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maneuver for some time as long as the oarsmen were not incapacitated, but would gradually lose mobility and become unstable as it flooded. The winning side would then attempt to tow away the swamped hulks as prizes. Breaking the enemy's oars was another way of rendering ships immobile, rendering them into easier targets. If ramming was not possible or successful, the on-board complement of soldiers would attempt to board and capture the enemy vessel by attaching to it with grappling irons. Accompanied by missile fire, either with bow and arrow or javelins. Trying to set the enemy ship on fire by hurling incendiary missiles or by pouring the content of fire pots attached to long handles is thought to have been used, especially since smoke below decks would easily disable rowers. Rhodes was the first naval power to employ this weapon, sometime in the 3rd century, and used it to fight off head-on attacks or to frighten enemies into exposing their sides for a ramming attack.
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especially when they involved fleets of 100 vessels or more. The weak points of a galley remained the sides and especially the rear, the command center, and were the preferred targets of any attacker. Unless one side managed to outmaneuver the other, battle would be met with ships crashing into each other head on. Once the fighting began with galleys locking on to one another bow to bow, the fighting would be over the front line ships. Unless one was completely taken over by a boarding party, fresh troops could be fed into the fight from reserve vessels in the rear. In a defensive position with a secure shoreline, galleys could be beached stern first with its guns pointing out to sea. This made for a very strong defensive position, allowed rowers and sailors to escape to safety on land, leaving only soldiers and fighting men to defend against an assault.
233:, or crow, a plank with a spike for hooking onto enemy ships which grappled the prow of the rammer, and provided a gangway for boarders. Despite its advantages, the boarding bridge had a serious drawback: since it could not be used in rough seas. The corvus may have cost the Roman Navy entire fleets in such storms. The Romans did continue their boarding tactics in the naval battles of the Punic Wars, but are also reported as ramming the Carthaginian vessels after the abandonment of the corvus. An older and alternative way for boarding was the use of grappling hooks and planks, also a more flexible system than the corvus. Agrippa introduced a weapon with a function similar to the corvus, the
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Ramming attempts were countered by keeping the bow toward the enemy until the enemy crew tired, and then attempting to board as quickly as possible. A double-line formation could be used to achieve a breakthrough by engaging the first line and then rushing the rearguard in to take advantage of weak spots in the enemy's defense. This required superiority in numbers, though, since a shorter front risked being flanked or surrounded.
316:, and javelins. The aim was not to sink ships, but to deplete the ranks of the enemy crews before the boarding commenced, which decided the outcome. Once the enemy strength was judged to have been reduced sufficiently, the fleets closed in, the ships grappled each other, and the marines and upper bank oarsmen boarded the enemy vessel and engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Byzantine dromons had
111:: light structure, so that her crew could row her with effect, and a large crew to work her oars and fight in hand-to-hand combat. Sails were available by virtually all types of galleys in long-range strategic maneuvers, and to relieve the rowers. Sails were lowered in action, however, and when the combatant had a secure port at hand, the rigging could be left ashore before battle.
173:(c. 484–425 BC) show that by this time ramming tactics had evolved among the Greeks. The formations could either be in columns in line ahead, one ship following the next, or in a line abreast, with the ships side by side, depending on the tactical situation and the surrounding geography. There were two primary methods for attack: by breaking through the enemy formation (
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320:, racks along the railings, on which marines could hang their shields, providing protection to the deck crew. Larger ships also had wooden castles on either side between the masts, which allowed archers to shoot from an elevated firing position. On Byzantine galleys, the brunt of the fighting was done by heavily armed and armored troops called
220:
fighting style during the Roman era, a move that was accompanied by the conversion to heavier ships with larger rowing complements and more men per oar. Though effectively lowering mobility, it meant that less skill was required from individual oarsmen. Fleets thereby became less dependent on rowers with a lifetime of experience at the oar.
273:, employed crescent formations with the flagship in the center and the heavier ships at the horns of the formation, in order to turn the enemy's flanks. Similar tactics are believed to have been employed by the Arab fleets they frequently fought from the 7th century onward. The Byzantines were the first to employ
366:
in July 1283, he lured out
Angevin galleys that were beached stern-first by openly challenging them. Attacking them in a strong defensive position head-on would have been very dangerous since it offered good cohesion, allowed rowers to escape ashore and made it possible to reinforce weak positions by
331:
Later medieval navies continued to use similar tactics, with the line abreast (i.e. side by side) formation as standard. As galleys were intended to fight from the bows, and were at their weakest along the sides, especially in the middle. The crescent formation employed by the
Byzantines continued to
245:
No later than the 7th century AD, ramming tactics had completely disappeared along with the knowledge of the original trireme and its high speed and mobility. The ram was replaced by a long spur in the bow that was designed to break oars and to act as a boarding platform for storming enemy ships. The
201:
was enough to penetrate the hull, but this increased to 8 knots at 30 degrees. If the target for some reason was in motion towards the attacker, less speed was required, especially if the hit came amidships. War galleys gradually began to develop heavier hulls with reinforcing beams at the waterline,
416:
Early heavy artillery on galleys was not used as a long-range standoff weapon against other gun-armed galleys. The maximum distance at which contemporary cannons were effective, c. 500 m (1600 ft), could be covered by a galley in about two minutes, much faster than the reload time of any
210:
A successful ramming was difficult to achieve; just the right amount of speed and precise maneuvering were required. Fleets that did not have well-drilled, experienced oarsmen and skilled commanders relied more on boarding with superior infantry (such as increasing the complement to 40 soldiers).
189:
involved outflanking or encircling the enemy so as to attack them in the vulnerable rear or side by line abreast. If one side knew that it had slower ships, a common tactic was to form a circle with the bows pointing outwards, thereby avoiding being outflanked. At a given signal, the circle could
193:
Ramming itself was done by smashing into the rear or side of an enemy ship, punching a hole in the planking. This did not actually sink an ancient galley unless it was heavily laden with cargo and stores. With a normal load, it was buoyant enough to float even with a breached hull. It could also
219:
Despite the attempts to counter increasingly heavy ships, ramming tactics were superseded in the last centuries BC by the
Macedonians and Romans who were primarily land-based powers. Hand-to-hand fighting with large complements of heavy infantry supported by ship-borne catapults dominated the
433:
The estimated average speed of
Renaissance-era galleys was fairly low, only 3 to 4 knots, and a mere 2 knots when holding formation. Short bursts of up to 7 knots were possible for about 20 minutes, but only at the risk of exhausting rowers. This made galley actions relatively slow affairs,
425:
and other anti-personnel ammunition. The effect of an assault with a gun-armed galley could often be dramatic, as exemplified by an account from 1528 where a galley of
Genoese commander Antonio Doria. On board the ship of Sicilian Don Hugo de Moncada he witnessed how a single volley from a
206:
ship commanders where they would angle down their bows to hit the enemy below the reinforced waterline belt. Besides ramming, breaking enemy oars was also a way to impede mobility and make it easier to drive home a successful ramming attack.
404:
in 1571 was used by the
Byzantine fleet almost a millennium earlier. The practical maximum size of the front ranks of a galley formation was about 65 ships in the center with another 53–54 ships on the left and right wings.
375:
in 1284, his forces launched clay cooking pots filled with soap before attacking; when the pots broke against the enemy decks, they became perilously slippery and difficult for heavy infantry to keep their feet on.
135:. As shown in commemorative reliefs of the battle, Egyptian archers on ships and the nearby shores of the Nile rain down arrows on the enemy ships. At the same time Egyptian galleys engage in boarding action and
190:
then fan out in all directions, trying to pick off individual enemy ships. To counter this formation, the attacking side would rapidly circle, feigning attacks in order to find gaps in the formation to exploit.
84:
fixed on the bulwarks, bows and arrows, weights dropped from a yard or pole rigged out, and the various means of setting fire to enemy ships. The latter could be done by shooting arrows with burning
328:. These would attempt to stab the rowers through the oarports to reduce mobility, and then join the melee. If boarding was not deemed advantageous, the enemy ship could be pushed away with poles.
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Tactics remained essentially the same until In large-scale galley engagements the end of the 16th century. The same basic crescent formation in line abreast that was employed at the
409:
and small firearms were introduced around the 14th century, but did not have any immediate effect on tactics. If anything, the forward offensive power of galleys was accentuated by
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185:
involved a concentrated charge in line ahead so as to break a hole in the enemy line, allowing galleys to break through and then wheel to attack the enemy line from behind. The
332:
be used throughout the Middle Ages. It would allow the wings of the fleet to crash their bows straight into the sides of the enemy ships at the edge of the formation.
790:
Glete, Jan, "Naval Power and
Control of the Sea in the Baltic in the Sixteenth Century" pp. 215–232 in Hattendorf, John B. & Unger, Richard W. (editors),
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was the only means of deciding a naval engagement, but little to nothing is known about the tactics involved. In the first recorded naval battle in history, the
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Success in ramming depended so much on a combination of skill and good fortune that it played a somewhat subordinate part in most ancient sea fights. The
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The speed necessary for a successful impact depended on the angle of attack; the greater the angle, the lesser the speed required. At 60 degrees, 4
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only remaining examples of ramming tactics was passing references to attempts to collide with ships in order to roll it over on its side.
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611:
Hocker, Frederick M., "Late Roman, Byzantine, and
Islamic Galleys and Fleets" in Morrison & Gardiner (1995), pp. 95, 98–99.
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were possible. But the use of the ram was only available for a vessel driven by oars. While fleets depended on the methods of
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Pryor, John H."From dromon to galea: Mediterranean bireme galleys AD 500–1300" in
Morrison & Gardiner (1995), p. 104
371:, light infantry, that were more nimbler in ship-to-ship actions than heavily armed and armored French soldiers. At the
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The initial stages in naval battles was an exchanges of missiles, ranging from combustible projectiles to arrows,
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artillery piece. Gun crews would therefore hold their fire until the last possible moment, somewhat similar to
17:
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and was a key to several major
Byzantine victories. By 835, the weapon had spread to the Arabs, who equipped
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277:, a highly effective incendiary liquid, as a naval weapon. It could be fired through a metal tube, or
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778:
Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century.
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in 1571 that shows the strict formations of the opposing fleets. Fresco in the Gallery of Maps in
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the ships of the Sea Peoples with ropes attached to grappling hooks thrown into the rigging.
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Pryor, John H. (1995). "From Dromōn to Galea: Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500–1300". In
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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in the pre-industrial era of short range firearms. The bow guns would often be loaded with
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Hocker, Frederick M. (1995). "Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets". In
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are rolling over the Rus' vessels and smashing their oars with their spurs; Chronicle of
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where a ram would most likely hit. There are records of a counter-tactic to this used by
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began to be employed as war galleys were equipped with heavy bronze rams. Records of the
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The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times
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The Byzantine fleet repels the Rus' attack on Constantinople in 941. The Byzantine
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The Athenian Trireme: the History and Reconstruction of An Ancient Greek Warship.
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transferring infantry along the shore. He also employed skilled crossbowmen and
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won a decisive victory over a force made up of the enigmatic group known as the
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until the 16th century, the weapons relied on were the ship itself, used as a
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Wachsmann, Shelley (1995). "Paddled and Oared Ships Before the Iron Age". In
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The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times
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The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times
814:
The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times
759:
The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times
350:(c. 1245–1305) was a successful medieval naval tactician who fought for the
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A schematic reconstruction of a defensive circle of galleys seen from above.
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All oared vessel actions were fought at close quarters, where ramming and
80:, the melee weapons of the crew, missile weapons such as bolts from heavy
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baffled the ramming tactics of the Carthaginians by the invention of the
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85:
30:
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752:(1995). "The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Ancient Galleys". In
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Battle between Venetian and Holy Roman fleets; detail of fresco by
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269:, the largest Mediterranean war fleet throughout most of the
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580:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1217:
598:
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153:
430:, two demi-cannons and four smaller guns killed 40 men.
60:
and other types of oared ships as the principal form of
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The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204
593:
486:
Morrison, Coates & Rankov (2000), pp. 42–43, 92–93
107:
at close quarters, two conditions were imposed on the
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in the early 5th century BC by the Ancient historian
849:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 101–116.
835:
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2000. {{ISBN
762:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 127–141.
495:
Morrison, Coates & Rankov (2000), pp. 54–55, 72
817:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 86–100.
792:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
896:. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 10–25.
3661:
745:Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 1991.
584:
540:Morrison, Coates & Rankov (2000), pp. 48–49
926:
863:
281:, mounted in the bows, similar to a modern
3468:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3415:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3395:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
2687:
933:
919:
780:Cambridge University Press, London. 1974.
142:
3528:
3483:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
885:
831:Morrison, John S. & Coates, John F.,
119:From the earliest times of naval warfare
3680:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
383:
334:
295:
248:
152:
29:
3453:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
14:
3662:
3405:European Association of Archaeologists
806:
748:
562:
379:
3527:
2686:
2661:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
2619:
2489:
2488:
1871:
1473:
952:
940:
914:
838:
543:
3400:Archaeological Institute of America
620:Pryor & Jeffreys (2006), p. 282
92:ejected through specially designed
24:
449:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
25:
3696:
3410:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2800:Coastal defence and fortification
2175:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1475:Navigation, and ports and harbors
454:Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
127:, the forces of Egyptian Pharaoh
3685:Naval warfare of the Middle Ages
3644:
3510:
3435:Society for American Archaeology
2669:
2602:
2471:
1854:
1456:
550:
114:
2867:Phoenician discovery of America
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
504:John Coates (1995), pp. 133–135
477:Wachsmann (1995), pp. 28–34, 72
2559:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
719:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 248–249
710:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 203–205
701:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 200–201
692:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 199–200
674:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 201–202
665:Guilmartin (1974), pp. 157–158
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
388:Contemporary depiction of the
300:Byzantine ship attacking with
240:
52:to the late 16th century when
13:
1:
3478:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2153:Phoenician maritime expansion
872:, Brill Academic Publishers,
735:
76:or to sink the opponent with
3420:Nautical Archaeology Society
373:Battle of the Gulf of Naples
285:. Greek fire was similar to
7:
3473:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
2850:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2656:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2513:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
1872:
953:
890:; Gardiner, Robert (eds.).
843:; Gardiner, Robert (eds.).
811:; Gardiner, Robert (eds.).
794:Woodbridge, Suffolk. 2003.
756:; Gardiner, Robert (eds.).
437:
360:War of the Sicilian Vespers
306:Madrid Skylitzes manuscript
214:
161:Around the 8th century BC,
10:
3701:
3675:Naval warfare of antiquity
3329:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2620:
2170:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2163:Circumnavigation of Africa
776:Guilmartin, John Francis,
522:John Coates (1995), p. 133
146:
44:were the dominant form of
3642:
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3523:
3508:
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3385:
3188:
3172:
2920:
2855:Samothrace temple complex
2790:
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1406:
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965:
961:
948:
647:Pryor (1983), pp. 184–188
638:Pryor (1983), pp. 193–194
602:Hocker (1995), pp. 98–99.
293:, "fireships", with it.
2143:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
728:Guilmartin (1974), p. 53
531:Casson (1991), pp. 90–91
464:
177:) or by outflanking it (
3425:RPM Nautical Foundation
3162:Surviving ancient ships
3081:Marsala Punic shipwreck
577:Encyclopædia Britannica
143:Introduction of the ram
3458:Giza Solar boat museum
2912:Underwater exploration
2907:Underwater archaeology
2872:Pre-Columbian theories
2727:John Sinclair Morrison
2688:Research and education
2138:Austronesian Expansion
866:Jeffreys, Elizabeth M.
564:Hannay, David McDowall
397:
344:
309:
262:
158:
38:
3670:Naval warfare tactics
3529:Legend and literature
3487:Viking ship museums:
3463:Grand Egyptian Museum
3223:Austronesian replicas
3198:Heyerdahl expeditions
3108:Caligula's Giant Ship
2968:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1630:Berenice Troglodytica
513:Casson (1991), p. 139
387:
338:
299:
252:
156:
33:
27:Form of naval tactics
3430:Sea Research Society
2832:Maritime archaeology
2641:Ameinias the Phocian
2636:Mediterranean piracy
656:Pryor (1983), p. 194
459:Modern naval tactics
444:Sailing ship tactics
354:navy against French
42:Oared vessel tactics
2523:Maritime Jade Route
1676:Kaveri Poompattinam
683:Glete (2003), p. 35
380:Early modern period
125:battle of the Delta
3071:Bajo de la Campana
2773:Peter Throckmorton
2758:Jean-Yves Empereur
2732:William L. Rodgers
2553:Maritime Silk Road
398:
345:
310:
263:
159:
39:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3126:Madrague de Giens
2845:Temple of Isthmia
2841:Maritime temples
2827:Marine navigation
2786:
2785:
2778:Shelley Wachsmann
2768:J. Richard Steffy
2678:
2677:
2611:
2610:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2418:
2417:
2148:Ocean exploration
1863:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1509:Rutter (nautical)
1465:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1308:Mortise and tenon
942:Ancient seafaring
888:Morrison, John S.
879:978-90-04-15197-0
841:Morrison, John S.
809:Morrison, John S.
754:Morrison, John S.
402:battle of Lepanto
390:battle of Lepanto
271:Early Middle Ages
56:began to replace
36:Battle of Lepanto
16:(Redirected from
3692:
3648:
3647:
3542:Ark of bulrushes
3525:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3152:Oldest surviving
2862:Nusantao network
2737:Chester G. Starr
2702:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2646:Cilician pirates
2617:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2543:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2538:Iron Age Britain
2486:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2193:
2192:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1772:Ptolemais Theron
1482:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1052:Single-outrigger
963:
962:
950:
949:
935:
928:
921:
912:
911:
907:
882:
864:Pryor, John H.;
860:
828:
773:
741:Casson, Lionel,
729:
726:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
675:
672:
666:
663:
657:
654:
648:
645:
639:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
591:
590:Wallinga p.77-90
588:
582:
581:
556:
554:
553:
547:
541:
538:
532:
529:
523:
520:
514:
511:
505:
502:
496:
493:
487:
484:
478:
475:
419:infantry tactics
341:Spinello Aretino
21:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3445:
3439:
3387:
3386:Institutes and
3381:
3336:Viking replicas
3277:Balangay Voyage
3190:
3184:
3168:
2923:
2916:
2792:
2782:
2741:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2494:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2414:
2371:
2224:
2184:
2129:
2122:
1923:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1722:Mueang Phra Rot
1576:
1567:
1476:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1402:
1376:Triangular sail
1337:
1274:
1248:Sail components
1159:
1128:
1102:Tessarakonteres
957:
944:
939:
904:
880:
857:
825:
770:
750:Coates, John F.
738:
733:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
678:
673:
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
606:
601:
594:
589:
585:
551:
549:
548:
544:
539:
535:
530:
526:
521:
517:
512:
508:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
472:
467:
440:
411:naval artillery
382:
364:Battle of Malta
348:Roger of Lauria
308:, 11th century.
261:, 13th century.
243:
217:
151:
145:
117:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3311:Mediterranean
3309:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3264:Alingano Maisu
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3207:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3113:De Meern ships
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Cape Gelidonya
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2746:Archaeologists
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:David Blackman
2708:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Jewish pirates
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Lake Trasimene
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:Mediterranean:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:Maritime pilot
1538:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1504:Portolan chart
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:Oared warships
1074:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
959:
958:
946:
945:
938:
937:
930:
923:
915:
909:
908:
902:
883:
878:
861:
855:
836:
829:
823:
804:
788:
774:
768:
746:
737:
734:
731:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
592:
583:
572:Chisholm, Hugh
542:
533:
524:
515:
506:
497:
488:
479:
469:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
439:
436:
394:Vatican Museum
381:
378:
358:fleets in the
267:Byzantine navy
259:John Skylitzes
242:
239:
216:
213:
147:Main article:
144:
141:
116:
113:
68:, through the
26:
18:Galley tactics
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:Metamorphoses
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:The Histories
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3582:The Histories
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:Marumaru Atua
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:Samudra Raksa
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:Te Au o Tonga
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Blackfriars I
3101:
3099:
3098:Arles Rhône 3
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Thalassocracy
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Shell middens
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2837:Naval warfare
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Lionel Casson
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Incense trade
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:South America
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Sailing ships
2398:
2396:
2395:Oared vessels
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
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2345:
2343:
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2335:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Cape Hermaeum
2315:
2313:
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2300:
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2255:
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2227:
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2200:
2198:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2128:Migration and
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
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2079:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:Ancient Egypt
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:Civilizations
1926:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
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1879:
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1597:
1595:
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1579:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1559:
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1549:
1548:
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1534:
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1529:
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1524:
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1512:
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1505:
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1500:
1497:
1495:
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1479:
1472:
1468:
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1427:
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1399:
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1340:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Clinker built
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:Boat building
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
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1234:
1231:
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1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
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1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
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1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
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1166:
1162:
1156:
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1148:
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1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
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1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
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1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Navis lusoria
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
936:
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
916:
913:
905:
903:0-85177-554-3
899:
895:
894:
889:
884:
881:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
856:0-85177-554-3
852:
848:
847:
842:
837:
834:
830:
826:
824:0-85177-554-3
820:
816:
815:
810:
805:
803:
801:
800:0-85115-903-6
797:
793:
789:
787:
786:0-521-20272-8
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:0-85177-554-3
765:
761:
760:
755:
751:
747:
744:
740:
739:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
597:
587:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
560:
559:public domain
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
470:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
435:
431:
429:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
403:
395:
391:
386:
377:
374:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
342:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
303:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:flame thrower
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
256:
251:
247:
238:
236:
232:
231:
226:
221:
212:
208:
205:
200:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
155:
150:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
115:Early tactics
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:battering ram
71:
67:
64:. Throughout
63:
59:
55:
54:sailing ships
51:
47:
46:naval tactics
43:
37:
32:
19:
3633:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3590:On the Ocean
3588:
3581:
3573:
3570:Literature:
3358:
3340:
3321:
3314:
3304:Aotearoa One
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3189:Experimental
3157:Museum ships
3124:
3117:
3090:
3062:Phoenician:
3053:
3048:Leontophoros
3046:
3010:Butuan boats
3005:Pontian boat
2943:Dufuna canoe
2882:Shipbuilding
2793:and theories
2763:Boris Rankov
2557:
2490:Economy and
2394:
2390:Incendiaries
2237:
2024:Indus Valley
1992:Tarumanagara
1919:Ubaid period
1837:Wadi al-Jarf
1752:Ostia Antica
1356:Fore-and-aft
1323:Shipbuilding
1298:Carvel built
1280:Construction
1238:Steering oar
1119:Sailing ship
1042:Obelisk ship
1000:Dugout canoe
892:
869:
845:
832:
813:
791:
777:
758:
742:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
586:
575:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
473:
432:
423:scatter shot
415:
399:
346:
330:
326:kataphraktoi
325:
321:
311:
290:
278:
264:
244:
229:
222:
218:
209:
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:Persian Wars
160:
129:Ramesses III
118:
98:
41:
40:
3597:Argonautica
3584:(Herodotus)
3547:Flood myths
3444:Museums and
3388:conferences
3353:Vital Alsar
3191:archaeology
3000:Austronesia
2993:Hjortspring
2988:Rochelongue
2938:Pesse canoe
2892:Ship burial
2877:Sea Peoples
2810:Lighthouses
2805:Grave goods
2753:George Bass
2533:Spice trade
2130:exploration
1952:Philippines
1947:Austronesia
1940:Old Kingdom
1817:Trincomalee
1767:Prosphorion
1712:Myos Hormos
1556:Micronesian
1547:By region:
1519:Lighthouses
1327:By region:
1092:Quinquereme
1017:Kunlun ship
1010:Penteconter
995:Dragon boat
241:Middle Ages
133:Sea Peoples
70:Middle Ages
3664:Categories
3606:(Polybius)
3250:Hawaiʻiloa
3132:Nemi ships
3017:Black Sea
2963:Khufu ship
2924:and relics
2822:Marine art
2815:Alexandria
2722:Fik Meijer
2705:Historians
2592:Indo-Roman
2405:Greek navy
2307:Salamis II
2297:Hellespont
2257:Artemisium
2247:Nile Delta
2210:Achaemenid
2103:Achaemenid
1972:Langkasuka
1967:Micronesia
1885:Prehistory
1812:Sounagoura
1640:Chittagong
1615:Barbarikon
1594:Alexandria
1536:Pilot boat
1486:Navigation
1318:Sewn-plank
1313:Lashed-lug
1191:Figurehead
1164:Components
1133:Propulsion
1087:Quadrireme
1068:Polyremes
1047:Outriggers
736:References
369:almogavars
302:Greek fire
275:Greek fire
90:Greek fire
78:naval rams
48:used from
3619:Geography
3557:Gilgamesh
3446:memorials
3370:Viracocha
3283:Faʻafaite
3236:Sarimanok
3142:Yassi Ada
3055:Syracusia
2978:Canaanite
2953:Moor Sand
2423:By region
2385:Grappling
2357:Naulochus
2347:Myonessus
2302:Echinades
2287:Arginusae
2282:Cynossema
2267:Naupactus
2262:Eurymedon
2096:Classical
2071:Phoenicia
2066:Mycenaean
2029:Tamilakam
2012:Polynesia
2002:Srivijaya
1797:Satingpra
1757:Palembang
1741:Cattigara
1683:(Kadaram)
1666:Jambukola
1660:Guangzhou
1601:(Podouke)
1599:Arikamedu
1561:Polynesia
1494:Celestial
1407:Armaments
1393:Spritsail
1351:Crab claw
1293:Careening
1260:Sternpost
1114:Reed boat
1057:Catamaran
1032:Multihull
566:(1911). "
362:. At the
343:1407–1408
318:pavesades
187:periplous
183:diekplous
179:periplous
175:diekplous
171:Herodotus
149:Naval ram
82:crossbows
66:antiquity
50:antiquity
3635:Tākitimu
3538:Legend:
3496:Roskilde
3375:Tangaroa
3316:Olympias
3290:Gaualofa
3229:Hōkūleʻa
3204:Kon-Tiki
3037:Ashkelon
2973:Uluburun
2932:Earliest
2698:Scholars
2580:shipping
2380:Boarding
2292:Mytilene
2277:Syracuse
2242:Alashiya
2205:Egyptian
2189:Military
2180:Timeline
2158:Sardinia
2081:Carthage
1997:Kalingga
1957:Sa Huỳnh
1892:Timeline
1842:Zanzibar
1792:Sarapion
1787:Rhacotis
1717:Martaban
1662:(Canton)
1655:Godavaya
1650:Giao Chỉ
1620:Barygaza
1610:Avalites
1531:Piloting
1419:Catapult
1414:Ballista
1388:Mast-aft
1201:Planking
1140:Paddling
1097:Hexareme
1062:Trimaran
1027:Longship
975:Balangay
868:(2006),
438:See also
428:basilisk
322:hoplites
314:caltrops
291:harraqas
215:Boarding
121:boarding
101:boarding
62:warships
3575:Odyssey
3552:Genesis
3349:Others
3148:Lists:
3137:Marausa
3087:Roman:
3077:Punic:
3042:Kyrenia
3033:Greek:
3029:Marsala
3022:Sinop D
2897:Tacking
2631:History
2518:Meluhha
2508:Fishing
2503:Whaling
2410:Ramming
2332:Aegates
2327:Drepana
2322:Ecnomus
2252:Salamis
2240:
2230:Battles
2108:Nabatea
2091:Archaic
2061:Nuragic
2051:Somalia
1902:Oceania
1897:Britain
1874:History
1807:Socotra
1777:Qandala
1762:Piraeus
1732:Muziris
1702:Madurai
1697:Manthai
1635:Canopus
1605:Arsinoe
1577:harbors
1526:History
1514:Coastal
1444:Sambuca
1429:Dolphin
1343:Rigging
1155:Poling
1145:Sailing
1082:Trireme
1022:Liburna
985:Coracle
955:Vessels
574:(ed.).
561::
407:Cannons
356:Angevin
255:dromons
204:Rhodian
181:). The
163:ramming
137:capsize
109:warship
94:siphons
58:galleys
3626:Aeneid
3342:Viking
3323:Regina
3092:Alkedo
2948:Abydos
2922:Wrecks
2791:Topics
2621:Piracy
2575:Greece
2435:Odisha
2367:Actium
2362:Mycale
2197:Navies
2086:Greece
2076:Olmecs
2044:Pandya
2019:Minoan
1982:Champa
1962:Lapita
1907:Remote
1827:Tyndis
1782:Quilon
1727:Muscat
1692:Lothal
1687:Korkai
1671:Jeddah
1645:Essina
1589:Adulis
1499:Charts
1434:Harpax
1424:Corvus
1398:Square
1366:Settee
1361:Lateen
1270:Tiller
1265:Strake
1233:Rudder
1223:Paddle
1171:Anchor
1150:Towing
1072:Bireme
1005:Galley
980:Bangka
900:
876:
853:
821:
798:
784:
766:
570:". In
555:
352:Aragon
287:napalm
279:siphon
235:harpax
230:corvus
225:Romans
105:battle
88:or by
3562:Greek
3365:Abora
3359:Ivlia
3271:Saina
3215:Ra II
3173:Sites
2958:Dokos
2570:Egypt
2492:trade
2457:Rafts
2442:Japan
2430:India
2342:Chios
2312:Mylae
2272:Olpae
2220:Roman
2215:Greek
2113:Aksum
2039:Chera
2034:Chola
2007:Sunda
1987:Kutai
1977:Kedah
1822:Tulum
1802:Sidon
1747:Opone
1737:Óc Eo
1707:Malao
1681:Kedah
1625:Basra
1573:Ports
1551:Inuit
1371:Tanja
1331:Egypt
1181:Cabin
1124:Tomol
967:Types
465:Notes
199:knots
3491:Oslo
3213:and
3119:Isis
3066:Gozo
2587:Rome
2565:Maya
2447:Rome
2352:Nile
2118:Rome
2056:Maya
1912:Near
1832:Tyre
1584:Aden
1383:Junk
1255:Stem
1243:Sail
1228:Rope
1213:Mast
1208:Keel
1196:Hull
1186:Deck
1109:Raft
990:Dhow
898:ISBN
874:ISBN
851:ISBN
819:ISBN
796:ISBN
782:ISBN
764:ISBN
568:Navy
265:The
34:The
2528:Tin
1575:and
1439:Ram
1218:Oar
1176:Bow
324:or
86:tow
3666::
3211:Ra
3180:H3
2934::
595:^
413:.
304:.
237:.
96:.
1743:)
1739:(
934:e
927:t
920:v
906:.
859:.
827:.
772:.
396:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
