263:
94:
161:
140:
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53:, wedging the soil or rock apart. Ice lenses grow parallel to the surface and several centimeters to several decimeters (inches to feet) deep in the soil or rock. Studies from 1990 have demonstrated that rock fracture by ice segregation (i.e., the fracture of intact rock by ice lenses that grow by drawing water from their surroundings during periods of sustained subfreezing temperatures) is a more effective weathering process than the freeze-thaw process which older texts proposed.
20:
206:). Premelted water exists as a thin layer on the surface of ice. Under premelting conditions, ice and water can coexist at temperatures below -10 °C in a porous medium. The Gibbs-Thomson effect results in water migrating down a thermal gradient (from higher temperatures to lower temperatures); Dash states, “…material is carried to colder regions…” This can also be viewed energetically as favoring larger ice particles over smaller (
186:
279:
forms in soil. If the ice layer resulted from cooling from a single direction (e.g., the top) the rock fracture tends to lie close to the surface (e.g., 1–2 cm in chalk). If the ice layer results from freezing from both sides (e.g., above and below) the rock fracture tends to lie deeper (e.g., 2–3.5 cm in chalk).
270:
Rocks routinely contain pores of varying size and shape, regardless of origin or location. Rock voids are essentially small cracks, and serve as the location from which a crack can propagate if the rock is placed in tension. If ice accumulates in a pore asymmetrically, the ice will place the rock in
201:
A key phenomenon for understanding ice segregation in soil or porous rock (also referred to as an ice lens due to its shape) is premelting, which is the development of a liquid film on surfaces and interfaces at temperatures significantly below their bulk melting temperature. The term premelting is
172:
have been observed below
Antarctic ice sheets; these are believed to result from ice lenses forming in the debris. In the faster flowing glacial regions, the ice sheet is sliding over water saturated sediments (glacial till) or actually being floated upon a layer of water. The till and water served
295:
The formation of an ice sphere can happen when an object is about 0.5–1.0 ft above where the water reaches repeatedly. The water will form a thin layer of ice on any surface it reaches. Each wave is an advancement and recession of water. The advancement soaks everything on the shore. When the
151:
Differential frost heave producing complex patterns will occur if the correct conditions exist. Feedback from one year's frost heave influences the effects in subsequent years. For example, a small increase in overburden will affect the depth of ice formation and heaving in the subsequent years.
278:
Mutron confirmed that ice initially forms in pores and creates small microfractures parallel to the surface. As ice accumulates, the ice layer grows outward in what is frequently characterized as an ice-lens parallel to the surface. Ice will form in water-permeable rock in much the same way as it
300:
forms, the sphere needs a base that is not water. Most commonly on vegetation, the sphere starts as a dot of ice on a branch or stem. As waves soak the shore in water and briefly expose the soaked objects to freezing temperatures, the dot begins to grow as each thin layer wraps itself around the
242:
is unable to warm the ice lens boundary. Hence the area through which the water is diffusing continues to cool until another ice segregation layer forms below the first layer. With sustained cold weather, this process can repeat, producing multiple ice layers (ice lenses), all parallel to the
274:
Walder and Hallet developed models that predict rock crack-growth locations and rates consistent with fractures actually observed in the field. Their model predicted that marble and granite grow cracks most effectively when the temperatures range from a −4 °C to −15 °C; in this range
226:
If the ice layer resulted from a cooling from a single direction (e.g., the top) the fracture tends to lie close to the surface (e.g., 1–2 cm in chalk). If the ice layer results from freezing from both sides (e.g., above and below) the fracture tends to lie deeper (e.g., 2–3.5 cm in
176:
Ice lens growth within the bedrock below the glacier is projected during the summer months when there is ample water at the base of the glacier. Ice lenses will form within the bedrock, accumulating until the rock is sufficiently weakened that it shears or spalls off. Layers of rock along the
275:
granite may develop fractures enclosing ice 3 meters in length in a year. When the temperature is higher the ice which is formed does not apply enough pressure to cause the crack to propagate. When the temperature is below this range the water is less mobile and cracks grow more slowly.
197:
The basic condition for ice segregation and frost heaving is existence of a region in soil or porous rock which is relatively permeable, is in a temperature range which allows the coexistence of ice and water (in a premelted state), and has a temperature gradient across the region.
296:
wave recedes, it's left exposed to freezing temperatures. This brief moment of exposure causes a thin layer of ice to form. When that formation is suspended in the air by dead vegetation or erect objects, the ice will begin to form a sphere or teardrop-like shape. Similar to how a
147:
Frost heave is common in arctic tundra because the permafrost maintains ground frozen at depth and prevents snowmelt and rain from draining. As a result, conditions are optimal for deep ice lens formation with large ice accumulations and significant soil displacement.
246:
No ice forms under some conditions. At higher overburden pressures and at relatively warm surface temperatures, ice segregation cannot occur; the liquid present freezes within the pore space, with no bulk ice segregation and no measurable surface deformation or frost
177:
interface between glaciers and the bedrock are freed, producing much of the sediments in these basal regions of glaciers. Since the rate of glacier movement is dependent upon the characteristics of this basal ice, research is ongoing to better quantify the phenomena.
234:
warms the ice lens boundary, reducing the temperature gradient and controlling the rate of further ice segregation. Under these conditions, ice grows in a single layer which gets progressively thicker. The surface is displaced and soil repositioned or rock
49:, accumulates in a localized zone. The ice initially accumulates within small collocated pores or pre-existing crack, and, as long as the conditions remain favorable, continues to collect in the ice layer or ice
173:
to reduce friction between the base of the ice sheet and the bedrock. These subglacial waters come from surface water which seasonally drains from melting at the surface, as well as from ice-sheet base melting.
271:
tension in a plane perpendicular to the ice accumulation direction. Hence the rock will crack along a plane perpendicular to the direction of ice accumulation, which is effectively parallel to the surface.
220:
The ice initially forms with small microfractures parallel to the surface. As ice accumulates the ice layer grows outward in what is frequently characterized as an ice-lens parallel to the surface.
152:
Time-dependent models of the frost heave indicate that over a long enough period the short-separation perturbations damp out, while mid-range perturbations grow and come to dominate the landscape.
230:
Ice forms rapidly when liquid is readily available. When liquid is readily available, the segregated ice (ice lens) grows parallel to the exposed cold surface. It grows rapidly until the
210:). As a result, when conditions exist for ice segregation (ice lens formation) water flows toward the segregated ice and freezes on the surface, thickening the segregated ice layer.
72:
regions (alpine, subpolar and polar) has often been attributed to the freezing and volumetric expansion of water trapped within pores and cracks, the majority of frost heaving and of
449:
Peterson, R. A.; Krantz , W. B. (2008). "Differential frost heave model for patterned ground formation: Corroboration with observations along a North
American arctic transect".
316:"Periglacial weathering and headwall erosion in cirque glacier bergschrunds"; Johnny W. Sanders, Kurt M. Cuffey, Jeffrey R. Moore, Kelly R. MacGregor and Jeffrey L. Kavanaugh;
202:
used to describe the reduction in the melting temperature (below 0 °C) which results from the surface curvature of water that's confined in a porous medium (the
238:
Ice forms in a different pattern when liquid is less readily available. When liquid is not readily available, the segregated ice (ice lens) grows slowly. The
213:
It is possible to develop analytic models using these principles; they predict the following characteristics, which are consistent with field observations:
724:
401:
Rempel, A.W.; Wettlaufer, J.S.; Worster, M.G. (2001). "Interfacial
Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force: Thermodynamic Buoyancy".
348:
Murton, Julian B.; Peterson, Rorik; Ozouf, Jean-Claude (17 November 2006). "Bedrock
Fracture by Ice Segregation in Cold Regions".
291:
Suspended ice forms into a sphere or tear drop like shape after being repeatedly soaked by waves and frozen by surrounding air.
717:
243:
surface. The formation of multiple layers (multiple lenses) producing more extensive frost damage within rocks or soils.
1038:
710:
565:
Dash, G.; A. W. Rempel; J. S. Wettlaufer (2006). "The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences".
625:
1102:
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and lens growth in the near-surface frozen regions. Ice segregation results in rock fracture and frost heave.
845:
677:
668:
Walder, Joseph; Hallet, Bernard (March 1985). "A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing".
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Bell, Robin E. (27 April 2008). "The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance".
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of buildings and displace soil in regular patterns. Moist, fine-grained soil at certain
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in cold regions. Frost heaving creates debris and dramatically shapes landscapes into
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Ice will form in water-permeable rock in much the same way as it forms in soil.
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519:"A theory for ice-till interactions and sediment entrainment beneath glaciers"
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26:
formed in arctic tundra as a result of periodically spaced ice lens formation.
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and upward thrust of the ground surface. This process can distort and crack
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previous layer. Over time, they form spheres or teardrop-like formations
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Ice
Formation on coarse shore of Copper Harbor, Upper Peninsula Michigan.
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Ice lens growing within glacial till and bedrock beneath glacial ice.
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Ice forms in layers which are parallel to the overlying surface.
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of soils and fracture of bedrock, which are fundamental to
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10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<336:ATMOTF>2.0.CO;2
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108:is the process by which the freezing of water-
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621:"Formation of ice lenses and frost heave"
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670:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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131:is most susceptible to frost heaving.
706:
479:
13:
14:
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1039:Montane grasslands and shrublands
143:Ice lens formation within tundra.
97:Ice lens formation resulting in
626:Journal of Geophysical Research
523:Journal of Geophysical Research
451:Journal of Geophysical Research
189:Ice lenses are responsible for
1103:Category:Periglacial landforms
310:
76:fracture results instead from
56:Ice lenses play a key role in
33:are bodies of ice formed when
1:
846:Solifluction lobes and sheets
678:Geological Society of America
425:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088501
304:
931:Syngenetic permafrost growth
84:Description of the phenomena
68:. Although rock fracture in
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181:Understanding the phenomena
10:
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635:American Geophysical Union
531:American Geophysical Union
459:American Geophysical Union
255:
240:heat liberated by freezing
232:heat liberated by freezing
1098:
1072:
1000:
944:
868:
740:
601:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.695
575:American Physical Society
156:Subglacial ice formations
982:Stratified slope deposit
734:Periglacial environment
404:Physical Review Letters
372:10.1126/science.1132127
252:Ice lens growth in rock
16:Ice within soil or rock
891:Fluvio-thermal erosion
517:Rempel, A. W. (2008).
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102:
27:
1053:Massenerhebung effect
758:Cryoplanation terrace
619:Rempel, A.W. (2007).
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168:Bands of sediment or
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142:
96:
58:frost induced heaving
22:
644:10.1029/2006JF000525
548:10.1029/2007JF000870
467:10.1029/2007JG000559
298:condensation nucleus
283:Ice sphere formation
204:Gibbs-Thomson effect
135:Ice lenses in tundra
89:Common frost heaving
936:Zero-curtain effect
686:1985GSAB...96..336W
583:2006RvMP...78..695D
539:2008JGRF..113.1013R
496:2008NatGe...1..297B
417:2001PhRvL..87h8501R
364:2006Sci...314.1127M
358:(5802): 1127–1129.
945:Soils and deposits
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1134:Erosion landforms
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1108:Template:Glaciers
864:
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490:(5802): 297–304.
483:Nature Geoscience
320:; July 18, 2012,
101:in cold climates.
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1049:Alpine tree line
1034:Antarctic tundra
1019:Arctic tree line
901:Frost weathering
828:Patterned ground
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798:Protalus rampart
788:Periglacial lake
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326:10.1130/G33330.1
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258:Frost weathering
208:Ostwald ripening
193:(picture) growth
66:complex patterns
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916:Methane release
911:Ice segregation
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763:Glacial erratic
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952:Active layer
926:Solifluction
906:Gelifluction
803:Rock glacier
680:.: 336–346.
673:
669:
648:. Retrieved
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170:glacial till
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129:temperatures
104:
55:
30:
29:
896:Frost heave
881:Cryosuction
818:Thermokarst
813:Glaciokarst
650:30 November
533:.: F01013.
461:.: G03S04.
125:foundations
117:deformation
115:causes the
106:Frost heave
99:frost heave
70:periglacial
1139:Permafrost
1129:Glaciology
1123:Categories
977:Permafrost
856:Stone ring
836:Frost boil
808:Strandflat
748:Blockfield
637:: F02S21.
633:(F02S21).
305:References
256:See also:
235:fractured.
62:weathering
31:Ice lenses
962:Ice wedge
869:Processes
753:Bratschen
741:Landforms
587:CiteSeerX
110:saturated
1090:Subpolar
1006:ecotones
957:Gelisols
921:Nivation
841:Polygons
773:Lithalsa
529:(113=).
433:11497990
388:37639112
380:17110573
121:pavement
39:diffused
35:moisture
1073:Climate
682:Bibcode
579:Bibcode
577:: 695.
573:(695).
535:Bibcode
492:Bibcode
413:Bibcode
360:Bibcode
351:Science
318:Geology
247:damage.
227:chalk).
74:bedrock
41:within
1080:Alpine
1029:Golets
1002:Biomes
992:Yedoma
589:
431:
386:
378:
1085:Polar
1059:Taiga
987:Talik
967:Loess
793:Pingo
783:Palsa
768:Kurum
676:(3).
384:S2CID
191:palsa
24:Pingo
1004:and
972:Peat
778:Paha
652:2009
429:PMID
376:PMID
113:soil
51:lens
47:rock
43:soil
690:doi
639:doi
631:112
597:doi
543:doi
527:113
500:doi
463:doi
455:113
421:doi
368:doi
356:314
322:doi
45:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
