186:, more than enough to fracture any rock. For frost weathering to occur by volumetric expansion, the rock must have almost no air that can be compressed to compensate for the expansion of ice, which means it has to be water-saturated and frozen quickly from all sides so that the water does not migrate away and the pressure is exerted on the rock. These conditions are considered unusual, restricting it to a process of importance within a few centimeters of a rock's surface and on larger existing water-filled
66:
46:
199:
Not all volumetric expansion is caused by the pressure of the freezing water; it can be caused by stresses in water that remains unfrozen. When ice growth induces stresses in the pore water that breaks the rock, the result is called hydrofracture. Hydrofracturing is favoured by large interconnected
208:
Since research in physical weathering begun around 1900, volumetric expansion was, until the 1980s, held to be the predominant process behind frost weathering. This view was challenged in 1985 and 1986 publications by Walder and Hallet. Nowadays researchers such as
Matsuoka and Murton consider the
157:
near the freezing front. This same phenomenon occurs within pore spaces of rocks. The ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores. The ice crystal growth weakens the rocks which, in time, break up. It is caused by the expansion of ice when water freezes,
209:"conditions necessary for frost weathering by volumetric expansion" as unusual. However the bulk of recent literature demonstrates that that ice segregation is capable of providing quantitative models for common phenomena while the traditional, simplistic volumetric expansion does not.
162:. Sand can often be found just under the faces of exposed sandstone where individual grains have been popped off, one by one. This process is often termed frost spalling. In fact, this is often the most important weathering process for exposed rock in many areas.
99:. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes, such as frost shattering, frost wedging, and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing
540:"Periglacial weathering and headwall erosion in cirque glacier bergschrunds"; Johnny W. Sanders, Kurt M. Cuffey1, Jeffrey R. Moore, Kelly R. MacGregor and Jeffrey L. Kavanaugh; Geology; July 18, 2012, doi: 10.1130/G33330.1
182:, its volume increases by nine percent. Under specific circumstances, this expansion is able to displace or fracture rock. At a temperature of -22 °C, ice growth is known to be able to generate pressures of up to 207
165:
Similar processes can act on asphalt pavements, contributing to various forms of cracking and other distresses, which, when combined with traffic and the intrusion of water, accelerate rutting, the formation of
204:
in the rock. If there are small pores, a very quick freezing of water in parts of the rock may expel water, and if the water is expelled faster than it can migrate, pressure may rise, fracturing the rock.
158:
putting considerable stress on the walls of containment. This is actually a very common process in all humid, temperate areas where there is exposed rock, especially porous rocks like
848:
506:
Walder, Joseph S.; Bernard, Hallet (February 1986). "The
Physical Weathering of Frost Weathering: Towards a More Fundamental and Unified Perspective".
1013:
414:
796:
797:"Differential frost heave model for patterned ground formation: Corroboration with observations along a North American arctic transect"
263:
Hales, T. C.; Roering, Joshua (2007). "Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes".
587:
Murton, Julian B.; Peterson, Rorik; Ozouf, Jean-Claude (17 November 2006). "Bedrock
Fracture by Ice Segregation in Cold Regions".
442:
348:
1006:
487:
855:
778:
1327:
382:
370:
999:
178:
The traditional explanation for frost weathering was volumetric expansion of freezing water. When water freezes to
17:
650:
Dash, G.; A. W. Rempel; J. S. Wettlaufer (2006). "The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences".
218:
1391:
888:
1134:
1219:
975:
611:
672:
1270:
418:
377:. Landforms or the Development of Gemorphology. Vol. 4. Geological Society. pp. 129–164.
285:
701:
400:
Pothole Primer: A Public
Administrator's Guide to Understanding and Managing the Pothole Problem
1204:
1179:
667:
606:
280:
108:
821:
1341:
878:
74:
1129:
1139:
760:
710:
659:
598:
561:
324:
272:
39:
550:
Bell, Robin E. (27 April 2008). "The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance".
415:"Investigation of Low Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements — Phase II (MnROAD Study)"
8:
1422:
1224:
841:
229:
764:
714:
699:(2001). "Interfacial Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force: Thermodynamic Buoyancy".
663:
602:
565:
328:
276:
221:
that may also erode in combination with ice blocking outflow routes in mountain regions.
1417:
1317:
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92:
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811:
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616:
569:
515:
454:
412:
332:
290:
150:
120:
722:
402:, Special Report 81-21, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
131:
temperatures (between −3 and −8 °C (27 and 18 °F)) if water is present.
1312:
1199:
1066:
1051:
898:
477:
187:
140:
54:
745:
1368:
1022:
960:
398:
Eaton, Robert A.; Joubert, Robert H. (December 1989), Wright, Edmund A. (ed.),
309:
112:
70:
746:"A theory for ice-till interactions and sediment entrainment beneath glaciers"
681:
1411:
1373:
1351:
1332:
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1174:
1164:
1046:
929:
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124:
65:
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244:
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1322:
1169:
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1101:
1076:
883:
816:
773:
694:
373:. In Burt T.P.; Chorley R.J.; Brunsden D.; Cox N.J.; Goudie A.S. (eds.).
294:
224:
116:
69:
Rock face and downstream exit of the stream (Unnamed) of the cave of the
35:
27:
Mechanical weathering processes induced by the freezing of water into ice
1265:
1144:
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1036:
919:
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88:
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31:
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336:
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128:
104:
1294:
945:
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100:
649:
505:
1280:
78:
58:
57:) possibly by mechanical frost weathering or thermal stress (a
50:
1347:
1290:
1275:
1255:
1081:
1071:
45:
1260:
443:"Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions"
183:
179:
96:
413:
Minnesota's Cold
Weather Road Research Facility (2007).
794:
440:
863:
30:"Hydrofracturing" redirects here. For the method of
149:upon freezing as a result of water migrating via
1409:
1115:
368:
265:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
1007:
849:
788:
476:T︠S︡ytovich, Nikolaĭ Aleksandrovich (1975).
397:
262:
1021:
475:
1014:
1000:
856:
842:
737:
688:
580:
145:Certain frost-susceptible soils expand or
815:
772:
671:
610:
375:Quaternary and Recent Processes and Forms
284:
170:, and other forms of pavement roughness.
795:Peterson, R. A.; Krantz , W. B. (2008).
643:
543:
111:areas and is especially associated with
64:
44:
173:
14:
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743:
95:created by the freezing of water into
995:
837:
362:
307:
549:
501:
499:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
256:
53:, Sweden, fractured (along existing
482:. Scripta Book Co. pp. 78–79.
371:"5: Weathering Processes and Forms"
24:
134:
25:
1434:
1328:Montane grasslands and shrublands
865:Types and processes of weathering
496:
441:Matsuoka, N.; Murton, J. (2008).
425:
87:is a collective term for several
784:from the original on 2021-04-13.
695:Rempel, A.W.; Wettlaufer, J.S.;
310:"The mechanics of frost heaving"
127:, but may occur anywhere at sub-
103:. It is most pronounced in high-
804:Journal of Geophysical Research
753:Journal of Geophysical Research
369:Goudie, A.S.; Viles H. (2008).
351:from the original on 2013-04-08
1392:Category:Periglacial landforms
534:
479:The mechanics of frozen ground
469:
406:
391:
301:
13:
1:
1135:Solifluction lobes and sheets
976:Factors of polymer weathering
723:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088501
250:
1220:Syngenetic permafrost growth
447:Permafrost Periglac. Process
7:
212:
10:
1439:
508:Arctic and Alpine Research
138:
29:
1387:
1361:
1289:
1233:
1157:
1029:
938:
907:
871:
682:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.695
1271:Stratified slope deposit
1023:Periglacial environment
702:Physical Review Letters
621:10.1126/science.1132127
308:Taber, Stephen (1930).
1180:Fluvio-thermal erosion
744:Rempel, A. W. (2008).
81:
62:
1342:Massenerhebung effect
1047:Cryoplanation terrace
91:processes induced by
89:mechanical weathering
68:
48:
817:10.1029/2007JG000559
774:10.1029/2007JF000870
295:10.1029/2006JF000616
219:Hydrostatic pressure
190:in a process called
174:Volumetric expansion
40:Hydraulic fracturing
1225:Zero-curtain effect
908:Physical weathering
872:Chemical weathering
765:2008JGRF..113.1013R
715:2001PhRvL..87h8501R
664:2006RvMP...78..695D
603:2006Sci...314.1127M
597:(5802): 1127–1129.
566:2008NatGe...1..297B
329:1930JG.....38..303T
277:2007JGRF..112.2033H
230:Pore water pressure
202:hydraulic gradients
61:is shown for scale)
1234:Soils and deposits
317:Journal of Geology
82:
63:
1405:
1404:
1397:Template:Glaciers
1153:
1152:
989:
988:
894:Mineral hydration
560:(5802): 297–304.
553:Nature Geoscience
489:978-0-07-065410-5
121:subpolar maritime
16:(Redirected from
1430:
1338:Alpine tree line
1323:Antarctic tundra
1308:Arctic tree line
1190:Frost weathering
1117:Patterned ground
1113:
1112:
1087:Protalus rampart
1077:Periglacial lake
1016:
1009:
1002:
993:
992:
971:Space weathering
915:Frost weathering
858:
851:
844:
835:
834:
829:
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826:
820:. Archived from
819:
801:
792:
786:
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783:
776:
759:(113=): F01013.
750:
741:
735:
734:
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612:10.1.1.1010.8129
584:
578:
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541:
538:
532:
531:
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494:
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473:
467:
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461:. Archived from
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417:. Archived from
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366:
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151:capillary action
85:Frost weathering
38:extraction, see
21:
18:Frost shattering
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1313:Antarctic oasis
1285:
1229:
1205:Methane release
1200:Ice segregation
1149:
1111:
1052:Glacial erratic
1025:
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990:
985:
934:
925:Thermal fatigue
903:
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673:10.1.1.462.1061
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574:10.1038/ngeo186
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520:10.2307/1551211
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459:10.1002/ppp.620
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200:pores or large
176:
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141:Ice segregation
137:
135:Ice segregation
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939:Related topics
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827:on 2020-07-09.
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652:Rev. Mod. Phys
642:
579:
542:
533:
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468:
465:on 2019-12-25.
453:(2): 195–210.
424:
421:on 2009-02-07.
405:
390:
383:
361:
337:10.1086/623720
323:(4): 303–317.
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286:10.1.1.716.110
271:(F2): F02033.
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139:Main article:
136:
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125:polar climates
71:Trou du Diable
26:
9:
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1352:Drunken trees
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1333:Alpine tundra
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1303:Arctic tundra
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1175:Cryoturbation
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1165:Cryoplanation
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709:(8): 088501.
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697:Worster, M.G.
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75:Saint-Casimir
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52:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
1241:Active layer
1215:Solifluction
1195:Gelifluction
1189:
1092:Rock glacier
914:
822:the original
807:
803:
790:
756:
752:
739:
706:
700:
690:
658:(695): 695.
655:
651:
645:
594:
588:
582:
557:
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536:
514:(1): 27–32.
511:
507:
478:
471:
463:the original
450:
446:
419:the original
408:
399:
393:
374:
364:
353:. Retrieved
320:
316:
303:
268:
264:
258:
245:Solifluction
207:
198:
191:
177:
164:
144:
84:
83:
1185:Frost heave
1170:Cryosuction
1107:Thermokarst
1102:Glaciokarst
884:Carbonation
225:Ice jacking
193:ice wedging
117:periglacial
36:natural gas
1423:Weathering
1412:Categories
1266:Permafrost
1145:Stone ring
1125:Frost boil
1097:Strandflat
1037:Blockfield
920:Haloclasty
889:Hydrolysis
879:Biological
810:: G03S04.
355:2010-04-20
251:References
235:Weathering
155:ice lenses
49:A rock in
1418:Water ice
1251:Ice wedge
1158:Processes
1042:Bratschen
1030:Landforms
981:Taphonomy
966:Saprolite
951:Etchplain
899:Oxidation
668:CiteSeerX
607:CiteSeerX
345:129655820
281:CiteSeerX
240:Bratschen
160:sandstone
32:petroleum
1379:Subpolar
1295:ecotones
1246:Gelisols
1210:Nivation
1130:Polygons
1062:Lithalsa
956:Fracture
779:Archived
731:11497990
637:37639112
629:17110573
349:Archived
213:See also
168:potholes
153:to grow
129:freezing
105:altitude
101:boulders
93:stresses
1362:Climate
946:Erosion
761:Bibcode
711:Bibcode
660:Bibcode
599:Bibcode
590:Science
562:Bibcode
528:1551211
325:Bibcode
273:Bibcode
1369:Alpine
1318:Golets
1291:Biomes
1281:Yedoma
729:
670:
635:
627:
609:
526:
486:
381:
343:
283:
188:joints
123:, and
113:alpine
79:Quebec
59:chullo
55:joints
51:Abisko
1374:Polar
1348:Taiga
1276:Talik
1256:Loess
1082:Pingo
1072:Palsa
1057:Kurum
825:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
782:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
633:S2CID
524:JSTOR
341:S2CID
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