304:
136:, will be more prominent. Tidal bridges are typically harder to distinguish than tidal tails: in the first instance, the bridge may be absorbed by the passing galaxy or the resulting merged galaxy, making it visible for a shorter duration than a typical large tail. Secondly, if one of the two galaxies is in the foreground, then the second galaxy — and the bridge between them — may be partially obscured. Together, these effects can make it hard to see where one galaxy ends and the next begins.
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symmetric, and follow a very similar orbit, effectively tracing the satellite's path. However, if the satellite is reasonably large—typically over one ten thousandth the mass of its host—then the satellite's own gravity may affect the tails, breaking the symmetry and accelerating the tails in different directions. The resulting structure is dependent on both the mass and orbit of the satellite, and the mass and structure of the conjectured
91:
232:
120:. Such tails are typically strongly curved. If a tail appears to be straight, it is probably being viewed edge-on. The stars and gas that comprise the tails will have been pulled from the easily distorted galactic discs (or other extremities) of one or both bodies, rather than the gravitationally bound galactic centers. Two very prominent examples of collisions producing tidal tails are the
20:
149:
338:. This shows that the effects of the galactic tide are quite complex, and depend heavily on the behaviour of individual objects within a planetary system. However, cumulatively, the effect can be quite significant; up to 90% of all comets originating from an Oort cloud may be the result of the galactic tide.
164:
Because tidal effects are strongest in the immediate vicinity of a galaxy, satellite galaxies are particularly likely to be affected. Such an external force upon a satellite can produce ordered motions within it, leading to large-scale observable effects: the interior structure and motions of a dwarf
101:
Tidal forces are dependent on the gradient of a gravitational field, rather than its strength, and so tidal effects are usually limited to the immediate surroundings of a galaxy. Two large galaxies undergoing collisions or passing nearby each other will be subjected to very large tidal forces, often
211:
Over many orbits of its parent galaxy, or if the orbit passes too close to it, a dwarf satellite may eventually be completely disrupted, to form a tidal stream of stars and gas wrapping around the larger body. It has been suggested that the extended discs of gas and stars around some galaxies, such
131:
Just as the Moon raises two water tides on opposite sides of the Earth, so a galactic tide produces two arms in its galactic companion. While a large tail is formed if the perturbed galaxy is equal to or less massive than its partner, if it is significantly more massive than the perturbing galaxy,
105:
Two interacting galaxies will rarely (if ever) collide head-on, and the tidal forces will distort each galaxy along an axis pointing roughly towards and away from its perturber. As the two galaxies briefly orbit each other, these distorted regions, which are pulled away from the main body of each
319:
in radius. Across such a vast distance, the gradient of the Milky Way's gravitational field plays a far more noticeable role. Because of this gradient, galactic tides may then deform an otherwise spherical Oort cloud, stretching the cloud in the direction of the galactic centre and compressing it
196:
The stripping mechanism is the same as between two comparable galaxies, although its comparatively weak gravitational field ensures that only the satellite, not the host galaxy, is affected. If the satellite is very small compared to the host, the tidal debris tails produced are likely to be
292:. Typically, a star's gravity will dominate within its own system, with only the passage of other stars substantially affecting dynamics. However, at the outer reaches of the system, the star's gravity is weak and galactic tides may be significant. In the Solar System, the theoretical
331:. Such a body, being composed of a rock and ice mixture, would become a comet when subjected to the increased solar radiation present in the inner Solar System.
173:
that occurs in galactic collisions, where stars and gas are torn from the extremities of a galaxy, possibly to be absorbed by its companion. The dwarf galaxy
334:
It has been suggested that the galactic tide may also contribute to the formation of an Oort cloud, by increasing the perihelia of planetesimals with large
1501:
708:
Peñarrubia, Jorge; McConnachie, Alan; Babul, Arif (2006-10-10). "On the
Formation of Extended Galactic Disks by Tidally Disrupted Dwarf Galaxies".
284:
Tidal effects are also present within a galaxy, where their gradients are likely to be steepest. This can have consequences for the formation of
165:
satellite galaxy may be severely affected by a galactic tide, inducing rotation (as with the tides of the Earth's oceans) or an anomalous mass-to-
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212:
as
Andromeda, may be the result of the complete tidal disruption (and subsequent merger with the parent galaxy) of a dwarf satellite galaxy.
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185:
to tidal stripping, while a high star formation rate in the remaining core may be the result of tidally-induced motions of the remaining
588:
Johnston, Kathryn V.; Hernquist, Lars; Bolte, Michael (July 1996). "Fossil
Signatures of Ancient Accretion Events in the Halo".
160:
at the top left, just above the edge of
Andromeda's disk, whose outer arms have been stripped away by Andromeda's tidal forces.
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The Sun's gravity is sufficiently weak at such a distance that these small galactic perturbations are enough to dislodge some
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189:(Because tidal forces can knead and compress the interstellar gas clouds inside galaxies, they induce large amounts of
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820:
Higuchi, A.; Kokubo, E.; Mukai, T. (May 2005). "Orbital
Evolution of Planetesimals by the Galactic Tide".
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769:
Fouchard, Marc; et al. (2006-09-27). "Long-term effects of the
Galactic tide on cometary dynamics".
497:
Piatek, S.; Pryor, C. (1993-12-01). "Can
Galactic Tides Inflate the Apparent M/L's of Dwarf Galaxies?".
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from such distant orbits, sending them towards the Sun and planets by significantly reducing their
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along the other two axes, just as the Earth distends in response to the gravity of the Moon.
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then the trailing arm will be relatively minor, and the leading arm, sometimes called a
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849:"Periodic variation of Oort Cloud flux and cometary impacts on the Earth and Jupiter"
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651:"The dynamics of tidal tails from massive satellites: The dynamics of tidal tails"
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producing the most visually striking demonstrations of galactic tides in action.
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Tidal force experienced by objects subject to the gravitational field of a galaxy
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The Oort cloud is a vast shell surrounding the Solar System, possibly over a
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140:, where a tail joins with its parent galaxy at both ends, are rarer still.
68:
56:
438:
Wehner, E. H.; Gallagher, J. S.; Papaderos, P.; et al. (2006-09-21).
395:
Toomre, Alar; Toomre, Juri (December 1972). "Galactic
Bridges and Tails".
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256: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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530:"A New Formation Model for M32: A Threshed Early-Type Spiral Galaxy?"
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48:
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90:
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51:. Particular areas of interest concerning galactic tides include
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44:
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Choi, Jun-Hwan; Weinberg, Martin D.; Katz, Neal (2007-10-10).
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440:"NGC 3310 and its tidal debris: remnants of galaxy evolution"
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ratio. Satellite galaxies can also be subjected to the same
892:
285:
707:
528:; Drinkwater, Michael J.; Gregg, Michael D. (2001-08-10).
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around the host, and may provide a means of probing the
847:
Nurmi, P.; Valtonen, M. J.; Zheng, J. Q. (2001-11-11).
587:
215:
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819:
853:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
655:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
444:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1709:
648:
74:
1549:List of the most distant astronomical objects
908:
822:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
499:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
517:
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771:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
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901:
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63:, and the Milky Way's tidal effect on the
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272:Learn how and when to remove this message
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94:The lengthy tidal tails of the colliding
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106:galaxy, will be sheared by the galaxy's
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39:experienced by objects subject to the
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300:, lies in this transitional region.
254:adding citations to reliable sources
225:
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208:of a galaxy such as the Milky Way.
13:
14:
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216:Effects on bodies within a galaxy
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874:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04854.x
686:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12313.x
475:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10757.x
230:
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241:needs additional citations for
222:Oort cloud § Tidal effects
1620:Galaxy formation and evolution
1615:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
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1:
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296:, source of most long-period
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156:. Note its satellite galaxy
75:Effects on external galaxies
7:
1502:Galaxies named after people
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10:
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1590:Galactic coordinate system
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710:The Astrophysical Journal
590:The Astrophysical Journal
537:The Astrophysical Journal
397:The Astrophysical Journal
1600:Galactic magnetic fields
1413:Brightest cluster galaxy
1309:Luminous infrared galaxy
177:, a satellite galaxy of
1718:Extragalactic astronomy
1595:Galactic habitable zone
1580:Extragalactic astronomy
1169:Supermassive black hole
1083:Active galactic nucleus
1347:Low surface brightness
1098:Central massive object
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193:in small satellites.)
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144:Satellite interactions
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1625:Galaxy rotation curve
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108:differential rotation
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1723:Interacting galaxies
1660:Population III stars
1655:Intergalactic travel
1605:Galactic orientation
1472:Voids and supervoids
250:improve this article
181:, may have lost its
55:, the disruption of
1650:Intergalactic stars
1539:Large quasar groups
1534:Groups and clusters
1398:Groups and clusters
1257:Lyman-alpha emitter
1149:Interstellar medium
865:2001MNRAS.327.1367N
834:2005DDA....36.0205H
783:2006CeMDA..95..299F
732:2006ApJ...650L..33P
677:2007MNRAS.381..987C
612:1996ApJ...465..278J
559:2001ApJ...557L..39B
511:1993AAS...183.5701P
466:2006MNRAS.371.1047W
409:1972ApJ...178..623T
112:intergalactic space
110:and flung off into
53:galactic collisions
41:gravitational field
1645:Intergalactic dust
1630:Gravitational lens
1585:Galactic astronomy
1554:Starburst galaxies
1294:blue compact dwarf
1250:Energetic galaxies
1214:BL Lacertae object
368:Interacting galaxy
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81:Interacting galaxy
61:satellite galaxies
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1665:Galaxy X (galaxy)
1640:Illustris project
1610:Galactic quadrant
1331:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
1321:Green bean galaxy
1316:Hot dust-obscured
1267:Luminous infrared
1031:Elliptical galaxy
526:Couch, Warrick J.
290:planetary systems
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126:Antennae Galaxies
96:Antennae Galaxies
86:Galaxy collisions
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1236:Relativistic jet
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859:(4): 1367–1376.
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154:Andromeda Galaxy
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524:Bekki, Kenji;
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325:planetesimals
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239:This section
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200:
199:galactic halo
194:
192:
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129:
127:
123:
122:Mice Galaxies
119:
118:
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109:
103:
97:
92:
82:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:galactic tide
26:
25:Mice Galaxies
21:
1695:
1683:
1418:fossil group
1392:
1340:Low activity
1174:Ultramassive
1004:Dwarf galaxy
987:intermediate
982:grand design
856:
852:
842:
825:
821:
815:
774:
770:
764:
713:
709:
703:
658:
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519:
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498:
492:
447:
443:
433:
400:
396:
363:Dwarf galaxy
333:
322:
314:
283:
268:
259:
248:Please help
243:verification
240:
210:
195:
163:
137:
133:
130:
115:
104:
100:
69:Solar System
47:such as the
32:
30:
1477:void galaxy
1440:cannibalism
1425:Interacting
1381:Interaction
1367:Blue Nugget
1357:Dark galaxy
1262:Lyman-break
1154:Protogalaxy
1120:Disc galaxy
373:Tidal force
353:Roche limit
203:dark matter
183:spiral arms
138:Tidal loops
117:tidal tails
37:tidal force
1728:Oort cloud
1712:Categories
1517:Polar-ring
1362:Red nugget
1304:faint blue
1164:Spiral arm
1019:spheroidal
1009:elliptical
992:Magellanic
977:flocculent
945:Lenticular
932:Morphology
505:: 57.01D.
379:References
348:Oort cloud
317:light-year
309:Oort cloud
294:Oort cloud
262:April 2015
220:See also:
167:luminosity
114:, forming
65:Oort cloud
1452:Satellite
1447:Jellyfish
1435:collision
1372:Dead disk
1289:Starburst
1204:Markarian
1076:Structure
1043:Irregular
1014:irregular
883:0035-8711
807:123126965
799:0923-2958
748:0004-637X
628:0004-637X
425:0004-637X
329:perihelia
206:potential
179:Andromeda
49:Milky Way
1684:Category
1573:See also
1497:Galaxies
1224:X-shaped
1055:Peculiar
997:unbarred
955:unbarred
924:Galaxies
756:17292044
636:16091481
575:18707442
484:14563215
342:See also
124:and the
27:NGC 4676
1544:Quasars
1512:Nearest
1507:Largest
1408:cluster
1241:Seyfert
861:Bibcode
830:Bibcode
828:: 521.
779:Bibcode
728:Bibcode
695:6261478
673:Bibcode
608:Bibcode
596:: 278.
555:Bibcode
507:Bibcode
462:Bibcode
405:Bibcode
403:: 623.
336:aphelia
67:of the
1696:Portal
1527:Spiral
1430:merger
1209:Quasar
1194:Blazar
1132:corona
1048:barred
1024:spiral
972:barred
967:anemic
962:Spiral
950:barred
881:
805:
797:
754:
746:
693:
634:
626:
573:
482:
423:
298:comets
134:bridge
45:galaxy
1733:Tides
1564:Voids
1489:Lists
1467:Walls
1403:group
1388:Field
1282:ELIRG
1277:HLIRG
1272:ULIRG
1229:DRAGN
1219:Radio
1199:LINER
1093:Bulge
1065:Polar
803:S2CID
752:S2CID
718:arXiv
691:S2CID
663:arXiv
632:S2CID
598:arXiv
571:S2CID
545:arXiv
533:(PDF)
480:S2CID
452:arXiv
286:stars
57:dwarf
43:of a
35:is a
1522:Ring
1127:Halo
1115:Disc
1060:Ring
940:Disc
879:ISSN
795:ISSN
744:ISSN
624:ISSN
421:ISSN
288:and
152:The
23:The
1299:pea
1088:Bar
869:doi
857:327
787:doi
736:doi
714:650
681:doi
659:381
616:doi
594:465
563:doi
541:557
503:183
470:doi
448:371
413:doi
401:178
252:by
175:M32
158:M32
59:or
1714::
1036:cD
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