others investigate the relationships between

4213: 4122: 2372:

Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002).

1738:, coastal environmental management, transport of contaminants, and 1600: 1596: 1529: 1490: 1373: 1369: 1266: 1172: 636: 613: 490: 291: 240: 219:

and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of

212: 134: 41: 3359:

Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins, From Turbulence to Tectonics

1690:) are particularly important as elements of marine geomorphology. 117:, 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of 4569: 4356: 4227: 2871:

Church, Michael (2010-06-01). "The trajectory of geomorphology".

1840: 1711: 1647: 1634: 1537: 1497: 1462:

nevertheless have been conditioned by past glaciation are termed

1451: 1427: 1353: 1337: 1216: 1180: 1093:

to landscapes, and that landscape properties are best considered

916: 793: 727: 703: 680: 657: 628: 429: 425: 375: 351: 343: 327: 304: 260: 252: 248: 247:

where the surface of the Earth drops and is filled with material

236: 228: 224: 154: 150: 138: 3021:

Gregory, KJ, 1985: "The Nature of Physical Geography", E. Arnold

1136:. While acknowledging its shortcomings, modern geomorphologists 738:

used it during the International Geological Conference of 1891.

4101: 3777: 2850: 2323:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. III, p. 23 1687: 1608: 1368:

Rivers and streams are not only conduits of water, but also of

1270: 768: 668: 624: 566: 497:" carved by flowing ice that once occupied this glacial valley. 311:. Topography can modify the local climate, for example through 3839:

Guilcher, A., 1958. Coastal and submarine morphology. Methuen.

3271:

Contemporary Meanings in Physical Geography: From What to Why?

2497:. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 301, 1–17. 398:, to quantify, study, and to generate illustrations and maps. 2533: 1723: 1616:

material is denser or less dense than the rock it displaces.

1561: 1553: 1258: 1239: 1156: 984: 691: 621: 558: 355: 350:

and understand their motions and effects upon the landscape.

331: 211:. Surface processes comprise the action of water, wind, ice, 196: 111: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 45: 2749: 2399:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

2354:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

2236:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

2211:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

4081:

Classification and Characterization of Planetary Landforms.

2993:

10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1250:LRTTFD>2.0.CO;2

2967: 2800:

10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1016:TGSOAB>2.3.CO;2

2609:; Lageat, Y. (1994). "Climatic geomorphology: a critique". 2578: 2421:, (Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012): 63-86. ISSN 2212-6821, p. 72. 1950:

10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0175:OSSIMB>2.0.CO;2

1604: 1557: 1525: 1345: 1254: 1196: 1192: 645: 371: 335: 216: 4325: 3977:

Earth's changing surface: an introduction to geomorphology

3640:

10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3059:PSACOF]2.0.CO;2

1317:

understanding the geomorphology of other planets, such as

915:, southern Africa. This landscape, with its high altitude 780:

to their lack of predictive power and qualitative nature.

4079:

Hargitai H., Page D., Canon-Tapia E. and Rodrigue C.M..;

3132: 1431: 983:

began to research the form of landscape elements such as

898: 4025:

Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes

3513:"Rates of erosion and their implications for exhumation" 2921:"Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens" 2721:

Thomas, Michael F. (2004). "Tropical geomorphology". In

2356:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, pp. 6–8. 2213:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, pp. 8–9. 1899:

Huggett, Richard John (2011). "What Is Geomorphology?".

726:

The term geomorphology seems to have been first used by

3740: 3660: 2511:

Ritter, Dale F., R. Craig Kochel, and Jerry R. Miller.

1927: 1296:

The interaction of living organisms with landforms, or

1227:. Other more exotic geomorphic processes might include 4113:

The Geographical Cycle, or the Cycle of Erosion (1899)

3284:

Jones, David K.C. (2004). "Denudation chronology". In

755:

model of broad-scale landscape evolution developed by

3703: 2401:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 6. 2257:

Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam

2238:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 9. 2230: 2228: 2226: 1132:, and is thus an important concept in the science of 605:

Another early theory of geomorphology was devised by

2601: 2599: 2346: 2321:

Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections

2203: 759:

between 1884 and 1899. It was an elaboration of the

453:

to aid in their study of surfaces of other planets.

3927: 3250:Slaymaker, Olav (2004). "Geomorphic evolution". In 145:. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as 3974: 2391: 2223: 2107: 648:, after observing strange natural erosions of the 64:Surface of Earth, showing higher elevations in red 3855:; Stanley Alfred Schumm; David E. Sugden (1985). 2596: 2108:Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos, eds. (2015). 706:(284–364) created a fictional dialogue where the 660:. Furthermore, he promoted the theory of gradual 4806: 4022: 3194: 3036:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 1308:, to the influence of mechanical processes like 882:Climatic geomorphology was criticized in a 1969 532:, and estimated its age. In the 4th century BC, 401:Practical applications of geomorphology include 2495:History of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology 796:, and in particular to the specific effects of 687:also presented ideas about changing landforms. 3586: 3385: 3214:Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography 1120:have led to a renewed interest in the field. 342:features, to build chronologies of both small 4341: 4143: 3707:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2926:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2716: 2714: 2712: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2605: 2474: 1069: 998:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 721: 3881:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 3302: 3245: 3243: 3241: 1693: 598:(1494–1555) wrote about erosion and natural 192:lead to structural failure in exposed rocks. 3950: 3615: 3024: 2752:"Memorial to Stanley A. Schumm (1927–2011)" 2196:Bierman, Paul R., and David R. Montgomery. 2150:"International Conference of Geomorphology" 2030: 1792:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography 1579:On the Earth, biological processes such as 1265:and a large supply of fine, unconsolidated 524:argued from observations of soils that the 231:. Geologic processes include the uplift of 4348: 4334: 4150: 4136: 4064:Ritter, D.F.; Kochel, R.C.; Miller, J.R.. 3928:Kondolf, G. Mathias; Hervé Piégay (2003). 3180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3076: 2914: 2912: 2709: 2639: 2423:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002 2255:Salam, Abdus (1987). "Islam and Science". 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 1446:. Abrasion produces fine sediment, termed 1023:. These approaches are used to understand 745:An early popular geomorphic model was the 129:. Geomorphologists seek to understand why 3816: 3688: 3589:Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms 3541: 3495: 3249: 3238: 3229: 3188: 3108: 2820: 2507: 2505: 2503: 1999: 1746:therefore is important in geomorphology. 1112:Albeit having its importance diminished, 828: 631:of a mountain hundreds of miles from the 3999: 3467: 3438: 2775: 2166: 1496: 1477: 1418: 1328: 1280: 1238: 1151: 902: 508: 480: 460: 290:of these high uplifted regions produces 180: 59: 36: 4023:Anderson, R.S.; Anderson, S.P. (2011). 3895: 3510: 2918: 2909: 2434: 2287: 2179: 2088: 1898: 1466:processes. This concept contrasts with 1276: 1187:of that material, and (3) its eventual 1007:Quantitative geomorphology can involve 763:theory that had first been proposed by 14: 4807: 4157: 3728:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141314 3619:Geological Society of America Bulletin 3356: 3334: 3328: 2947:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356 2870: 2720: 2678: 2672: 2656: 2518: 2500: 1473: 899:Quantitative and process geomorphology 644:of the mountains and by deposition of 550:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 4329: 4131: 4002:Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology 3969: 3587:Bennett, M.R.; Glasser, N.F. (1996). 3296: 3283: 3277: 3030: 2660:(2004). "Climatic geomorphology". In 2572: 2419:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures 2331: 2329: 2254: 2152:. Europa Organization. Archived from 2059: 1619: 4308: 3262: 2463: 1590: 1414: 1324: 1234: 1123:Despite considerable criticism, the 710:explained that the territory of the 664:over centuries of time once ancient 323:, mediated by geomorphic processes. 133:look the way they do, to understand 4787: 3744:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3468:Strahler, A. N. (1 November 1950). 2441:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2200:. Macmillan Higher Education, 2014. 2112:. New York, NY: Springer New York. 2110:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms 2091:"What is Digital Terrain Analysis?" 1861:Soils retrogression and degradation 1672: 24: 3845: 2326: 2167:Patowary, Kaushik (16 July 2014). 2097:Department of Geography, New York. 1846:Physiographic regions of the world 1548:, flows, topples, and falls. Such 1536:move downslope under the force of 25: 4866: 4123:British Society for Geomorphology 4094: 4068:. London: Waveland Pr Inc, 2011. 3924:NPR Cosmos & Culture. 9/2014. 3316:(in Swedish). Cydonia Development 2763:The Geological Society of America 1777:British Society for Geomorphology 816:", and therefore synonymous with 4786: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4394: 4307: 4295: 4284: 4283: 4270: 4100: 4045:Bierman, P.R.; Montgomery, D.R. 3511:Burbank, D. W. (February 2002). 2919:Whipple, Kelin X. (2004-04-21). 2821:Goldstein, Evan B (2017-04-17). 2437:A short history of geomorphology 1831:behavioral modeling in hydrology 465:"Cono de Arita" at the dry lake 30:For the scientific journal, see 4118:Geomorphology from Space (NASA) 3951:Scheidegger, Adrian E. (2004). 3833: 3771: 3734: 3697: 3654: 3609: 3580: 3504: 3461: 3432: 3379: 3350: 3338:(2004). "Cycle of erosion". In 3268: 3126: 3117: 3070: 3015: 2961: 2864: 2814: 2769: 2743: 2733: 2682:Journal of Geological Education 2566: 2527: 2467:The Scientific Study of Scenery 2457: 2428: 2411: 2366: 2313: 2281: 2248: 2160: 1797:Drainage system (geomorphology) 1423:Features of a glacial landscape 1253:pertain to the activity of the 616:(1031–1095). This was based on 3930:Tools in fluvial geomorphology 2874:Progress in Physical Geography 2827:Progress in Physical Geography 2612:Progress in Physical Geography 2536:"Landforms & Physiography" 2142: 2101: 2082: 2053: 2024: 1964: 1921: 1892: 1883: 528:was actively growing into the 485:Lake "Veľké Hincovo pleso" in 13: 1: 4047:Key Concepts in Geomorphology 3765:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00065-0 3441:Fluvial Forms & Processes 3344:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 3290:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 3256:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 3231:10.1080/04353676.2019.1702809 2727:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 2666:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 2198:Key Concepts in Geomorphology 1901:Fundamentals Of Geomorphology 1877: 27:Scientific study of landforms 2515:. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1995. 2169:"Cono de Arita in Argentina" 2089:Messina, Paul (2 May 1997). 1515:California State Highway 140 1147: 1058:). This developed into "the 1021:landscape evolution modeling 767:(1726–1797). With regard to 714:was once a land filled with 364:migrate across the landscape 112: 98: 84: 52:and known as the Blue Gate. 7: 4419:Geological history of Earth 4355: 3475:American Journal of Science 3142:Prediction in Geomorphology 1980:American Journal of Science 1749: 1517:, a primary access road to 1298:biogeomorphologic processes 886:by process geomorphologist 417:, and coastal protection. 286:due to geologic processes. 176: 10: 4871: 4392: 4029:Cambridge University Press 2625:10.1177/030913339401800302 2435:Tinkler, Keith J. (1985). 2397:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 2378:Singapore University Press 2352:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 2341:Cambridge University Press 2297:Cambridge University Press 2265:10.1142/9789814503204_0018 2234:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 2209:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 2066:Cambridge University Press 2031:Summerfield, M.A. (1991). 1623: 1357: 1351: 1070:Contemporary geomorphology 1054:), and coastal processes ( 832: 722:Early modern geomorphology 675:, which is now modern day 456: 354:geomorphologists focus on 105: 91: 77: 29: 4756: 4730: 4659: 4621: 4568: 4542: 4506: 4473: 4433:Composition and structure 4432: 4404: 4386:Index of geology articles 4363: 4279: 4268: 4165: 3310:[Erosion cycle]. 2703:10.5408/0022-1368-XIX.1.3 2573:Baker, Victor R. (1986). 2335:Needham, Joseph. (1959). 2118:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3 1694:Overlap with other fields 1344:region on the surface of 517:. In the 5th century BC, 3668:Water Resources Research 3552:10.1180/0026461026610014 3088:Water Resources Research 2887:10.1177/0309133310363992 2839:10.1177/0309133317703093 1782:Coastal biogeomorphology 1243:Wind-eroded alcove near 996:studies appeared in the 612:scientist and statesman 493:. The lake occupies an " 313:orographic precipitation 294:that is transported and 171:geotechnical engineering 3757:2000E&PSL.178...29C 3304:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna 3196:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna 1130:denudation chronologies 32:Geomorphology (journal) 3521:Mineralogical Magazine 3497:10.2475/ajs.248.11.800 2546:. pp. 3979–3980. 2319:Sivin, Nathan (1995). 1522: 1519:Yosemite National Park 1494: 1485:on the north shore of 1424: 1349: 1304:processes controlling 1293: 1247: 1168: 1142:Karna Lidmar-Bergström 1114:climatic geomorphology 1103:Karna Lidmar-Bergström 1046:), fluvial transport ( 1029:the formation of soils 924: 892:Davisian geomorphology 869:Davisian geomorphology 835:Climatic geomorphology 829:Climatic geomorphology 498: 478: 392:digital terrain models 193: 65: 57: 4682:Environmental geology 4066:Process Geomorphology 4000:Charlton, Ro (2008). 3593:John Wiley & Sons 3439:Knighton, D. (1998). 2729:. pp. 1063–1069. 2513:Process geomorphology 2470:. Methuen. p. v. 1626:Erosion and tectonics 1500: 1481: 1434:down a valley causes 1422: 1332: 1284: 1242: 1155: 1050:), delta deposition ( 906: 833:Further information: 822:physiographic regions 509:Ancient geomorphology 484: 464: 413:), river control and 184: 63: 40: 4830:Geological processes 4641:Planetary geophysics 4109:at Wikimedia Commons 3955:. Berlin: Springer. 3690:10.1029/1998WR900090 3313:Nationalencyklopedin 2259:. pp. 179–213. 2062:Cosmogenic Nucleides 2060:Dunai, T.J. (2010). 2033:Global Geomorphology 1277:Biological processes 1201:chemical dissolution 949:Hans Albert Einstein 941:William Walden Rubey 858:William Morris Davis 757:William Morris Davis 577:once covered all of 571:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 405:assessment (such as 319:between climate and 4743:Petroleum geologist 4707:Forensic geophysics 4677:Engineering geology 4424:Timeline of geology 4376:Glossary of geology 4170:Atmospheric science 3971:Selby, Michael John 3859:. London: Methuen. 3853:Chorley, Richard J. 3801:1996Natur.379..785S 3720:2003AREPS..31..249G 3681:1999WRR....35..853R 3632:1972GSAB...83.3059C 3534:2002MinM...66...25B 3488:1950AmJS..248..800S 3410:10.1038/nature04452 3402:2006Natur.439..411D 3357:Leeder, M. (1999). 3346:. pp. 223–224. 3292:. pp. 244–248. 3258:. pp. 420–422. 3222:2020GeAnA.102....1L 3205:Geografiska Annaler 3150:2003GMS...135..103D 3101:1997WRR....33.2849B 3048:2008GSLSP.296....7A 2985:2000GSAB..112.1250S 2939:2004AREPS..32..151W 2792:1988GSAB..100.1016M 2695:1971JGeoE..19....3F 2668:. pp. 162–164. 2464:Marr, J.E. (1900). 1992:2008AmJS..308..815R 1942:2002Geo....30..175W 1827:Hydrologic modeling 1653:Features of deeper 1511:Merced River canyon 1474:Hillslope processes 1306:chemical weathering 1091:chaotic determinism 1002:"sleeping beauties" 945:Ralph Alger Bagnold 937:hydraulic engineers 696:Western Jin dynasty 683:province. Previous 584:De Natura Fossilium 223:under the force of 159:engineering geology 4840:Physical geography 4769:Geology portal 4697:Geologic modelling 4636:Geophysical survey 4588:Geodetic astronomy 4514:Structural geology 4475:Historical geology 4406:History of geology 4381:History of geology 4371:Outline of geology 4262:Quaternary science 4159:Physical geography 3595:Ltd. p. 364. 2010:10.2475/07.2008.01 1851:Sediment transport 1807:Geologic modelling 1802:Erosion prediction 1740:stream restoration 1710:and environmental 1667:dynamic topography 1620:Tectonic processes 1523: 1495: 1442:of the underlying 1425: 1364:Sediment transport 1350: 1294: 1248: 1169: 1134:historical geology 1107:regional geography 1064:Physical Geography 1033:sediment transport 929:Grove Karl Gilbert 925: 879:cycle of erosion. 873:continental Europe 839:During the age of 818:physical geography 747:geographical cycle 732:John Wesley Powell 629:geological stratum 544:sediment transport 499: 479: 473:, in northwestern 415:stream restoration 390:, remotely sensed 360:transport sediment 245:sedimentary basins 194: 147:physical geography 143:numerical modeling 66: 58: 4845:Planetary science 4802: 4801: 4687:Planetary geology 4603:Planetary geodesy 4323: 4322: 4257:Landscape ecology 4201:Coastal geography 4105:Media related to 4089:978-1-4614-3133-6 4015:978-0-415-33454-9 3992:978-0-19-823252-0 3962:978-3-540-20017-8 3943:978-0-471-49142-2 3914:978-0-7148-4451-0 3897:Edmaier, Bernhard 3888:978-0-309-14024-9 3866:978-0-416-32590-4 3795:(6568): 785–790. 3626:(10): 3059–3072. 3396:(7075): 411–418. 3363:Blackwell Science 3110:10.1029/97WR02388 3095:(12): 2849–2863. 3081:(December 1997). 2274:978-9971-5-0315-4 2173:amusingplanet.com 2127:978-1-4614-3133-6 2075:978-0-521-87380-2 1914:978-0-203-86008-3 1836:List of landforms 1657:dynamics such as 1643:Isostatic rebound 1591:Igneous processes 1415:Glacial processes 1325:Fluvial processes 1288:, as this one in 1251:Aeolian processes 1235:Aeolian processes 761:uniformitarianism 694:(222–285) of the 650:Taihang Mountains 596:Georgius Agricola 534:Greek philosopher 530:Mediterranean Sea 340:glacial erosional 334:, and proglacial 309:flexural isostasy 209:coastal geography 16:(Redirected from 4862: 4790: 4789: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4702:Forensic geology 4672:Economic geology 4598:Gravity of Earth 4493:Paleoclimatology 4398: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4327: 4326: 4311: 4310: 4299: 4287: 4286: 4274: 4192:Paleoclimatology 4152: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4104: 4042: 4019: 3996: 3980: 3966: 3947: 3918: 3892: 3870: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3809:10.1038/379785a0 3784: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3562:. Archived from 3545: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3139: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3032:Allen, Philip A. 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2979:(8): 1250–1263. 2965: 2959: 2958: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2849:. Archived from 2818: 2812: 2811: 2786:(7): 1016–1022. 2773: 2767: 2766: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2718: 2707: 2706: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2654: 2637: 2636: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2581:. Archived from 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2498: 2491: 2472: 2471: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2432: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2395: 2389: 2370: 2364: 2350: 2344: 2333: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2252: 2246: 2232: 2221: 2207: 2201: 2194: 2177: 2176: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2003: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1871:Thermochronology 1767:Biogeomorphology 1673:Marine processes 1459:Plio-Pleistocene 1409:fluvial terraces 1290:Tierra del Fuego 1125:cycle of erosion 921:cycle of erosion 909:Great Escarpment 862:cycle of erosion 854:Andreas Schimper 850:Vasily Dokuchaev 752:cycle of erosion 740:John Edward Marr 701:Daoist alchemist 689:Scholar-official 654:Yandang Mountain 587:of 1546, German 515:Classical Greece 467:Salar de Arizaro 388:differential GPS 368:cut into bedrock 235:, the growth of 207:, and shape the 115: 108: 107: 101: 94: 93: 87: 80: 79: 21: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4761: 4752: 4726: 4722:Mineral physics 4655: 4617: 4564: 4538: 4524:Plate tectonics 4502: 4498:Palaeogeography 4469: 4445:Crystallography 4428: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4359: 4354: 4324: 4319: 4275: 4266: 4196:Palaeogeography 4161: 4156: 4097: 4039: 4016: 3993: 3983:Clarendon Press 3963: 3953:Morphotectonics 3944: 3915: 3889: 3867: 3848: 3846:Further reading 3843: 3838: 3834: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3739: 3735: 3702: 3698: 3659: 3655: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3543:10.1.1.518.6023 3515: 3509: 3505: 3482:(11): 800–814. 3466: 3462: 3455: 3447:. p. 383. 3437: 3433: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365:. p. 592. 3355: 3351: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3308:"erosionscykel" 3301: 3297: 3282: 3278: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3239: 3193: 3189: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158:10.1029/135GM09 3137: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3075: 3071: 3056:10.1144/SP296.2 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 2966: 2962: 2917: 2910: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2819: 2815: 2774: 2770: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2719: 2710: 2677: 2673: 2655: 2640: 2604: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2544:Wiley-Blackwell 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2433: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2371: 2367: 2351: 2347: 2334: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2299:. p. 604. 2289:Needham, Joseph 2286: 2282: 2275: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2224: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2180: 2165: 2161: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2128: 2106: 2102: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2068:. p. 187. 2058: 2054: 2047: 2039:. p. 537. 2029: 2025: 2001:10.1.1.598.4768 1975: 1969: 1965: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1856:Soil morphology 1787:Coastal erosion 1752: 1732:natural hazards 1728:slope stability 1708:soil scientists 1696: 1675: 1628: 1622: 1599:(eruptive) and 1593: 1476: 1417: 1393:drainage system 1366: 1356: 1327: 1279: 1237: 1150: 1072: 1056:John O. Norrman 1052:Valter Axelsson 1040:Filip Hjulström 1013:solid mechanics 973:Arthur Strahler 901: 846:Wladimir Köppen 841:New Imperialism 837: 831: 777:tectonic uplift 724: 685:Chinese authors 618:his observation 519:Greek historian 511: 471:Atacama Plateau 459: 451:Earth analogues 409:prediction and 233:mountain ranges 201:tectonic uplift 190:water chemistry 179: 127:Earth's surface 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Geomorphologist 15: 12: 11: 5: 4868: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4820:Earth sciences 4817: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4717:Mining geology 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4651:Tectonophysics 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4613:Geopositioning 4610: 4608:Remote sensing 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4560:Marine geology 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Cosmochemistry 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4207: 4198: 4185: 4183:Phytogeography 4176: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4096: 4095:External links 4093: 4092: 4091: 4077: 4062: 4043: 4038:978-0521519786 4037: 4020: 4014: 3997: 3991: 3967: 3961: 3948: 3942: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3893: 3887: 3871: 3865: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3832: 3770: 3751:(1–2): 29–38. 3733: 3714:(1): 249–273. 3696: 3675:(3): 853–870. 3653: 3608: 3601: 3579: 3503: 3460: 3453: 3431: 3378: 3371: 3349: 3327: 3295: 3276: 3261: 3237: 3187: 3167:978-1118668559 3166: 3125: 3116: 3069: 3023: 3014: 2960: 2933:(1): 151–185. 2908: 2881:(3): 265–286. 2863: 2833:(3): 363–368. 2813: 2768: 2742: 2732: 2708: 2671: 2638: 2619:(3): 319–334. 2595: 2565: 2553:978-0470659632 2552: 2526: 2517: 2499: 2473: 2456: 2450:978-0389205449 2449: 2427: 2410: 2390: 2365: 2345: 2343:. pp. 603–618. 2325: 2312: 2305: 2280: 2273: 2247: 2222: 2202: 2178: 2159: 2156:on 2013-03-17. 2141: 2126: 2100: 2095:Hunter College 2081: 2074: 2052: 2045: 2023: 1986:(7): 815–842. 1963: 1936:(2): 175–178. 1920: 1913: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1866:Stream capture 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1812:Geomorphometry 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1695: 1692: 1681:and submarine 1674: 1671: 1648:orogenic belts 1621: 1618: 1592: 1589: 1503:Ferguson Slide 1475: 1472: 1416: 1413: 1397:drainage basin 1382:dissolved load 1378:suspended load 1352:Main article: 1326: 1323: 1302:biogeochemical 1278: 1275: 1236: 1233: 1217:glacial action 1163:into bedrock, 1149: 1146: 1118:global warming 1099: 1098: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1068: 1017:geomorphometry 1009:fluid dynamics 977:Stanley Schumm 969:Thomas Maddock 900: 897: 884:review article 830: 827: 783:In the 1920s, 723: 720: 716:mulberry trees 712:East China Sea 662:climate change 510: 507: 503:earth sciences 458: 455: 396:laser scanning 178: 175: 103:, 'form'; and 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4867: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:Geomorphology 4813: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4794: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4749: 4748:Volcanologist 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583:Earth's orbit 4581: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4529:Geomorphology 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507:Dynamic Earth 4505: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4465:Sedimentology 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414:Geochronology 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Geostatistics 4236: 4234: 4233:Geomorphology 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107:Geomorphology 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051:W. H. Freeman 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4027:. Cambridge: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3905:Phaidon Press 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3857:Geomorphology 3854: 3850: 3849: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3604: 3602:0-471-96345-3 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3569:on 2013-03-15 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3454:0-340-66313-8 3450: 3446: 3445:Hodder Arnold 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3372:0-632-04976-6 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3079:Dunne, Thomas 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2853:on 2020-08-07 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607:Twidale, C.R. 2602: 2600: 2585:on 2008-03-15 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2443:. p. 4. 2442: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2407:9781615305445 2404: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2386:9971-69-259-7 2383: 2379: 2376:. Singapore: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2362:9781615305445 2359: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2330: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2306:9780521058018 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2245: 2244:9781615305445 2241: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2219:9781615305445 2216: 2212: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2046:9780582301566 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1916: 1910: 1907:. p. 3. 1906: 1902: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772:Biorhexistasy 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:water quality 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:environmental 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:sedimentology 1691: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505:is an active 1504: 1499: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448:glacial flour 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:alluvial fans 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1340:dunes in the 1339: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:surface water 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1138:Andrew Goudie 1135: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1101:According to 1096: 1095:statistically 1092: 1088: 1087:stochasticity 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Ronald Shreve 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 896: 893: 889: 888:D.R. Stoddart 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 836: 826: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 803: 799: 795: 789: 786: 785:Walther Penck 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 719: 717: 713: 709: 708:immortal Magu 705: 702: 697: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 634: 633:Pacific Ocean 630: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 608: 603: 601: 597: 594: 590: 586: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 565: 560: 556: 553:published in 552: 551: 545: 541: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 520: 516: 506: 504: 496: 495:overdeepening 492: 488: 483: 476: 472: 468: 463: 454: 452: 447: 443: 439: 438:meteor impact 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384:geochronology 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338:, as well as 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 191: 187: 183: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 114: 102: 100: 88: 86: 74: 73:Ancient Greek 70: 69:Geomorphology 62: 55: 51: 50:Fremont River 47: 44:incised into 43: 39: 33: 19: 4791: 4779: 4760: 4660:Applications 4631:Geomagnetism 4555:Hydrogeology 4528: 4488:Paleontology 4483:Stratigraphy 4450:Geochemistry 4312: 4300: 4288: 4232: 4210:Soil science 4205:Oceanography 4179:Biogeography 4080: 4065: 4049:. New York: 4046: 4024: 4001: 3976: 3952: 3932:. New York: 3929: 3900: 3878: 3856: 3835: 3792: 3786: 3773: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3672: 3666: 3656: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3588: 3582: 3571:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3528:(1): 25–52. 3525: 3519: 3506: 3479: 3473: 3463: 3440: 3434: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3358: 3352: 3343: 3340:Goudie, A.S. 3336:Goudie, A.S. 3330: 3318:. Retrieved 3311: 3298: 3289: 3286:Goudie, A.S. 3279: 3273:. p. 5. 3270: 3269:Roy, Andre. 3264: 3255: 3252:Goudie, A.S. 3209: 3203: 3190: 3141: 3128: 3119: 3092: 3086: 3077:Benda, Lee; 3072: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3017: 2976: 2972:GSA Bulletin 2970: 2963: 2930: 2924: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2855:. Retrieved 2851:the original 2830: 2826: 2816: 2783: 2779:GSA Bulletin 2777: 2771: 2758: 2745: 2735: 2726: 2723:Goudie, A.S. 2686: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2662:Goudie, A.S. 2658:Goudie, A.S. 2616: 2610: 2587:. Retrieved 2583:the original 2568: 2557:. Retrieved 2539: 2529: 2520: 2512: 2494: 2466: 2459: 2436: 2430: 2418: 2413: 2398: 2393: 2373: 2368: 2353: 2348: 2336: 2320: 2315: 2292: 2283: 2256: 2250: 2235: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2172: 2162: 2154:the original 2144: 2109: 2103: 2084: 2061: 2055: 2032: 2026: 1983: 1979: 1966: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1900: 1894: 1885: 1697: 1679:Mass wasting 1676: 1663:delamination 1652: 1629: 1611:, releasing 1594: 1578: 1574: 1550:mass wasting 1524: 1456: 1426: 1390: 1367: 1342:Hellespontus 1295: 1249: 1205:mass wasting 1170: 1165:Nanga Parbat 1122: 1111: 1100: 1073: 1048:Åke Sundborg 1037: 1006: 961:Luna Leopold 953:Frank Ahnert 926: 907:Part of the 881: 865: 838: 813: 812:cal" and "ge 809: 807: 790: 782: 773:side valleys 765:James Hutton 750: 746: 744: 725: 672: 642:soil erosion 627:shells in a 607:Song dynasty 604: 593:mineralogist 589:metallurgist 582: 575:Indian Ocean 548: 542:that due to 512: 500: 434:mass wasting 419: 400: 380: 325: 281: 195: 110: 96: 82: 68: 67: 4731:Occupations 4712:Meteoritics 4578:Cartography 4534:Volcanology 4519:Geodynamics 4188:Climatology 4174:Meteorology 3042:(1): 7–28. 2689:(1): 3–13. 1817:Geotechnics 1683:landsliding 1639:Earthquakes 1613:pyroclastic 1483:Talus cones 1468:periglacial 1464:paraglacial 1405:oxbow lakes 1286:Beaver dams 1229:periglacial 1209:groundwater 1161:Indus River 1159:cut by the 1044:Anders Rapp 913:Drakensberg 877:periglacial 802:periglacial 736:W. J. McGee 635:. Noticing 487:High Tatras 358:, how they 269:hydrosphere 265:lithosphere 167:climatology 163:archaeology 123:bathymetric 119:topographic 89:, 'earth'; 4855:Topography 4850:Seismology 4809:Categories 4692:Geobiology 4667:Biogeology 4646:Seismology 4623:Geophysics 4550:Glaciology 4455:Mineralogy 4243:Glaciology 4223:Geobiology 4218:Edaphology 4074:1577666690 4059:1429238607 4004:. London: 3981:. Oxford: 3903:. London: 3573:2012-09-29 2857:2019-01-19 2589:2007-12-19 2559:2019-09-06 1878:References 1822:Hack's law 1762:Biogeology 1757:Bioerosion 1744:glaciology 1704:Weathering 1624:See also: 1585:tree throw 1360:Hack's law 1358:See also: 1314:tree throw 1263:vegetation 1245:Moab, Utah 1211:movement, 1189:deposition 1183:, (2) the 1177:weathering 1062:School of 1038:In Sweden 1025:weathering 989:hillslopes 965:A. Shields 939:including 933:geologists 798:glaciation 600:weathering 540:speculated 526:Nile delta 411:mitigation 372:hillslopes 348:ice sheets 346:and large 301:subsidence 288:Denudation 273:atmosphere 257:hydrologic 221:topography 205:subsidence 131:landscapes 54:GK Gilbert 4738:Geologist 4593:Geomatics 4460:Petrology 4364:Overviews 4252:Limnology 4248:Hydrology 4006:Routledge 3901:Earthsong 3818:1813/5287 3538:CiteSeerX 3176:cite book 3064:128396744 3001:0016-7606 2955:0084-6597 2903:140160085 2895:0309-1333 2847:132521098 2808:0016-7606 2759:Memorials 2633:129518705 2380:. p. 15. 2136:132406061 1996:CiteSeerX 1905:Routledge 1581:burrowing 1507:landslide 1487:Isfjorden 1386:discharge 1310:burrowing 1267:sediments 1225:volcanism 1221:tectonism 1185:transport 1148:Processes 957:John Hack 666:petrified 581:. In his 537:Aristotle 522:Herodotus 475:Argentina 442:tectonics 407:landslide 321:tectonics 317:feedbacks 296:deposited 277:biosphere 267:with its 241:isostatic 237:volcanoes 4290:Category 4214:Pedology 4053:, 2013. 3973:(1985). 3899:(2004). 3877:(2010). 3648:56240248 3560:14114154 3418:16437104 3320:June 22, 3216:: 1–11. 3198:(2020). 2291:(1959). 2018:13802645 1750:See also 1712:chemists 1631:Tectonic 1601:plutonic 1597:volcanic 1530:regolith 1491:Svalbard 1440:plucking 1436:abrasion 1428:Glaciers 1374:bed load 1370:sediment 1173:regolith 652:and the 614:Shen Kuo 569:scholar 491:Slovakia 446:volcanic 344:glaciers 328:moraines 292:sediment 284:uplifted 261:biologic 253:climatic 213:wildfire 177:Overview 135:landform 42:Badlands 4835:Gravity 4825:Geology 4793:Geology 4781:Geology 4570:Geodesy 4357:Geology 4314:Commons 4228:Geology 3827:4332684 3797:Bibcode 3753:Bibcode 3716:Bibcode 3677:Bibcode 3628:Bibcode 3530:Bibcode 3484:Bibcode 3426:4417041 3398:Bibcode 3342:(ed.). 3288:(ed.). 3254:(ed.). 3218:Bibcode 3146:Bibcode 3097:Bibcode 3044:Bibcode 3009:5844478 2981:Bibcode 2935:Bibcode 2788:Bibcode 2725:(ed.). 2691:Bibcode 2664:(ed.). 2037:Pearson 1988:Bibcode 1958:8571776 1938:Bibcode 1930:Geology 1841:Orogeny 1635:bedrock 1570:Iapetus 1538:gravity 1509:in the 1452:moraine 1354:Fluvial 1338:barchan 1271:deserts 1181:erosion 1080:nature. 1060:Uppsala 993:scaling 917:plateau 911:in the 866:against 814:ography 794:climate 728:Laumann 704:Ge Hong 681:Shaanxi 673:Yanzhou 669:bamboos 658:Wenzhou 637:bivalve 610:Chinese 564:Persian 469:on the 457:History 430:glacial 426:fluvial 376:ecology 352:Fluvial 305:erosion 229:climate 225:gravity 155:geodesy 151:geology 139:terrain 4302:Portal 4087: 4072: 4057: 4035: 4012: 3989: 3959: 3940: 3911: 3885: 3863: 3825: 3788:Nature 3646: 3599: 3558: 3540: 3451: 3424: 3416: 3389:Nature 3369: 3164: 3062: 3007: 2999: 2953: 2901: 2893: 2845: 2806: 2631: 2550: 2447: 2405: 2384: 2360: 2303: 2271: 2242: 2217: 2134: 2124: 2072: 2043: 2016: 1998: 1956: 1911: 1724:canals 1688:deltas 1659:plumes 1655:mantle 1609:tephra 1546:slides 1532:, and 1407:, and 1223:, and 1215:flow, 985:rivers 979:, and 895:true. 769:valley 677:Yan'an 625:fossil 622:marine 567:Muslim 555:Arabic 403:hazard 356:rivers 332:eskers 275:, and 259:, and 249:eroded 169:, and 99:morphḗ 71:(from 4543:Water 3934:Wiley 3823:S2CID 3783:(PDF) 3644:S2CID 3567:(PDF) 3556:S2CID 3516:(PDF) 3422:S2CID 3212:(1). 3138:(PDF) 3060:S2CID 3005:S2CID 2899:S2CID 2843:S2CID 2755:(PDF) 2740:1–66. 2629:S2CID 2132:S2CID 2014:S2CID 1976:(PDF) 1954:S2CID 1730:(and 1716:Civil 1595:Both 1566:Titan 1562:Venus 1554:Earth 1542:creep 1259:Earth 1255:winds 1197:waves 1157:Gorge 810:physi 692:Du Yu 656:near 579:India 559:Basra 336:lakes 217:soils 197:Earth 186:Waves 113:lógos 106:λόγος 92:μορφή 46:shale 4085:ISBN 4070:ISBN 4055:ISBN 4033:ISBN 4010:ISBN 3987:ISBN 3957:ISBN 3938:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3883:ISBN 3861:ISBN 3597:ISBN 3449:ISBN 3414:PMID 3367:ISBN 3322:2016 3182:link 3162:ISBN 2997:ISSN 2951:ISSN 2891:ISSN 2804:ISSN 2579:NASA 2548:ISBN 2445:ISBN 2403:ISBN 2382:ISBN 2358:ISBN 2301:ISBN 2269:ISBN 2240:ISBN 2215:ISBN 2122:ISBN 2070:ISBN 2041:ISBN 1909:ISBN 1718:and 1661:and 1607:and 1605:lava 1568:and 1558:Mars 1540:via 1534:rock 1526:Soil 1501:The 1444:rock 1438:and 1362:and 1346:Mars 1336:and 1334:Seif 1319:Mars 1312:and 1193:wind 1179:and 1140:and 1027:and 1011:and 987:and 935:and 852:and 800:and 734:and 646:silt 591:and 444:and 422:wind 394:and 303:and 203:and 188:and 137:and 121:and 3813:hdl 3805:doi 3793:379 3761:doi 3749:178 3724:doi 3685:doi 3636:doi 3548:doi 3492:doi 3480:248 3406:doi 3394:439 3226:doi 3210:102 3154:doi 3105:doi 3052:doi 3040:296 2989:doi 2977:112 2943:doi 2883:doi 2835:doi 2796:doi 2784:100 2699:doi 2621:doi 2261:doi 2114:doi 2006:doi 1984:308 1946:doi 1734:), 1583:or 1513:on 1432:ice 1380:or 1175:by 1066:". 749:or 620:of 557:at 4811:: 4250:/ 4216:/ 4212:/ 4203:/ 4194:/ 4190:/ 4181:/ 4172:/ 4031:. 4008:. 3985:. 3936:. 3907:. 3821:. 3811:. 3803:. 3791:. 3785:. 3759:. 3747:. 3722:. 3712:31 3710:. 3683:. 3673:35 3671:. 3665:. 3642:. 3634:. 3624:83 3622:. 3591:. 3554:. 3546:. 3536:. 3526:66 3524:. 3518:. 3490:. 3478:. 3472:. 3443:. 3420:. 3412:. 3404:. 3392:. 3361:. 3306:. 3240:^ 3224:. 3208:. 3202:. 3178:}} 3174:{{ 3160:. 3152:. 3140:. 3103:. 3093:33 3091:. 3085:. 3058:. 3050:. 3038:. 3003:. 2995:. 2987:. 2975:. 2949:. 2941:. 2931:32 2929:. 2923:. 2911:^ 2897:. 2889:. 2879:34 2877:. 2841:. 2831:41 2829:. 2825:. 2802:. 2794:. 2782:. 2761:. 2757:. 2711:^ 2697:. 2687:19 2685:. 2641:^ 2627:. 2617:18 2615:. 2598:^ 2577:. 2542:. 2538:. 2502:^ 2476:^ 2439:. 2339:. 2328:^ 2295:. 2267:. 2225:^ 2181:^ 2171:. 2130:. 2120:. 2093:. 2064:. 2035:. 2012:. 2004:. 1994:. 1982:. 1978:. 1952:. 1944:. 1934:30 1932:. 1829:, 1726:, 1702:. 1572:. 1564:, 1560:, 1556:, 1544:, 1528:, 1489:, 1411:. 1403:, 1376:, 1321:. 1273:. 1219:, 1207:, 1203:, 1199:, 1195:, 1105:, 1031:, 1015:, 975:, 971:, 967:, 963:, 959:, 955:, 951:, 947:, 943:, 856:. 848:, 718:. 679:, 602:. 489:, 440:, 436:, 432:, 428:, 424:, 366:, 362:, 330:, 279:. 271:, 255:, 239:, 165:, 161:, 157:, 153:, 149:, 109:, 95:, 85:gê 81:, 78:γῆ 75:: 4349:e 4342:t 4335:v 4151:e 4144:t 4137:v 4076:. 4061:. 4041:. 4018:. 3995:. 3965:. 3946:. 3917:. 3891:. 3869:. 3829:. 3815:: 3807:: 3799:: 3767:. 3763:: 3755:: 3730:. 3726:: 3718:: 3693:. 3687:: 3679:: 3650:. 3638:: 3630:: 3605:. 3576:. 3550:: 3532:: 3500:. 3494:: 3486:: 3457:. 3428:. 3408:: 3400:: 3375:. 3324:. 3234:. 3228:: 3220:: 3184:) 3170:. 3156:: 3148:: 3113:. 3107:: 3099:: 3066:. 3054:: 3046:: 3011:. 2991:: 2983:: 2957:. 2945:: 2937:: 2905:. 2885:: 2860:. 2837:: 2810:. 2798:: 2790:: 2765:. 2705:. 2701:: 2693:: 2635:. 2623:: 2592:. 2562:. 2453:. 2425:. 2388:. 2309:. 2277:. 2263:: 2175:. 2138:. 2116:: 2078:. 2049:. 2020:. 2008:: 1990:: 1960:. 1948:: 1940:: 1917:. 1521:. 923:. 299:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.